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Social media users are frequently targeted by commercial and political advertisements, which many perceive as a privacy threat. Although commercial and political targeting intend to influence users in different ways, comparative studies about user perceptions and responses to different kinds of targeting are scarce. Moreover, notwithstanding the legal obligation to make people aware of targeting in the European Union, current transparency cues do not immediately inform about the use of personal data. The present preregistered between-subjects online experiment (N = 1,248) investigates social media users' privacy perceptions and reactions to commercial and political targeting using an expanded protection motivation theory approach. Results revealed that more salient transparency cues can increase users' perception of ad manipulativeness, which in turn positively relates to privacy protection motivation. Perceiving privacy risks from targeting and protecting against it as effective positively relates to both protection motivation and desired legal regulation of targeting. Differences in perceptions of and reactions to commercial and political ads were marginal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), with its explicit consent requirement, may restrict the use of personal data and shake the foundations of online advertising. The ad industry has predicted drastic loss of revenue from GDPR compliance and has been seeking alternative ways of targeting. Taking advantage of an event created by an ad publisher's request for explicit consent from users with European Union IP addresses, the authors find that for a publisher that uses a pay-per-click model, has the capacity to leverage both user behavior and web page content information for advertising, and observes high consent rates, GDPR compliance leads to modest negative effects on ad performance, bid prices, and ad revenue. The changes in ad metrics can be explained by temporal variations in consent rates. The impact is most pronounced for travel and financial services advertisers and least pronounced for retail and consumer packaged goods advertisers. The authors further find that web page context can compensate for the loss of access to users' personal data, as the GDPR's negative impact is less pronounced when ads are posted on web pages presenting relevant content. The results suggest that publishers and advertisers should leverage targeting based on web page content after the GDPR's rollout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ChatGPT's release in November 2022, artificial intelligence has come into the spotlight. Inspiring both fascination and fear, chatbots have stirred debates among researchers, developers, and policy makers. The concerns range from concrete and tangible ones—which include replication of existing biases and discrimination at scale, harvesting personal data, and spreading misinformation—to more existential fears that their development will lead to machines with human-like cognitive abilities. Understanding how chatbots work and the human labor and data involved can better help evaluate the validity of concerns surrounding these systems, which although innovative, are hardly the stuff of science fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's digital world, where the amount of information that is stored and processed in cyberspace is constantly growing, the issue of personal data protection is becoming more and more relevant. Personal data, such as financial information, medical records, and social media data, is a valuable resource that can be used for both legitimate and malicious purposes. Despite the continuous improvement of security technologies, the growing complexity of cyber threats and the evolution of cyber attack methods create new challenges for the protection of personal information. In this connection, there is a need to analyze the modern problems of personal data protection, in particular the legal, technical and ethical aspects of this issue. Ensuring the security of personal data remains an urgent problem today, because more and more people use it. On the Internet, they pass authorization on various resources, using their personal data for this purpose, and more and more different institutions create peculiar databases, not always taking care of their safety. The insufficient measure of ensuring the security of personal data in cyberspace leads to excessive activity of cyberattacks and the commission of various manipulations with personal data. The relevance of the topic of personal data protection in cyberspace is due to several important factors that have a significant impact on modern society, economy and security. The main aspects that emphasize the relevance of this issue: the growth of digitalization; cyber threats; legal requirements; social responsibility and trust; economic consequences; technological challenges; international relations and geopolitics. Thus, the relevance of the topic of personal data protection in cyberspace is due to the complexity and global nature of this issue, as well as its importance for preserving privacy, security and trust in the digital world. This article is aimed at researching key challenges in the field of personal data protection in cyberspace, as well as providing recommendations for increasing the level of security and minimizing the risks of information leakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the analysis of the changes that have taken place in the legal system of the Netherlands under the influence of digitalization, in particular in the area of property relations regulation. Positive experience in the Netherlands in the implementation of digital technologies in the field of maintaining a number of state registers, which have a direct connection with the mechanism of proper exercise of property rights, has been revealed. The gradual changes that took place from 1996 to today have been clarified. A review of the authentic register of buildings, which contains information on buildings, objects and permanent sites (berths) and has been in operation since July 1, 2011, was carried out. It is emphasized that in the regulation of property registers, special importance is attached to the protection of personal data, in particular, the current Law on the Protection of Personal Data (adopted on May 25, 2018) was analyzed. This legislative act maximally takes into account EU requirements in the field of recording and use of personal data. A Personal Data Base (BRP) has been created separately, which contains personal data of people living in the Netherlands (residents), and citizens living abroad and other non-residents. It was revealed that the Netherlands plans to transform the system of basic registers into a Unified Data System in the coming years. This development is part of the interagency data strategy program. Research has shown that using core registries is not always straightforward, especially for those trying to combine data from multiple registries. The main focus in the coming years will be on streamlining the process of extracting data from sources and their further integrated use, even for sectors and purposes that were not initially envisaged. Analyzed the legal principles and practice of electronic procurement in the Netherlands. A review of judicial practice regarding consideration of the issue of ownership of digital data was carried out. It was established that the issues regarding the adoption of special acts on the regulation of the use of artificial intelligence, the recognition of cryptocurrencies and the owner ship of digital data are unresolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is devoted to the study of the problem of personal data protection in health care. Today, the world is dominated by a global socio-cultural process of informatization, which is based on the priority of collecting, accumulating, creating, processing, storing, exchanging and using information in any form. The growing demand for information technologies allowed modern science to characterize the new stage of society's development as an «information society». At the same time, the number of violations of the functioning of information carriers and information about a person is constantly increasing. It was emphasized that the sphere of healthcare and medicine was not an exception in the process of informatization of all spheres of human activity, which contributed and optimized the functioning and development of such spheres. The modern trend towards a rapid increase in the amount of data circulating in the information space has not escaped the sphere of health care, which has a high degree of vulnerability due to the sensitivity of data on the state of health of a person and a citizen. Nowadays, with the development of the information society, it is quite easy to identify a specific person and obtain confidential personal information about him. Therefore, issues of protection from third parties of personal data contained in centralized databases of medical information systems remain relevant. Reforms in health care, such as the introduction