77 results on '"Pestemer W"'
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2. Integration von Problemlösungsmethoden in ein Expertensystem zur Herbizidberatung (HERBASYS)
- Author
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Zhao, J., Wang, K., Wischnewsky, M.-B., Gottesbüren, B., Pestemer, W., Brauer, W., editor, Günther, Oliver, editor, Radermacher, Franz Josef, editor, Kuhn, Helmut, editor, and Mayer-Föll, Roland, editor
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Multi-Residue Analysis of Some Polar Pesticides in Water Samples with SPE and LC–MS–MS
- Author
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Liu, Fengmao, Bischoff, G., Pestemer, W., Xu, Wenna, and Kofoet, A.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Auswirkungen von FUNGURAN auf eine aquatische Lebensgemeinschaft sowie das Rückstandsverhalten von Kupfer in Wasser und Sediment
- Author
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Mueller, Axel, Buhr, Lisel, Pestemer, W., and Strumpf, T.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. PEMOSYS — ein validiertes hybrides Expertensystem zum Pflanzschutzmittel-Monitoring
- Author
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Zhao, J., primary, Wischnewsky, M. B., additional, Wang, K., additional, Novopashenny, I., additional, Pestemer, W., additional, and Günter, P., additional
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Integration von Problemlösungsmethoden in ein Expertensystem zur Herbizidberatung (HERBASYS)
- Author
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Zhao, J., primary, Wang, K., additional, Wischnewsky, M.-B., additional, Gottesbüren, B., additional, and Pestemer, W., additional
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Prognose der Persistenz von Herbiziden und deren Auswirkungen auf Nachbaukulturen mit Hilfe des computergestützten Expertensystems HERBASYS / Prognosis of the persistence of herbicides and their effects on succeeding crops with the computer-aided expert system HERBASYS
- Author
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Gottesbüren, B., Pestemer, W., Wang, K., Wischnewsky, M.-B., and Zhao, J.
- Published
- 1990
8. Zur Wirkung von Linuron in einem Boden mit unterschiedlicher Humusversorgung / Effects of linuron in a soil differently supplied with organic manure
- Author
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Pestemer, W. and Beckmann, E.-O.
- Published
- 1975
9. Zum Verhalten von Umweltchemikalien in künstlichen Grundwassergerinnen
- Author
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Betz, V., Fischer, G., Gorbauch, H., Rump, H. H., Scholz, B., Schneider, W., Golwer, A., Mattheß, G., Pekdeger, A., Herklotz, K., and Pestemer, W.
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Einfluss von Mykorrhizapilzen und assoziativen Bakterien auf die Bioverfügbarkeit von Nähr- und Schadelementen bei Kulturpflanzen auf Schwermetall belasteten Böden
- Author
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Pestemer, W., Achazi, R. K., Büttner, C., Koenig, Celia, Pestemer, W., Achazi, R. K., Büttner, C., and Koenig, Celia
- Abstract
In Freiland- und Gefäßversuchen sollten Aufnahme der Schwermetalle (SM) und Wuchsverhalten an Kulturpflanzen im Hinblick auf die Wirkung von arbuskulären Mykorrhizapilzen (AM) Glomus intraradices, des Bakterienstammes Pseudomonas fluorescens (RA56) und als Dualinokulation auf Schwermetall belasteten Böden untersucht werden. Als Versuchspflanzen wurden Mais (Zea maize L.) und Weidelgras (Lolium multiflorum L.) und zusätzlich die Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus L.) in Gefäßversuchen eingesetzt. Die Schwermetallkonzentrationen in den Böden lagen zwischen 0,5 und 56 mg Cd/kg TS, 17 und 650 mg Cu/kg TS und 110 und 1870 mg Zn/kg TS. Der Sonnenblumenertrag konnte im Gefäßversuch auf dem hoch belasteten Boden mit 36 mg Cd/kg TS, 556 mg Cu/kg TS und 1270 mg Zn/kg TS durch den AM-Pilz um 220 % und in der Dualinokulation um 348 % signifikant zur Kontrolle gesteigert werden. Gleichzeitig erhöhte die AM die Cd-Aufnahme um 29 % und die Dualinokulation um 66 %. Trotz der hohen Cd-Konzentrationen wiesen die Pflanzen mit Pilzbehandlungen keine Schäden auf. Der Maisertrag wurde durch AM und Bakterien im Feldversuch und als Dualinokulation in den ersten beiden Versuchsjahren bis zu 47 % gefördert. Im dritten Versuchsjahr kam es zu einer Ausbreitung der Mykorrhiza auf der gesamten Fläche, so dass eine Wuchsförderung auch auf den Kontrollparzellen statt fand. Durch die Variabilität der Cd -Gesamtgehalte auf der Versuchsfläche war der Vergleich der Aufnahmeraten zwischen den Varianten nur über den Cd-Transferfaktor möglich. In den oberirdischen Pflanzenteilen des Maises zeichneten deutlich eine Abnahme und in die Wurzeln eine Zunahme des Cd-Transfers ab. Gleichzeitig wurden die Mykorrhizainfektionen an den Maiswurzeln erhöht. Durch die Anwendung der Mykorrhiza in Kombination mit den Pseudomonaden können im Mais über mehrere Anbaujahre das Cd in das Erntegut reduziert werden mit gleichzeitiger Ertragserhöhung., Influence of Mycorrhiza fungi and associate bacteria on the availability of nutrients and heavy metal in culture plants on heavy metal soils The heavy metal uptake and the influence on plant growing in culture plants is analysed in this study. Field- and pot experiments were done. An emphasis of this study was focused on the effect of the arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) fungi Glomus intraradices, the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens (RA56) and as dual inoculation. Maize (Zea maize L.) and Italien rye (Lolium multiflorum L.) were used and in addition sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) in the pot experiments. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil were measured between 0.5 and 56 mg Cd/kg dry weight (d.w.), 17 and 650 mg Cu/kg d.w. and 110 and 1870 mg Zn/kg d.w. The yield of sunflowers was increased significantly up to 220% with AM fungi in the pot experiments. Cd-absortion increased by 29% in the soil with 36 mg Cd/kg d.w., 556 mg Cu/kg d.w. and 1270 mg Zn/kg d.w. in those pot experiments. With AM and Pseudomonades the yield was increased significantly up to 348% compared to the control group, the Cd-absortion increased by 66%. In spite of high Cd-concentrations, the plants showed no damages. The yield of maize was increased up to 47% due to AM fungi and Pseudomonades in singular and dual inoculation in the field experiments during the first and second year. In the third year, the AM fungi were spread over the whole area and no differences of yield were found. Because of the heterogeneous concentrations of Cd in the field area the comparison of Cd assimilation was allowed only by analysis of the transfer factor in the variants. Within the experimental years, the AM infection rate and the Cd-transfer was increased in the maize roots. On the other hand, the Cd translocation rate was decreased in the shoots. The reduction of Cd rate in monocotyledonous plants and an increase of yield are estimated for long term application of the AM fungi with Pseudomonades.
