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Author(s): Yukihiko Shirayama [sup.1] , Kazuki Matsumoto [sup.1] , Fumio Osone [sup.2] , Akira Hara [sup.2] , Siqing Guan [sup.1] , Sayo Hamatani [sup.1] , Katsumasa Muneoka [sup.1] , Koichi [...], Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (.sup.1H-MRS) has shown inconsistent alterations in brain metabolites of adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We investigated brain metabolites in the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala of 24 drug-naive adults with ASD and no intellectual disability and 24 non-ASD control subjects, using 3 T .sup.1H-MRS. Adults with ASD showed no significant differences from control in glutamate, glutamate plus glutamine, N-acetylaspartate, glycerophosphorylcholine plus phosphorylcholine, creatine plus phosphocreatine, or myo-inositol in either region. However, ASD subjects did show significant correlations of localized brain metabolites with autistic traits, empathy deficits, and personality traits using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient, Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and NEO Personality Inventory-Revised. These findings should be taken as preliminary or exploratory.

Author(s): Michael C. Ashton [sup.1] , Kibeom Lee [sup.2] , Jessica Baer [sup.2] , Megan Shackel [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411793.9, 0000 0004 1936 9318, Department of Psychology, Brock University, [...], We examined the Bullshitting Frequency (BSF) scale in relation to the personality dimensions of the HEXACO and Big Five structures, using self-reports from 572 university students. As predicted, BSF was mainly associated with low Honesty-Humility from the HEXACO model and was better accommodated within the HEXACO than within the Big Five structure. BSF was negatively related to all four facets of Honesty-Humility and showed its strongest association with the Sincerity facet. The Persuasive BSF subscale was more strongly related to low Honesty-Humility than was the Evasive BSF subscale.

Author(s): Zsolt Péter Szabó [sup.1] [sup.2] , Andrea Czibor [sup.2] , Judith Neve [sup.1] , Péter Restás [sup.2] , Márton Hadarics [sup.3] , Linda Szijjártó [sup.1] , Evelin Simon [sup.3] [...], The present studies were aimed at developing the Hungarian version of the Short Dark Triad questionnaire (SD3-HU). The internal structure of the translated questionnaire was examined with confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling. Then the construct and concurrent validity of the Hungarian version was tested. The obtained results were based on a total of seven independent samples (N.sub.TOTAL = 2161). While the internal structure of the SD3-HU showed inconsistencies with that of the original SD3, it proved consistent with adaptations developed in other languages. The SD3-HU showed adequate construct and concurrent validity. In line with the conceptual framework of, and previous empirical findings on the Dark Triad, each dark trait showed the expected associations with broad personality dimensions, sensation seeking, character strengths, work motivation, and counterproductive work behaviors. Furthermore, self-ratings on the SD3-HU were consistent with peer ratings. In sum, the SD3-HU is a reliable and valid measure of the dark traits.

Author(s): Ellen Wilkinson [sup.1] , Le Thao Vy Vo [sup.2] , Zoe London [sup.3] , Sherri Wilson [sup.4] , Vanessa H. Bal [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.430387.b, 0000 0004 1936 [...], Despite increasing attention to understanding strengths in those on the autism spectrum, few studies have explored this in older individuals. The present study provides a qualitative analysis of parent-reported strengths and positive qualities of 68 15-30-year-olds with autism and/or intellectual disability (ID). Most parents (97%) reported at least one positive quality. Themes were consistent with previous studies; Personality characteristics (82%) and Sociability (53%) were reported most frequently. A Work Ethic/Motivation category not previously reported emerged. Autistic individuals (with/without ID) were more likely than those with ID-only to have a Specific Skill. Findings highlight the importance of recognizing strengths of autistic adults. Research is needed to understand how to best leverage positive qualities to promote goal achievement and quality of life.

Author(s): Wei Li [sup.1] , Hannah Rohde [sup.2] , Martin Corley [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.4305.2, 0000 0004 1936 7988, Psychology, PPLS, University of Edinburgh, , 7 George Square, EH8 [...], How do we decide whether a statement is literally true? Here, we contrast participants' eventual evaluations of a speaker's meaning with the real-time processes of comprehension. We record participants' eye movements as they respond to potentially misleading instructions to click on one of two objects which might be concealing treasure (the treasure is behind thee, uh, hat). Participants are less likely to click on the named object when the instructions are disfluent. However, when hearing disfluent utterances, a tendency to fixate the named object early increases with participants' autism quotient scores. This suggests that, even where utterances are equivalently understood, the processes by which interpretations are achieved vary across individuals.

