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Neonatal and infant immune responses are characterized by a limited capability to generate protective Ab titers and memory B cells as seen in adults. Multiple studies support an immature or even impaired character of umbilical cord blood (UCB) B cells themselves. In this study, we provide a comprehensive molecular and functional comparison of B cell subsets from UCB and adult peripheral blood. Most UCB B cells have a mature, naive B cell phenotype as seen in adults. The UCB Ig repertoire is highly variable but interindividually conserved, as BCR clonotypes are frequently shared between neonates. Furthermore, UCB B cells show a distinct transcriptional program that confers accelerated responsiveness to stimulation and facilitated IgA class switching. Stimulation drives extensive differentiation into Ab-secreting cells, presumably limiting memory B cell formation. Humanized mice suggest that the distinctness of UCB versus adult B cells is already reflected by the developmental program of hematopoietic precursors, arguing for a layered B-1/B-2 lineage system as in mice, albeit our findings suggest only partial comparability to murine B-1 cells. Our study shows that UCB B cells are not immature or impaired but differ from their adult mature counterpart in a conserved BCR repertoire, efficient IgA class switching, and accelerated, likely transient response dynamics.

Purpose Sarcopenia has been established as the “gold standard” for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Minimal invasive laparoscopy can help to reduce the risks of open access surgery. We compare the surgical results and outcomes of robotic-assisted sacropexies. Methods In this monocentric retrospective study we enrolled 49 patients operated on symptomatic POP. Patients were divided into two groups according to the type of robotic-assisted sacropexy: patients with a history of hysterectomy received robotic-assisted sacrocolpopexy (RSCP; n = 19), while patients with subtotal hysterectomy received robotic-assisted cervicosacropexy (RCSP; n = 30). Failure was defined as recurrence of the disease with a need for reoperation. Validated questionnaires (the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory—20 (PFDI-20) and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire—7 (PFIQ-7)), were used for evaluation of patients quality of life postoperatively. Results The comparison between RCSP versus RSCP showed that the latter is related to slightly but not significantly increased recurrence rates and a higher impact of POP symptoms on quality of life in long-term follow-up (p = 0.04). Perioperative data showed similar complication rates in both RSP types but shorter postoperative time of bladder catheterization in the case of RCSP (p = 0.008). Conclusions The monocentric long-term data confirm that RSP is a safe and effective method of surgical POP treatment, regardless of the site of the anatomical compartment. In comparison to RSCP, RCSP is associated with a lower impact of POP symptoms on patients’ quality of life with a tendency to slightly lower rates of POP recurrence.

Purpose To show feasibility of laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) for analysis of zinc content and concentration in breast cancer tissue and to correlate this with validated prognostic and predictive markers, i.e. histological grading and expression of steroid receptors (estrogen receptor, ER; progesterone receptor, PR) and human epidermal growth-factor receptor 2 (Her2). Methods 28 samples of human invasive ductal breast cancer tissue were subclassified into groups of four different intrinsic subtypes according to the expression of ER, PR and Her2 by immunohistological staining and then analyzed for zinc content and distribution by LA-ICPMS applying a calibration technique based on spiked polyacrylamide gels. A correlation of zinc concentration with histological grading and molecular subtypes was analyzed. Results Consistent with results of a pilot-study LA-ICPMS was feasible to show zinc accumulation in cancerous tissue, even more adjacent healthy stroma was with proportional increase of zinc. Zinc levels were most elevated in triple-positive (TPBC) and in triple-negative (TNB) breast cancers. Conclusion LA-ICPMS was feasible to confirm a connection between zinc and grade of malignancy; furthermore, focusing on a correlation of zinc and intrinsic breast cancer subtypes, LA-ICPMS depicted an upwards trend of zinc for “high-risk-cancers” with highest levels in Her2-positive and in triple-negative (TNBC) disease. The currently uncommon alliance of clinicians and analytical chemists in basic research is most promising to exploit the full potential of diagnostic accuracy in the efforts to solve the enigma of breast cancer initiation and course of disease.

