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Luke Perkins,1 Emily Fisher,1 Cerne Felstead,1 Claire Rooney,2 Gloria HY Wong,3 Ruizhi Dai,4 Sridhar Vaitheswaran,5 Nirupama Natarajan,5 Daniel C Mograbi,6,7 Cleusa P Ferri,8,9 Joshua Stott,1 Aimee Spector1 1Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK; 2Occupational Therapy Department, Older Persons Services, Our Lady’s Hospice and Care Services, Harold’s Cross, Dublin, Ireland; 3Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; 4Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; 5Dementia Care in Schizophrenia Research Foundation (DEMCARES), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; 6Department of Psychology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 7Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK; 8Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 9Health Technology Assessment Unit, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, BrazilCorrespondence: Emily FisherResearch Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK, Tel +44 20 7679 5770, Email emily.fisher@ucl.ac.ukPurpose: This feasibility and pilot study aimed to develop and field-test a 14-session virtual Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (vCST) programme for people living with dementia, developed as a result of services moving online during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: The vCST protocol was developed using the existing group CST manual, through stakeholder consultation with people living with dementia, caregivers, CST group facilitators and dementia service managers. This protocol was then field-tested with 10 groups of people living with dementia in the Brazil, China (Hong Kong), India, Ireland and the UK, and feedback on the protocol was gathered from 14 facilitators.Results: Field testing in five countries indicated acceptability to group facilitators and participants. Feedback from these groups was used to refine the developed protocol. The final vCST protocol is proposed, including session materials for delivery of CST over videoconferencing and a framework for offering CST virtually in global settings.Conclusion: vCST is a feasible online intervention for many people living with dementia. We recommend that it is offered to those unable to access traditional in-person CST for health reasons, lack of transport or COVID-19 restrictions. Further research is needed to explore if participant outcomes are comparable to in-person CST groups.Keywords: dementia, COVID-19, psychosocial intervention, telehealth

Author(s): Yarden Cohen [sup.1] , Jun Shen [sup.2] , Dawit Semu [sup.1] , Daniel P. Leman [sup.1] , William A. Liberti III [sup.1] [sup.3] , L. Nathan Perkins [sup.1] , [...], Coordinated skills such as speech or dance involve sequences of actions that follow syntactic rules in which transitions between elements depend on the identities and order of past actions. Canary songs consist of repeated syllables called phrases, and the ordering of these phrases follows long-range rules.sup.1 in which the choice of what to sing depends on the song structure many seconds prior. The neural substrates that support these long-range correlations are unknown. Here, using miniature head-mounted microscopes and cell-type-specific genetic tools, we observed neural activity in the premotor nucleus HVC.sup.2-4 as canaries explored various phrase sequences in their repertoire. We identified neurons that encode past transitions, extending over four phrases and spanning up to four seconds and forty syllables. These neurons preferentially encode past actions rather than future actions, can reflect more than one song history, and are active mostly during the rare phrases that involve history-dependent transitions in song. These findings demonstrate that the dynamics of HVC include 'hidden states' that are not reflected in ongoing behaviour but rather carry information about prior actions. These states provide a possible substrate for the control of syntax transitions governed by long-range rules. Neurons in the canary premotor cortex homologue encode past song phrases and transitions, carrying information relevant to future choice of phrases as 'hidden states' during song.

X-ray sources for a range of wavelengths are being considered for in situ calibration of X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectrometers (XICSs) and for monitoring line shifts due to changes in the crystal temperature, which can vary during experimental operation over a day [A. Ince-Cushman et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 10E302 (2008), L. Delgado-Aparicio et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 55, 125011 (2013)]. Such crystal temperature dependent shifts, if not accounted for, could be erroneously interpreted as Doppler shifts leading to errors in plasma flow-velocity measurements. The x-ray sources encompass characteristic x-ray lines falling within the wavelength range of 0.9–4.0 Å, relevant for the XICSs on present and future fusion devices. Several technological challenges associated with the development of x-ray sources for in situ calibration are identified and are being addressed in the design of multiple x-ray tubes, which will be installed inside the spectrometer housing of the XICS for the JT-60SA tokamak. These x-ray sources will be especially useful for in situ calibration between plasma discharges. In this paper, laboratory experiments are described that were conducted with a Cu x-ray source, a heated quartz (102) crystal, and a pixelated Pilatus detector to measure the temperature dependent shifts of the Cu Kα1 and Kα2 lines at 1.5405 and 1.5443 Å, respectively, and to evaluate the 2d-lattice constant for the Bragg reflecting crystal planes as a function of temperature, which, in the case of in situ wavelength calibration, would have to be used for numerical analysis of the x-ray spectra from the plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We build upon recent work [1] that presented simulations of heavy ion beams' passive range lengthening in directly-driven DT targets by now raising the ion energy over the course of the drive to follow the ablation front inward. We have scaled the target from ref. [1] to reactor grade and have chosen a higher-energy driving ion species to reduce beam perveances. While an arbitrarily strong shock cannot compress the fuel by more than a finite factor (4X in a perfect monatomic gas), there is no bound on the entropy it can add. We present 1-D implosion calculations that demonstrate the approach to adiabatic compression with an increasing number of shocks tailored to keep the fuel nearly Fermi degenerate. We have studied capsule performance using either two discrete ion beam energies or a steadily ramped main pulse energy. These simulations show that a linear energy ramp reduces heating of the fuel early in the main pulse and improves coupling as ablated plasma accumulates. [1] B.G. Logan, L.J. Perkins, and J.J. Barnard, Phys. Plasmas 15, 072701 (2008).