- Published
- 2008
11. Untersuchungen zur phytosanitären Wirksamkeit und zu Wirkmechanismen wässeriger Extrakte aus westafrikanischen Bioabfallkomposten gegen pilzliche Phytopathogene
- Author
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Büttner, C., Helbig, J., Pestemer, W., Papageorgiou, Basilios, Büttner, C., Helbig, J., Pestemer, W., and Papageorgiou, Basilios
- Abstract
Die pilzlichen Erreger der Tomate Alternaria solani und des Manioks Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. manihotis verursachen große Ertragsausfälle in Westafrika. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Blattkrankheiten nach Applikationen mit wässerigen Extrakten aus Westafrika (Ausgangsmaterial: organischer Haushaltsmüll) unter kontrollierten Bedingungen unterdrückt. Im Pathosystem Tomate - A. solani erzielten die Extrakte eine Befallsverminderung um bis zu 94 % im Vergleich zur Kontrollvariante und im Maniok - C. gloeosporioides wurde die Anzahl der gebildeten Acervuli/cm² Blattoberfläche bis um 87 % reduziert. Der primäre Wirkmechanismus der Extrakte gegen die Pathogene ist Antagonismus, hervorgerufen von den Mikroorganismen in den Extrakten. Isolierte Bakterien aus den Extrakten hemmten das Wachstum der Pathogene in Plattentests, was auf die Bildung von fungistatischen Substanzen zurückzuführen war. Die Bakterien, die aus den Extrakten isoliert und identifiziert wurden, gehörten überwiegend zu den Bakteriengattungen Pseudomonas und Bacillus. Die Extraktionsbedingungen nahmen in Hinblick auf die Wirksamkeit der Extrakte gegen die Pathogene eine wichtige Stellung ein. Die Untersuchungen zeigten einen Zusammenhang zwischen gestiegener Mikroorganismenanzahl und Befallsreduktion. Durch die Auswahl optimaler Extraktionsbedingungen erhöhte sich die Anzahl der Koloniedichte in den Extrakten; dies führte zur einer stärkeren Befallsreduzierung an der Tomate und am Maniok. Hierbei waren die Umgebungstemperatur und die Häufigkeit des Durchmischens des Kompost-Wasser-Gemisches von besonderer Bedeutung. Extrakte, die während der Extraktionszeit einer Temperatur von 20°C ausgesetzt waren, erzielten eine stärkere Befallsreduzierung von A. solani an der Tomate und wiesen eine höhere Mikroorganismendichte auf als Extrakte, die einer Temperatur von 30°C und 35°C ausgesetzt waren. Tägliches Durchmischen des Wasser-Kompost-Gemisches während der Extraktionszeit erhöhte die Mikroorgani, Great yield losses of cassava in West Africa are caused by fungal pathogens that also affect tomato, e.g. Alternaria solani and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f sp. manihotis. In the present study these foliar diseases were effectively suppressed under controlled conditions after application of watery compost extracts to tomato and cassava The disease incidence of A. solani on tomato was reduced up to 94 % and the number of the acervuli produced on the surface of cassava leaves was reduced up to 87% compared to the control treatment. Reduction is due to antagonistic effects of the microorganisms in the extracts towards the pathogens. Bacterial strains isolated from the extracts suppressed the growth of the pathogens in dual-culture-tests due to the production of antibiotics. Bacteria isolated and identified from the extracts were mostly pseudomonas and bacillus strains. The conditions used for extraction of compost played a significant role for their effectiveness against different pathogens. The investigations showed that optimisation of extract conditions increased the density of microorganisms in the extracts and led to a higher disease reduction on tomato and cassava plants. Temperature and stirring frequency of the compost - water mixture during the extraction period were very important factors for increased effectiveness. Extracts incubated at 20 °C during the extraction period caused a higher disease reduction on tomato and showed a higher density of microorganisms, than extracts that were incubated at 30 or 35 °C. Daily stirring of the compost - water mixture during the extraction period increased the density of microorganisms in the extracts sevenfold and increased the effectiveness against A. solani and C. gloeosporioides compared to the extract that was stirred only once at the beginning. The Effectiveness as well as the density of the microorganisms were depended on the incubation time of the compost extracts. Extracts produced from fresh composts showed
- Published
- 2003
12. ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PLANT VIRUSES IN TOMATO AND PATHOGEN RISK ASSESSMENT
- Author
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Bandte, M., primary, Pestemer, W., additional, Büttner, C., additional, and Ulrichs, C., additional
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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13. Biotestsystem mit Bodenalgen zur ökotoxikologischen Bewertung von Schwermetallen und Pflanzenschutzmitteln am Beispiel von Cadmium und Isoproturon
- Author
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Steinberg, C., Deml, G., Pestemer, W., Burhenne, Matthias, Steinberg, C., Deml, G., Pestemer, W., and Burhenne, Matthias
- Abstract
Biotests sind für die toxikologische Bewertung von Chemikalien, Pflanzenschutzmitteln und schadstoffbelasteten Gewässern oder Böden von besonderer Bedeutung, da sie Auskünfte über die biologische Wirksamkeit eines Stoffes auf Organismen geben. Bislang gibt es für die ökotoxikologische Bewertung, insbesondere von Chemikalien und Pflanzenschutzmitteln, für die autotrophe Organismenebene neben verschiedenen Biotests mit höheren Pflanzen den DIN 28 692 Biotest "Wachstumshemmtest mit den Süßwasseralgen Scenedesmus subspicatus und Selenastrum capricornutum", der auch als OECD 201 Biotest "Algal, Growth Inhibition Test" vorliegt. Dieser aquatische Biotest wird nur mit einer Süßwasseralgenart durchgeführt und trotzdem zunehmend für die Bewertung von belasteten Böden und Sedimenten eingesetzt. Untersuchungen über aquatische Biotests, die Bodenalgen als Testorganismen nutzen, oder Boden-Biotests mit Bodenalgen gibt es nur vereinzelt. Ein Biotestsystem, das sowohl aus einem aquatischen als auch aus einem terrestrischen Biotest besteht und mehrere Bodenalgenarten als Testorganismen nutzt, existiert bisher nicht. Dieses wurde in vorliegender Arbeit entwickelt und an dem Schwermetall Cadmium als Cadmiumchlorid und dem Herbizid Arelon, Wirkstoff Isoproturon erprobt. Um Bodenalgen, die keine Resistenzen oder Toleranzen gegenüber Schadstoffen aufweisen, als Testorganismen nutzen zu können, wurden aus unbelasteten Böden Algen isoliert, Klonkulturen erstellt und die Arten bestimmt. Dies führte zu einer Sammlung mit 35 Algenarten. Aus den in die Bodenalgensammlung aufgenommenen Arten wurden Xanthonema tribonematoides, Stichococcus bacillaris, Klebsormidium flaccidum, Xanthonema montanum und Chlamydomonas noctigama für das Testsystem ausgewählt. Zusätzlich zu diesen wurde die Süßwasseralge Scenedesmus subspicatus als Referenzalge ausgewählt. Mit diesen Algen wurde der Gel-Biotest, bestehend aus einem flüssigen gelartigen Medium, das die Kontaminationspfade im Wasser nachbildet, und ein, Biotests are an important device to assess the toxicity of chemicals, pesticides, polluted water, and soils because they can provide direct information about the influence of a compound on the organism level. Besides various biotests using higher plants there is only the DIN 28 692 biotest "Growth-inhibition test using fresh water algae Scenedesmus subspicatus and Selenastrum capricornutum" (DIN 28 692) also known as the OECD 201 biotest "Algal, Growth Inhibition Test" which is currently available for an ecotoxicological assessment of chemicals such as pesticides on the autotrophic organism level. This aquatic biotest is based on a single specie of fresh water algae and is increasingly applied to evaluate polluted soils and sediments. There is almost no information on aquatic biotests which are using soil algae as test organisms instead. A more comprehensive biotest system which actually combines aquatic and terrestric biotests using several soil algae species as test organisms has not been reported, yet. Thus, a biotest system was developed and subsequently evaluated by using cadmium (cadmium chloride) as a heavy metal, and the herbicide arelon containing isoproturon as the active ingredient. Soil algae were isolated from unpolluted soil in order to obtain test organisms which are not resistant or tolerant to pollutants. The algae isolates were then cultivated, and subsequently identified. A total of 35 algae species was collected. Algae species used in the biotest system were Xanthonema tribonematoides, Stichococcus bacillaris, Klebsormidium flaccidum, Xanthonema montanum, Chlamydomonas noctigama. In addition, the fresh water specie Scenedesmus subspicatus served as a reference algae. Based on these different algae species a gel biotest using liquid gel medium was developed to investigate the contamination path via water, and also a soil biotest with a pre-treated soil of low sorption capacity was deviced to simulate the contamination path through gas, water, and
- Published
- 2000
14. Untersuchungen zu Einzel- und Kombinationswirkungen von ausgewählten anorganischen und organischen Schadstoffen beim Anbau verschiedener Pflanzenarten auf Rieselfeldboden
- Author
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Terytze, K., Metz, R., Pestemer, W., Dorn, Jana, Terytze, K., Metz, R., Pestemer, W., and Dorn, Jana
- Abstract