The human voice is a source of abundant information about the vocalizer, which listeners can use to make socially relevant decisions. Hundreds if not thousands of experimental studies have shown [...], Purpose: The human voice is a powerful and evolved social tool, with hundreds of studies showing that nonverbal vocal parameters robustly influence listeners' perceptions of socially meaningful speaker traits, ranging from perceived gender and age to attractiveness and trustworthiness. However, these studies have utilized a wide variety of voice stimuli to measure listeners' voice-based judgments of these traits. Here, in the largest scale study known to date, we test whether listeners judge the same unseen speakers differently depending on the complexity of the neutral speech stimulus, from single vowel sounds to a full paragraph. Method: In a playback experiment testing 2,618 listeners, we examine whether commonly studied voice-based judgments of attractiveness, trustworthiness, dominance, likability, femininity/masculinity, and health differ if listeners hear isolated vowels, a series of vowels, single words, single sentences (greeting), counting from 1 to 10, or a full paragraph recited aloud (Rainbow Passage), recorded from the same 208 men and women. Data were collected using a custom-designed interface in which vocalizers and traits were randomly assigned to raters. Results: Linear-mixed models show that the type of voice stimulus does indeed consistently affect listeners' judgments. Overall, ratings of attractiveness, trustworthiness, dominance, likability, health, masculinity among men, and femininity among women increase as speech duration increases. At the same time, speaker-level regression analyses show that interindividual differences in perceived speaker traits are largely preserved across voice stimuli, especially among those of a similar duration. Conclusions: Socially relevant perceptions of speakers are not wholly changed but rather moderated by the length of their speech. Indeed, the same vocalizer is perceived in a similar way regardless of which neutral statements they speak, with the caveat that longer utterances explain the most shared variance in listeners' judgments and elicit the highest ratings on all traits, possibly by providing additional nonverbal information to listeners. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21158890

Author(s): Conal Twomey [sup.1] [sup.2] , Gary O'Reilly [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.7886.1, 0000 0001 0768 2743, School of Psychology, University College Dublin, , Belfield, 4, Dublin, Ireland (2) grid.424617.2, [...], This paper concerns the early-phase development of a group self-development and personality exploration programme (DEEPdown) grounded in the Five Factor Model. A university pilot study wherein students completed the first iteration of the DEEPdown programme (n = 29), and a clinician survey (n = 36) were undertaken in parallel. University students completed feedback forms and focus groups; clinicians viewed a video summary. Data were analysed using quantitative and thematic analysis. Students consistently reported various positive experiences (e.g. space to reflect) and helpful in-session events (e.g. normative personality education). Their mean satisfaction level was 4.5 out of 5 (SD = 0.51), and in response to "I would recommend DEEPdown to friends and/or family", 50% strongly agreed and 50% agreed. 27 of 29 students completed the 7-week programme. Clinician feedback was mostly favourable (e.g. 78% indicated that they would consider DEEPdown training), yet caution was also indicated (e.g. only 61% would recommend DEEPdown to a client). Key identified outcomes across both studies included greater self-awareness, self-acceptance, and self-compassion. Concerns surrounding insufficient session duration and content complexity arose in both studies. DEEPdown (iteration 1) was broadly acceptable to both students and clinicians. While further refinement and empirical evaluations in different settings are needed, DEEPdown has the potential to positively impact upon important aspects of well-being. To encourage collaboration from the scientific community, we have released DEEPdown as an open source intervention that is freely usable, modifiable, and empirically testable without author permission; all programme content is available on an open source platform (https://osf.io/9eysm/).

Perseverance is often seen as a personality trait that keeps a person going toward a goal. It has been explained in positive psychology as a voluntary continuation of goal-directed action [...], The concept of perseverance has always allured researchers because of its characterization as an elementary ingredient for success in personal and professional settings. However, past studies show that perseverance has been explored primarily in combination with other constructs, curtailing its development as a standalone concept. This article aims to identify distinct research streams associated with perseverance, reveal how the research associated with the concept has evolved, and identify some ideas and directions for future research. Using bibliometric analysis, the article identifies 3 distinct research streams and a contextual shift in literature over time. Also, emerging trends in the literature are identified through diachronic analysis. The future time perspective theory is suggested to further the research on perseverance. KEYWORDS: perseverance, grit, review, bibliometric analysis It's not that I am so smart. It's just that I stay with problems longer. --Albert Einstein