1-D Lasnex calculations show efficient (15 to 20percent) hydro-coupling of heavy ion beams to direct drive targets without hohlraums at less than 1 MJ drive energy. Beam symmetry studies show that 60 beams may suffice with rotated beam spots on the ablator. NIF scale capsules with low aspect ratio A < 2 for robust RT stability show 1-D gains ~; 50 at drive energies of 350 to 450 kJ. Application to small heavy ion fusion test reactors with ~; 10 MWe, and to small fission fusion hybrids @ ~; 30 MWe net power scale are considered.

Recent 1-D implosion calculations [1] have characterized pure-DT targets delivering gains of 50-90 with less than 0.5 MJ of heavy ion direct drive. With a payload fraction of 1/3, these low-aspect ratio targets operate near the peak of rocket efficiency and achieve ~;10percent overall coupling efficiencies (vs. the 15-20percent efficiencies analytically pre- dicted for less stable, higher-aspect ratio targets). In Ref. 1, the ion energy is ramped directly from a 50 MeV foot pulse to a 500 MeV main pulse. In this paper, we instead tune the ion energy throughout the drive to closely match the beam deposition with the inward progress of the ablation front. We will present the ion energy and intensity time histories that maximize drive efficiency and gain for a single target at constant integrated drive energy.

The Innovative Confinement Concepts Workshop, ICC2002, provided a forum for presentations and exchange of ideas on the science and status of innovative concepts in the U.S. Fusion Energy Program. The workshop, held at the University of Maryland on January 22-24, 2002, included oral presentations addressing the important science and status of the concepts, posters focussed on details of the work, a skunkworks for novel ideas, and breakout sessions preparing for the July 2002 fusion energy Snowmass meeting. This report summarizes the oral presentations. A web site (https:// wormhole.ucllnl.org/ICC2002/) has been established with the abstracts and many of the presentations, both oral and poster, from the workshop.

Objective The aim of this study was to explore associations between the utilization of active, passive, and manual therapy interventions for low back pain (LBP) with 1-year escalation-of-care events, including opioid prescriptions, spinal injections, specialty care visits, and hospitalizations. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 4827 patients identified via the Military Health System Data Repository who received physical therapist care for LBP in 4 outpatient clinics between January 1, 2015 and January 1, 2018. One-year escalation-of-care events were evaluated based on type of physical therapist interventions (ie, active, passive, or manual therapy) received using adjusted odds ratios. Results Most patients (89.9%) received active interventions. Patients with 10% higher proportion of visits that included at least 1 passive intervention had a 3% to 6% higher likelihood of 1-year escalation-of-care events. Similarly, with 10% higher proportion of passive to active interventions used during the course of care, there was a 5% to 11% higher likelihood of 1-year escalation-of-care events. When compared to patients who received active interventions only, the likelihood of incurring 1-year escalation-of-care events was 50% to 220% higher for those who received mechanical traction and 2 or more different passive interventions, but lower by 50% for patients who received manual therapy. Conclusion Greater use of passive interventions for LBP was associated with elevated odds of 1-year escalation-of-care events. In addition, the use of specific passive interventions such as mechanical traction in conjunction with active interventions resulted in suboptimal escalation-of-care events, while the use of manual therapy was associated with more favorable downstream health care outcomes. Impact Physical therapists should be judicious in the use of passive interventions for the management of LBP as they are associated with greater likelihood of receiving opioid prescriptions, spinal injections, and specialty care visits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]