of electronic systems and changes in legislation, indeed generate a lot of scientific research in the field of personal data protection. This important aspect, after maintaining the confidentiality of medical information and the protection of personal data, is key to ensuring trust in the health care system. Research in this area may include evaluating the effectiveness of data protection measures, analyzing the risks of using electronic medical information processing systems, developing and improving data encryption and authentication methods, as well as studying legal aspects of personal data protection in health care. These studies help understand potential threats and identify best practices for ensuring the security and privacy of health information, which contributes to improving the quality of health care and increasing public confidence in the health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific article comprehensively examines various methods and approaches to the administrative and legal protection of personal data in the online environment. Emphasis is placed on the importance of comprehensive application of various methods of protection, as well as on the need for constant improvement of legislation in this area, taking into account the development of new technologies and challenges. The article thoroughly studies the theoretical principles of administrative and legal protection of personal data. The concepts of «personal data» and «administrative protection» are studied in the context of this topic. The provisions of the current legislation of Ukraine and the European Union, which regulate the issue of personal data protection, are analyzed. The authors pay special attention to the activities of the Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for human rights in the field of personal data protection. The powers of the Commissioner are disclosed, as well as the procedures for carrying out inspections and applying measures for administrative termination of violations of legislation in the field of persona l data protection. An important aspect of the research is the analysis of administrative liability for violation of the legislation on personal data protection. Describes the types of violations for which administrative responsibility is provided. The article offers a number of recommendations for improving the administrative and legal protection of personal data in Ukraine. These include the adoption of new and amendments to current legislation that would more clearly regulate the issue of personal data protection in the online environment; ensuring adequate financing of the activities of the Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for human rights; conducting regular trainings and seminars for civil servants and business representatives on issues of personal data protection; strengthening cooperation with international organizations in the field of personal data protection. Based on the conducted research, the author concludes that administrative and legal methods of personal data protection are an important component of a comprehensive system of protection of human rights and freedoms in the digital environment. The effectiveness of personal data protection can be ensured only under the condition of comprehensive application of various methods, constant improvement of legislation and effective control over its compli ance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-commerce is a key aspect of the modern digital economy, which is actively developing in the context of globalization. The importance of e-commerce lies in its ability to promote economic growth, create new opportunities for entrepreneurship, and provide consumers with access to a wide range of goods and services. This article analyzes the legal regulation of e-commerce in the context of the globalization of the digital economy, examining the experience of countries such as the USA, Singapore, China, and the European Union. The article outlines the main principles of legal regulation of e-commerce under Ukraine's national legislation and highlights the key challenges facing legal regulation in this area. The experience of foreign countries shows that effective legal regulation of e-commerce is possible with the harmonization of legislation, enhanced protection of consumer rights and personal data, ensuring cybersecurity, and supporting innovation. The USA, Singapore, China, and the EU have different approaches to regulating e-commerce, but all aim to create a favorable legal environment for the development of this market segment. The article also examines the main features of legal relationships in the field of e-commerce, as defined by the Law of Ukraine "On E-commerce". It highlights the rights and obligations of participants in electronic transactions, the procedure for concluding electronic contracts, the protection of consumer rights and personal data, and the responsibility of participant s for non-fulfillment of their obligations. Based on the analysis of foreign experience and national legislation, recommendations are formulated for improving the legal regulation of e-commerce in Ukraine. Further research in this area may focus on studying new technological solutions and their impact on legal regulation, analyzing the effectiveness of existing legal norms, and developing recommendations for their improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to identifying the peculiarities of contractual relations in digital circulation. Digital turnover is becoming increasingly widespread, which leads to the emergence of new forms of contractual relations characterized by significant differences. The purpose of the article is to reveal the characteristics and peculiarities of contractual relations arising within the framework of digital civil turnover. The study of contractual relations in digital circulation is necessitated by the lack of sustainable legal regulation of this area which requires further improvement. The peculiarity of building relations in digital circulation is associated with its technical properties, primarily the need to gain access to digital platforms for the exercise of subjective rights by users. The author emphasizes that the exercise of subjective rights in digital circulation can be realized only through the use of complex intellectual property objects, in particular, those combining computer programs, databases, music, animation objects, photographs, etc. The author proposes to distinguish the following types of relations in the field of digital circulation: 1) regarding the creation and maintenance of digital circulation (legal regime of intellectual property rights); 2) organizational relations in the field of business administration of the digital environment (corporate, labor relations with the appropriate legal regime); 3) between the user and the administrator of the relevant digital environment (contractual regulation, with elements of the legal regime of personal data protection); 4) between users of the digital space regarding digital assets (a complex regime of legal regulation which may combine the legal regimes of The author emphasizes that contractual relations in digital circulation are based on both civil law and rules and standards used in electronic systems. It is proved that different types of relations require a comprehensive application of different legal norms and are mediated by different agreements, such as: license agreements; agreements for the provision of digital services (cloud storage, marketplaces); sale and purchase of goods; exchange and pledge of digital assets; token agreements (regulating the use of cryptocurrencies and other tokens in digital ecosystems), etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This good practice paper (GPP) is intended to support clinicians in assessing patient fitness for bleomycin and in management of bleomycin pulmonary toxicity (BPT) where it occurs. Bleomycin, originally developed as an antibiotic in the 1960s, has been a cornerstone of therapy for classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) since results of its use in combination with doxorubicin, vincristine and dacarbazine (ABVD) were first published by Bonadonna et al in 1975 1. The same author recognised high rates of respiratory morbidity in these patients 2, and bleomycin‐;related pulmonary toxicity (BPT) is now a well‐;recognised and feared complication with its use. ABVD and BEACOPP/ BEACOPDac (bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone, with procarbazine or dacarbazine) are standard first‐;line treatments in CHL patients, but considerable variation remains in assessing patient fitness for bleomycin both clinically and with respiratory investigations. A recent survey of British haematologists regularly using bleomycin revealed that 87.5% have no local protocols for assessing patients in an evidence‐;based fashion, with wide variations in practice captured in the same survey (personal data). A working group was established and a literature review undertaken with the goal of presenting practical recommendations for clinicians regarding bleomycin use based on available