Author(s): Michal Gacek [sup.1] , Lukasz Krzywoszanski [sup.1] , Agnieszka Fusinska-Korpik [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412464.1, 0000 0001 2113 3716, Institute of Psychology, The Pedagogical University of Krakow, , Podchorazych [...], Zigler's theory assumes that due to frequent negative personal experiences, persons with intellectual disability are likely to develop specific personality traits which hinder their functioning. The Edward Zigler-Yale Personality Questionnaire (EZPQ) is a measure that allows these traits to be assessed. However, studies in which the measure was used report problems with its factorial structure and reliability. We evaluated the psychometric properties of EZPQ in three consecutive studies conducted in three different samples of 336, 330, and 310 students with mild and moderate intellectual disability. By making successive modifications to the original version of the EZPQ, we developed and validated a revised four-factor version of the questionnaire that consists of 16 items (EZPQ-16R). The factors we identified corresponded to the following traits: readiness to explore, assignment alacrity, negative-reaction tendency, and support dependence. The reliability of the new gauge was high, and its validity was confirmed in correlational analyses with other measures of personality and adjustment. The four traits that were identified are directly derived from Zigler's theory, thus giving a new perspective on the assessment of specific personality traits in persons with intellectual disability.

Author(s): Katarzyna A. Wlodarska [sup.1] , Emilia Zyskowska [sup.2] , Martyna K. Terebus [sup.2] , Radoslaw Rogoza [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.440603.5, 0000 0001 2301 5211, Institute of Psychology, Cardinal [...], Are there any temperamental predispositions to developing a dark personality traits? Within the current paper we address this question by investigating relations between the temperamental traits of the behavioural inhibition and approach systems (BIS and BAS, respectively) and the Dark Triad traits of personality. For this purpose, we conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies with a total of 8911 participants. The results partially corroborated existing claims that the Dark Triad traits are a group of high-approach low-avoidance temperamental traits; however, the role of BAS seems to be more important. Among the Dark Triad traits, narcissism seems to be the most related to both the BIS and the BAS. Psychopathy in turn seems to be mostly related to the fun-seeking facet of the BAS. Finally, Machiavellianism appears to be the least related to temperamental traits. Thus, it seems that only narcissism and psychopathy confirm the claim about a connection between the Dark Triad traits and a high-approach low-avoidance temperament.

Author(s): Slawomir Slaski [sup.1] , Radoslaw Rogoza [sup.1] , Wlodzimierz Strus [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.440603.5, 0000 0001 2301 5211, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Christian Philosophy, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski [...], The main purpose of the study of the presented article is to prepare the Polish version of the Authentic and Hubristic Pride Scales and to verify its psychometric properties: reliability, and factorial and external validity. Within the study, 210 participants aged between 20 and 56 were administered the following tests: Authentic and Hubristic Pride Scales, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Moral Feelings Scale. The Polish adaptation of the Authentic and Hubristic Pride Scales was demonstrated to be reliable in its measurement of authentic and hubristic pride. Moreover, factor analyses carried out under different methodological approaches confirmed that the validity of the two-dimensional model of pride and correlations with other psychological variables further support this distinction. The results indicate the validity of the Authentic and Hubristic Pride Scales for studying the two dimensions of pride in the Polish population.

Purpose: Wisdom has received increasing attention in empirical research in recent years, especially in gerontology and psychology, but consistent definitions of wisdom remain elusive. We sought to better characterize this concept via an expert consensus panel using a 2-phase Delphi method. Design and Methods: A survey questionnaire comprised 53 Likert scale statements related to the concepts of wisdom, intelligence, and spirituality was developed to determine if and how wisdom was viewed as being distinct from the latter 2 concepts. Of the 57 international wisdom experts contacted by e-mail, 30 completed the Phase 1 survey and 27 also completed the Phase 2 survey. Results: In Phase 1, there were significant group differences among the concepts of wisdom, intelligence, and spirituality on 49 of the 53 items rated by the experts. Wisdom differed from intelligence on 46 of these 49 items, whereas wisdom differed from spirituality on 31 items. In Phase 2, we sought to define wisdom further by selecting 12 items based on Phase 1 results. Most experts agreed on many of the suggested characteristics of wisdom--that is, it is uniquely human; a form of advanced cognitive and emotional development that is experience driven; and a personal quality, albeit a rare one, which can be learned, increases with age, can be measured, and is not likely to be enhanced by taking medication. Implications: There was considerable agreement among the expert participants on wisdom being a distinct entity and a number of its characteristic qualities. These data should help in designing additional empirical research on wisdom. Key Words: Intelligence, Spirituality, Personality trait, Cognition, Emotion doi: 10.1093/geront/gnq022

