Search

Central aims of IODP Expedition 352 were to delineate and characterize the magmatic stratigraphy in the Bonin forearc to define key magmatic processes associated with subduction initiation and their potential links to ophiolites. Expedition 352 penetrated 1.2 km of magmatic basement at four sites and recovered three principal lithologies: tholeiitic forearc basalt (FAB), high-Mg andesite, and boninite, with subordinate andesite. Boninites are subdivided into basaltic, low-Si, and high-Si varieties. The purpose of this study is to determine conditions of crystal growth and differentiation for Expedition 352 lavas and compare and contrast these conditions with those recorded in lavas from mid-ocean ridges, forearcs, and ophiolites. Cr# (cationic Cr/Cr+Al) vs. TiO2 relations in spinel and clinopyroxene demonstrate a trend of source depletion with time for the Expedition 352 forearc basalt to boninite sequence that is similar to sequences in the Oman and other suprasubduction zone ophiolites. Clinopyroxene thermobarometry results indicate that FAB crystallized at temperatures (1142–1190 °C) within the range of MORB (1133–1240 °C). When taking into consideration liquid lines of descent of boninite, orthopyroxene barometry and olivine thermometry of Expedition 352 boninites demonstrate that they crystallized at temperatures marginally lower than those of FAB, between ~1119 and ~1202 °C and at relatively lower pressure (~0.2–0.4 vs. 0.5–4.6 kbar for FAB). Elevated temperatures of boninite orthopyroxene (~1214 °C for low-Si boninite and 1231–1264 °C for high-Si boninite) may suggest latent heat produced by the rapid crystallization of orthopyroxene. The lower pressure of crystallization of the boninite may be explained by their lower density and hence higher ascent rate, and shorter distance of travel from place of magma formation to site of crystallization, which allowed the more buoyant and faster ascending boninites to rise to shallower levels before crystallizing, thus preserving their high temperatures.

Melanoma metastasis to the brain is one of the most frequent extracranial brain tumors. Cell surface gangliosides are elevated in melanoma metastasis; however, the metabolic regulatory mechanisms that govern these specific changes are poorly understood in melanoma particularly brain metastases (MBM) development. We found ganglioside GD3 levels significantly upregulated in MBM compared to lymph node metastasis (LNM) but not for other melanoma gangliosides. Moreover, we demonstrated an upregulation of ST8SIA1 (GD3 synthase) as melanoma progresses from melanocytes to MBM cells. Using RNA‐ISH on FFPE specimens, we evaluated ST8SIA1 expression in primary melanomas (PRM) (n = 23), LNM and visceral metastasis (n = 45), and MBM (n = 39). ST8SIA1 was significantly enhanced in MBM compared to all other specimens. ST8SIA1 expression was assessed in clinically well‐annotated melanoma patients from multicenters with AJCC stage III B‐D LNM (n = 58) with 14‐year follow‐up. High ST8SIA1 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (HR = 3.24; 95% CI, 1.19–8.86, P = 0.02). In a nude mouse human xenograft melanoma brain metastasis model, MBM variants had higher ST8SIA1 expression than their respective cutaneous melanoma variants. Elevated ST8SIA1 expression enhances levels of cell surface GD3, a phenotype that favors MBM development, hence associated with very poor prognosis. Functional assays demonstrated that ST8SIA1 overexpression enhanced cell proliferation and colony formation, whereby ST8SIA1 knockdown had opposite effects. Icaritin a plant‐derived phytoestrogen treatment significantly inhibited cell growth in high GD3‐positive MBM cells through targeting the canonical NFκB pathway. The study demonstrates GD3 phenotype associates with melanoma progression and poor outcome., We demonstrated the upregulation of a ganglioside synthase, ST8SIA1 and GD3 expression in MBM, which can be suppressed by icaritin treatment. Icaritin inhibits NFκB‐mediated activation of ST8SIA1 by downregulating p50. These findings suggest that ST8SIA1 is a significant factor and potential target to MBM.

Snakes represent a sizable fraction of vertebrate biodiversity, but until recently, data on their demography have been sparse. Consequently, generalizations regarding patterns of variation are weak and the potential for population projections is limited. We address this information gap through an analysis of spatial and temporal variation in demography (population size, annual survival, and realized population growth) of the Lake Erie Watersnake, Nerodia sipedon insularum, and a review of snake survival more generally. Our study spans a period during which the Lake Erie Watersnake was listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, recovered, and was delisted. We collected capture–mark–recapture data at 14 study sites over 20 years, accruing 20,000 captures of 13,800 individually marked adults. Lake Erie Watersnakes achieve extraordinary abundance, averaging 520 adults per km of shoreline (ca. 260 adult per ha) at our study sites (range = 160–1,600 adults per km; ca. 80–800 adults per ha) and surpassing population recovery and postdelisting monitoring criteria. Annual survival averages 0.68 among adult females and 0.76 among adult males, varies among sites, and is positively correlated with body size among study sites. Temporal process variance in annual survival is low, averaging 0.0011 or less than 4% of total variance; thus, stochasticity in annual survival may be of minor significance to snake extinction risk. Estimates of realized population growth indicate that population size has been stable or increasing over the course of our study. More generally, snake annual survival overlaps broadly across continents, climate zones, families, subfamilies, reproductive modes, body size categories, maturation categories, and parity categories. Differences in survival in relation to size, parity, and maturation are in the directions predicted by life history theory but are of small magnitude with much variation around median values. Overall, annual survival appears to be quite plastic, varying with food availability, habitat quality, and other ecological variables.

As quantitative modeling of wildlife populations increases, the need for accurate and precise estimates of demographic rates for these populations also grows. Eastern Massasaugas (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus) are an imperiled rattlesnake species found mainly in the Great Lakes region of North America. We focused on an Eastern Massasauga population found on Beausoleil Island in Georgian Bay that was the subject of a 30-yr mark–recapture study for demographic analysis. We estimated multiple demographic values including annual adult survival, the temporal process variance of survival, population size, and population growth rate. Annual adult survival did not differ significantly between sexes (males 0.74; females 0.73). The process variance of annual adult survival for males was 0.006 and was inestimable for females. This is the first estimate of process variance for Eastern Massasaugas and one of the few such estimates for a snake species. The use of the process variance of survival in population...