OBJECTIVE: Peritoneal mesometrial resection (PMMR) plus targeted compartmental lymphadenectomy (TCL) aims at removal of the locoregional cancer field in endometrial cancer (EC). Optimal locoregional control without adjuvant radiotherapy and acceptable surgical morbidity should be achieved concomitantly sparing systematic lymphadenectomy (LNE) for most of the patients. METHODS: We evaluated data from 132 patients treated for EC. Out of these, between January 2017 and June 2020 we performed robotic PMMR and TCL on 51 women. We present the first data of feasibility and safety of the procedure as well as preliminary oncological results. RESULTS: The 51 patients treated with robotic PMMR and TCL showed comparable morbidity to classic laparoscopic hysterectomy or PMMR without LNE. One intraoperative complication occurred. Postoperative complications grade 3 and higher occurred in 2 cases (3.9%). One of these (85 years old) experienced grade 5 following pulmonary embolism with lysis therapy. Fifteen patients (29.4%) could be spared complete LNE. The rate of adjuvant radiotherapy was 3.9% in our collective (n=2), compared to 39.2% of patients (n=20) eligible for irradiation according to international guidelines. In a mean follow-up time of 15 months (0-41), no locoregional recurrences were observed, although three patients showed distant relapse. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that robotic PMMR and pelvic TCL can be performed regardless of BMI and comorbidities without a relevant increase in surgical morbidity. Moreover, despite a relevant reduction of adjuvant radiotherapy, first follow-up data hint at a favorable locoregional recurrence rate in the reported cohort. CA Buderath

Problem The aim of this study was to evaluate the sCEACAM1 concentrations in serum from patients in the first trimester who have a high risk for developing PE during pregnancy. Method of the study Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) levels were determined with ELISA. The patients (n = 109) were divided into two groups: patients who have a high risk of developing PE early-onset and a control group. Patients who have a high risk of developing PE were then divided into two subgroups depending on PE development in third trimester of pregnancy: PE in third trimester versus no PE in third trimester. Results sCEACAM1 concentrations in patients who were screened as having a high risk for developing PE were significantly higher than in healthy pregnant women in the first trimester (p = .03). The highest sCEACAM1 concentration was found in the high-risk group with PE development compared to the control group (p = .004). Conclusion Elevated sCEACAM1 blood serum levels in women with PE suggest that there is immune dysregulation in early pregnancy, which may be helpful in PE prediction and therapy.

The human infant B cell system is considered premature or impaired. Here we show that most cord blood B cells are mature and functional as seen in adults, albeit with distinct transcriptional programs providing accelerated responsiveness to T cell-independent and T cell-dependent stimulation and facilitated IgA class switching. Stimulation drives extensive differentiation into antibody-secreting cells, thereby presumably limiting memory B cell formation. The neonatal Ig-repertoire is highly variable, but conserved, showing recurrent B cell receptor (BCR) clonotypes frequently shared between neonates. Our study demonstrates that cord blood B cells are not impaired but differ from their adult counterpart in a conserved BCR repertoire and rapid but transient response dynamics. These properties may account for the sensitivity of neonates to infections and limited effectivity of vaccination strategies. Humanized mice suggest that the distinctness of cord blood versus adult B cells is already reflected by the developmental program of hematopoietic precursors, arguing for a layered B-1/B-2 lineage system as in mice. Still, our findings reveal overall limited comparability of human cord blood B cells and murine B-1 cells.Significance StatementNeonates and infants suffer from enhanced susceptibility to infections. Our study contrasts with the current concept of a premature or impaired B cell system in neonates, by showing that most cord blood B cells are mature and functional. However, their responses are rapid but provide only short-term protection, which may help to improve infant vaccination strategies. We propose an altered perspective on the early human B cell system, which looks similar to but functions differently from the adult counterpart. Finally, our analysis indicates that cord blood- and adult B cell development occur layered as in mice, but certain mouse models still may offer a limited view on human neonatal B cell immunity.