The aim of the present study was to analyze hopelessness and the affective temperament profile and MMPI characteristics among suicidal and nonsuicidal psychiatric inpatients with or without childhood physical and sexual abuse. The participants were 62 acute psychiatric inpatients (14 men, 48 women) admitted to the Sant'Andrea Hospital's psychiatric ward in Rome. Participants were administered the Italian versions of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the Italian Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire version (TEMPS-A-Rome), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI 2), and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. The suicide risk was evaluated by 6 items of the MMPI-2 assessing suicidal intent. Patients with physical/sexual abuse reported high Hopelessness and differed from nonabused patients on several temperamental and personality traits. Patients who reported bruises or marks caused by physical abuse by family members were 9 times more likely to be at higher risk for suicide; those who reported having been punished with a belt or other hard objects were 20 times more likely to be at higher risk for suicide, and those who reported having been insulted by family members were 6 times more likely to be at higher risk for suicide than patients who denied such abuse experiences. Results suggest that clinicians who identify suicide attempts and suicidal tendencies among patients should routinely be assessed for sexual oF physical abuse. DOI 10.2466/PR0.105.2.554-568

This study examined the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of a Farsi version of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale, with a sample of 306 undergraduate students (123 men, 183 women) ages 18 to 51 years. Participants completed Farsi versions of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Analysis confirmed the preliminary reliabilities and construct validity of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale.

To investigate the association between Big Five personality factors and three dimensions of parenting-warmth, behavioral control, and autonomy support--the authors conducted meta-analyses using 5,853 parent-child dyads that were included in 30 studies. Effect sizes were significant and robust across mother and father reports and across assessment methods of parenting (self-report versus observations) but were generally small in magnitude. Higher levels of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness and lower levels of Neuroticism were related to more warmth and behavioral control, whereas higher levels of Agreeableness and lower levels of Neuroticism were related to more autonomy support. Several factors moderated the relationship between specific personality dimensions and parenting: child and parental age, reliability of observational assessment of parenting behavior, and study design. Taken together, these results indicate that personality can be seen as an inner resource that affects parenting. Keywords: Big Five, parenting, parent-child interaction, personality, meta-analysis

Byline: Timothy DeGroot (1), Janaki Gooty (2) Keywords: Nonverbal cues; Personality attributions; Structured interview; Visual cues; Vocal cues; Brunswik lens model Abstract: Purpose This study examines the role of personality attributions in understanding the relationships between nonverbal cues and interview performance ratings. Design/methodology/approach A structured behavioral interview was developed for identifying management potential in a large, national company. Using a concurrent design to validate the interview, managers were interviewed and the interviews were videotaped (n = 110). These videotapes were used as stimuli for raters in this study. Findings Results indicate that raters can make personality attributions using only one channel of information and these attributions partly explain the relationships between nonverbal cues and performance measures. Furthermore, conscientiousness attributions explain the relationship between visual cues and interview ratings, extraversion attributions mediate the relationship between vocal cues and interview ratings. Neuroticism attributions had a suppressing effect for both visual and vocal cues. Implications No matter how much an interview is structured, nonverbal cues cause interviewers to make attributions about candidates. If we face this fact, rather than consider information from cues as bias that should be ignored, interviewers can do a better job of focusing on job-related behavior and information in the interview, while realizing that the cues are providing information that must be attended to. Originality/value This study isolated the sources of information provided to raters to either the vocal or the visual channel to examine their impact individually. A Brunswik lens model shows the potential impact of personality attributions predicting both job and interview performance ratings when both channels of information are used. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Management, Dillard College of Business Administration, Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX, 76308, USA (2) School of Management and Center for Leadership Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, USA Article History: Registration Date: 10/02/2009 Online Date: 25/02/2009 Article note: Received and Reviewed by former editor, George Neuman.

Byline: Michael S. Cole (1), Hubert S. Feild (2), William F. Giles (2), Stanley G. Harris (2) Keywords: Personnel selection; Resumes; Recruitment; Personality Abstract: Research shows recruiters infer dispositional characteristics from job applicants' resumes and use these inferences in evaluating applicants' employability. However, the reliability and validity of these inferences have not been empirically tested. Using data collected from 244 recruiters, we found low levels of estimated interrater reliability when they reviewed entry-level applicants' resumes and made inferences regarding applicants' personality traits. Moreover, when recruiters' inferences of applicant personality were correlated with applicants' actual Big Five personality scores, results indicated that recruiters' inferences lacked validity, with the possible exceptions of extraversion and openness to experience. Finally, despite being largely unreliable and invalid, recruiters' inferences of applicants' extraversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness predicted the recruiters' subsequent employability assessments of the applicants. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Management, M.J. Neeley School of Business, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA (2) Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA Article History: Registration Date: 23/10/2008 Online Date: 28/11/2008