Background. Although a well-established causative relationship exists between smoking and several epithelial cancers, the association of smoking with metastatic progression in melanoma is not well studied. We hypothesized that smokers would be at increased risk for melanoma metastasis as assessed by sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy.Methods. Data from the first international Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial (MSLT-I) and the screening-phase of the second trial (MSLT-II) were analyzed to determine the association of smoking with clinicopathologic variables and SLN metastasis.Results. Current smoking was strongly associated with SLN metastasis (p = 0.004), even after adjusting for other predictors of metastasis. Among 4231 patients (1025 in MSLT-I and 3206 in MSLT-II), current or former smoking was also independently associated with ulceration (p Conclusion. The direct correlation between current smoking and SLN metastasis of primary cutaneous melanoma was independent of its correlation with tumor thickness and ulceration. Smoking cessation should be strongly encouraged among patients with or at risk for melanoma.

Emerald from the Binntal occurrence in the Canton of Valais in Switzerland has been studied to determine its chemical zonation, stable isotopic signatures, depositional-fluid characteristics, pressure-temperature emplacement conditions, and formational model. The emerald is vanadium-rich, with optical and blue cathodoluminescence zoning related to chemical variations, primarily in V 2 O 3 concentrations. The hydrogen isotope signature of the emerald channel fluids is unique and in agreement with previously identified high-altitude (deuterium-depleted) Alpine-age meteoric fluids. Field studies, fluid inclusion analyses, and oxygen isotope thermometry are consistent with a metamorphic formational model for the Binntal emerald at temperatures and hydrostatic pressures ranging from 200 to 400 °C and 100 to 250 Mpa, respectively. This corresponds to formational depths on the order of 4 to 9 km and fluids consistent with a 10–20 Ma CO 2 -dominant fluid with approximate mole percentages of 84.0, 11.9, 1.5, 1.3, 0.3, and 0.5 for CO 2 , H 2 O, CH 4 , N 2 , H 2 S, and NaCl, respectively.

International audience; We welcome the opportunity to further discuss our analysis and conclusions [1] that Larkin et al.'s [2] (hereafter LEA) comment provides. In this response, we first discuss mischaracterizations and criticisms of our analyses, then highlight how the main conclusions from both LEA's and our analyses are similar, and end with further discussion of what both analyses suggest for restoration and conservation moving forward.LEA contend that the response ratio is ‘fundamentally flawed’; given its prominence in the restoration [3–5] and meta-analysis literatures [6–8], we suggest that the matter of its usefulness or lack thereof is far from settled and leave it to meta-analysis statisticians to discuss its utility. For those interested, both LEA and we consulted with meta-analysis statisticians who came to different conclusions (see published reviews of LEA's comment). We further direct readers to the reviews of LEA's comment for a more in-depth response to their criticisms on the choice of variables to calculate response ratios, of how to treat response ratios that overshoot recovery goals, exclusion of invasive species disturbances, and of minimal sample size calculations.

Tumor-associated gangliosides have been investigated for their potential as antigenic targets for more than 35 years, culminating in the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of dinutuximab (Unituxin), an IgG antibody targeted against GD2, for the treatment of neuroblastoma in children. This review is focused on discoveries and development of therapeutic approaches involving human IgM antibodies directed against gangliosides, which occurred over the past 40 years at University of California-Los Angeles and the John Wayne Cancer Institute, where Dr. Donald Morton led the surgical oncology department until his death.

Given that few ecosystems on the Earth have been unaffected by humans, restoring them holds great promise for stemming the biodiversity crisis and ensuring ecosystem services are provided to humanity. Nonetheless, few studies have documented the recovery of ecosystems globally or the rates at which ecosystems recover. Even fewer have addressed the added benefit of actively restoring ecosystems versus allowing them to recover without human intervention following the cessation of a disturbance. Our meta-analysis of 400 studies worldwide that document recovery from large-scale disturbances, such as oil spills, agriculture and logging, suggests that though ecosystems are progressing towards recovery following disturbances, they rarely recover completely. This result reinforces conservation of intact ecosystems as a key strategy for protecting biodiversity. Recovery rates slowed down with time since the disturbance ended, suggesting that the final stages of recovery are the most challenging to achieve. Active restoration did not result in faster or more complete recovery than simply ending the disturbances ecosystems face. Our results on the added benefit of restoration must be interpreted cautiously, because few studies directly compared different restoration actions in the same location after the same disturbance. The lack of consistent value added of active restoration following disturbance suggests that passive recovery should be considered as a first option; if recovery is slow, then active restoration actions should be better tailored to overcome specific obstacles to recovery and achieve restoration goals. We call for a more strategic investment of limited restoration resources into innovative collaborative efforts between scientists, local communities and practitioners to develop restoration techniques that are ecologically, economically and socially viable., National Science Foundation, German Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Leipzig (Research Program ‘Terrestrial Environments'), sDiv, the Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (German Research Foundation), Northern Illinois University

Garnet crystallization in metapelites from the Barrovian garnet and staurolite zones of the Lesser Himalayan Belt in Sikkim is modelled utilizing Gibbs free energy minimization, multi-component diffusion theory and a simple nucleation and growth algorithm. The predicted mineral assemblages and garnet-growth zoning match observations remarkably well for relatively tight, clockwise metamorphic P–T paths that are characterized by prograde gradients of ∼30 °C kbar−1 for garnet-zone rocks and ∼20 °C kbar−1 for rocks from the staurolite zone. Estimates for peak metamorphic temperature increase up-structure toward the Main Central Thrust. According to our calculations, garnet stopped growing at peak pressures, and protracted heating after peak pressure was absent or insignificant. Almost identical P–T paths for the samples studied and the metamorphic continuity of the Lesser Himalayan Belt support thermo-mechanical models that favour tectonic inversion of a coherent package of Barrovian metamorphic rocks. Time-scales associated with the metamorphism were too short for chemical diffusion to substantially modify garnet-growth zoning in rocks from the garnet and staurolite zones. In general, the pressure of initial garnet growth decreases, and the temperature required for initial garnet growth was reached earlier, for rocks buried closer toward the MCT. Deviations from this overall trend can be explained by variations in bulk-rock chemistry.