evidence and expert opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fintech technologies have achieved great success in expanding access to payment services in some countries of the world. They are used by major digital platforms to fill gaps in the traditional payment system. More and more companies around the world are embracing Fintech and moving to the latest technologies that can lead to significant efficiency gains in the financial sector, including payments, financing, investments, asset management and insurance. However, they can also pose risks to the stability and integrity of the financial system, especially when they operate outside the scope of financial regulation and supervision. Every country in the world is unique, each country has its own legislation and its own approach to legal regulation of Fintech. Currently, there is no single legal act in the world that would regulate Fintech in absolutely all countries. Just as there is no single tax code in the world, there cannot be a single regulatory act regulating Fintech, because each country has its own legislation, traditions, culture, etc., so the approach to Fintech in each country is individual. The article analyzes the experience of legal regulation of the Fintech market in the European Union and examines in depth the experience of the Kingdom of Belgium. The Fintech legal regulation of the Kingdom of Belgium is based on EU directives, regulations, resolutions and other legal acts, which are the basis of Belgian law. Belgian fintech legislation is adapted to the norms of the European Union and defines the “rules of the game” for Fintech services in Belgium, allowing Belgian authorities to carry out financial regulation, supervision, control over Fintech platforms for their compliance with relevant laws, regulations, standards, which enable government agencies to fight cybercrime, money laundering, bring perpetrators to justice, and provide Fintech platforms with corporate transparency, integrity, and consumers with protection from cybercrime, fraud, and other crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid digitization of the modern world has led to an increase in the collection and processing of personal data. The principles of transparency and consent have become crucial for citizens to understand how their data is being used and to be able to give their voluntary consent to its processing. Ukraine is actively adapting its legislation to EU standards in the field of personal data protection. In particular, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) affects approaches to data collection and processing. Examining transparency and consent in the context of these changes can help identify which aspects of the law need special attention. Citizens are becoming increasingly cautious about who they trust with their data. This article analyzes and evaluates the role and impact of the principles of transparency and consent on the effective mechanism of personal data protection in Ukraine, taking into account modern technological and legislative challenges. Studying these principles demonstrates their importance and relevance in today’s digital society. The principle of transparency determines the need for accessible and understandable information for data subjects regarding the processing of their data. Openness is a fundamental requirement for maintaining trust between organizations and citizens. Providing the ability to control and regulate their data allows data subjects to play a more active role in the processing and use of their personal data. The principle of consent, in turn, emphasizes the voluntary and informed nature of consent to data processing. The consent of the data subject determines the basis for the legal processing of personal data, ensuring harmony between the rights of citizens and the interests of organizations. As technology advances and legislation changes, transparency and consent become even more important aspects. They help build trust between organizations and citizens, ensure responsible use of personal data, and empower individuals to control their own information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Method Data Analysis Results Implications for Practice This paper explores how working with clients who self‐injure generates significant emotional reactions in therapists, often difficult to manage. Drawing on my clinical experience as a researcher and counsellor, I provide an evocative autoethnographic account, highlighting hidden, forbidden or taboo feelings. The aim was to deepen understanding of therapists' emotional realities and contribute to the limited literature on this subject.Through journaling, sketching, metaphor and field notes, I detail personal experiences with clients who self‐injure. This autoethnography explores my emotions and reactions. A case vignette illustrates my experiences, promoting critical and empathic consideration of how therapist emotions are experienced.I use autoethnographic methods to analyse the emotional impact and existential reflections of working with clients who self‐injure, employing layers of qualitative interpretation from various personal data sources.Findings reveal that working with clients who self‐injure forces me to confront my mortality, evoking deep existential reflections and intense emotions like vulnerability and fear. This disrupts my sense of immortality, highlighting my role's limitations and evoking shame and self‐doubt about my ability to alleviate suffering.This paper advances research on self‐injury and emphasises autoethnography as a valuable avenue for counsellors engaging in research. Grounded in PhD study, this paper makes an original contribution to knowledge. Integrating discussions on mortality and emotional vulnerability into supervision and training is crucial, alongside comprehensive training that addresses emotional and unconscious issues. Accessible supervision fosters growth, reduces stigma and supports therapists working with clients who self‐injure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is indicated that the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which has been going on for the third year, and the progress of European integration processes taking place in our country, require overcoming challenges in the field of higher legal education. One of the important such challenges is the increase in demand from employers for qualified graduates of higher educational institutions who have modern theoretical and practical training in the fields of tax, administrative, contractual, economic and corporate law. At the same time, there is a high demand among employers for specialists who specialize in the field of corporate relations for legal support of the business activities of international corporations working in the agricultural and other sectors of the Ukrainian economy; participation in international and national arbitration and commercial courts in the consideration of corporate disputes in the interests of companies that do not fulfill their obligations in favor of counterparties that maintain relations with the aggressor state or sanctioned persons; judicial protection of corporate rights of foreign and domestic investors; protection in international arbitrations of the interests of Ukrainian business companies that supply material property for the Armed Forces of Ukraine in case of violation of their obligations to them by foreign companies; participation in legal proceedings regarding the recovery of funds and other assets from sanctioned persons in favor of Ukraine or its business entities, etc. The article examines ways of reforming higher legal education in the conditions of armed aggression of russian federation against Ukraine and its European integration into the European Union. The current requirements of employers for law graduates of higher educational institutions are analyzed. The proposed vectors of reforming the educational process, in particular, from the corporate law course, through the introduction of innovative educational programs that meet international world standards, including EU requirements in the field of higher legal education. The need to develop and use interdisciplinary educational programs for the training of lawyers is substantiated. It is recommended that a separate section in these programs provide for the teaching of a corporate law course. Suggested topics from this course include, in particular, corporate law under martial law; adaptation of Ukrainian corporate legislation to the legislation of the European Union - status and prospects; the accession of Ukraine to the European Union as a factor in its victory over russian aggressor country and other topics. A comparative analysis of EU directives and regulations and Ukrainian legislation regulating corporate relations was made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to the legal analysis of the case law of the CJEU and the ECtHR regarding the implementation of the right to be forgotten and the right to privacy. It is established that the development of digital technologies has enabled rapid information exchange and its almost indefinite storage