Polycyclische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK), Polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCB) und Schwermetalle (SM) sind zusammen mit anderen Elementen und Verbindungen u.a. auch mit Nährstoffen als gemischte gewachsene Kontamination in ballungsraumtypischen Belastungsflächen (z.B. Rieselfelder) vorhanden und stellen bei einem Transfer in Nahrungs- und Futterpflanzen eine besondere Gefährdung für den Menschen dar. Bei Untersuchungen hinsichtlich ökosystemarer Konsequenzen dieser Substanzen wurden bisher vor allem Einzelstoffbetrachtungen angestellt bzw. mehrere Vertreter einer Stoffgruppe untersucht. Ursache für Ertragsdepressionen und Minderungen der mikrobiellen Aktivität auf hochbelasteten Flächen ist aber immer eine Komplexwirkung der verschiedenen Bodeninhaltsstoffe, so daß sich synergistische Effekte einstellen können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die kombinierte Wirkung ausgewählter PAK-, PCB- und SM-Vertreter (Benzo-a-pyren [ BaP] , 2,2?,5,5? Tetrachlorbiphenyl [ PCB 52] , Cadmium [ Cd] und Kupfer [ Cu] ) auf bodenmikrobiologische Parameter, Biomasseproduktion und Schadstoffaufnahme von Pflanzen im Gefäßversuch untersucht. Veränderungen von CO2-Freisetzung, Cellulosezersetzung, N-Mineralisierung und SM-Pflanzenverfügbarkeit in einem schwachbelasteten Rieselfeldboden (RefB) nach dessen Einzelstoff- bzw. Mischanreicherung mit den genannten Schadstoffen in Konzentrationen, wie sie in hochbelasteten Rieselfeldern vorliegen, werden dargestellt. Desweiteren erfolgt eine Auswertung der Daten zu Erträgen und Schadstoffgehalten der auf den Versuchsvarianten geprüften Pflanzen (Roggen, Mais und Kartoffeln). Wechselbeziehungen der Schadstoffe untereinander im Pfad ² Boden-Pflanze² werden diskutiert. Auf allen Cu-Anreicherungsvarianten von RefB reagierten die drei Versuchspflanzen mit Ertragsdepressionen. Als Ursache hierfür und für die Störungen der mikrobiellen Aktivität im Boden konnte Cu als Einzelstoff erkannt werden. Die Ertragsdepressionen gingen mit erhöhten Cu-Gehalte, Together with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and heavy metals (HM) other elements and compounds as well as nutrients are present in typical contaminated areas like sewage fields. They are found as mixed undisturbed contamination and the transfer of these pollutants into food or forage plants is dangerous for people. So far investigations of ecological effects of these substances are focused mainly on single agents or on some agents of the same chemical group. But in most cases the mixture of different chemical compounds in extremely contaminated fields cause synergistic effects resulting in yield reductions and decreases of microbiological activity. Therefore the aim of the present work is to study combined effects of selected PAH-, PCB- and HM- (benzo-a-pyren [ BaP] , 2,2?,5,5? tetrachlorbiphenyl [ PCB 52] , cadmium [ Cd] und copper [ Cu] ) on parameters of soil biology, biomass production and pollutant uptake by plants in pot experiments. Resulting changes of cellulose decomposition, CO2-release from soil, N-mineralization and availability for plants of heavy metals after separated and combined enrichment of weackly polluted sewage field soil (RefB) with said pollutants up to concentrations of extremely polluted sewage field soils are presented. Data of yields and pollutant contents of plants (rye, maize and potatoes) cultivated on experimental soils are summarised. Interactions of pollutants ² soil-plant² are discussed. Cultivated plants showed yield reductions on all treatments enriched with copper. In this context copper only produced the impairments of microbial activity in the soil and caused its phytotoxicity. The yield reductions were connected with higher copper contents and also higher cadmium contents of plants. Added copper led to increasing availability for plants of cadmium in the soil. PCB 52 or (and) BaP together enriched with copper produced a mobilization of copper in the soil and a higher copper uptake by
- Published
- 1999
15. Implementation of a herbicide simulation model in a geographical information system with an example of a site‐specific application
- Author
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LÜCKE, A., primary, GÜNTHER, P., additional, DIEKKRÜGER, B., additional, PESTEMER, W., additional, and RICHTER, O., additional
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
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16. Variability of bioassays with metsulfuron‐methyl in soil
- Author
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STREIBIG, J. C., primary, WALKER, A., additional, BLAIR, A. M., additional, ANDERSON‐TAYLOR, G., additional, EAGLE, D. J., additional, FRIEDLÄNDER, H., additional, HACKER, E., additional, IWANZIK, W., additional, KUDSK, P., additional, LABHART, C., additional, LUSCOMBE, B. M., additional, MADAFIGLIO, G., additional, NEL, P. C., additional, PESTEMER, W., additional, RAHMAN, A., additional, RETZLAFF, G., additional, ROLA, J., additional, STEFANOVIC, L., additional, STRAATHOF, H. J. M., additional, and THIES, E. P., additional
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Freiland‐ und Laborversuche zur Validierung von Prognosemodellen des Expertensystems HERBASYS zur Nachbauproblematik nach Herbizideinsatz
- Author
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GOTTESBÜREN, B., primary, BEULKE, S., additional, HEIERMANN, M., additional, and PESTEMER, W., additional
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
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18. A bioassay technique to study the leaching behaviour of sulfonylurea herbicides in different soils
- Author
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GUNTHER, P., primary, PESTEMER, W., additional, RAHMAN, A., additional, and NORDMEYER, H., additional
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
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19. Non-linear parameter estimation in pesticide degradation
- Author
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Richter, O., primary, Nörtersheuser, P., additional, and Pestemer, W., additional
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
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20. Adaptation of a German herbicide advisory system (HERBASYS) to New Zealand conditions
- Author
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Gunther, P., primary, James, T.K., additional, Rahman, A., additional, and Pestemer, W., additional
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
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21. Freiland- und Laborversuche zur Validierung von Prognosemodellen des Expertensystems HERBASYS zur Nachbauproblematik nach Herbizideinsatz.
- Author
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B. Gottesbüren, Beulke, S., Heiermann, M., and Pestemer, W.
- Subjects
EFFECT of herbicides on plants ,SOIL permeability ,PLANT development ,PLANT physiology ,HERBICIDE toxicology ,EFFECT of pesticides on plants ,ADSORPTION (Chemistry) - Abstract
Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1994
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22. A bioassay technique to study the leaching behaviour of sulfonylurea herbicides in different soils.
- Author
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Rahman, A., Gunther, P., Nordmeyer, H., and Pestemer, W.
- Published
- 1993
23. Quantitative bioassays for determining residues and availability to plants of sulphonylurea herbicides.
- Author
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Günther, P., Rahman, A., and Pestemer, W.
- Subjects
BIOLOGICAL assay ,HYPOGLYCEMIC sulfonylureas ,HERBICIDES ,TURNIPS ,VERMICULITE ,BENZOATES - Abstract
Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1989
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24. Untersuchungen zum Einfluss einer Pflanzenschutzmittelspritzfolge auf das Rückstandsverhalten von Terbutryn und die mikrobielle Aktivität im Boden. Teil I. Rückstandsverhalten von Terbutryn.
- Author
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Auspurg, B., Pestemer, W., and Heitefuss, R.
- Subjects
CENTAUREA ,TERBUTRYN ,LABORATORIES ,SIMULATION methods & models ,HERBICIDES - Abstract
Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1989
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25. Untersuchungen zum Einfluss einer Pflanzenschutzmittelspritzfolge auf das Rückstandsverhalten von Terbutryn und die mikrobielle Aktivität im Boden. Teil II. Beeinflussung der mikrobiellen Aktivität.
- Author
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Auspurg, B., Pestemer, W., and Heitefuss, R.
- Subjects
DEHYDROGENASES ,CROPS ,TERBUTRYN ,NITROGEN ,PESTICIDES ,SOILS - Abstract
Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1989
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26. Prognose-Modell zur Erfassung des Rückstandsverhaltens von Metribuzin und Methabenzthiazuron im Boden und deren Auswirkungen auf Folgekulturen.
- Author
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Pestemer, W. and Auspurg, B.
- Subjects
METRIBUZIN ,HERBICIDES ,TEMPERATURE ,MOISTURE ,HYDROPONICS - Abstract
Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1987
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27. Residualwirkung von Chlortriazin-Herbiziden im Boden an drei rumänischen Standorten. II. Prognose möglicher Folgekulturen bei Atrazinriickstanden im Boden.
- Author
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Pestemer, W., Ghinea, L., and Radulescu, Valeria
- Subjects
EFFECT of herbicides on plants ,PLANT-soil relationships ,CROPS & soils ,ATRAZINE ,PLANT physiology - Abstract
Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1984
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28. Residualwirkung von Chlortriazin-Herbiziden im Boden an drei rumanischen Standorten. I. Prognose der Persistenz von Simazin und Atrazin im Boden.
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Pestemer, W., Radulescu, Valeria, Walker, A., and Ghinea, L.
- Subjects
EFFECT of herbicides on plants ,HERBICIDES ,ATRAZINE ,AGRICULTURAL experimentation ,PLANT physiology - Abstract
Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1984
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. EWRS Herbicide-Soil Working Group: Collaborative experiment on simazine persistence in soil.
- Author
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Walker, A., Hance, R. J., Allen, J. G., Briggs, G. G., Yuh-Lin Chen, Gaynor, J. D., Hogue, E. J., Malquori, A., Moody, K., Moyer, J. R., Pestemer, W., Rahman, A., Smith, A. E., Streibig, J. C., Torstensson, N. T. L., Widyanto, L. S., and Zandvoort, R.