The Byrud emerald deposit comprises pegmatite veins hosted within Cambrian black shales and Late Carboniferous quartz syenite sills intruded by a Permo-Triassic riebeckite granite. The emerald deposit genesis is consistent with a typical granite-related emerald vein system derived from dominantly magmatic fluids with minor contributions from metamorphic source(s). Muscovite from an emerald-bearing pegmatite at Byrud yielded an excellent Ar–Ar plateau age of 233.4 ± 2.0 Ma. Emerald display colour zonation alternating between emerald and beryl. Two dominant fluid inclusions types are identified as follows: two-phase (vapour+liquid) and three-phase (brine+vapour+halite) fluid inclusions and these are interpreted to represent conjugate fluids of a boiling system. The emerald was precipitated from these saline fluids with approximate overall salinities on the order of 31 mass per cent NaCl equivalent. Raman analyses indicate molar gas fractions for CO2, N2, CH4 and H2S are approximately 0.8974, 0.0261, 0.0354 and 0.0410, respectively. Formational temperatures and pressures of approximately 160–385°C and below 1000 bars were derived from fluid inclusion data and lithostatic pressure estimates from fluid inclusion studies within the Oslo rift. The colour zonation observed in the Byrud emerald crystals is related to alternating emerald and beryl precipitation in the liquid and vapour portions, respectively, of a two-phase (boiling) system.

The Amy Lake PGE zone is a “low-sulfide-type” Cu-(Ni-)PGE mineralization in the East Range footwall of the 1.85 Ga Sudbury Igneous Complex occurring in a 100-m-wide Sudbury Breccia belt that coincides with an impact-related major fracture zone (Bay Fault zone). Detailed hydrothermal alteration mapping, fluid inclusion, trace element, and stable isotope studies revealed a complex alteration and mineralization history in a multi-source, multi-stage Sudbury-related hydrothermal system. The two major stages of syn-Sudbury hydrothermal activity are characterized by similarly high-salinity, high-temperature fluids that are (1) locally derived from footwall granophyre bodies, and typified with high Ni/Cu and PGE/S ratios and high REE contents (magmatic–hydrothermal stage), and (2) a more voluminous Cu–Ni–PGE-rich fluid flux probably originated from the Sudbury Igneous Complex/footwall contact (hydrothermal stage). The second hydrothermal flux was introduced by brittle fractures in the area and resulted in a complex zonation of alteration assemblages and mineralization governed by local footwall composition. The Sudbury-related hydrothermal event was overprinted by shear-related epidote veining and calcite–chlorite replacement, both regionally present in the Sudbury structure. Based on analogies, the most important factors involved in the formation of hydrothermal low-sulfide mineralization are proposed to be (1) accumulation of PGE-enriched fluids, (2) large-scale brittle structures as conduits to these fluids, and (3) adequate host rock composition as a chemical trap resulting in sulfide and PGM precipitation. In environments meeting these criteria, hydrothermal PGE mineralization is known to have formed not only in the Sudbury footwall but also from mafic–ultramafic intrusions associated with primary magmatic PGE from several locations around the world.

Natural anti-tumor IgM antibodies are prevalent in the serum of cancer patients and normal subjects. Extensive research has been directed toward the ultimate goal of achieving a therapeutic effect from these antibodies either augmented by vaccination or by passive infusion. To date, the therapeutic effects have been limited. This thesis asserts that thiols within solid tumors reduce pentameric IgM to monomeric or other subunit form resulting in inactivation of its complement fixing and cross linking apoptosis inducing properties. A rationale for this normal physiological inactivation mechanism, possibly necessary for wound healing and pregnancy, is proposed along with therapeutic approaches, which would potentially suppress IgM inactivation.

Global forest restoration targets have been set, yet policy makers and land managers lack guiding principles on how to invest limited resources to achieve them. We conducted a meta-analysis of 166 studies in naturally regenerating and actively restored forests worldwide to answer: (1) To what extent do floral and faunal abundance and diversity and biogeochemical functions recover? (2) Does recovery vary as a function of past land use, time since restoration, forest region, or precipitation? (3) Does active restoration result in more complete or faster recovery than passive restoration? Overall, forests showed a high level of recovery, but the time to recovery depended on the metric type measured, past land use, and region. Abundance recovered quickly and completely, whereas diversity recovered slower in tropical than in temperate forests. Biogeochemical functions recovered more slowly after agriculture than after logging or mining. Formerly logged sites were mostly passively restored and generally recovered quickly. Mined sites were nearly always actively restored using a combination of planting and either soil amendments or recontouring topography, which resulted in rapid recovery of the metrics evaluated. Actively restoring former agricultural land, primarily by planting trees, did not result in consistently faster or more complete recovery than passively restored sites. Our results suggest that simply ending the land use is sufficient for forests to recover in many cases, but more studies are needed that directly compare the value added of active versus passive restoration strategies in the same system. Investments in active restoration should be evaluated relative to the past land use, the natural resilience of the system, and the specific objectives of each project.