in the digital environment. However, such widespread availability of data about individuals and the inability to update or supplement this information have posed new challenges to society in ensuring the protection of personal data and privacy. The right to be forgotten is one of the tools through which a person can delete truthful but outdated information about themselves on the Internet, provided that such information is not of public interest. It is proven that although the right to be forgotten has been implemented within the EU for over a decade, lawyers and human rights activists consider it the second most complex obligation of the General Data Protection Regulation to implement. It is argued that both the CJEU and the ECtHR often inadequately describe the factual circumstances of cases and disregard the confidentiality of the parties involved. Individuals who apply to the court for the deletion or anonymization of personal data on the Internet often receive the opposite effect due to the public and scientific community’s interest in such cases. It is argued that in order to maintain a reasonable balance between privacy and freedom of expression, court decisions should contain all factual circumstances of the case, but the personal data of the parties involved and other circumstances that may indicate the applicant should be anonymized. This will help avoid censorship, ensure the right to memory, and enable an understanding of the factual basis on which courts have developed their legal arguments. It is argued that since the materials of cases before the ECtHR and the CJEU are often transmitted to national courts of member states for quality protection of confidentiality, it is necessary for them to correctly anonymize the personal data of the parties involved in the case and information that could identify the applicant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data economy law is a dynamic and challenging legal field that proves to be exciting and full of opportunities for students. The focus is on the Data Governance Act and the Data Act as important legal acts in the IT legal field. EU digital rights regulation focuses on artificial intelligence, platforms, and data. The importance of data economy law is increasing in university focus areas, as the three areas are interconnected and require comprehensive training. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Minors in Data Protection Law (Part 1): Basics of the interaction between minor protection, consumer contract law and data protection" deals with the legal foundations of the interaction between minor protection, consumer contract law and data protection in the context of "paying with data". It discusses the importance of minor protection in the German Civil Code, consumer contracts for digital products, and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The article sheds light on how minors can effectively "pay" with their data and how the various regulatory areas interact within the European multi-level system. [Extracted from the article]

The editorial discusses the ValueCare project, which aims to improve health and social care for aging communities by incorporating communication perspectives and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The project focuses on integrated care, value-based approaches, digital solutions, and patient involvement to support older people's self-healthcare management in seven European pilot sites. Communication plays a crucial role in coordinating collaboration among different units, facilitating shared decision-making, and designing digital solutions. The project emphasizes the importance of intercultural communication and international collaborations to address public health challenges associated with population aging. [Extracted from the article]

The development of automatic video understanding technology is highly needed due to the rise of mass video data, like surveillance videos, personal video data. Several methods have been presented previously for automatic video captioning. But, the existing methods have some problems, like more time consume during processing a huge number of frames, and also it contains over fitting problem. This is a difficult task to automate the process of video caption. So, it affects final result (Caption) accuracy. To overcome these issues, Automatic Video Captioning using Tree Hierarchical Deep Convolutional Neural Network and attention segmental recurrent neural network-bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (ASRNN-bi-directional LSTM) is proposed in this paper. The captioning part contains two phases: Feature Encoder and Decoder. In feature encoder phase, the tree hierarchical Deep Convolutional Neural Network (Tree CNN) encodes the vector representation of video and extract three kinds of features. In decoder phase, the attention segmental recurrent neural network (ASRNN) decode vector into textual description. ASRNN-base methods struck with long-term dependency issue. To deal this issue, focuses on all generated words from the bi-directional LSTM and caption generator for extracting global context information presented by concealed state of caption generator is local and unfinished. Hence, Golden Eagle Optimization is exploited to enhance ASRNN weight parameters. The proposed method is executed in Python. The proposed technique achieves 34.89%, 29.06% and 20.78% higher accuracy, 23.65%, 22.10% and 29.68% lesser Mean Squared Error compared to the existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this modern era, the security and safety of financial and personal digital data are crucial considerations. Blockchain technology offers a secure framework for the transmission of data between devices, without the interference of malicious actors. With the growing demand for this technology, it has become essential to evaluate the impact of its processes on system characteristics to forecast transactions behavior and ensure necessary quality indicators, as well as the stability of system components while the blockchain technology is in operation. Queueing models are a highly effective mathematical tool for analyzing and optimizing the performance of blockchain systems. In this study, a more generic queueing model is utilized to evaluate a blockchain application. The transactions arrive in batches according to a Markovian arrival process, and the service times for the block-generation (the first stage) and blockchain-building (the second stage) follow phase-type distributions. Using matrix-analytic method, we study the model in steady-state. The stationary distribution and the stability condition of the system have been derived. Further, by determining key system performance measures, illustrative numerical examples covering a wide range of batch size and service time distributions have been discussed. In conclusion, our hope is that the methodology and findings presented in this paper will pave the way for the queueing analysis of more extensive and diverse blockchain systems in practice. Furthermore, we believe that it will inspire a series of promising future quantitative and qualitative studies aimed at the development of blockchain technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to analyze and compare statistical indicators of the amount of total health expenditure and expenditure on health subsystems in order to determine the need to introduce new policies for managing the supply and demand of health services. The hypothesis that the distribution of resources among the different subsystems in Bulgaria differs significantly from the EU average is tested. Material and methods. The analysis methodology used includes graphical presentation of data. According to Eurostat, a total of 27 countries were observed. Results: The study analyzed the total amount of health expenditure as a percentage of Bulgaria's GDP to the other EU countries and Bulgaria to have a close result to the average. The resource allocation data for health subsystems were then examined. The data showed that there are large discrepancies in the structure of healthcare spending in Bulgaria compared to the EU average. These data reflect the concentration of hospital care costs in Bulgaria. All this shows that in Bulgaria excessive resources are spent on providing medical care in hospital treatment for diseases that can be treated on an ambulatory treatment. This is an indicator of irrational behavior of participants in the market of medical care and services. Conclusion: The hypothesis was proved that in Bulgaria we still do not use cost control effectively by managing the supply and demand of health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of textual data depicting human-centered features and behaviors is crucial for many data mining and machine learning tasks. However, data containing personal information should be anonymized prior making them available for secondary use. A variety of text anonymization methods have been proposed in the last years, which are standardly evaluated by comparing their outputs with human-based anonymizations. The residual disclosure risk is estimated with the recall metric, which