- Subjects
TEMPERATURE ,SOILS ,MOISTURE ,REGRESSION analysis ,COMPUTER software - Abstract
Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Einfluss von Pflanzenschutzmitteln einer Zuckerrüben-Spritzfolge auf biologische Aktivitäten und auf den Abbau von Chloridazon im Boden. II. Gefäss- und Laborversuche.
- Author
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De Fang, Fan, Pestemer, W., and Malkomes, H.-P.
- Subjects
PLANT growth ,PLANT-soil relationships ,SUGAR beets ,PESTICIDES ,DEHYDROGENASES - Abstract
Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Einfluss von Pflanzenschutzmitteln einer Zuckerrüben-Spritzfolge auf biologische Aktivitäten und auf den Abbau von Chloridazon im Boden. I. Freilandversuche.
- Author
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Pestemer, W. and Malkomes, H.-P.
- Subjects
SOILS ,SUGAR beets ,PLANTS ,PESTICIDES ,WEED control - Abstract
Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Collaborative studies of dose-response curves obtained with different bioassay methods for soil-applied herbicides.
- Author
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Nyffeler, A., Gerber, H.-R., Hurle, K., Pestemer, W., and Schmidt, R. R.
- Subjects
BIOLOGICAL assay ,HERBICIDES ,PESTICIDES ,PHOTOSYNTHESIS ,BOTANY - Abstract
Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Quantitativer Biotest zur Bestimmung von Photosynthesehemmern im Boden.
- Author
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Pestemer, W.
- Subjects
BIOLOGICAL assay ,LEPIDIUM ,HERBICIDES ,SPRAYING & dusting residues in agriculture ,PESTICIDE content of soils ,SOIL testing - Abstract
Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1976
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Pflanzenschutzmittel und Grundwasser, Bestandsaufnahme, Verhinderungs- und Sanierungs strategien. - Schriftenreihe des Vereins für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Nr. 79 G. Milde U. Müller-Wegener
- Author
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Dibbern, H. and Pestemer, W.
- Published
- 1990
35. Pesticide Transformation Products — Fate and Significance in the Environment. ACS Symposium Series No. 459 L. Somasundaram J. R. Coats
- Author
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Pestemer, W.
- Published
- 1992
36. Biologische Bekämpfung von Pflanzenkrankheiten W. D. Philipp
- Author
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Pestemer, W.
- Published
- 1989
37. HERBICIDE RESIDUES IN SOILS AND THEIR PHYTOTOXICITY TO VEGETABLE CROPS GROWN IN ROTATION
- Author
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Pestemer, W., primary
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Einfluss von Pflanzenschutzmitteln einer Zuckerruben-Spritzfolge auf biologische Aktivitaten und auf den Abbau von Chloridazon im Boden. II. Gefass-und Laborversuche
- Author
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FANG, FAN, primary, PESTEMER, W., additional, and MALKOMES, H.-P., additional
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Untersuchungen zum Abbau von Herbiziden in Böden.
- Author
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Pestemer, W.
- Published
- 1982
40. Einfluss von Mykorrhizapilzen und assoziativen Bakterien auf die Bioverfügbarkeit von Nähr- und Schadelementen bei Kulturpflanzen auf Schwermetall belasteten Böden
- Author
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Koenig, Celia, Pestemer, W., Achazi, R. K., and Büttner, C.
- Subjects
39 Landwirtschaft, Garten ,ZC 13640 ,Weidelgras ,sunflower ,grass ,WL 4385 ,Sonnenblume ,maize ,heavy metal pollution ,Mais ,Pseudomoans fluorescens ,630 Landwirtschaft, Veterinärmedizin ,ddc:630 ,Glomus intraradices ,Schwermetallbelastung ,ZC 17300 - Abstract
In Freiland- und Gefäßversuchen sollten Aufnahme der Schwermetalle (SM) und Wuchsverhalten an Kulturpflanzen im Hinblick auf die Wirkung von arbuskulären Mykorrhizapilzen (AM) Glomus intraradices, des Bakterienstammes Pseudomonas fluorescens (RA56) und als Dualinokulation auf Schwermetall belasteten Böden untersucht werden. Als Versuchspflanzen wurden Mais (Zea maize L.) und Weidelgras (Lolium multiflorum L.) und zusätzlich die Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus L.) in Gefäßversuchen eingesetzt. Die Schwermetallkonzentrationen in den Böden lagen zwischen 0,5 und 56 mg Cd/kg TS, 17 und 650 mg Cu/kg TS und 110 und 1870 mg Zn/kg TS. Der Sonnenblumenertrag konnte im Gefäßversuch auf dem hoch belasteten Boden mit 36 mg Cd/kg TS, 556 mg Cu/kg TS und 1270 mg Zn/kg TS durch den AM-Pilz um 220 % und in der Dualinokulation um 348 % signifikant zur Kontrolle gesteigert werden. Gleichzeitig erhöhte die AM die Cd-Aufnahme um 29 % und die Dualinokulation um 66 %. Trotz der hohen Cd-Konzentrationen wiesen die Pflanzen mit Pilzbehandlungen keine Schäden auf. Der Maisertrag wurde durch AM und Bakterien im Feldversuch und als Dualinokulation in den ersten beiden Versuchsjahren bis zu 47 % gefördert. Im dritten Versuchsjahr kam es zu einer Ausbreitung der Mykorrhiza auf der gesamten Fläche, so dass eine Wuchsförderung auch auf den Kontrollparzellen statt fand. Durch die Variabilität der Cd -Gesamtgehalte auf der Versuchsfläche war der Vergleich der Aufnahmeraten zwischen den Varianten nur über den Cd-Transferfaktor möglich. In den oberirdischen Pflanzenteilen des Maises zeichneten deutlich eine Abnahme und in die Wurzeln eine Zunahme des Cd-Transfers ab. Gleichzeitig wurden die Mykorrhizainfektionen an den Maiswurzeln erhöht. Durch die Anwendung der Mykorrhiza in Kombination mit den Pseudomonaden können im Mais über mehrere Anbaujahre das Cd in das Erntegut reduziert werden mit gleichzeitiger Ertragserhöhung. Influence of Mycorrhiza fungi and associate bacteria on the availability of nutrients and heavy metal in culture plants on heavy metal soils The heavy metal uptake and the influence on plant growing in culture plants is analysed in this study. Field- and pot experiments were done. An emphasis of this study was focused on the effect of the arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) fungi Glomus intraradices, the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens (RA56) and as dual inoculation. Maize (Zea maize L.) and Italien rye (Lolium multiflorum L.) were used and in addition sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) in the pot experiments. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil were measured between 0.5 and 56 mg Cd/kg dry weight (d.w.), 17 and 650 mg Cu/kg d.w. and 110 and 1870 mg Zn/kg d.w. The yield of sunflowers was increased significantly up to 220% with AM fungi in the pot experiments. Cd-absortion increased by 29% in the soil with 36 mg Cd/kg d.w., 556 mg Cu/kg d.w. and 1270 mg Zn/kg d.w. in those pot experiments. With AM and Pseudomonades the yield was increased significantly up to 348% compared to the control group, the Cd-absortion increased by 66%. In spite of high Cd-concentrations, the plants showed no damages. The yield of maize was increased up to 47% due to AM fungi and Pseudomonades in singular and dual inoculation in the field experiments during the first and second year. In the third year, the AM fungi were spread over the whole area and no differences of yield were found. Because of the heterogeneous concentrations of Cd in the field area the comparison of Cd assimilation was allowed only by analysis of the transfer factor in the variants. Within the experimental years, the AM infection rate and the Cd-transfer was increased in the maize roots. On the other hand, the Cd translocation rate was decreased in the shoots. The reduction of Cd rate in monocotyledonous plants and an increase of yield are estimated for long term application of the AM fungi with Pseudomonades.
- Published
- 2008
41. Untersuchungen zur phytosanitären Wirksamkeit und zu Wirkmechanismen wässeriger Extrakte aus westafrikanischen Bioabfallkomposten gegen pilzliche Phytopathogene
- Author
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Papageorgiou, Basilios, Büttner, C., Helbig, J., and Pestemer, W.