The authors obtained self- and observer reports of personality from pairs of well-acquainted college students. Consistent with previous findings, results of Study 1 showed strong cross-source agreement for all 6 HEXACO personality factors (rs [approximately equal to] .55). In addition, the authors found modest levels of similarity (r [approximately equal to] .25) between dyad members' self-reports on each of 2 dimensions, Honesty-Humility and Openness to Experience. For these same 2 factors, dyad members' self-reports were correlated with their observer reports of the other dyad member (r approximately equal to] .40), thus indicating moderately high assumed similarity. In Study 2, Honesty-Humility and Openness to Experience were the 2 personality factors most strongly associated with the 2 major dimensions of personal values, which also showed substantial assumed similarity. In Study 3, assumed similarity was considerably stronger for close friends than for nonfriend acquaintances. Results suggest that assumed similarity for Honesty-Humility and Openness to Experience reflects a tendency to overestimate one's similarity to persons with whom one has a close relationship, but only on those personality characteristics whose relevance to values gives them central importance to one's identity. Keywords: personality, values, observer reports, agreement, assumed similarity

Concerning the discussion about the connection of personality traits, personality disorders, and mental illness, this study focused on the personality profiles of male forensic patients, prison inmates, and young men without criminal reports. The main topic centered on group-specific personality profiles and identifying personality facets corresponding with mental illness. The authors therefore used the Rasch model--based Trier Integrated Personality Inventory. They individually tested 141 German forensic patients with different crime backgrounds, 122 prison inmates, and 111 soldiers of the German army. Within group differences they found that the individuals with mental retardation differ from patients with a personality disorder or psychosis. Patients with mental retardation displayed higher neurotic and/or paranoid personality accents and tended to be low organized and self-confident. Keywords: personality profiles; forensic patients; prison inmates

Two studies examine the consequences of distinguishing between self-report responses on the Eysenck Personality Profiler (Eysenck et al. The European Journal of Psychological Assessment 8: 109-117, 1992) in terms of Cloninger's concepts of Temperament and Character (Cloninger et al. Archives of General Psychiatry 50: 975-990, 1993). Character is thought to reflect conscious, maturation-related influences on personality, while Temperament is thought to reflect instinctive, biologically-based influences. In Study one, one-hundred and thirty-three participants (76.6% female) classify primary scales of the Eysenck Personality Profiler as relating to Character or Temperament. Impulsiveness, Anxiety and Aggression are perceived as the most Temperament-based scales, while Responsibility, Manipulativeness and Assertiveness are perceived as the most Character-based scales. In Study two, one-hundred and seventy-seven participants (74.4% female) complete the Eysenck Personality Profiler using the standard response scale, while one-hundred and thirty-eight participants (62.3% female) complete the Eysenck Personality Profiler using a scale which distinguishes between Character and Temperament. Results demonstrate differences in the factor structure and concurrent validity of the Eysenck Personality Profiler when scoring distinguishes between Temperament and Character. We conclude that the concepts of Temperament and Character might usefully be applied to Eysenck's personality taxonomy. Keywords Cloninger * Eysenck * Temperament * Character * Eysenck personality profiler * Conscious * Instinctive

The authors obtained behavioral observations and personality ratings for 27 free-ranging Hanuman langur males. Subjects were rated using a questionnaire based on the human Five-Factor Model (FFM). Behavioral observations were taken over 5 months using an ethogram that included 50 behaviors. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of ratings revealed [Agreeableness.sub.R], [Confidence.sub.R], and [Extraversion.sub.R] components. Each personality dimension was associated with a unique set of observed behaviors. PCA of 36 behavioral indices revealed [Dominance.sub.B], [Involvement.sub.B], and [Activity.sub.B] components. Bivariate correlations showed that [Agreeableness.sub.R] was negatively correlated with [Dominance.sub.B]; [Confidence.sub.R] was positively correlated with [Dominance.sub.B] and Involvements but negatively correlated with [Activity.sub.B]; and [Extraversion.sub.R] was positively correlated with [Activity.sub.B]. Dominance rank was positively correlated with [Confidence.sub.R] and Dominances but negatively correlated with [Agreeableness.sub.R] and [Activity.sub.B]. These results highlight the comparability of behavioral coding and personality ratings and suggest that some aspects of personality structure were present in the common ancestor of Old World monkeys. Keywords: trait rating, questionnaires, behavioral indices, dominance

This article tests whether individual differences in inferring one trait from another (intertrait inferences) can be linked to lay beliefs about the malleability of personality (person theories). It finds that holding the belief that personality is malleable (incremental theory) rather than fixed (entity theory) at the time of inferences is associated with less extreme inferences involving semantically related (but not unrelated) traits. Although person theories have been assumed to be stable over time, existing short-term test-retest coefficients do not capture their instability over a longer period. These results can illuminate interrater discrepancies in assessments of personality pathology and job performance, enrich understanding of such phenomena as stereotyping and impression formation, refine the interpretation of past research involving person theories, and inform research planning. Keywords: person theories; temporal stability; intertrait inferences; impression; personality