Roboterunterstutzung findet zunehmende Verbreitung in der minimal-invasiven Chirurgie. Schnelle Erlernbarkeit, intuitive Bedienung, verbesserte Ergonomie und die Integration kunstlicher Intelligenz (AI) erweitern die Moglichkeiten der klassischen Laparoskopie auf ein deutlich groseres Patientinnenkollektiv und machen sie zukunftsfahig. Ausbildung und Training erfolgen nach neuen didaktischen Prinzipien, was vergleichbare, wissenschaftlich valide Behandlungsergebnisse erwarten lasst. Konkurrenzsysteme kundigen weiteren Fortschritt an und lassen eine Kostensenkung erwarten. Roboterunterstutztes Operieren wird zur chirurgischen Routine.

Purpose To set forth experiences in the context of the SERGS Pilot Curriculum—the first standardized educational program for robotic use in gynecological surgery—in terms of feasibility, effectiveness and potential for certification. Methods The Society of European Robotic Gynecological Surgery (SERGS) outlined a Pilot Curriculum for standardized education in robot-assisted laparoscopic gynecological surgery. Its feasibility and acceptance were checked in the form of a fellowship pilot program conducted at four European Centers of Excellence for robot-assisted surgery. Results and conclusions derived from this pilot program are presented. Results The SERGS Pilot Curriculum defines criteria for a standardized training and assessment of performance, boosts the learning curve of the candidate and increases contentment at work. Regarding face validity, it proves valuable as finally all candidates could perform the outlined procedure safely and efficiently without supervision. Conclusion Due to the immense increase of robotic procedures in gynecology standardized training curricula are indispensable. This seems highly necessary to ensure patients’ safety and surgical outcome. The SERGS Pilot Curriculum sets standards for a stepwise theoretical and practical training in gynecological robotic procedures. It seems feasible as instrument for accreditation as gynecologic robotic surgeon. Though as a general applicable guideline for systematic training in robot-assisted surgery, a definite curriculum should have a more definite timeline and implementation of a structured assessment of performance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00404-017-4612-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background and Objectives To evaluate feasibility of intraoperative visualization of embryologically defined organ compartments and their drainage by ICG in uterine cancer. Methods Total of 2.5 mg of ICG have been injected into cervix or corpus in uterine cancer patients immediately prior to surgery. Green fluorescence was intermittently detected during robotically assisted laparoscopic surgery (Firefly System®, Intuitve Surgical Inc.). Total of 36 patients with uterine cancer without macroscopically suspicious nodes were evaluated with respect to their compartmental lymphatic network, collecting lymphatic vessels, and the connection to the postponed lymph basins. Results Mullerian (sub) compartment and transport of lymph fluid along the lymphatic collectors and connecting vessels to the postponed lymph basins could be visualized invariably in all patients. Cervix drained along the ligamentous and caudal part of vascular mesometria, whereas midcorporal and fundal drainage occurred along the upper part of vascular mesometria and along the mesonephric pathway along the ovarian vessels. Conclusions Visualization of lymphatic network and downstream flow of lymphatic fluid to the postponed lymph basins by ICG is feasible; it can be used to navigate along compartment boarders for education, intraoperative orientation, and quality control. It seems to confirm the compartmental order of pelvic organ systems and postponed lymph basins. J. Surg. Oncol. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Korrespondenz zu 10.1007/s00404-017-4612-5

Lymphatic spread in endometrial cancer occurs along two major pathways: the uterine vascular mesometrium to the pelvic iliac lymph compartment and via the ovarian mesonephric pathway (infundibulopelvic ligament) to the paraaortic nodes visualized in (Kimmig et al., 2016a,b). However, it could be shown that in pelvic negative nodes following pelvic lymphadenectomy and even pelvic sentinel node excision the incidence of positive paraaortics is as low as 1–2% (Abu-Rustum et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2016; Holloway et al., 2016; Zahl Eriksson et al., 2016). Thus, it could be reasonable to omit paraaortic and even pelvic systematic lymphadenectomy in patientswith negative sentinels to reduce morbidity (Tschernichovsky et al., 2016). However, in patients with pT1b/G2 and 3 tumors percentage of isolated positive paraaortic nodes may be significantly higher (Kumar et al., 2014): paraaortic sentinel node resection may be useful to identify their risk correctly. In addition, ICG-guided navigation could also support the resection of the complete paraaortic compartment in case of proven positive nodes. In this video, the visualization of the lymphatic paraaortic drainage of the uterine corpus has been achieved by application of 4 × 0.5ml of a 1.66mg/ml solution of indocyanine green (ICG Pulsion®) intracorporal into the uterine fundus and midcorporal, right and left. It was injected via an Iowa-trumpet transcervically in about 0.5 cm myometrial depth, each. The video defines the technique of “en bloc” resection of paraaortic nodes together with the connecting ovarian lymph vessels isolated fromtheir attachment to the colonicmesentery and preserving the inferior mesenteric plexus. It will also be basis for identification of paraaortic sentinel nodes in an international multicenter study under consideration (Kimmig et al., unpublished data). CA Kimmig