In order to inform policies aimed at reducing nutrient emissions to surface waters, it is essential to understand how aquatic ecosystems respond to eutrophication management. Using data from 89 studies worldwide, we examined responses to the reduction or cessation of anthropogenic nutrient inputs relative to baseline conditions. Baseline conditions were pre-disturbance conditions, undisturbed reference sites, restoration targets, or experimental controls. We estimated recovery completeness (% baseline conditions reached) and recovery rate (annual % change relative to baseline conditions) for plant and animal abundance and diversity and for ecosystem functions. Categories were considered fully recovered if the 95% confidence interval (CI) of recovery completeness overlapped 100% and partially recovered if the CI did not overlap either 100% or zero. Cessation of nutrient inputs did not result in more complete or faster recovery than partial nutrient reductions, due likely to insufficient passage of time, nutrients from other sources, or shifting baselines. Together, lakes and coastal marine areas achieved 34% (±16% CI) and 24% (±15% CI) of baseline conditions decades after the cessation or partial reduction of nutrients, respectively. One third of individual response variables showed no change or worsened conditions, suggesting that achieving baseline conditions may not be possible in all cases. Implied recovery times after cessation of nutrient inputs varied widely, from up 1 yr to nearly a century, depending on response. Our results suggest that long-term monitoring is needed to better understand recovery timescales and trajectories and that policy measures must consider the potential for slow and partial recovery. (c) 2016 The Authors Limnology and Oceanography published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography This work was supported by the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC) under funding received from the National Science Foundation DBI-1052875, by the German Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig (Research Program ‘Terrestrial Environments’), and by sDiv, the Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (German Research Foundation DFG FZT 118). Funding for MLM was provided by Baltic Eye, the Baltic Sea 2020 Foundation, and the National Academies of Science Research Associateship Programe.

We present new results and review existing data highlighting different aspects of the genetic relationship between partial melting and hydrothermal mineralizing processes in the contact aureole of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. At the basal contact of the igneous complex, in the footwall breccia, crystallized partial melt pods and veins, referred to as footwall granophyres are abundant and intrude all rock types including the breccia matrix, as well as massive Ni-Cu sulfide ore. The final crystallization of these melts was accompanied by the segregation of high salinity fluids dominantly in the temperature range of 450° to 550°C, as revealed by Ti-inquartz thermometry and studies on primary fluid inclusions. In mineralized parts of the footwall breccia there is clear evidence that interaction of partial melts, exsolved fluids, and preexisting magmatic sulfides occurred. In the deeper footwall of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, similar footwall granophyres occur as networks of veins intruding impact brecciated (Sudbury breccia) country rocks and have an intimate spatial association with hydrothermal, low sulfide assemblages highly enriched in Pt, Pd, and Au (with a unique assemblage of PGM, including malyshevite and lisiguangite). It is suggested that partial melting processes were widespread in the contact and proximal footwall environment of the igneous complex and they were important in providing high salinity magmatic fluids to a hydrothermal system responsible for redistribution of base and precious metals. We describe observations which may evidence the migration of partial melts from the contact into the deeper footwall. Furthermore, we suggest a cogenetic model for the precipitation of sulfide-hydrous silicate assemblages in close spatial association to footwall granophyres. We emphasize that the use of footwall granophyres in mineral exploration for Cu-Ni-PGE ores in the footwall of the Sudbury Igneous Complex is clearly justified. Mapping of footwall granophyre vein networks highlights areas that were proximal to the contact environment and point out structural pathways that may have been used by syn- or postgenetic mineralizing fluids in a given area. Widespread partial melting appears to have occurred in the footwall of other large mafic-ultramafic complexes (such as Bushveld and Duluth) and similar genetic relationships of partial melting and ore-forming hydrothermal processes may have possibly existed also in these systems.

Decisions affecting wildlife management and conservation policy of imperiled species are often aided by population models. Reliable population models require accurate estimates of vital rates and an understanding of how vital rates vary geographically. The eastern massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus )i s a rattlesnake species found in the Great Lakes region of North America. Populations of the eastern massasauga are fragmented and only a few areas harbor multiple, sizable populations. Eastern massasauga

The Emmaville-Torrington emeralds were first discovered in 1890 in quartz veins hosted within a Permian metasedimentary sequence, consisting of meta-siltstones, slates and quartzites intruded by pegmatite and aplite veins from the Moule Granite. The emerald deposit genesis is consistent with a typical granite-related emerald vein system. Emeralds from these veins display colour zonation alternating between emerald and clear beryl. Two fluid inclusion types are identified: three-phase (brine+vapour+halite) and two-phase (vapour+liquid) fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusion studies indicate the emeralds were precipitated from saline fluids ranging from approximately 33 mass percent NaCl equivalent. Formational pressures and temperatures of 350 to 400 °C and approximately 150 to 250 bars were derived from fluid inclusion and petrographic studies that also indicate emerald and beryl precipitation respectively from the liquid and vapour portions of a two-phase (boiling) system. The distinct colour zonations observed in the emerald from these deposits is the first recorded emerald locality which shows evidence of colour variation as a function of boiling. The primary three-phase and primary two-phase FITs are consistent with alternating chromium-rich ‘striped’ colour banding. Alternating emerald zones with colourless beryl are due to chromium and vanadium partitioning in the liquid portion of the boiling system. The chemical variations observed at Emmaville-Torrington are similar to other colour zoned emeralds from other localities worldwide likely precipitated from a boiling system as well.

Preliminary geological work on samples from Davdar in China indicate that emerald occurs in quartz veins hosted within upper greenschist grade Permian metasedimentary rocks including quartzite, marble, phyllite and schist. Fluid inclusion studies indicate highly saline fluids ranging from approximately 34 to 41 wt.% NaCl equivalent, with minimal amounts of CO2 estimated at a mole fraction of 0.003. Fluid inclusion, stable isotope and petrographic studies indicate the Davdar emeralds crystallized from highly saline brines in greenschist facies conditions at a temperature of ∼350°C and a pressure of up to 160 MPa. The highly saline fluid inclusions in the emeralds, the trace-element chemistry and stable isotope signatures indicate that the Davdar emeralds have some similarities to the Khaltaro and Swat Valley emerald deposits in Pakistan, but they show the greatest similarity to neighbouring deposits at Panjshir in Afghanistan.