This research investigated how the organization of partner knowledge was related to global relationship evaluations and specific interpersonal behaviors in a sample of 107 married couples. Spouses first completed several questionnaires and later participated in a 12-min videotaped conflict resolution task. As expected, wives in older relationships exhibited greater marital quality (self-reported and observed) when they had (a) an integrative knowledge structure and used many negative traits to describe their spouse or (b) a compartmentalized knowledge structure and used few negative traits to describe their spouse. Greater marital quality, however, was found for husbands when they were (a) in older relationships and possessed an integrative structure or (b) in newer relationships and possessed a compartmentalized structure. Exploratory analyses suggested that in some circumstances people may have greater marital quality when they share an organizational style with their spouse. Keywords: marital satisfaction; marital interaction; cognitive organization

The present study compares structure, mean trait levels, and development of child personality in Slovenia and Russia, using parent and self-reports on the Inventory of Child Individual Differences. Evidence for the Five Factor Model of child and adolescent personality structure is demonstrated across age groups, genders, and countries. In comparison with Russians, Slovenian children are rated higher on Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Openness. Some of the differences are observed even among toddlers, and these differences increase over age, suggesting that they do not arise solely in the process of socialization. Cultural differences are more pronounced for parent reports than for adolescent self-reports, suggesting that a part of these differences may reflect cultural influences on parent ratings. Keywords: personality; children; adolescents; culture

Three studies investigated the process by which categorical and individuating information impacts impression formation. The authors assumed that (a) both types of information are functionally equivalent in serving as evidence for interpersonal judgments and (b) their use is determined by their accessibility and perceived applicability to the impression's target. The first study constituted an extended replication of Pavelchak's experiment, and it showed that its results, initially interpreted to suggest the primacy in impression formation of category over trait information, may have been prompted by differential accessibility of the category versus trait information in some experimental conditions of the original research. Studies 2 and 3 additionally explored the role of informational accessibility manipulated in different ways. Study 3 demonstrated also that the effect of accessibility is qualified by the information's apparent relevance to the judgmental target. Keywords: impression formation; category; traits; accessibility; relevance

Interest and research on academic misconduct has become more salient in part due to recent publicized academic and organizational scandals. The current study investigated a possible interaction between perception of the university's academic culture and personality, conceptualized as Reliability, on students' perceptions of academic misconduct. A convenience sample of 217 university business students (91 men, 126 women), whose average age was 22.3 yr. (SD = 4.4) was tested. Re liability was measured with an occupational scale included in the Hogan Personality Inventory. Two hierarchical regression analyses were conducted using Cheating Intentions and Likelihood of Reporting Cheating as criteria. Age, Reliability, Integrity Culture, and the interaction between scores on Reliability and Integrity Culture were entered as predictors. Only Age and Reliability scores were significant predictors of Cheating Intentions, while all variables were significant predictors for Likelihood of Reporting Cheating. Suggestions for practice and research are provided.

A person's behavior across situations can be characterized in terms of a mean level (disposition), a dispersion within the person around that mean level, and a stable organization to the pattern of dispersion (signature). The authors' goals were to examine the structure and stability of behavior, both at the level of behavioral dispositions and at the level of behavioral signatures. Participants completed eventcontingent records of their social interactions over a 20-day period. Participants recorded their own social behavior (dominant, agreeable, submissive, quarrelsome) in 4 situations defined by the perceived social behavior of their primary interaction partners (agreeable-dominant, agreeable-submissive, quarrelsomesubmissive, quarrelsome-dominant). Findings suggest that (a) once the normative influences of situations on behavior are removed, the remaining behavioral variation reflects both consistent cross-situational differences between individuals (dispositions) and consistent situational differences within individuals (signatures); (b) both dispositions and signatures display a 2-dimensional structure in adherence to the interpersonal circle; and (c) both dispositions and signatures constitute stable aspects of personality functioning. Keywords: models, personality traits, personality signatures, social behavior, interpersonal interaction

This study examined the relationship between three short measures of the Big Five. 100 participants completed the 60-item NEO-FFI, the 10-item Personality Inventory, the 5-item Single Item Measure of Personality, as well as estimating their own NEO-FFI score. Correlations varied from r = .30 to .75. Concerns and advantages of short measures are discussed.