Objective: Para-aortic indocyanine-green (ICG)-guided targeted compartmental lymphadenectomy is feasible in early ovarian cancer [1]; systematic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy could potentially be avoided if thoroughly investigated sentinel nodes could predict whether residual nodes will be involved or free of disease. In contrast to advanced ovarian cancer, where the therapeutic potential of lymphadenectomy will soon be clarified by the results of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie lymphadenectomy in ovarian neoplasms (AGO LION) trial, systematic lymphadenectomy seems to be mandatory for diagnostic and also therapeutic purposes in early ovarian cancer [2-4]. Sentinel node biopsy or resection of the regional lymphatic network may reduce morbidity compared to systematic lymphadenectomy as shown already for other entities [5-7]. Apart from the ovarian mesonephric pathway [1], a second Müllerian uterine pathway exists for lymphatic drainage of the ovary [8]. Lymphatic valves apparently do not exist at this level of the utero-ovarian network since injection of radioactivity into the ovarian ligaments also labelled pelvic nodes [9]. Methods: We applied ICG using 4×0.5 mL of a 1.66 mg/mL ICG solution for transcervical injection into the fundal and midcorporal myometrium at each side [10] instead of injection into the infundibulopelvic ligament, since the utero-ovarian drainage was intact. Results: In this case a 1.8 cm cancer of the right ovary was removed in continuity with its draining lymphatic vessels and at least the first 2 sentinel nodes in each channel “en bloc” as shown in this video for the pelvic part, consistent with the loco-regional ontogenetic approach [11,12]. Conclusion: This could potentially avoid most of systematic lymphadenectomies in early ovarian cancer.

Purpose To determine frequency of routine radiological staging of breast cancer patients diagnosed in a German Breast Cancer Screening Center from 2007 to 2014, the incidence and consequences of distant metastases detected and the resulting implications for clinical routine. Methods Records of 896 patients with primary breast cancer diagnosed in the Screening Centre and treated in five participating hospitals were analyzed retrospectively. Evaluation included frequency and type of staging procedures and results with respect to distant metastasis and their consequences on clinical management. Results 894/896 Patients (99.8 %) received staging for distant metastases by bone scintigraphy, chest X-ray and liver sonography and/or CT/MRT diagnostics. Distant metastasis was suggested In 6/894 patients but excluded in 3 by further diagnostics or clinical course. Thus, 3 (0.3 %) were clinically verified to have metastatic disease in bone (n = 2; both pT2) or in bone and lung (n = 1; cT4, cN3). Conclusion Due to the low incidence of verified metastatic disease, the high false positive rate of staging procedures and the unfavorable cost/benefit ratio routine radiological staging should be completely omitted in asymptomatic breast cancer patients diagnosed in a breast cancer screening programme.

Synopsis Die uterine Applikation von Indocyaningrun (ICG) vor der Operation markiert die primaren lymphatischen Netzwerke der Organ- (Sub-)Kompartimente und deren Verbindungen zu den primaren Lymphbassins beim Endometrium- und Zervixkarzinom. Die Technik kann fur die intraoperative Navigation ebenso wie fur die chirurgische Qualitatskontrolle eingesetzt werden.