- Subjects
39 Landwirtschaft, Garten ,compost ,compost extract ,Kompost ,Manihot esculenta ,Kompostextrakt ,Westafrika ,Alternaria solani ,Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ,ZC 28400 ,West Africa ,630 Landwirtschaft, Veterinärmedizin ,ddc:630 ,Lycopersicon esculentum - Abstract
Die pilzlichen Erreger der Tomate Alternaria solani und des Manioks Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. manihotis verursachen große Ertragsausfälle in Westafrika. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Blattkrankheiten nach Applikationen mit wässerigen Extrakten aus Westafrika (Ausgangsmaterial: organischer Haushaltsmüll) unter kontrollierten Bedingungen unterdrückt. Im Pathosystem Tomate - A. solani erzielten die Extrakte eine Befallsverminderung um bis zu 94 % im Vergleich zur Kontrollvariante und im Maniok - C. gloeosporioides wurde die Anzahl der gebildeten Acervuli/cm² Blattoberfläche bis um 87 % reduziert. Der primäre Wirkmechanismus der Extrakte gegen die Pathogene ist Antagonismus, hervorgerufen von den Mikroorganismen in den Extrakten. Isolierte Bakterien aus den Extrakten hemmten das Wachstum der Pathogene in Plattentests, was auf die Bildung von fungistatischen Substanzen zurückzuführen war. Die Bakterien, die aus den Extrakten isoliert und identifiziert wurden, gehörten überwiegend zu den Bakteriengattungen Pseudomonas und Bacillus. Die Extraktionsbedingungen nahmen in Hinblick auf die Wirksamkeit der Extrakte gegen die Pathogene eine wichtige Stellung ein. Die Untersuchungen zeigten einen Zusammenhang zwischen gestiegener Mikroorganismenanzahl und Befallsreduktion. Durch die Auswahl optimaler Extraktionsbedingungen erhöhte sich die Anzahl der Koloniedichte in den Extrakten; dies führte zur einer stärkeren Befallsreduzierung an der Tomate und am Maniok. Hierbei waren die Umgebungstemperatur und die Häufigkeit des Durchmischens des Kompost-Wasser-Gemisches von besonderer Bedeutung. Extrakte, die während der Extraktionszeit einer Temperatur von 20°C ausgesetzt waren, erzielten eine stärkere Befallsreduzierung von A. solani an der Tomate und wiesen eine höhere Mikroorganismendichte auf als Extrakte, die einer Temperatur von 30°C und 35°C ausgesetzt waren. Tägliches Durchmischen des Wasser-Kompost-Gemisches während der Extraktionszeit erhöhte die Mikroorganismendichte um das Siebenfache in den Extrakten und die Wirksamkeit gegen A. solani und C. gloeosporioides im Vergleich zu den Extrakten, die nur zu Beginn durchmischt wurden. Die Lagerungszeit der fertigen Komposte hatte einen Einfluß auf die Mikroorganismendichte der wässerigen Extrakte sowie auf deren Wirksamkeit. Extrakte, die aus frischen Komposten hergestellt wurden, zeigten einen besseren suppressiven Effekt gegen die Pathogene und wiesen eine höhere Mikroorganismenanzahl auf als Extrakte, deren Komposte schon länger gelagert worden waren. Die Anreicherung der Extrakte mit dem Formulierungshilfsstoff Xanthan steigerte die Wirksamkeit der Extrakte gegen A. solani an Tomatenpflanzen und gegen C. gloeosporioides f.sp. manihotis an abgetrennten Maniokblättern. Angereicherte Extrakte reduzierten den Befall um bis zu 46 % mehr als der Extrakt ohne Formulierungshilfsstoffe, während die Steigerung der Wirksamkeit nach Anreicherung mit Alginat oder Zellulose eine Abhängigkeit von der Herkunft der Komposte zeigte. Eine erhöhte ß-1,3-Glucanase-Aktivität wurde am vierten Tag nach der Applikation von Extrakten an der Tomate und an der Batate festgestellt. Diese Ergebnisse belegen die Bedeutung von Spritzbehandlungen mit wässerigen Kompostextrakten gegen die Pathogene A. solani und C. gloeosporioides f.sp. manihotis und stellen eine erfolgversprechende Alternative zur Bekämpfung von Pilzkrankheiten in Westafrika dar., Great yield losses of cassava in West Africa are caused by fungal pathogens that also affect tomato, e.g. Alternaria solani and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f sp. manihotis. In the present study these foliar diseases were effectively suppressed under controlled conditions after application of watery compost extracts to tomato and cassava The disease incidence of A. solani on tomato was reduced up to 94 % and the number of the acervuli produced on the surface of cassava leaves was reduced up to 87% compared to the control treatment. Reduction is due to antagonistic effects of the microorganisms in the extracts towards the pathogens. Bacterial strains isolated from the extracts suppressed the growth of the pathogens in dual-culture-tests due to the production of antibiotics. Bacteria isolated and identified from the extracts were mostly pseudomonas and bacillus strains. The conditions used for extraction of compost played a significant role for their effectiveness against different pathogens. The investigations showed that optimisation of extract conditions increased the density of microorganisms in the extracts and led to a higher disease reduction on tomato and cassava plants. Temperature and stirring frequency of the compost - water mixture during the extraction period were very important factors for increased effectiveness. Extracts incubated at 20 °C during the extraction period caused a higher disease reduction on tomato and showed a higher density of microorganisms, than extracts that were incubated at 30 or 35 °C. Daily stirring of the compost - water mixture during the extraction period increased the density of microorganisms in the extracts sevenfold and increased the effectiveness against A. solani and C. gloeosporioides compared to the extract that was stirred only once at the beginning. The Effectiveness as well as the density of the microorganisms were depended on the incubation time of the compost extracts. Extracts produced from fresh composts showed greater suppressive effects against pathogens and higher densities of microorganisms than extracts of composts that were stored for a longer time. Enrichment of the extracts with the formulate substance xanthan increased the effectiveness against A. solani on tomato plants and against C. gloeosporioides on detached leaves of cassava and reduced the disease incidence up to 46% compared to the extract without formulate substances. The increase of the effectiveness after enriching with alginate was depended on the origin of the compost. An increased ß-1,3- glucanase activity were determined on tomato and sweet potato leaves 4 days after the application of the extracts onto the plants. The results of this study show that watery compost extracts can be successfully applied against the cassava and tomato pathogens A. solani and C. gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis and offers easily applicable methods for the reduction of fungal diseases in West Africa.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Biotestsystem mit Bodenalgen zur ökotoxikologischen Bewertung von Schwermetallen und Pflanzenschutzmitteln am Beispiel von Cadmium und Isoproturon
- Author
-
Burhenne, Matthias, Steinberg, C., Deml, G., and Pestemer, W.