Identical trait labels may be understood differently in thinking about self and in thinking about others. Specifically, when making self-judgments, individuals define traits primarily in terms of unobservable manifestations, e.g., how one feels. However, in making other-judgments, particularly in making judgments about relatively unfamiliar others, individuals define traits primarily in terms of observable manifestations, e.g., how one looks. This prediction was tested in three experiments (Exp. 1: N=96, Polish undergraduates including 19 men, 77 women; Exp. 2: N=96, U.S. undergraduates including 18 men, 78 women; Exp. 3: N=74, Polish undergraduates including 18 men, 56 women). Participants were asked to perform a generic trait judgment task followed by a specific trait judgment task in which the same traits were preceded by a qualifier 'feels' or 'looks'. As expected, in the case of self-judgments, generic judgments predicted feels judgments better than looks judgments. This pattern did not occur for judgments of others and was reversed for judgments about others who were relatively unfamiliar.

The use of words is one of the most direct means of expressing thoughts and feelings. However, past studies have had limited success in correlating word use with personality. The purpose of the present study was to identify categories of word use relevant to personality using a broad range of personality data. Using data from 181 participants, the present study correlated word use within a 1-hr life history interview with self-judgments of personality, judgments of personality provided by close acquaintances (who were not exposed to the language sample), and behavioral ratings based on direct observation from a context entirely separate from that from which the language sample was derived. Several categories of word use yielded a large number of correlates with self- and acquaintance personality ratings and behavior. It is suggested that word use is related to personality to a larger degree than previously observed and deserves increased attention as a source of data in personality assessment. Keywords: personality, language, word use, verbal behavior

Previous literature addressing job performance over time notes that past performance can affect future performance and that individuals often have distinct latent performance trajectories. However, no research to date has modeled these 2 aspects of job performance in tandem. Drawing on previous literature, the authors note that current performance may act as performance feedback, influencing future performance directly (i.e., autoregression), and that individuals differ in their performance trajectories due to individual-difference factors (i.e., latent trajectories). The authors demonstrate an autoregressive latent trajectory (ALT) model to show how both autoregressive and latent trajectory parameters may be incorporated in modeling job performance over time. Also discussed are the implications of the ALT model for future studies examining job performance longitudinally. Keywords: job performance, personality, cognitive ability, performance motivation

The present research takes an 'other-centered' approach to examining personal and contextual antecedents of taking charge behavior in organizations. Largely consistent with the authors' hypotheses, regression analyses involving data collected from 2 diverse samples containing both coworkers and supervisors demonstrated that the other-centered trait, duty, was positively related to taking charge, whereas the self-centered trait, achievement striving, was negatively related to taking charge. In addition, the authors found that procedural justice at the organizational level was positively related to taking charge when evaluated by a coworker, while both procedural and distributive justice were positively related to taking charge when considered by a supervisor. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Keywords: taking charge, personality, organizational justice

Are political liberals generous? Are political conservatives conscientious? Are generous people personally agreeable? Research in behavioral genetics and elsewhere increasingly indicates a biological basis for the manner in which people behave in personal, interpersonal, and political situations, but this biological basis does not mean behavior in these three very different contexts is correlated. In this article, using an original data set obtained from nearly three hundred subjects, the authors are able to test for the degree to which personal, interpersonal, and political temperaments are related. As expected, the overall correlations are quite low. Standard personality traits do not predict political attitudes, and neither political attitudes nor personality predicts the extent to which subjects are generous in interpersonal situations. Human behavior is partially biological, but the systems involved in shaping political behavior seem to be largely but not completely distinct from those involved in shaping personal and interpersonal behavior. Keywords: temperament; political attitude; personality traits; behavior; ideology

This research extends past work on positive illusions and self-goals by examining motivated perceptions of how much control people think they have over changing their personality traits. A self-validation motivation should cause individuals to view their personality weaknesses as uncontrollable (to avoid blame for having them) and their personality strengths as controllable (to take credit for having them). A self-growth motivation should cause individuals to view their weaknesses as controllable (to view them as improvable) and their strengths as uncontrollable (to view them as unchanging). Studies 1 and 2 find evidence for self-validation in perceptions of trait controllability. Study 3 finds this pattern to be stronger for validation-seeking individuals but weaker for growth-seeking individuals. Studies 3 and 4 find that being primed with one's successful self-improvements or one's future self can attenuate the self-validation. The potential implications of distorted perceptions of trait controllability for both well-being and self-change are discussed. Keywords: self-enhancement; controllability; malleability; improvement; validation

A reduced version of the Five-factor Personality Inventory, which only considers two of the five original dimensions, was constructed to assess Extraversion and Emotional Stability especially for a sample of 581 adolescents. This used Items 6, 9, 11, 19, 21, 39, 41, 46, 54, 59, 61, 66, 84, 89, 91, and 99. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor structure of the questionnaire is acceptable, and both scales are reliable and correlated with similar measures as The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised.