The Cobalt embayment is a large domain of Paleoproterozoic clastic sedimentary rocks that unconformably overlies the Archean Abitibi greenstone belt. Regionally extensive sills and dikes of Nipissing diabase, emplaced circa 2219 Ma, occur throughout the embayment and are the preferential host to gold-bearing polymetallic vein systems on the Merico-Ethel property, near the northeastern margin of the Cobalt embayment. These gold-bearing, polymetallic veins are predominantly east–west-trending, steeply dipping, discordant calcite-quartz vein systems that formed close to the time of crystallization (within ~15 m.y., based on Pb-Pb ages) of the Nipissing diabase. The ore mineralogy is complex in character, typically comprising sulfides, arsenides, native metals (gold and silver), and specular hematite, preferentially concentrated along the interface between silicate and calcite gangue. A simplified sequence of mineral deposition in the veins is: (1) “Early-stage” pyrite ± chalcopyrite hosted in quartz ± chlorite gangue; (2) “Main-stage” polymetallic (Cu + Co + As + Ag + Au + Bi ± Pb ± Ni ± U) sulfides, arsenides, and native metals hosted in calcite gangue; and (3) “Late-stage” calcite flooding ± galena. Wall-rock alteration in Nipissing diabase is restricted to narrow (

Studies of interactions between invasive and native species often focus on impacts on natives. We report potential impacts of a native predator, the Lake Erie Watersnake (Nerodia sipdeon insularum) on an invasive fish, the Round Goby (Apollonia melanostomus). Round Gobies have increased exponentially in the Great Lakes and now constitute >90% of prey consumed by Lake Erie Watersnakes. We investigated the effects this shift may have on round goby populations by estimating total prey consumption by Lake Erie Watersnakes. Digestive rate trials and maximum voluntary prey consumption trials indicate that gastric digestion is rapid (digestion was 90% complete after just 16.4 hours at 30°C and 20.1 hours at 25°C) and voluntary prey consumption is high (from 30.0% of adult female body mass to 117% of neonate body mass in five days). Based on palpation of wild-caught snakes, prey were detected more frequently in adult females than adult males, but no such difference was observed in subadults. The proporti...

We performed detailed field and drill core mapping of partial melting features and felsic rocks (footwall granophyres, FWGRs) representing segregated and crystallized partial melts within the contact aureole of the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) in the 1.85 Ga Sudbury impact structure. Our results, derived from mapping within the North (Windy Lake, Foy, Wisner areas) and East Ranges (Skynner, Frost areas) of the structure, reveal that partial melting was widespread in both felsic and mafic footwall units up to distances of 500 m from the basal contact of the SIC. Texturally and mineralogically, significant differences exist between rocks formed by partial melting within and between localities. In general, however, melt bodies are dominated by different quartz-feldspar intergrowths (e.g. granophyric, graphic) and miarolitic cavities up to 5 cm in diameter. Major and trace element compositions of Wisner and Frost FWGRs imply that they crystallized from melts dominantly derived from partial melting of felsic ...

A new occurrence of sokolovaite, the Cs analogue of polylithionite, is recorded from the main pegmatite body in the Eastern block of the Moblan pegmatite cluster, located within the Frotet–Evans greenstone belt of the Opatica Subprovince in Quebec. The main pegmatite body of the Eastern block comprises a near-vertical dyke that is simply zoned, with an aplitic border surrounding an extensive zone of quartz–spodumene pegmatite. Within this extensive unit, irregular quartz- and lepidolite-rich pods are developed that contain a rim of sokolovaite on compositionally zoned grains of Rb-bearing lepidolite. Although not as common, sokolovaite is also observed as discrete, zoned grains inside fractures cutting through granular masses of lepidolite. Minerals associated with sokolovaite include: rubidian lepidolite, albite, quartz, and pollucite. In the zoned mica crystals, compositional zoning from core to rim consists of increasing Rb and Cs contents with decreasing K and Al contents, indicating a replacement of K by Rb and Cs, whereas Al contents reflect the solid-solution change from trilithionite to polylithionite. This compositional change from trilithionite to polylithionite is also demonstrated on a plot of the IV Al versus Cs/(Cs + K). The mantles of sokolovaite typically contain 17–22 wt.% Cs 2 O, ≤ 4.5 wt.% Rb 2 O and ≤ 1.25 wt.% K 2 O. Texturally, the lepidolite grains are associated with secondary albite and appear to have formed at the expense of K-feldspar and spodumene in quartz-rich pods in the core of the pegmatite, during the final stages of crystallization from subsolidus fluids; the enrichment of Rb and Cs in the fluids reflects the protracted magmatic differentiation of the felsic magma. The fracture-controlled lepidolite grains likely reflect late-stage propagation of these final metasomatic fluids along fractures into crystallized pegmatitic phases.

