Search

L’article décrit le travail de configuration effectué par la joueuse de jeux vidéo et streameuse Pixelle pour faire converger son public, notamment celui présent sur Youtube, vers la plateforme Twitch.tv. Le live streaming est présenté comme l’expérience ludique ultime, où complicité et fun sont attendus et accomplis, tant de l’énonciatrice que des destinataires. L’analyse de vidéos montre plusieurs dimensions de la production et de la gestion de live streaming comme multi-activité complexe., This article describes the organizational work that gamer and streamer Pixelle carries out in order to bring her audience, particularly those on YouTube, together on the platform Twitch.tv. Live streaming is presented as the ultimate entertainment experience, where complicity and fun are expected and achieved, for both Pixelle and her audience. Analyzing her videos reveals several aspects of the production and management of live streaming to be a complex, multi-activity operation.

International audience; The HCLL-TBM (Helium Cooled Lithium Lead Test Blanket Module) is one of the two European TBMs chosen tobe tested in ITER. HCLL TBM structure is constituted by a box, made of two Side Caps (SCs) and a First Wall (FW),stiffened by horizontal and vertical Stiffening Plates (SP) and closed on its back by several back plates (BPs). All structuresubcomponents are internally cooled by Helium circulating in meandering squared section channels. This paper describesmanufacturing technologies developed and implemented to assembly the SPs into the box.It presents the preliminary manufacturing procedure developed and applied for the assembly of the SPs into the box byTungsten Inert Gas (TIG). Several mock ups have been manufactured from laboratory to feasibility mock ups (scale 1:1)on which non-destructive and destructive tests have been carried-out to identify the preliminary manufacturing procedure.Due to TBM specificities (namely complex welding trajectories, heavy and big components, plates with channels, spaceconstraints, ...) a specific welding facility including a custom welding torch and an automated bench has been achievedand is also described in the paper.We detail the adopted manufacturing strategies, as the optimization of welding sequence to minimize distortions and thecustomization of welding parameters, to compensate machining tolerances and welding gaps. Results such as weldedjoints quality and microstructure, internal cooling channel deformation and structure distortions are reported. Thesedevelopments have been performed following a standardized procedure complying with professional codes and standards(RCC-MRx).

Morpho-functional patterns are important drivers of phenotypic diversity given their importance in a fitness-related context. Although modularity of the mandible and skull has been studied extensively in mammals, few studies have explored shape co-variation between these two structures. Despite being developmentally independent, the skull and mandible form a functionally integrated unit. In the present paper we use 3D surface geometric morphometric methods allowing us to explore the form of both skull and mandible in its 3D complexity using the greater white-toothed shrew as a model. This approach allows an accurate 3D description of zones devoid of anatomical landmarks that are functionally important. Two-block partial least-squares approaches were used to describe the co-variation of form between skull and mandible. Moreover, a 3D biomechanical model was used to explore the functional consequences of the observed patterns of co-variation. Our results show the efficiency of the method in investigations of complex morpho-functional patterns. Indeed, the description of shape co-variation between the skull and the mandible highlighted the location and the intensity of their functional relationships through the jaw adductor muscles linking these two structures. Our results also demonstrated that shape co-variation in form between the skull and mandible has direct functional consequences on the recruitment of muscles during biting.

Source-to-sink studies help improve the understanding of material pathways within sedimentary basins. This information is of interest to address problems of sediment distribution patterns and mountain range morphological evolution. The Tremp-Graus-Ainsa basin (Southern Pyrenees, Spain) was filled by clastic and carbonate sediments deposited in an active tectonic system of piggyback foreland basin during Late Cretaceous to Oligocene times. The sedimentary infill provides a record of uplift, thrusts motion, weathering and erosion of the active mountain range. Thanks to excellent outcrop continuity and stratigraphic constraints this basin provides an ideal natural example to study sediment pathways and provenance reconstruction in a tectonically active environment and during a period of important climate change (early Eocene climatic optimum). So far, previous studies have focused separately on sandstone petrography in the fluvial-alluvial environment of the Tremp-Graus sub-basin, or on the deep-marine turbiditic environment of the Ainsa sub-basin, without considering the whole source-to-sink relationship between them. Here, automated petrographic characterization of sandstones using QEMSCAN (Quantitative Evaluation of Materials by Scanning Electron Microscopy) is employed on polished thin sections from 6 different locations and combined with optical mineralogy to better constrain the diagenetic overprint on these rocks, and also X-ray diffraction to accurately identify the different clay species. Final quantitative petrographic information is used to reconstruct sediment provenance with modal mineralogy data and heavy mineral ratios. The preliminary results show significant differences in the compositions of sands deposited in the submarine fan systems compared to the fluvial sandstones that are supposedly feeding them. To address this further, QEMSCAN and optical petrography on basement rocks from the surrounding Pyrenean Axial Zone and the Catalan Coastal Ranges was performed to identify possible sediment sources thanks to heavy mineral ratios present in these igneous and metamorphic rocks. The possible mineralogical changes due to diagenetic influence and low- grade metamorphism overprint during burial were also constrained. Finally, clay analysis allows to evaluate the influence of climatic variations between lowstand deposition of sediments in submarine fan systems and sedimentation in continental environment during trangressions and sea level highstands.