- Subjects
Stichococcus bacillaris ,algae ,Cadmiumchlorid ,Bioverfügbarkeit ,isoproturon ,AR 18250 ,32 Biologie ,Algen ,Chlamydomonas noctigama ,Bodenalgen ,soil algae ,cadmium chloride ,bioassay ,ddc:570 ,AR 25140 ,Klebsormidium flaccidum ,Scenedesmus subspicatus ,570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie ,Xanthonema tribonematoides ,Xanthonema montanum ,bioavailability ,Biotest - Abstract
Biotests sind für die toxikologische Bewertung von Chemikalien, Pflanzenschutzmitteln und schadstoffbelasteten Gewässern oder Böden von besonderer Bedeutung, da sie Auskünfte über die biologische Wirksamkeit eines Stoffes auf Organismen geben. Bislang gibt es für die ökotoxikologische Bewertung, insbesondere von Chemikalien und Pflanzenschutzmitteln, für die autotrophe Organismenebene neben verschiedenen Biotests mit höheren Pflanzen den DIN 28 692 Biotest "Wachstumshemmtest mit den Süßwasseralgen Scenedesmus subspicatus und Selenastrum capricornutum", der auch als OECD 201 Biotest "Algal, Growth Inhibition Test" vorliegt. Dieser aquatische Biotest wird nur mit einer Süßwasseralgenart durchgeführt und trotzdem zunehmend für die Bewertung von belasteten Böden und Sedimenten eingesetzt. Untersuchungen über aquatische Biotests, die Bodenalgen als Testorganismen nutzen, oder Boden-Biotests mit Bodenalgen gibt es nur vereinzelt. Ein Biotestsystem, das sowohl aus einem aquatischen als auch aus einem terrestrischen Biotest besteht und mehrere Bodenalgenarten als Testorganismen nutzt, existiert bisher nicht. Dieses wurde in vorliegender Arbeit entwickelt und an dem Schwermetall Cadmium als Cadmiumchlorid und dem Herbizid Arelon, Wirkstoff Isoproturon erprobt. Um Bodenalgen, die keine Resistenzen oder Toleranzen gegenüber Schadstoffen aufweisen, als Testorganismen nutzen zu können, wurden aus unbelasteten Böden Algen isoliert, Klonkulturen erstellt und die Arten bestimmt. Dies führte zu einer Sammlung mit 35 Algenarten. Aus den in die Bodenalgensammlung aufgenommenen Arten wurden Xanthonema tribonematoides, Stichococcus bacillaris, Klebsormidium flaccidum, Xanthonema montanum und Chlamydomonas noctigama für das Testsystem ausgewählt. Zusätzlich zu diesen wurde die Süßwasseralge Scenedesmus subspicatus als Referenzalge ausgewählt. Mit diesen Algen wurde der Gel-Biotest, bestehend aus einem flüssigen gelartigen Medium, das die Kontaminationspfade im Wasser nachbildet, und ein Boden-Biotest mit einem naturnahen sorptionsschwachen Boden entwickelt, der die Kontaminationspfade über Gas-, Wasser- und Festphase im Boden nachbildet. Bei der Erprobung dieses Biotestsystems mit Cadmiumchlorid und Isoproturon zeigte sich, daß Bodenalgen gegenüber Cadmiumchlorid im Gel-Biotest eine geringe bis mittlere Sensibilität aufwiesen. Im Boden-Biotest lag eine sehr geringe Sensibilität vor, wie dies auch bei anderen Bodenorganismengruppen in Biotests festgestellt wurde. Dies kann mit der Sorption der Cadmiumionen im Boden erklärt werden und dem damit geringen für die Organismen bioverfügbaren Cadmiumionenanteil. Für Isoproturon lag sowohl im Gel- als auch im Boden-Biotest eine hohe Sensibilität der Bodenalgen vor. Erstaunlich war, daß die Sensibilität in beiden Biotests nahezu identisch war, obwohl Isoproturon in sorptionsschwachen Böden zu ca. 30 % adsorbiert wird. Im Vergleich zur Sensibilität von Scenedesmus subspicatus waren die Bodenalgen bei Cadmiumchlorid bis auf zwei Ausnahmen um den Faktor 5 bis 10 unsensibler. Die Bodenalge Klebsormidium flaccidum besaß eine vergleichbare Sensibilität und Xanthonema montanum war um den Faktor 20 unsensibler. Für Isoproturon konnten keine Unterschiede in der Sensibilität zwischen Scenedesmus subspicatus und den geprüften Bodenalgen ermittelt werden, außer bei Stichococcus bacillaris, die um den Faktor 5 unempfindlicher war. Das entwickelte miniaturisierte Biotestsystem eignet sich dazu, differenzierte Aussagen über das ökotoxische Potential von Stoffen auf Bodenalgen und der Süßwasseralge Scenedesmus subspicatus zu erhalten. Durch den Einsatz von zwei unterschiedlichen Testsubstraten (Flüssigmedium und naturnaher Boden) werden der Einfluß dieser Substrate sowie die daraus resultierenden Kontaminationspfade der Teststoffe und ihre ökotoxikologische Wirkung auf Algen feststellbar und vergleichbar. Ein Normenentwurf des Biotestsystems wurde inzwischen in das "Technical Committee 190 - Soil Quality" der International Standards Organization (ISO) eingereicht. Biotests are an important device to assess the toxicity of chemicals, pesticides, polluted water, and soils because they can provide direct information about the influence of a compound on the organism level. Besides various biotests using higher plants there is only the DIN 28 692 biotest "Growth-inhibition test using fresh water algae Scenedesmus subspicatus and Selenastrum capricornutum" (DIN 28 692) also known as the OECD 201 biotest "Algal, Growth Inhibition Test" which is currently available for an ecotoxicological assessment of chemicals such as pesticides on the autotrophic organism level. This aquatic biotest is based on a single specie of fresh water algae and is increasingly applied to evaluate polluted soils and sediments. There is almost no information on aquatic biotests which are using soil algae as test organisms instead. A more comprehensive biotest system which actually combines aquatic and terrestric biotests using several soil algae species as test organisms has not been reported, yet. Thus, a biotest system was developed and subsequently evaluated by using cadmium (cadmium chloride) as a heavy metal, and the herbicide arelon containing isoproturon as the active ingredient. Soil algae were isolated from unpolluted soil in order to obtain test organisms which are not resistant or tolerant to pollutants. The algae isolates were then cultivated, and subsequently identified. A total of 35 algae species was collected. Algae species used in the biotest system were Xanthonema tribonematoides, Stichococcus bacillaris, Klebsormidium flaccidum, Xanthonema montanum, Chlamydomonas noctigama. In addition, the fresh water specie Scenedesmus subspicatus served as a reference algae. Based on these different algae species a gel biotest using liquid gel medium was developed to investigate the contamination path via water, and also a soil biotest with a pre-treated soil of low sorption capacity was deviced to simulate the contamination path through gas, water, and solid phase. The evaluation of the biotest system using cadmium chloride and isoproturon did reveal that soil algae have had only low to medium sensitivity to cadmium chloride in the gel biotest. Algae sensitivity in the soil biotest was very low which was in accordance with data from other biotests using different soil organisms. The weak response of the algae was most likely caused by the sorption of the cadmium ions to the soil matrix what may have decreased the bioavailability of cadmium. In comparison, soil algae were very sensitive to isoproturon in both, the gel biotest and the soil biotest. Both biotests indicated almost identical sensitivities of the tested soil algae which was surprising since 30 % of the isoproturon was sorbed even in soils with a low sorption capacity. Soil algae when compared to the water algae Scenedesmus subspicatus were generally 5 to 10-fold less sensitive to cadmium chloride. Only Klebsormidium flaccidum has proved to have a similar sensitivity as Scenedesmus subspicatus had, whereas Xanthonema montanum was about 20-fold less sensitive. With isoproturon, however, no differences in sensitivity could be seen between Scenedesmus subspicatus and the tested soil algae, except Stichococcus bacillaris which was about 5-fold less sensitive. The biotest system as developed in this study has shown to be suitable for obtaining valuable information about ecotoxicological effects of chemicals on soil and water algae. Since the biotest system consists of two different test media (liquid gel and soil) it is possible to determine ecotoxicological effects on algae in both, water and soil. A first draft of the developed biotest system has been submitted to the "Technical Committee 190 - Soil Quality" of the International Standards Organization (ISO) for review.
- Published
- 2000
43. Untersuchungen zu Einzel- und Kombinationswirkungen von ausgewählten anorganischen und organischen Schadstoffen beim Anbau verschiedener Pflanzenarten auf Rieselfeldboden
- Author
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Dorn, Jana, Terytze, K., Metz, R., and Pestemer, W.