Unfavorable evaluations of others reflect both specific prejudice and generalized negativity. Study 1 examined self-reported norms and personal endorsement of prejudices to various social groups. Study 2 used judgments of overweight persons to examine links among prejudice, personality, and prosocial motives. Study 3 examined negative evaluations and social distancing during interpersonal interaction. Study 4 observed the translation of negative evaluations into overt discrimination. Study 5 experimentally manipulated the behavior of the target and observed its interactive effects with weight, personality, and prosocial motives. Results suggest that prejudice can emerge from otherwise unprejudiced persons when situations permit justification. Patterns in negative evaluations are linked distinctively to (a) the Big Five dimension of Agreeableness, (b) proximal social cognition and motives, and (c) discrimination. Keywords: agreeableness, prejudice, discrimination, anti-fat

This article offers a critical review of various accepted premises of and persuasive interpretations on whether moral reasoning and personality traits are related. Purposely, this study draws on recent critical examination by Mudrack questioning the paucity of research on the efficacy of a long-established measure of moral reasoning, i.e., Defining Issues Test, together with its relations with basic personality variables of the California Psychological Inventory. Some observations are noted about the validity of tasks that measure personality traits and magnitude of the relation to moral reasoning.

Longitudinal studies suggest that law school has a corrosive effect on the well-being, values, and motivation of students, ostensibly because of its problematic institutional culture. In a 3-year study of two different law schools, the authors applied self-determination theory's (SDT) dynamic process model of thriving to explain such findings. Students at both schools declined in psychological need satisfaction and well-being over the 3 years. However, student reports of greater perceived autonomy support by faculty predicted less radical declines in need satisfaction, which in turn predicted better well-being in the 3rd year and also a higher grade point average, better bar exam results, and more self-determined motivation for the first job after graduation. Institution-level analyses showed that although students at both schools suffered, one school was perceived as more controlling than the other, predicting greater difficulties for its students. Implications for SDT and for legal education are discussed. Keywords: self-determination theory; well-being; legal education; bar performance; psychological needs

The authors examine the within-individual dynamics of Big-5 personality states over time in people's daily lives. They focus on the magnitude of this within-individual variability, and the associations between personality states, short-term goals, and subjective well-being states. A total of 101 undergraduate students participated in a 10-day interval-contingent diary study. The authors' findings, based on multilevel procedures, establish a considerable amount of within-individual variability that is both (a) equal or larger than that observed between individuals and (b) larger or similar to other constructs assessed with a state approach (e.g., self-esteem and mood). In addition, both neuroticism and extraversion states are systematically related to the short-term pursuit of approach-avoidance goals. Finally, support was obtained for the mediating role of both neuroticism and extraversion states of the association between goals and subjective well-being. In sum, the authors' findings testify to the importance and utility of studying within-individual variability in personality states over time. Keywords: personality; personality dynamics; goals; wellbeing; diary study

The decadent new-wave star persona of the 1970s and 80s disco diva Grace Jones that challenges gender, sexuality, race definitions and power relations is discussed.

The analysis of the relation between managerial efficiency and the personality traits of individuals is presented. The relation between organizational effectiveness and the leadership skills of individuals is discussed.

Personality homogeneity as human capital emergence containing both composition and compilation components are conceptualized by integrating multilevel theory and the attraction-selection-attrition model. The relationships across levels of service employees, jobs, and organizations are analyzed with the help of sampling methods.

The relationship between personality and helping behaviors in three different contexts was examined in a field study. In a sample of 178 employees from three professional organizations, measures of the Big Five Personality factors were found to be related to discretionary helping behaviors performed in the context of one's home, workplace and the larger society. Collectively, the five personality factors accounted for 7% of the variance in Household Activities and Chores, 26% of the variance in Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and 10% of the variance in Volunteerism. Implications of these relations are discussed.

This research examined the accuracy of personality impressions based on personal websites, a rapidly growing medium for self-expression, where identity claims are predominant. Eighty-nine websites were viewed by 11 observers, who rated the website authors' personalities. The ratings were compared with an accuracy criterion (self- and informant reports) and with the authors' ideal-self ratings. The websites elicited high levels of observer consensus and accuracy, and observers' impressions were somewhat enhanced for Extraversion and Agreeableness. The accuracy correlations were comparable in magnitude to those found in other contexts of interpersonal perception and generally stronger than those round in zero-acquaintance contexts. These findings suggest that identity claims are used to convey valid information about personality.