Provenance studies improve our understanding of terrigenous material delivery and deposition into sedimentary basins. This information addresses problems of sediment distribution patterns and mountain range morphological evolution. Thanks to excellent outcrop continuity and stratigraphic constraints, the South Pyrenean foreland basin provides an ideal natural laboratory to study sediment pathways and provenance in a tectonically active basin during a period of important climate variations (e.g. early and middle Eocene climatic optima, Eocene-Oligocene transition). Previous provenance studies have focused on sandstone petrography of the fluvial-alluvial deposits of the Tremp-Graus sub-basin and, separately, on the deep-marine turbiditic environment of the Ainsa sub-basin, without considering the continuum of their source-to-sink relationships. Herein we present results from a range of analytical techniques on clastic and basement rocks from the whole source-to-sink system of the Tremp-GrausAinsa basin (Southern Pyrenees, Spain): optical mineralogy (OM), automated and classical electron microscopy (QEMSCAN© and SEM-EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) on clay fraction. These tools allow us to study the sediment mineralogy and sediment provenance in order to understand the paleogeographic evolution of the Tremp-Graus- Ainsa basin during Eocene time. In addition, our results on clay mineral dynamics and albitization of K-feldspars shed new light on the thermal and geodynamic evolution of the basin and its diagenetic history. Overall, we show that most of analysed clastic rocks are hybrid arenites consisting of high contents of quartz (up to 51%), feldspar (5-18%) and carbonate (11-86%), whereas mica (up to 7%) and clay minerals (up to 8%) are reported as minor phases. Clay parageneses in the different basins are similar in terms of smectite, mixed-layer illite- smectite (I-S), kaolinite, chlorite, and illite. Still, we observe that the total smectite content diminishes westwards, i.e. downstream the sediment routing system, with a lack of discrete smectite in the Ainsa basin, while I-S is progressively transformed into high-charged illite compositions. Heavy-mineral (HM) content of analysed clastic rocks is dominated by pyrite, rutile, titanite, and apatite. Based on the composition of the adjacent crystalline basement (granites and gneisses) and pre- Mesozoic sedimentary or low-grade metamorphic rocks (sandstones, schists, and phyllites) no single source region or lithology, which might have served as a material feedstock, can be identified.However, the HM ratios (zircon-tourmaline-rutile vs. apatite vs. other heavy minerals) vary downstream deposition. The ratio of unstable heavy minerals (apatite and other heavy minerals) decreases whereas the proportion of stable heavy minerals remains equivalent or increases along the system indicating fractionation due to weathering and diagenesis. The I-S proportions within the clay fraction of analysed sediments suggest that smectite was the starting material at deposition time, formed by weathering of feldspars and mica in the parent material. Once buried, the illitization of smectite is depth dependent, suggesting that the Tremp-Graus sediments were buried under 3-3.2 km of sediment, assuming a standard geothermal gradient of 25ºC/km (foreland basin). Conversely, illitization of smectite in the Ainsa basin reveals that burial there exceeded 4 km of depth. Such a finding is consistent with the westwards deepening of the whole foreland depositional system in the Pyrenees. This result is corroborated by the observed prograde albitization of detrital K-feldspars, which is found to be total (100%) in the Ainsa basin, indicating burial temperatures higher than 100ºC. By contrast, in the TrempGraus basin, albitization remained incomplete and simply shows a depth dependence relation. This comprehensive petrographic and diagenetic study allowed an in-depth comprehension of the properties and development of the potential sandstone reservoir rocks. Still, in order to better understand the complex provenance and interactions between sediment sources, more effort will be placed on the comparative geochemical – whole rock and phase chemistry – inquiry of basin sediments and of their surrounding basement rocks.