- Subjects
39 Landwirtschaft, Garten ,ZC 13640 ,PCB ,soil to plant transfer ,Schwermetalle ,PAK ,630 Landwirtschaft, Veterinärmedizin ,ddc:630 ,PAH ,Boden-Pflanze-Transfer ,heavy metals - Abstract
Polycyclische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK), Polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCB) und Schwermetalle (SM) sind zusammen mit anderen Elementen und Verbindungen u.a. auch mit Nährstoffen als gemischte gewachsene Kontamination in ballungsraumtypischen Belastungsflächen (z.B. Rieselfelder) vorhanden und stellen bei einem Transfer in Nahrungs- und Futterpflanzen eine besondere Gefährdung für den Menschen dar. Bei Untersuchungen hinsichtlich ökosystemarer Konsequenzen dieser Substanzen wurden bisher vor allem Einzelstoffbetrachtungen angestellt bzw. mehrere Vertreter einer Stoffgruppe untersucht. Ursache für Ertragsdepressionen und Minderungen der mikrobiellen Aktivität auf hochbelasteten Flächen ist aber immer eine Komplexwirkung der verschiedenen Bodeninhaltsstoffe, so daß sich synergistische Effekte einstellen können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die kombinierte Wirkung ausgewählter PAK-, PCB- und SM-Vertreter (Benzo-a-pyren [ BaP] , 2,2?,5,5? Tetrachlorbiphenyl [ PCB 52] , Cadmium [ Cd] und Kupfer [ Cu] ) auf bodenmikrobiologische Parameter, Biomasseproduktion und Schadstoffaufnahme von Pflanzen im Gefäßversuch untersucht. Veränderungen von CO2-Freisetzung, Cellulosezersetzung, N-Mineralisierung und SM-Pflanzenverfügbarkeit in einem schwachbelasteten Rieselfeldboden (RefB) nach dessen Einzelstoff- bzw. Mischanreicherung mit den genannten Schadstoffen in Konzentrationen, wie sie in hochbelasteten Rieselfeldern vorliegen, werden dargestellt. Desweiteren erfolgt eine Auswertung der Daten zu Erträgen und Schadstoffgehalten der auf den Versuchsvarianten geprüften Pflanzen (Roggen, Mais und Kartoffeln). Wechselbeziehungen der Schadstoffe untereinander im Pfad ² Boden-Pflanze² werden diskutiert. Auf allen Cu-Anreicherungsvarianten von RefB reagierten die drei Versuchspflanzen mit Ertragsdepressionen. Als Ursache hierfür und für die Störungen der mikrobiellen Aktivität im Boden konnte Cu als Einzelstoff erkannt werden. Die Ertragsdepressionen gingen mit erhöhten Cu-Gehalten aber auch mit erhöhten Cd-Gehalten der Pflanzen einher. Zugeführtes Cu bewirkte eine Erhöhung der Pflanzenverfügbarkeit von Cd im Boden. PCB 52 bzw. (und) BaP verursachten bei ihrer gleichzeitigen Zufuhr mit Cu dessen Mobilisierung im Boden und erhöhten damit die Cu-Pflanzenaufnahme. Neben PCB 52 dem Boden gegebenes Cd führte zu höheren PCB 52-Gehalten im Pflanzensproß. Die kombinierte Anreicherung von RefB mit Cd, PCB 52 und BaP bewirkte noch höhere PCB 52- und auch höhere BaP-Pflanzengehalte., Together with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and heavy metals (HM) other elements and compounds as well as nutrients are present in typical contaminated areas like sewage fields. They are found as mixed undisturbed contamination and the transfer of these pollutants into food or forage plants is dangerous for people. So far investigations of ecological effects of these substances are focused mainly on single agents or on some agents of the same chemical group. But in most cases the mixture of different chemical compounds in extremely contaminated fields cause synergistic effects resulting in yield reductions and decreases of microbiological activity. Therefore the aim of the present work is to study combined effects of selected PAH-, PCB- and HM- (benzo-a-pyren [ BaP] , 2,2?,5,5? tetrachlorbiphenyl [ PCB 52] , cadmium [ Cd] und copper [ Cu] ) on parameters of soil biology, biomass production and pollutant uptake by plants in pot experiments. Resulting changes of cellulose decomposition, CO2-release from soil, N-mineralization and availability for plants of heavy metals after separated and combined enrichment of weackly polluted sewage field soil (RefB) with said pollutants up to concentrations of extremely polluted sewage field soils are presented. Data of yields and pollutant contents of plants (rye, maize and potatoes) cultivated on experimental soils are summarised. Interactions of pollutants ² soil-plant² are discussed. Cultivated plants showed yield reductions on all treatments enriched with copper. In this context copper only produced the impairments of microbial activity in the soil and caused its phytotoxicity. The yield reductions were connected with higher copper contents and also higher cadmium contents of plants. Added copper led to increasing availability for plants of cadmium in the soil. PCB 52 or (and) BaP together enriched with copper produced a mobilization of copper in the soil and a higher copper uptake by plants. Added cadmium caused in addition to PCB 52 higher PCB 52 contents of plants. The combined enrichment of RefB with Cd, PCB 52 and BaP led to higher contents of PCB 52 and BaP in plants.
- Published
- 1999
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44. Binding of RDX to Cell Wall Components of Pinus sylvestris and Picea glauca and Three-Year Mineralisation Study of Tissue-Associated RDX Residues.
- Author
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Schoenmuth B, Schenke D, Scharnhorst T, Combrinck S, McCrindle RI, Mueller JO, Büttner C, and Pestemer W
- Subjects
- Biodegradation, Environmental, Carbon Dioxide metabolism, Carbon Radioisotopes analysis, Cell Wall chemistry, Germany, Plant Leaves metabolism, Plant Roots metabolism, Wood metabolism, Picea metabolism, Pinus sylvestris metabolism, Soil Pollutants metabolism, Triazines metabolism
- Abstract
Contamination of soils with the explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX, Research Department Explosive) as a result of military applications is a large-area problem globally. Since coniferous trees dominate the vegetation of large areas of military land in Central Europe, particularly in Germany, the long-term fate of (14)C-RDX in the conifers Scots pine and Dwarf Alberta spruce was studied. Acetic acid was the most effective solvent for the removal of extractable RDX residues from homogenates of RDX-laden tree material (85%, 80-90% and 64-80% for roots, wood and needles, respectively). On average, only a fifth of RDX-derived (14)C was bound in non-extractable residues (NER). Within the main cell wall compartments, lignin was the dominant binding site for NER (needles: 32-62%; roots: 38-42%). Hemicellulose (needles: 11-18%; roots: 6-11%) and cellulose (needles: 12-24%; roots: 1-2%) were less involved in binding and a considerable proportion of NER (needles: 15-24%; roots: 59-51%) was indigestible. After three-year incubation in rot chambers, mineralisation of tree-associated (14)C-RDX to (14)CO2 clearly dominated the mass balance in both tree species with 48-83%. 13-33% of (14)C-RDX-derived radioactivity remained in an unleachable form and the remobilisation by water leaching was negligible (< 2%).
- Published
- 2015
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45. Elevated root retention of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in coniferous trees.
- Author
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Schoenmuth B, Mueller JO, Scharnhorst T, Schenke D, Büttner C, and Pestemer W
- Subjects
- Biodegradation, Environmental, Plant Components, Aerial metabolism, Plant Roots metabolism, Trees metabolism, Explosive Agents metabolism, Picea metabolism, Pinus sylvestris metabolism, Soil Pollutants metabolism, Triazines metabolism
- Abstract
For decades, the explosive RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) has been used for military and industrial applications. Residues of RDX pollute soils in large areas globally and the persistence and high soil mobility of these residues can lead to leaching into groundwater. Dendroremediation, i.e. the long-term use of trees to clean up polluted soils, is gaining acceptance as a green and sustainable strategy. Although the coniferous tree species Norway spruce and Scots pine cover large areas of military land in Central Europe, the potential of any coniferous tree for dendroremediation of RDX is still unknown. In this study, uptake experiments with a (14)C-labelled RDX solution (30 mg L(-1)) revealed that RDX was predominantly retained in the roots of 6-year-old coniferous trees. Only 23 % (pine) to 34 % (spruce) of RDX equivalents (RDXeq) taken up by the roots were translocated to aboveground tree compartments. This finding contrasts with the high aerial accumulation of RDXeq (up to 95 %) in the mass balances of all other plant species. Belowground retention of RDXeq is relatively stable in fine root fractions, since water leaching from tissue homogenates was less than 5 %. However, remobilisation from milled coarse roots and tree stubs reached up to 53 %. Leaching from homogenised aerial tree material was found to reach 64 % for needles, 58 % for stems and twigs and 40 % for spring sprouts. Leaching of RDX by precipitation increases the risk for undesired re-entry into the soil. However, it also opens the opportunity for microbial mineralisation in the litter layer or in the rhizosphere of coniferous forests and offers a chance for repeated uptake of RDX by the tree roots.
- Published
- 2014
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46. Residual dynamics of thiacloprid in medical herbs marjoram, thyme, and camomile in soil.
- Author
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Yu YL, Wu JL, Stahler M, and Pestemer W
- Subjects
- Environmental Monitoring, Flowers metabolism, Insecticides analysis, Neonicotinoids, Pesticide Residues analysis, Pesticide Residues metabolism, Plants, Medicinal metabolism, Pyridines analysis, Soil Pollutants analysis, Thiazines analysis, Chamomile metabolism, Insecticides metabolism, Origanum metabolism, Pyridines metabolism, Soil Pollutants metabolism, Thiazines metabolism, Thymus Plant metabolism
- Abstract
Thiacloprid is a new insecticide of the chloronicotinyl family. To assess its risk after application, residual characteristics of thiacloprid in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil were studied under field conditions. The active ingredient was extracted from the plant material using a mixture of acetone-water. After filtration, the extract was concentrated to the aqueous phase, diluted with water, and portioned against ethyl acetate on a matrix solid phase dispersion column. Thiacloprid was extracted from soil using a mixture of methanol-water, filtered, and reextracted (clean up) with dichloromethane. The residues were quantified using HPLC-MS-MS. The methods were validated by recovery experiments. Thiacloprid residues in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil persisted beyond 10, 14, 14, and 21 d but no residues were detected after 14, 21, 21, and 28 d, respectively. The data obtained in this study indicated that the biexponential model is more suitable than the first-order function to describe the decline of thiacloprid in fresh marjoram, fresh thyme, and dried camomile flowers with half-life (t1/2) of 1.1, 0.7, and 1.2 d, respectively. However, both the first-order function and biexponential model were found to be applicable for dissipation of thiacloprid in soil with almost the same t1/2 values of 3.5 and 3.6 d. The results indicated that thiacloprid dissipates rapidly and does not accumulate in the tested herbs and in soil.
