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National audience; Decisions in animal health management depend on a large variety of situations and problems. To illustrate this, seven major diseases of dairy herds were analysed to identify the main limiting factors for the effectiveness of the current control schemes and the perspectives toward better control in the field. Regarding intramammary infections, research directions focus on the development of multivalent vaccines, tools to better select cows to be treated with antibiotics, on-farm intervention methodology and the enhancement of animal resistance via a contribution of genome-wide selection techniques. For gastro-intestinal strongyloses, priority was also given to rational and selective anthelmintic treatments, genetic improvement of innate resistance seeming less a priority than for small ruminants. The control of Mortellaro disease, a locomotor disorder, should receive attention to develop alternatives because of the forecasted ban of the principal disinfectants used for footbaths. Q fever control can be reached by prolonged vaccination of the whole herd and adequate management of parturition hygiene. Johne disease is probably a good candidate disease for genomic selection, especially given the absence of treatment and very effective vaccine and the presence of a quite promising background of resistance/resilience. Infection by BVDV seems to be controllable by only sanitary measures, associated or not with a vaccination scheme. Eradication of exotic serotypes of BTV can be reached by targeted surveillance and quick and massive vaccination. Specificities in etiology, epidemiology and control techniques of the diseases under study do not quite allow drawing generic conclusions.; Les décisions de gestion de la santé animale correspondent à un large éventail de situations et de problèmes. Illustrant ce constat, sept maladies majeures des troupeaux bovins laitiers sont examinées pour identifier les facteurs les plus courants limitant l’efficacité des plans de maîtrise ainsi que les perspectives d’amélioration de la maîtrise sur le terrain. Pour les infections intra-mammaires, la recherche vise à la mise au point de vaccins multivalents, le ciblage des vaches à traiter par les antibactériens, la méthodologie des interventions en ferme, et l’augmentation de la résistance innée par la sélection génomique. Pour les strongyloses gastro-intestinales, les recherches prioritaires s’orientent aussi vers les stratégies de traitement anthelminthique raisonné et ciblé, la voie génétique semblant moins prioritaire que chez les petits ruminants. La maîtrise de la maladie de Mortellaro, affection de l’appareil locomoteur, ne pourra plus recourir aux désinfectants classiquement utilisés dans les pédiluves et des approches alternatives sont nécessaires. La maîtrise de la fièvre Q est à rechercher par la vaccination de l’ensemble du troupeau sur plusieurs années et l’hygiène de la parturition. La paratuberculose pourrait à terme être maîtrisée par la sélection génomique, en raison de l’absence de traitement et de vaccin efficaces et de l’existence de bases génétiques de résistance/résilience prometteuses. La maîtrise de l’infection par le virus BVDV semble pouvoir être atteinte par des mesures sanitaires combinées ou non avec la vaccination. La quasi-éradication des sérotypes exotiques du virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine pourrait être obtenue par la surveillance ciblée et la vaccination massive et rapide. Les spécificités de l’étiologie, de l’épidémiologie et des moyens de maîtrise des maladies étudiées n’autorisent guère de conclusions génériques

As diseased shellfish show only very seldom symptoms, any mortality event can be a disease suspicion. In theory, monitoring of mortality events in shellfish can thus provide a tool for early detection of infectious diseases in order to implement effective control measures. This consists in passive mortality event reporting by shellfish farmers to the local competent authority. Sensitivity of the detection of mortality events is a key quality indicator for this type of surveillance. Since 2008, increased mortality outbreaks occur in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas in France, leading to economic losses. It is important to evaluate how much the outbreaks have altered the quality indicators of the reporting system and if this modification is long-standing, to achieve an effective early detection tool. The yearly evolution of sensitivity of the passive farmer reporting was estimated during 2007-2010 in the main oyster production area in France, using a capture-recapture analysis and accounting for unequal catchability. Information on mortality events were obtained from existing annual databases of mandatory mortality reporting (capture) and from a questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey conducted in 2010 as part of larger study of oyster mortalities (recapture). Sensitivity significantly varied according to the year, from 0.55 (CI95% 0.31-1.00) to 0.76 (CI95% 0.64-0.93), 0.53 (CI95% 0.43-0.71) and 0.72 (CI95% 0.59-0.92) in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively. Important under-reporting was observed in 2007. Sensitivity increased concurrently with outbreaks occurrence and with implementation of financial incentive for mortality reporting. The achieved completeness was satisfactory. However, bottlenecks for reporting or solutions to facilitate reporting have to be identified to improve sensitivity of the reporting system on a long term period, whatever the epidemiological situation is.

International audience; We have demonstrated that soft thermal nanoimprint of inorganically cross-linked sol-gel (ICSG) films is a powerful method to build up complex structures from simpler templates by sequential imprinting. A condensation threshold has been identified below which a methyl-silane film passes into a fluid state upon heating allowing for low pressure sequential imprinting. By controlling the condensation during a first imprint step, it is possible to tune the deformation incurred during of the second imprint step. Finally the material structured by sequential imprinting can be turned into pure silica by adequate annealing at high temperature.

International audience