quantifies the proportion of manually annotated re-identifying terms successfully detected by the anonymization algorithm. Nevertheless, recall is not a risk metric, which leads to several drawbacks. First, it requires a unique ground truth, and this does not hold for text anonymization, where several masking choices could be equally valid to prevent re-identification. Second, it relies on human judgements, which are inherently subjective and prone to errors. Finally, the recall metric weights terms uniformly, thereby ignoring the fact that the influence on the disclosure risk of some missed terms may be much larger than of others. To overcome these drawbacks, in this paper we propose a novel method to evaluate the disclosure risk of anonymized texts by means of an automated re-identification attack. We formalize the attack as a multi-class classification task and leverage state-of-the-art neural language models to aggregate the data sources that attackers may use to build the classifier. We illustrate the effectiveness of our method by assessing the disclosure risk of several methods for text anonymization under different attack configurations. Empirical results show substantial privacy risks for most existing anonymization methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes possible ways of protecting artificial intelligence systems and their elements with the help of intellectual property law from the perspective of European Union law. This paper deals with copyright law, patent law and sui generis database protection in relation to artificial intelligence systems. The paper begins with an analysis of whether and how an artificial intelligence can be protected by means of copyright. The author analyzes the European Union's copyright acquis and concludes that the elements of the Al system, as well as the entire artificial intelligence system, that are implemented in software, can be protected by copyright as a computer program if the originality requirements are met. However, the originality requirement is unlikely to be met in all cases in this context. The same issue with the originality requirement applies to potentially possible copyright protection of artificial intelligence systems as databases. Therefore, it is concluded that the fulfillment of copyright requirements for protection of an artificial intelligence system must be established in each particular case. The author also considers whether patent law is applicable to protect artificial intelligence systems. For this purpose, the provisions of the patent law of the European Union, in particular, of the European Patent Convention, are analyzed. The author concludes that the artificial intelligence system may be patentable as a "computer-implemented invention" in case all the requirements for patent protection are met. Sui generis database protection is also considered as an additional possibility for legal protection of artificial intelligence systems, taking into account that its applicability is limited to the European Union. Whether sui generis database protection is applicable to the artificial intelligence system should be decided on a case-by-case basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Financial relationships between clinical guideline authors and pharmaceutical companies introduce conflicts of interest (COI), potentially biasing guideline recommendations. Thus, proper management of COI is paramount for clinical guideline authors. Nevertheless, little is known about COI among neurology clinical guideline authors. This study aimed to evaluate the financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and authors of Clinical Practice Guideline for Headache Disorders (CPGHD) in Japan. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 2016–2020 personal payments data disclosed by all pharmaceutical companies affiliated with the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association. We examined amounts and fraction of personal payments to all 57 CPGHD authors and all neurologists board-certified by the Japanese Society of Neurology. Payment data was descriptively analyzed at individual author level. Results: Among 57 CPGHD authors, 56 (98.3%) received personal payments totaling $2.7 million from pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2020. Median five-year payments were $89,955 for CPGHD authors, while $521 for board-certified neurologists. The CPGHD chairperson and vice chairperson received substantial payments during the guideline development period. Nevertheless, because of less rigorous and transparent COI policy compared to international standard policies, only 10 authors disclosed their financial relationships with the pharmaceutical companies in the guideline. Conclusions: More than 98% of CPGHD authors received much higher personal payments from pharmaceutical companies than those to board-certified neurologists during the guideline development period in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personalization is a growing trend in politics that has been well studied, yet the current literature has no causal explanations for the relationship between personalized media activities and personal votes or an understanding the contextual factors that shape it. This study examines how candidates have used Facebook as means of personalization and its impact on voting during Taiwan’s 2020 legislative campaign. It assumes that personalized campaigns originate from a need among candidates to gain personal votes and that this need is determined by the intensity of a given competition. Intensified competition between parties increases a candidate’s need for personalized activities on social media, which in turn bring in more personal votes. Through a content analysis of 27,977 Facebook posts and the compiling of data on personal votes, the models confirm two hypotheses: those in party strongholds (safe districts) are less likely to make personalized posts, and those who post more personalized messages are more likely to gain personal votes. This paper enhances our understanding of how different facets of personalization within social media are intricately linked and mutually reinforce one another in shaping voter behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data-driven political advertising (DDPA) is a manifestation of data-driven campaigning and is increasingly used by European political parties. Political actors can collect vast amounts of personal data to show voters targeted ads. Therefore, DDPA has received much attention from scholars. However, we lack insights into what voters know about DDPA, and how this knowledge affects (dis-)engagement with personalized ads. We approach this problem by examining (a) which voter characteristics enhance understanding of DDPA tactics and implications, and (b) to what extent DDPA knowledge plays a role for engaging with or avoiding of political ads. In a two-wave panel survey study (NW1 = 1264, NW2 = 1011), conducted during the 2021 Dutch General Elections, we show that (a) male, younger, higher educated and politically interested respondents were most knowledgeable. Yet, (b) the predictors vary when examining different types of DDPA knowledge, and (c) DDPA knowledge neither affects ad engagement nor ad avoidance, but we find that political interest and self-efficacy are crucial for ad engagement and ad avoidance, respectively. These findings discuss the relevance of DDPA knowledge in the context of data-driven campaigns, and add to the debate on how to best empower voters in a changed political advertising landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The increasing availability of large volumes of personal data from diverse sources such as electronic health records, research programmes, commercial genetic testing, national health surveys and wearable devices presents significant opportunities for advancing public health, disease surveillance, personalized medicine and scientific research and innovation. However, this potential is hampered by a lack of clarity related to the processing and sharing of personal health data, particularly across varying national regulatory frameworks. This often leaves researcher stakeholders uncertain about how to navigate issues around secondary data use, repurposing data for different research objectives and cross-border data sharing. Method: We analysed 37 data protection legislation across Africa to identify key principles and requirements for processing and sharing of personal health and genetic data in scientific research. On the basis of this analysis, we propose strategies that data science research initiatives in Africa can implement to ensure compliance with data protection laws while effectively reusing and sharing personal data for health research and scientific innovation. Results: In many African countries, health and genetic data are categorized as sensitive and subject to stricter protection. Key principles guiding the processing of personal data include confidentiality, non-discrimination, transparency, storage limitation, legitimacy, purpose specification, integrity, fairness, non-excessiveness, accountability and data minimality. The