- Published
- 2007
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47. Dendroremediation of trinitrotoluene (TNT). Part 1: Literature overview and research concept.
- Author
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Schoenmuth BW and Pestemer W
- Subjects
- Biodegradation, Environmental, Picea growth & development, Pinus growth & development, Populus growth & development, Salix growth & development, Soil Pollutants pharmacokinetics, Trees, Trinitrotoluene pharmacokinetics, Picea chemistry, Pinus chemistry, Populus chemistry, Salix chemistry, Soil Pollutants isolation & purification, Trinitrotoluene isolation & purification
- Abstract
Background, Aim and Scope: For decades, very large areas of former military sites have been contaminated diffusely with the persistent nitroaromatic explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The recalcitrance of the environmental hazard TNT is to a great extent due to its particulate soil existence, which leads to slow but continuous leaching processes. Although improper handling during the manufacture of TNT seems to be a problem of the past in developed countries, environmental deposition of TNT and other explosives is still going on unfortunately, resulting from thousands of unexploded ordnance or low order explosions at munitions test areas and at current battlefields., Objective: Sustainable phytoremediation strategies for explosives in Germany, which intend to use trees to decontaminate soil and groundwater ('dendroremediation'), have to consider that most of the former German military sites are already covered with woodlands, mainly with conifer stands. Therefore, parallel investigation of the remediation potential is necessary for both of the selected hybrids of fast growing broadleaf trees, which are waiting for planting and forest conifers, which have already proven for decades that they are able to grow on explosive contaminated sites., Main Features: A short literature review is given regarding phytoremediation of TNT with herbaceous plants and some general aspects of dendroremediation are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of our TNT-dendroremediation research network is introduced, which has the strategic goal to make dendroremediation more calculable for a series of potent trees for site-adapted in situ application and for the assessment of tree remediation potentials in natural attenuation processes., Results and Discussion: Some of our methods, results and conclusions yet unpublished are presented. For a preliminary calculation of area-related annual TNT dendroremediation potential of five-year-old trees, the following values were assessed: Salix EW-13 6.0, Salix EW-20 8.5, Populus ZP-007 4.2, Betula pendula 5.2, Picea abies 1.9 and Pinus sylvestris 0.8 g m(-2) a(-1). For a 45-year-old spruce forest, an annual natural attenuation potential of 4.2 g TNT m(-2) a(-1) was found. CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVE: Our main results deliver quantitative proposals for dendroremediation strategies in situ and provide decision aids. Also aspects of growth of raw materials for energy production are considered. Our dendroremediation research concept for TNT and its congeners can be easily completed for other trees of interest and it can also be applied to herbaceous plants. Knowing the current bottlenecks of phytoremediation and considering the known environmental behaviour of other contaminants, elements of our methodological approach may be easily adapted to those pollutant groups, e.g. for pesticides, pharmaceuticals, PAHs, chlorinated recalcitrants and, with some restrictions, to inorganics and to multiple contaminations. Our dynamical dendrotolerance test systems will help to predict tree growth on polluted areas. To provide some light into the black box of TNT dendroremediation, experimental data regarding the uptake, distribution and degradation of [14C]-TNT in mature tree tissues will be reported in the second part of this publication.
- Published
- 2004
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48. Dendroremediation of trinitrotoluene (TNT). Part 2: fate of radio-labelled TNT in trees.
- Author
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Schoenmuth BW and Pestemer W
- Subjects
- Biodegradation, Environmental, Biomass, Carbon Radioisotopes metabolism, Carbon Radioisotopes pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollution prevention & control, Picea chemistry, Picea growth & development, Plant Roots physiology, Salix chemistry, Salix growth & development, Soil Pollutants isolation & purification, Soil Pollutants pharmacokinetics, Solubility, Trees, Trinitrotoluene isolation & purification, Trinitrotoluene pharmacokinetics, Soil Pollutants metabolism, Trinitrotoluene metabolism
- Abstract
Background, Aim and Scope: Problems of long-term existence of the environmental contaminant 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and necessities for the use of trees ('dendroremediation') in sustainable phytoremediation strategies for TNT are described in the first part of this paper. Aims of the second part are estimation of [14C]-TNT uptake, localisation of TNT-derived radioactivity in mature tree tissues, and the determination of the degree of TNT-degradation during dendroremediation processes., Methods: Four-year-old trees of hybrid willow (Salix spec., clone EW-20) and of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were cultivated in sand or ammunition plant soil (AP-soil) in wick supplied growth vessels. Trees were exposed to a single pulse application with water solved [U-14C]-TNT reaching a calculated initial concentration of 5.2 mg TNT per kg dry soil. Two months after application overall radioactivity and extractability of 14C were determined in sand/soil, roots, stem-wood, stem-bark, branches, leaves, needles, and Picea May sprouts. Root extracts were analysed by radio TLC., Results: 60 days after [14C]-TNT application, recovered 14C is accumulated in roots (70% for sand variants, 34% for AP-soil variant). 15-28% of 14C remained in sand and 61% in AP-soil. 3.3 to 14.4% of 14C were located in aboveground tree portions. Above-ground distribution of 14C differed considerably between the angiosperm Salix and the gymnosperm Picea. In Salix, nearly half of above-ground-14C was detected in bark-free wood, whereas in Picea older needles contained most of the above-ground-14C (54-69%). TNT was readily transformed in tree tissue. Approximately 80% of 14C was non-extractably bound in roots, stems, wood, and leaves or needles. Only quantitatively less important stem-bark of Salix and Picea and May shoots of Picea showed higher extraction yields (up to 56%)., Discussion: Pulse application of [14C]-TNT provided evidence for the first time that after TNT-exposure, in tree root extracts, no TNT and none of the known metabolites, mono-amino-dinitrotoluenes (ADNT), diaminonitrotoluenes (DANT), trinitrobenzene (TNB) and no dinitrotoluenes (DNTs) were present. Extractable portions of 14C were small and contained at least three unknown metabolites (or groups) for Salix. In Picea, four extractable metabolites (or groups) were detected, where only one metabolite (or group) seemed to be identical for Salix and Picea. All unknown extractables were of a very polar nature., Conclusions: Results of complete TNT-transformation in trees explain some of our previous findings with 'cold analytics', where no TNT and no ADNT-metabolites could be found in tissues of TNT-exposed Salix and Populus clones. It is concluded that 'cold' tissue analysis of tree organs is not suited for quantitative success control of phytoremediation in situ., Recommendations and Outlook: Both short rotation Salicaceae trees and conifer forests possess a dendroremediation potential for TNT polluted soils. The degradation capacity and the large biomass of adult forest trees with their woody compartments of roots and stems may be utilized for detoxification of soil xenobiotics.
- Published
- 2004
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49. [Absorption of selected plant protective agents on different tubing materials].
- Author
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Pestemer W and Nordmeyer H
- Subjects
- Absorption, Latex, Polyethylenes, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Polyvinyl Chloride, Quartz, Rubber, Silicones, Atrazine, Hexachlorocyclohexane
- Abstract
A total of 10 tubing materials (butyl-, rubber-, latex-, polyethylene-, Perbunan-, PVC-, silicone-, Teflon-, Tygon- and Vitontubes), which are sold for laboratory use, was tested for their sorption capacity. Different concentrations (0.03-8 micrograms active ingredients/ml H2O) of pesticides, lindane and atrazine, were used in three experiments to investigate the sorption on inner and/or outer surface of tubes and with continuous flow rate of pesticide solutions. In general the sorption of lindane was greater than atrazine. The extent of sorption was dependent on the concentration of pesticides. Teflon showed no sorption in any of the experiments, the same as quartz glass, which was used as a standard. Depending on the sorption behaviour, the use of some tubing materials (e.g. Tygon, Perbunan or silicone tubes) is not advisable for certain experiments.
- Published
- 1988
50. [Herbicide residues in some herbs (author's transl)].
- Author
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Pestemer W and Mann W
- Subjects
- Carbamates, Chromatography, Gas methods, Herbicides analysis, Magnoliopsida analysis, Pesticide Residues analysis
- Abstract
Residue occurrence is discussed with use of 14 herbicides (Alachlor, Chloridazone, Chlorpropham, Chloroxuron, Chlorthal-methyl, Desmetryne, Lenacil, Linuron, Methabenzthiazuron, Monolinuron, Na-propamide, Pendimethalin, Phenmedipham and Terbutryne) on 6 herbs (borage, dill, garden-chervil, garden cress, anise and sorrel) in the light of residue analyses (from field trials over two seasons with analyses carried out in two laboratories). The methods are outlined; limits of the determinations and recoveries are given.
- Published
- 1980
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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