La question de l'euthanasie est regulierement au cœur de debats animes. Dans les pays ou sa pratique est autorisee, elle concerne surtout des patients atteints de cancer. Nous avons donc mene une etude retrospective afin d'evaluer la frequence de telles demandes en milieu cancerologique ainsi que leur contexte. Methode. Nous avons recense aupres des medecins et des cadres de sante du Centre de lutte contre le cancer de Lyon ainsi que dans les comptes rendus de reunions de concertations pluridisciplinaires de soins de support les demandes d'euthanasie persistantes survenues entre 2001 et 2003, puis recueillis les caracteristiques generales des patients, les motivations de la demande, son evolution dans le temps et la reponse des soignants. Resultats. Seize demandes ont ete identifiees, concernant huit hommes, sept femmes et un enfant (âge median 56 ans), soit chez 1 % des patients decedes au cours de la periode etudiee. Dans deux cas, la demande n'emanait que de la famille. Les principaux facteurs de demande etaient la souffrance psychologique (38 %), la volonte d'autonomie (31 %) et la douleur (31 %). La demande a persiste jusqu'au deces une fois sur deux, en particulier chez les patients en demande d'autonomie, alors qu'elle a disparu deux fois sur trois en cas de souffrance physique ou psychologique initiale. Une sedation a ete instauree en reponse a la demande persistante dans trois cas. Conclusion. Les demandes d'euthanasie sont tres rares en cancerologie, mais elles existent. Elles peuvent parfois persister malgre la mise en œuvre de soins palliatifs et mettent en difficulte les soignants concernes.

Late Cretaceous to Oligocene sedimentary fill of the Southern Pyrenean foreland basin consist of clastic and carbonate sediments deposited in an active tectonic system of piggyback foreland basin, which provides a record of the uplift, thrust movements, weathering and erosion of the growing mountain range. The very good outcrop conditions, continuity and stratigraphic framework of these well dated deposits make them an ideal laboratory to study how, in this tectonically active environment, and during a period of changing climates (paleogene-neogene), sediment pathways and provenance can be reconstructed. Previous research has identified several sources of sediment, as for instance southern and northern carbonate platforms acting as sources for shallow water carbonate clasts brought in the basin and an eastern-southeastern fluvial input for siliciclastic sediments (Dreyer et al., 1999 ; Fontana et al., 1989 ; Mutti, 1983 ; Payros et al., 2009). So far, most studies have focused separately either on the sandstone provenance in the fluvial- alluvial environment of the TrempGraus sub- basin, or on the deep-marine environment of the Ainsa sub-basin, without considering the whole source-to-sink relationship between these basins. There is therefore a lack of regional-scale sandstone provenance study that we offer to intend with a fast-forward method of petrographic evaluation of siliciclastic sediments. In this study an analytical tool, QEMScan (Quantitative Evaluation of Materials by Scanning Electron Microscopy), is used as a new method for accurately quantifying petrography and provenance of the sediments and source rocks from the basement. The method uses polished thin sections. We double-check QEMSCAN results with classical optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. It is our aim to provide insight into the sediment transport patterns and sediment source by observing several detrital signals such as mineralogical variability, heavy mineral ratios and clay minerals ratios and understand the source-to-sink relationship in this basin.

National audience

International audience; Converging evidence shows that the non-human primate gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) is ideal for the study of the aging process and for testing the effects of new therapies and dietary interventions on age-associated pathologies. One such dietary supplement is resveratrol (RSV), a dietary polyphenolic compound with several positive effects on metabolic functions and longevity. However, little is known about the effect of RSV on the lemur sleep-wake cycle, which reflects mammalian brain function and health. In the present study, the authors investigated this effect by comparing sleep-wake cycles in adult lemurs based on electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms. The effect of short-term RSV supplementation on the sleep-wake cycle of mouse lemurs was evaluated in entrained conditions (long-day photoperiods, light:dark 14:10). After 3 wks of RSV supplementation, the animals exhibited a significantly increased proportion of active-wake time, occurring mainly during the resting phase of the sleep-wake cycle (+163%). The increase in active-wake time with RSV supplementation was accompanied by a significant reduction of both paradoxical sleep (-95%) and slow-wave sleep (-38%). These changes mainly occurred during the resting phase of the sleep-wake cycle (RSV supplementation induced negligible changes in active-wake time during the active phase of the sleep-wake cycle). The present data suggest that RSV may be a potent regulator of sleep-wake rhythms and could be of major interest in the study of sleep perturbations associated with aging and neuropathology.