Footwall-type Cu-Ni-PGE (Platinum-group element) deposits are a major focus of recent exploration in the Sudbury mining camp, owing to their higher Cu and precious metal contents compared to orebodies situated along the lower contact of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. The most important footwall-type orebodies occur in the Onaping-Levack area of the North Range, but economic deposits are found along the East Range of the structure as well. Recently, promising occurrences were also discovered in Wisner Township of the North Range. In this paper we report results from two main footwall-type Cu-Ni-PGE occurrences (the Broken Hammer zone and the South zone) of Wisner Township. Both discoveries are situated in intensely brecciated zones of the footwall (Sudbury Breccia), 1,300 and 500 m, respectively, north of the present Sudbury Igneous Complex-footwall contact. The mineralization consists of (1) massive sulfide veins, (2) disseminated/replacement sulfides, and (3) silicate-quartz–dominated veins. Although massive sulfide veins account for the major part of the resource, sulfide-poor disseminations may have similarly high precious metal contents. Ore assemblages are dominated by chalcopyrite, millerite, magnetite, and/or pyrite, quartz, and hydrous silicates. These are accompanied by platinum-group minerals (PGM) and other trace minerals, which commonly occur as composite grains within sulfides and hydrous silicates. These include minerals typical of footwall-type deposits (e.g., merenskyite, michenerite, hessite), but also minerals found only in a few Sudbury deposits (e.g., clausthalite, sopcheite, naumannite, bohdanowiczite). An unnamed CuPdBiS 3 mineral is one of the most abundant PGM at Broken Hammer and might be a Pd-equivalent of muckeite (CuNiBiS 3 ). Statistical investigation of metal distribution patterns using grab sample and drilling data sets from both localities indicate important differences between the two occurrences and the various mineralization styles (e.g., increasing Cu/(Cu+Ni) and decreasing Pt/(Pt+Pd) ratio with increasing sulfide content; metal concentrations recalculated to 100% sulfides decrease by up to two orders of magnitude for all metals from the disseminated to the massive sulfides). Fluid inclusion studies revealed three fluid generations which are very similar to those described from well known footwall-type deposits of the Onaping-Levack area. Primary polyphase fluid inclusions in Cu-Ni-PGE–bearing assemblages represent a highly saline (30–40 wt % NaCl equiv) magmatic-hydrothermal system with a high temperature (min 450°–500°C) and a lower temperature (min 300°–350°C) stage. A later low-temperature Ca-rich fluid (min 100°–200°C) is most probably part of a post-Sudbury Igneous Complex regional fluid flow in which temperature was controlled by the geothermal gradient and not related to ore-forming processes. The fluid inclusion data indicate that mobilization of highly saline and relatively high temperature (400°–500°C) Sudbury Igneous Complex-related magmatic-hydrothermal fluids similar to those described from the Onaping-Levack embayment also occurred in the Wisner footwall. Although our studies do not rule out the possibility of an initial magmatic sulfide melt emplacement, they prove that magmatic-hydrothermal fluids played a significant role in the transport and deposition of metals.

Body size, and, by extension, growth has impacts on physiology, survival, attainment of sexual maturity, fecundity, generation time, and population dynamics, especially in ectotherm animals that often exhibit extensive growth following attainment of sexual maturity. Frequently, growth is analyzed at the population level, providing useful population mean growth parameters but ignoring individual variation that is also of ecological and evolutionary significance. Our long-term study of Lake Erie Watersnakes, Nerodia sipedon insularum, provides data sufficient for a detailed analysis of population and individual growth. We describe population mean growth separately for males and females based on size of known age individuals (847 captures of 769 males, 748 captures of 684 females) and annual growth increments of individuals of unknown age (1,152 males, 730 females). We characterize individual variation in asymptotic size based on repeated measurements of 69 males and 71 females that were each captured in five to nine different years. The most striking result of our analyses is that asymptotic size varies dramatically among individuals, ranging from 631-820 mm snout-vent length in males and from 835-1125 mm in females. Because female fecundity increases with increasing body size, we explore the impact of individual variation in asymptotic size on lifetime reproductive success using a range of realistic estimates of annual survival. When all females commence reproduction at the same age, lifetime reproductive success is greatest for females with greater asymptotic size regardless of annual survival. But when reproduction is delayed in females with greater asymptotic size, lifetime reproductive success is greatest for females with lower asymptotic size when annual survival is low. Possible causes of individual variation in asymptotic size, including individual- and cohort-specific variation in size at birth and early growth, warrant further investigation.

More than 500m of Namurian strata is exposed on Whiddy Island, west Cork, in the axial portion of the Bantry Syncline. Three formations make up a conformable sequence that shows a general upward increase in the amount of sandstone. The rocks of the island are mainly litharenitic and sublitharenitic sandstones and dark mudrocks of deep-water aspect. These sediments are interpreted as representing, in upward sequence, basin-plain, fan-fringe, interchannel and channel/channelmouth turbidite facies, filling the basin longitudinally from the east. Their significance in terms of basin development is discussed. The Whiddy Island Namurian sediments were possibly derived by erosion of Dinantian strata exposed on intrabasinal highs lying both north and south of the basin.

The 800 and 810 orebodies are two major deposits in the Copper Cliff South mine, located at opposite contacts between the quartz diorite of the Copper Cliff offset dike and metapelite of the McKim Formation. The Copper Cliff South mine is one of the richest Cu-Ni- platinum-group elements (PGE) deposits in the Copper Cliff offset dike. The ore is composed of variable proportions of pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite and occurs as massive sulfides, semimassive sulfides with inclusions of quartz diorite and wall rocks, net-textured sulfides, disseminated sulfides, and veins. Sphalerite and magnetite are also present in minor amounts. The primary magmatic minerals in the quartz diorite are plagioclase, quartz, amphibole, and biotite. The most common platinum-group mineral (PGM) in the Copper Cliff South mine is sperrylite (PtAs 2 ). It occurs in every textural type of ore, typically enclosed by chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, cobaltite, and hydrous silicates such as chlorite, amphibole, and epidote. Sperrylite may be homogeneous, zoned (with Sb-rich cores and Sb-poor rims), associated with hollingworthite (RhAsS) and cobaltite, or it may contain inclusions. The Pd-bearing minerals are froodite (PdBi 2 ) and michenerite (PdBiTe), which are most commonly enclosed by silicates (chlorite, biotite, quartz) or chalcopyrite. Hollingworthite invariably occurs in the center of zoned cobaltite in veins or in disseminated sulfides. Argentian gold (Au 0.56 Ag 0.44 ) occurs as small grains in chalcopyrite and in a veinlet with parkerite (Ni 2 Bi 3 S 2 ). The most abundant Ag mineral is hessite (Ag 2 Te), which is present in almost every sample with galena, gersdorffite, and locally PGM. Volynskite (AgBiTe 2 ) occurs as a zoned grain with tsumoite (BiTe) in the center. The most common trace minerals spatially and genetically associated with PGM are tsumoite, galena, gersdorffite, cobaltite, hessite, melonite, and native Te. The Copper Cliff South mine area was affected by more than one hydrothermal event, deformation, and metamorphism, all of which affected the primary igneous textures and mineralogy of the rocks. The first hydrothermal event was responsible for the extensive remobilization of metals, including some PGE. This is revealed by the presence of PGM in large veins in quartz diorite and metapelite and by chlorite, amphibole, epidote, biotite, and quartz that often enclose PGM. The temperature at the time of this event was estimated in samples containing garnet and biotite in equilibrium to be 327° to 540°C. Pressure, estimated using amphibole chemistry, may have been as high as 3 to 4 kbars. The fluid responsible for the transport of metals was very rich in Cl and oxidizing. The fluid composition, temperature, and/or pressure changed with time, suggested by the presence of zoned minerals, including sperrylite, gersdorffite, and cobaltite. Based on the textural relationships, sperrylite precipitated before tellurides and galena, and after or at the same time as michenerite. A second hydrothermal event produced calcite-bearing veinlets that cut larger veins.