rights of data subjects include the right to be informed, the right of access, the right to rectification, the right to erasure/deletion of data, the right to restrict processing, the right to data portability and the right to seek compensation. Consent and adequacy assessments were the most common legal grounds for cross-border data transfers. However, considerable variation exists in legal requirements for data transfer across countries, potentially creating barriers to collaborative health research across Africa. Conclusions: We propose several strategies that data science research initiatives can adopt to align with data protection laws. These include developing a standardized module for safe data flows, using trusted data environments to minimize cross-border transfers, implementing dynamic consent mechanisms to comply with consent specificity and data subject rights and establishing codes of conduct to govern the secondary use of personal data for health research and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of rainfall observations from personal weather stations (PWSs) has increased significantly over the past years; however, there are persistent questions about data quality. In this paper, we reflect on three quality control algorithms (PWSQC, PWS-pyQC, and GSDR-QC) designed for the quality control (QC) of rainfall data. Technical and operational guidelines are provided to help interested users in finding the most appropriate QC to apply for their use case. All three algorithms can be accessed within the OpenSense sandbox where users can run the code. The results show that all three algorithms improve PWS data quality when cross-referenced against a rain radar data product. The considered algorithms have different strengths and weaknesses depending on the PWS and official data availability, making it inadvisable to recommend one over another without carefully considering the specific setting. The authors highlight a need for further objective quantitative benchmarking of QC algorithms. This requires freely available test datasets representing a range of environments, gauge densities, and weather patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuffless blood pressure (BP) measurements have long been anticipated, and the PPG (Photoplethysmography)-only method is the most promising one since already embedded in many wearable devices. To further meet the clinical accuracy requirements, PPG-only BP predictions with personalized modeling for overcoming personal deviations have been widely studied, but all required tens to hundreds of minutes of personal PPG measurements for training. Moreover, their accurate test periods without calibration practice were not reported. In this work, we collected records of PPG data from our recruited subjects in real-life scenarios instead of relying on the openly available MIMIC dataset obtained from intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Since our objective is commercial application and a substantial reduction in training data, we tailored our model training to closely mimic real-world usage. To achieve this, we developed a training approach that only requires 9-minutes of personal PPG signal recordings and mixed with other PPG data from our recruited 364 subjects. The modeling is conducted with two-channel paired inputs to the convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model, which we called Mixed Deduction Learning (MDL). The test results of 88 samples from 15 subjects, under testing period up to 30-plus days without extra calibration, revealed that MDL meets most of the standards of AAMI, BHS, and IEEE 1708–2014 (for static test only) for BP measurement devices, which indicates MDL's long-term stability and consistency. Furthermore, we found that the model with two-channel inputs presents a trend of improving performance as the pool of mixed training data increased, while the conventional one-channel input revealed degraded performance. The outperformance of MDL is attributed to many significant features remained in the first CNN layer even when mixing personal 9-minutes data with the other 364 subjects. Consequently, PPG-only with MDL introduces a new avenue for overcoming challenges in training due to personal physiological variations. Given our consideration of real-life usage, this technology can be seamlessly translated to commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the implications of personal data governance models for algorithmic discrimination. It reflects on the significance of engaging with data subjects to prevent or mitigate discrimination by comparing the effectiveness of the top-down and bottom-up approaches to data governance. The paper goes beyond the option to either decline or agree to terms of service while entering online platforms and argues that bottom-up data governance models of data trusts and information fiduciaries can be more inclusive than the top-down data governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey vaults are useful tools for password management. A vault usually contains usernames for each domain, and the corresponding passwords, encrypted with a master password chosen by the owner. By generating decoy vaults for incorrect master password attempts, honey vaults force attackers with the vault's storage file to engage in online verification to distinguish the real vaults, thus thwarting offline guessing attacks. However, sophisticated attackers can acquire additional information, such as personally identifiable information (PII) and partial passwords contained within the vault from various data breaches. Since many users tend to incorporate PII in their passwords, attackers may utilize PII to distinguish the real vault. Furthermore, if attackers may learn partial passwords included in the real vault, it can exclude numerous decoy vaults without the need for online verification. Indeed, both leakages pose serious threats to the security of the existing honey vault schemes. In this paper, we explore two attack variants of the inspired attack scenario, where the attacker gains access to the vault's storage file along with acquiring PII and partial passwords contained within the real vault, and design a new honey vault scheme. For security assurance, we prove that our scheme is secure against one of the aforementioned attack variants. Moreover, our experimental findings suggest enhancements in security against the other attack. In particular, to evaluate the security in multiple leakage cases where both the vault's storage file and PII are leaked, we propose several new practical attacks (called PII-based attacks), building upon the existing practical attacks in the traditional single leakage case where only the vault's storage file is compromised. Our experimental results demonstrate that certain PII-based attacks achieve a 63–70% accuracy in distinguishing the real vault from decoys in the best-performing honey vault scheme (Cheng et al. in Incrementally updateable honey password vaults, pp 857–874, 2021). Our scheme reduces these metrics to 41–50%, closely approaching the ideal value of 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working hand-in-hand with the private sector, largely in a regulatory vacuum, policing agencies at the federal, state, and local levels are acquiring and using vast reservoirs of personal data. They are doing so indiscriminately, which is to say without any reason to suspect the individuals whose data they are collecting are acting unlawfully. And they are doing it in bulk. People are unlikely to want this personal information shared with anyone, let alone law enforcement. And yet today, private companies are helping law enforcement gather it by the terabyte. On all of us. Our thesis is straightforward: the unregulated collection of this data must cease, at least until basic rule-of-law requisites are met. Any collection must be authorized by democratically accountable bodies. It must be transparent. It must be based on clear proof of efficacy (that a legitimate purpose actually is being served). There must be protections that minimize or avoid harms to individuals and society. And, of course, there must be judicial review of whether indiscriminate bulk data collection is constitutional, either at all or with regard to specific programs. The basis for this thesis is a first-of-its-kind review of instances, from the dawn of the Information Age, in which Congress acted on these very issues. Much of that history involves indiscriminate collection of data on Americans for reasons of national and domestic security, because national security represents the outer bounds of what law enforcement and intelligence agencies are permitted to do, and much of what is done in the name of national security is inappropriate for domestic policing. Yet, in incident after incident, Congress made clear that indiscriminate bulk collection of Americans' data is unacceptable, unlawful, and of dubious constitutionality. To the extent that such collection was permitted at all, Congress demanded the very requisites specified above. Today's indiscriminate bulk surveillance by federal, state, and local policing agencies violates