Three deposits (the offset sublayer 100 and 120 orebodies, and contact sublayer Lady Violet deposit) in the Copper Cliff North mine area, Sudbury, were sampled with the aim of defining the mineral assemblages. The ores are composed of pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite with minor titanomagnetite, ilmenite, accessory sulfarsenides, Bi-Te minerals, and sperrylite. Sulfarsenides, which are prominent accessory minerals, contain the platinum-group elements (PGE) Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, and Pt in decreasing order of abundance in solid solution. Some zoned sulfarsenide crystals have PGE concentrated in the centers, decreasing toward the edges. Nickeliferous cobaltite, the common sulfarsenide, contains as much as 16 at. percent ΣPGE. Hollingworthite ((Rh,Ru)AsS), which occurs as cores or distinct crystals enclosed in cobaltite, is a newly recognized occurrence in the 100, 120, and Lady Violet deposits in the Sudbury South Range. Formation of primary PGE-bearing sulfarsenides is related to exsolution from monosulfide solid solution at about 550° to 600°C. During late crystallization, aqueous fluids interacted with the rocks, resulting in precipitation of hydrous silicates (epidote, biotite, chlorite) and remobilization of PGE-bearing sulfarsenides.

Systematic regional sampling along the contact zone of the 1.85 Ga age Sudbury Igneous Complex with the Archean Levack Gneiss footwall in the North Range of the Sudbury structure revealed textural, mineralogical, and fluid inclusion systematics of post-Sudbury Igneous Complex hydrothermal processes that affected the various lithologies. At late stages of emplacement of the Sudbury Igneous Complex and formation of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu sulfide deposits a partial melt from the Levack Gneiss invaded the contact zone. This partial melt is revealed by small microdikes and irregular bodies of granophyric quartz-plagioclase with megacrysts of hornblende, clinopyroxene, and titanite. Plagioclase-hornblende equilibrium was established at 750° to 800°C and 1.10 to 1.55 kbars pressure, corresponding to about a 4- to 6-km depth under lithostatic conditions. F/Cl wt percent ratios around 15 for accessory apatite and hornblende indicate that a Cl-rich fluid phase separated during the crystallization of the footwall granophyre: this is expressed as miarolites. The Cl-rich fluid (50 wt % NaCl equiv salinity) was trapped as primary fluid inclusions in quartz at around 480°C minimum temperature and around 1.1 kbars minimum pressure during supercooling. These inclusions are rich in Ca, Fe, Mn, and K, as well as Na chloride. This fluid may have interacted with earlier primary magmatic sulfide, causing remobilization and reprecipitation of Cu-Ni-platinum-group elements (PGE) in veins and disseminations in the footwall. These veins are parallel to the Sudbury Igneous Complex-footwall contact and are characterized by chalcopyrite, pentlandite, millerite, magnetite, stilpnomelane, ferropyrosmalite, epidote, and chlorite. Michenerite, moncheite, merenskyite, froodite, insizwaite, sobolevskite, gold, and Bi-Ni sulfides are associated with sulfides. Epidote, quartz, actinolite, and chlorite are common in the alteration selvages of the veins. Compositions and assemblages of platinum-group minerals (PGM) indicate their precipitation below 575° to 485°C. Primary, highly saline fluid inclusions (about 40 wt % NaCl equiv) in quartz indicate crystallization at 400° to 480°C and around 1.6 kbars minimum T and P, respectively. Late carbonate-epidote-actinolite-chlorite veins and alteration overprinted the earlier assemblages at about 300° to 400°C, with some bornite, millerite, native silver, and other Bi sulfides. The second stage of hydrothermal activity is characterized by regional carbonic-aqueous (NaCl-CO 2 -CH 4 -H 2 O-type) immiscible fluids that were trapped as secondary inclusions in quartz from various lithologies. No mineralization is related to this stage along the North Range. Boiling of these fluids took place during a pressure drop from lithostatic to hydrostatic conditions during uplift from about a 5- to 6- to a 3- to 4-km depth at 300° to 350°C. High- (20–26 wt % NaCl equiv) and low-salinity (6–12 wt % NaCl equiv) fluids coexisted with different carbonic species contents. The predominant north-south and northwest-southeast orientations of fluid inclusion planes reveal that mobilization of carbonic-aqueous solutions may be related to the northwesterly oriented thrusting in the Sudbury structure during the late stages (1.8–1.7 Ga) of the Penokean orogeny and to predominantly north-south faulting in the North Range. The third stage of fluid mobilization also took place mostly along northerly and northwesterly oriented fractures. Aqueous fluids were Ca-rich brines (20–40 wt % salinity) with temperatures between 150° and 250°C. Some of these fluids also circulated in fractures parallel to the Sudbury Igneous Complex-footwall contact (NE-SW); thus, they locally may have interacted with the earlier sulfide assemblages and are also responsible for formation of late veinlets with chalcopyrite-epidote-quartz-chlorite assemblages. Mobilization of these fluids took place under litho- and hydrostatic conditions at about a 4- to 6-km depth. This hydrothermal activity is related to a regional tectonothermal event during emplacement of northwesterly oriented Sudbury dikes (1.24 Ga). Regional-scale fluid inclusion studies along the North Range highlight the role of multiple hydrothermal processes in the metallogenic evolution of the Sudbury Igneous Complex and especially in the distribution of copper and precious metals in the footwall units.

Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite are the dominant sulfide minerals in the 740 zone of the Kelly Lake orebody (Inco Ltd.), Copper Cliff Offset, Sudbury. Petrographic and quantitative electron microprobe analyses of minerals, from sulfide assemblages and host quartz diorite, of the 740 deposit have revealed three processes that have affected sulfide mineralization and associated sulfarsenide and platinum-group-mineral (PGM) distribution: magmatic, hydrothermal, and tectonic. Accessory, zoned cobaltite, and gersdorffite occur in sulfides as a result of these three processes, and PGM occur dominantly in hydrothermally remobilized and deformed ores. Where PGM are present in sulfarsenides they provided nuclei for sulfarsenide growth. Solitary PGM are orders of magnitude larger than those PGM found within sulfarsenide minerals. Five varieties of PGM occur, michenerite and sperrylite being the most common, with lesser froodite, hollingworthite, and ruarsite. The effect of a deformation is a localized fabric in the ore, revealed by pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite bands; pentlandite porphyroblasts also partially define the foliation. The deformed ore is also characterized by alteration of the adjacent quartz diorite, which produced an alteration assemblage including almandine garnet, Fe-rich biotite, and chlorite.

A key learning outcome of most, if not all, higher education is that students should be able to think critically about the subjects they have studied. This applies as much to broad-based undergraduate programmes in environmental higher education as elsewhere. In environmental higher education, this means that students should be able to think critically both within and across the various disciplines that constitute their study programme. An implication of this is that students need to have an awareness of the epistemological and value-based commitments that are present though frequently unacknowledged-in all 'knowledge claims'; and, in particular, that they should be sensitive to the ways in which these commitments often vary within and between different disciplines. Put another way, it is our view that awareness of epistemological and value-related questions is a prerequisite for critical thinking in environmental higher education. Moreover, in so far as critical thinking across disciplines enables studen...

This paper introduces the TALESSI (Teaching and Learning at the Environment-Science-Society Interface) project. It also serves as a point of departure for the remaining contributions in this Symposium, all of which have developed out of papers that were originally presented at a TALESSI conference in April 1998. We principally seek to explain why and how the TALESSI project promotes active learning for interdisciplinarity, values awareness and critical thinking in environmental higher education (including environmental studies, environmental science and geography). We also introduce the Higher Education Funding Council for England's (HEFCE) Fund for the Development of Teaching and Learning (FDTL), which provides the greater part of TALESSI's financial support, as well as the wider strategic framework within which the project operates. This in turn provides a context for TALESSI's own objectives, which (in summary) are to develop, pilot, evaluate and disseminate teaching and learning resources that promote...

Most Ni-Cu-platinum-group element (PGE) deposits of the Sudbury Igneous Complex (1.85 Ga) have massive or disseminated magmatic-segregational characteristics. However, stringers and disseminations of chalcopyrite-rich, platinum-group mineral (PGM)-bearing, Fe-Ni-Cu sulfides at the contact of the Lindsley 4b orebody with the enclosing Murray Granite (2.4 Ga) contain quartz, K feldspar, biotite, epidote, stilpnomelane, amphibole, garnet, and other hydrous silicates, associated with PGM, sphalerite, galena, native Au, pyrite, and mackinawite. These assemblages in fracture-controlled veins and disseminations are compatible, with hydrothermal processes being responsible for the enriched grade near the contact. Fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry reveal that hydrothermal activity took place in five stages. Early NaCl-CaCl 2 -H 2 O- type fluids were trapped in K feldspar of the metasomatically altered Murray Granite at temperatures of about 370 degrees to 410 degrees C and 270 degrees C. Later quartz intergrown with sulfides contains fluid inclusions with NaCl-KCl-CaCl 2 -H 2 O- type solutions trapped between 200 degrees to 380 degrees C and 130 degrees to 230 degrees C. SEM-EDS analyses of chlorides in inclusions reveal that these fluids were also enriched in Ba, Pb, Fe, and Mn. Later fluids trapped in secondary inclusions (200 degrees -240 degrees C) were CaCl 2 -(NaCl)-H 2 O type. Temperature calculations assume 2 kbars lithostatic pressure. All aqueous inclusions are characterized by high salinity (23-43 wt %). Low-temperature secondary inclusions contain CO 2 -CH 4 fluids. Carbonic fluids are related to metamorphism accompanying deformation during the Penokean orogeny. The higher temperature fluids were heated by the Sudbury Igneous Complex. The observations support the hypothesis that very saline hot fluids interacted with igneous minerals and primary magmatic ores and remobilized base and precious metals, and precipitated them along permeable, fractured, and brecciated zones to produce Cu-PGE-Au concentration, disseminated sulfides, and veins.

Platinum-group minerals (PGM) project into fluid inclusions that occur in chalcopyrite and cubanite from the Marathon deposit, Two Duck Lake gabbro, Coldwell Complex, Ontario. Semi-quantitative analyses of the micron-sized PGM were made by SEM-EDS; they reveal Ag-bearing intermetallic compounds of Pd3Sn-Pd3Pb-Pd3Te (i.e., atokitezvyagintsevite-keithconnite) and telargpalite (Pd2AgTe) on broken, irregular surfaces of the Cu-Fe-S minerals. Halite daughter minerals, and quenched brine occur in and around some opened fluid inclusions. These data confirm the hypothesis based on petrography and mineral compositions that saline fluids remobilized PGE, Cu, and other elements and precipitated them well after crystallization of sulfide and silicate magmas in the Marathon deposit.