virtually all of these congressionally established norms. It should cease, at least until the rule-of-law requisites are met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses how personal data is a crucial resource in the digital age. It explores the complex nature of the economic valorisation of personal data. Recent discussions have focused on the commodification and profit generation from personal data and its role as an asset and a source of rent. Property rights play a significant but contradictory role in each of these cases. From a technical standpoint, personal data does not fall under traditional ownership rights protected by intellectual property laws. It is neither an artistic work covered by copyright nor an outcome of financial investment that could be protected by patents. Instead, the paper focuses on the role of personal data in the capitalist mode of production and digital monopoly conditions. It aims to analyse the successive transformations of everyday activities into machine-readable objects, de facto property, assets, and elements of monopoly capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed how African, American, and British online mainstream news sources visually represent Boko Haram survivors. A longitudinal study from 2014 to 2021 was conducted using purposive sampling to analyze news media photographs with captions (N = 187). Drawing from agenda-setting and cultural dimensions frameworks, the study identified major differences in survivors' gender, emotional expressions, and personally identifiable information across all three online news platforms. Findings show that these media portrayals of terrorism survivors reflect the cultural norms of the society in which the predominant audience of these outlets resides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Most women experience breastfeeding problems and need changes due to postpartum physical symptoms and low breastfeeding self-efficacy. Methods Postpartum home care and e-mobile training/consultancy has been introduced to address this issue. This study was conducted as a randomized controlled interventional study. The sample of the study consisted of 75 (home care group = 25, control group = 25, e-mobile training/consultancy group = 25) women who met the sample selection criteria, agreed to participate in the study, and were hospitalized in the postpartum ward of a City Hospital. Data were collected through the Personal Information Form, the Postpartum Physical Symptom Severity Scale and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES). Results In all postpartum stages, a statistically significant difference was detected between the home care, e-mobile training/consultancy and control group women in terms of the Postpartum Physical Symptoms Severity Scale and BSES total mean scores (P  < .05). Interviews showed that the home care group had the lowest Postpartum Physical Symptom Severity Scale total mean scores and the highest BSES total mean scores (P  < .05). Postpartum home visits and e-mobile training/consultancy should be considered a routine part of postpartum care. It is effective in reducing postpartum physical symptoms and increasing breastfeeding self-efficacy. Conclusıon In line with the results of this study, the use of home care and e-mobile training/consultancy is recommended to decrease physical symptoms and increase breastfeeding self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text explores the relationship between technology, power, and politics in the digital age. It discusses the increasing role of states in regulating the digital world and the competition surrounding digital technologies. The text reviews three books that delve into these topics, analyzing their strengths and weaknesses. It emphasizes the need to understand the political and geopolitical dimensions of technology to comprehend contemporary conflicts and competition. The text also discusses Anu Bradford's book, "Digital Empires," which analyzes three dominant models of building the digital future. It highlights the importance of government oversight and protection in the emerging geo-tech world and acknowledges the power dynamics between the US and China. The text concludes by emphasizing the importance of managing interdependence and the fight over ideas in the geo-tech world. [Extracted from the article]

The smartification and digitalisation of border controls in Europe has been widely associated with the expansion and interoperation of databases like EURODAC, SIS, or VIS. This article examines the legitimisation of a new instrument of dataveillance for retrospective border control, namely smartphone data extraction in asylum governance. In particular, it asks how smartphone examinations could become a legitimate policy instrument in asylum procedures in the Central European region of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Applying Critical Discourse Analysis to policy documents, including parliamentary protocols, laws, public commentaries and implementation documents, it argues that the introduction of smartphone data extraction against concerns over privacy and social injustice was based on moralising securitisation strategies as well as techno-solutionist rationalisations. Overall, the (re-)appropriation of personal digital data in the service of border control displays established characteristics of a governmentality of unease but also distinctly Big Data-related legitimisation patterns linked to data/meta-data differentiations and machine-based readouts. The case study raises questions about the implications of using personal digital data for a liberal democratic governance of borders and about its capacity to become an acceptable geopolitical tool for identification and return procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers what liberal philosopher Michael Sandel coins the 'moral limits of markets' in relation to the idea of paying people for data about their biometrics and emotions. With Sandel arguing that certain aspects of human life (such as our bodies and body parts) should be beyond monetisation and exchange, others argue that emerging technologies such as Personal Information Management Systems can enable a fairer, paid, data exchange between the individual and the organisation, even regarding highly personal data about our bodies and emotions. With the field of data ethics rarely addressing questions of payment, this paper explores normative questions about data dividends. It does so by conducting a UK-wide, demographically representative online survey to quantitatively assess adults' views on being paid for personal data about their biometrics and emotions via a Personal Information Management System, producing a data dividend, a premise which sees personal data through the prism of markets and property. The paper finds diverse attitudes based on socio-demographic characteristics, the type of personal data sold, and the type of organisation sold to. It argues that (a) Sandel's argument regarding the moral limits of markets has value in protecting fundamental freedoms of those in society who are arguably least able to (such as the poor); but (b) that contexts of use, in particular, blur moral limits regarding fundamental freedoms and markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SHRP2 naturalistic driving study (NDS) data contains personally identifiable information (PII) and processing those data needs special attention. • Processing PII data can be challenging due to its potential for directly or indirectly identifying individuals. • Naturalistic driving studies are important to identify distracted driving and its impact. • Lessons learned from processing SHRP2 NDS data can help researchers intend to utilize similar data for future research. This paper provides preliminary insights on the challenges of processing Strategic Highway Research Program 2 (SHRP2) Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) videos and data, particularly those with Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Insights and lessons learned are presented from a study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of High Visibility Crosswalks (HVCs). Over a one-month period, 15,379 videos were processed in the secure data enclave of Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI). As these videos are not available outside of the secure data enclave due to PII restrictions, researchers visiting the secure data enclave for the first time may face several challenges: navigating the software interface; identifying the video views and frames of interest; and identifying and extracting information of interest from the video views, etc. These challenges, the procedures followed to address them, and the process for identifying and classifying distracted driving behaviors are discussed. Lastly, hypothesis tests are conducted to investigate distracted driving behavior, with the results revealing that HVCs have the potential to make drivers more cautious in their proximity. The information presented in this paper is expected to aid researchers who intend to utilize SHRP2 NDS or similar videos for future research, to preemptively plan for the video processing phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the intersection of AI, art, and copyright, focusing on the legal and ethical implications of generative AI platforms. It highlights concerns about data scraping, copyright infringement, and the need for legislative responses. The text also mentions global initiatives, such as the G7 AI Principles, OECD AI Principles, and UNESCO's Recommendation on the Ethics of AI, to address the responsible use of AI technologies. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of updating copyright laws to protect creators in the evolving landscape of AI-generated content. [Extracted from the article]

Crowdfunding platforms are seen as potential solutions to facilitate disintermediated giving, where people can go directly to the public for help with their difficulties. Although disintermediation is widespread and active in the crowdfunding industry, the fiercely competitive environment, combined with concerns about personal data use and unethical conduct, has resulted in an enormous number of campaigns failing. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate factors that influence contributors’ intention to participate in the crowdfunding platform. Using a self-administered survey, this research collected data from 339 individuals with initial knowledge of crowdfunding activities. The results of hypothesis testing indicate that gamification has a direct positive impact on affective user experience and trust in the platform but insignificantly affects donation intention on a crowdfunding platform. Interestingly, the mediating role of affective user experience and trust are established. The results lead to the discussion that gamification alone not directly impact donors' intentions to contribute on crowdfunding platforms, it significantly influences intention when mediated by affective user experience and trust in the platform. The substantial contribution of the relationship between gamification and trust in the platform, emphasizing the importance of user experience as a key precursor to positive behavioural intentions in online and gamified environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Purpose] The right to privacy has been gravely undermined in the pretence of "protecting national security and safety". Although the idea of privacy has been around for a while, it has only recently come to be acknowledged as a human right. The researchers have juxtaposed the jurisprudence developed surrounding privacy in India with that of South Africa and the United States to analyse its evolution and conceptualisation. [Methodology] Comparative analysis, judgment analysis, deductive method and critical analysis have been adopted by the researchers. [Findings] It was deduced that on comparison of the three nations, South African premise of privacy is significantly stringent when compared to the other two countries i.e. India and US. [Practical Implications] The debate that commenced years ago is still going robust and revolves around whether the "right to privacy" of an individual should be prioritised before the state's utilitarianism. The Indian, American and South African governments have "valid" concerns about public safety and national security. However, the government must understand that protection must not come at the expense of the fundamental right to privacy or as a matter of fact any other human rights, especially when they are arbitrary. Obtaining access to personal data can be exploited for nefarious and arbitrary reasons under the pretence of national security. Upon analysis, it can be deducted that on comparision of the three nations, South African conceptualisation of the premise of privacy is significantly stringent when compared to the other two countries i.e India and US. US's structure and premise of privacy in the surveillance era looked weaker when compared to India and South Africa. India's tenents of the same can be positioned in the centre of spectrum/scale. The article further elucidates how Pegasus and Snowden revelations reveal the weak conceptualisation of privacy in US. [Originality] There are various instances where the data is being used to monitor "targeted" people like journalists, activists and used to "silence" them. In reality, a targeted monitoring programme in accordance with global human-rights norms may be used to better address security risks like terrorism. This conceptualization of "silencing surveillance" is the original work of the researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to utilize an extended involvement-commitment and trust commitment model to examine post-consumption decisions related to food delivery app use. Design/methodology/approach: A self-administered online survey was used to collect data from food delivery app users in the USA. Findings: Findings validate a favorable role of perceived app security and menu description on trust in app recommendations. Trust was found to be positively related to involvement, commitment and willingness to provide feedback. The positive moderating role of perceived convenience and rewards and incentives was also confirmed in relation to consumers' trust in app recommendations, and involvement and commitment Originality/value: A key contribution of this study includes the development of a comprehensive model to understand postconsumption decisions related to the usage of food delivery apps. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is also the first to unveil the antecedent and moderating factors related to food delivery app users' willingness to provide feedback, share personal data and to pay more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behind everyday websites, a hidden shadow world tracks the behavior of Internet users. Web tracking analyzes online activity based on collected data and delivers content tailored to users' interests. It gathers vast amounts of information for various purposes, ranging from sensitive personal data to seemingly minor details such as IP addresses, devices, browsing histories, settings, and preferences. While Web tracking is largely a legitimate technology, the increase in illegal user tracking, data breaches, and the unlawful sale of data has become a growing concern. As a result, the demand for technologies that can detect and prevent Web trackers is more important than ever. This paper provides an overview of Web tracking technologies, relevant research, and website measurement tools designed to identify web-based tracking. It also explores technologies for preventing Web tracking and discusses potential directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of the cloud computing market has provided a breakthrough in efficiently storing and managing data for individuals and companies. As personal and corporate data move to the cloud, diverse attacks targeting the cloud have also increased for heist beneficial information. Therefore, cloud service providers offer protective environments through diverse security solutions. However, security solutions are limited in preventing advanced attacks because it is challenging to reflect the environment of each user. This paper proposes a Cloud Intrusion Detection System (C-IDS) that adapts to each user's cloud environment and performs real-time attack detection using Natural Language Processing (NLP). Notably, the C-IDS learns the deployed client environment logs and detects anomalies using the Seq2Seq model with BI-LSTM and Bahdanau attention. We used multiple domain datasets, Linux, Windows, Hadoop, OpenStack, Apache, OpenSSH, and CICIDS2018 to verify the performance of the C-IDS. C-IDS consists of a 'recognition' that identifies logs in the deployed environment and a 'detection' that discovers anomalies. The recognition results showed an average accuracy of 98.2% for multiple domain datasets. Moreover, the detection results based on the trained model exhibited an average accuracy of 94.2% for the Hadoop, OpenStack, Apache, and CICIDS2018 datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital footprints provide crucial insights into individuals' behaviors and preferences. Their role in credit scoring is becoming increasingly significant. Therefore, it is crucial to combine digital footprint data with traditional data for personal credit scoring. This paper proposes a novel credit-scoring model. First, lasso-logistic regression is used to select key variables that significantly impact the prediction results. Then, digital footprint variables are categorized based on business understanding, and candidate models are constructed from various combinations of these groups. Finally, the optimal weight is selected by minimizing the Kullback–Leibler loss. Subsequently, the final prediction model is constructed. Empirical analysis validates the advantages and feasibility of the proposed method in variable selection, coefficient estimation, and predictive accuracy. Furthermore, the model-averaging method provides the weights for each candidate model, providing managerial implications to identify beneficial variable combinations for credit scoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]