The replacement of medical-grade silicone with industrial-grade silicone material in some silicone gel-filled breast implants (SBI) manufactured by Poly Implant Prothese and Rofil Medical Nederland B.V., reported in 2010, which resulted in a higher rupture tendency of these SBI, demonstrates the need for non-invasive, sensitive monitoring and screening methods. Therefore a sensitive method based on large volume injection-gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LVI-GC/MS) was developed to determine octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclo-hexasiloxane (D6) in blood samples from women with intact (n = 13) and ruptured SBI (n = 11). With dichloromethane extraction, sample cooling during preparation, and analysis extraction efficiencies up to 100 % and limits of detection of 0.03-0.05 ng D4-D6/g blood were achieved. Blood samples from women with SBI were investigated. In contrast to women with intact SBI, in blood from women with ruptured SBI higher D4 and D6 concentrations up to 0.57 ng D4/g blood and 0.16 ng D6/g blood were detected. With concentrations above 0.18 D4 ng/blood and 0.10 ng D6/g blood as significant criteria for ruptured SBI, this developed analytical preoperative diagnostic method shows a significant increase of the recognition rate. Finally a higher precision (error rate 17%) than the commonly used clinical diagnostic method, mamma sonography (error rate 46%), was achieved.

Lymphatic network of the uterus can be visualized by intracorporal injection of indocyanine green (ICG) as guide in compartmental surgery (Kimmig et al., 2016a; Kimmig et al., 2016b). Compartmental surgery may be able to effectively control for locoregional tumour recurrence and reducing perioperative complications at the same time by resecting the tumour within the borders of the corresponding morphogenetic fields (Höckel, 2015; Höckel et al., 2009; Santiago et al., 2016). There is first evidence, that this may hold true also for endometrial cancer in intermediate/high risk endometrial cancer (Kimmig et al., 2015). However, the systematic lymphadenectomy increases morbidity; as a consequence diagnostic sentinel node biopsy was investigated; there is evidence that the accuracy of detection of positive nodes is excellent with a very low false negative rate also with respect to paraaortic disease (Zahl Eriksson et al., 2016; Darin et al., 2016; Sinno et al., 2016; Tschernichovsky et al., 2016; Ruscito et al., 2016). Thus, performing a resection of the tumour bearing compartment “en bloc” together with the lymphatic network including the sentinel nodes, it may be suggested that this surgery may be able to control for locoregional recurrence in the pelvis up to the pelvic nodes resected (therapeutically) comparable to (Kimmig et al., 2015) and indicates further need of treatment downstream to these nodes in node positive disease (diagnostically). The video defines the technique of “en bloc” resection of the uterus together with its corresponding embryonal compartment (pelvic PMMR) and part for the first draining lymph compartments containing the sentinel nodes (TCL). This will be basis for an international multicenter study under consideration to evaluate the locoregional control of this procedure without additional adjuvant irradiation; systematic pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy will be added in case of node positive disease. OA gold

In the case of accidents at chemical plants, during transportation of chemicals, or after terrorist attacks, hazardous compounds may be released into the atmosphere. The weather-dependent propagation of these toxic clouds can threaten population and environment. In order to apply appropriate safety measures, it is necessary for emergency response forces to detect and identify the regarding substances. In addition, it is important to determine position, dimensions, and source of the gas cloud. Moreover, it is desirable to perform the necessary measurements from a distance to minimize the threat for emergency response personnel. Imaging remote sensing by IR spectroscopy provides a method for generating (2-D) images of the cloud. Combined with an appropriate visible (video) or IR image of the scene, these images can reveal information like the dimensions and the location of the source of the cloud. Nevertheless, the distance between the system and the cloud and the dimensions of the cloud along the line of sight are not available if a single image is measured. If images of the cloud are recorded from at least two different positions at the same time, information about the position and the 3-D shape of the cloud becomes available. Therefore, a method for 3-D reconstruction of gas clouds based on imaging IR spectroscopy and tomography has been developed. The remote sensing system, the measurement setup, and the algorithm generating the 3-D structures from the images are described. The method is applied to reconstruct the exhaust gas plume of an industrial stack.

The ligamentous mesometrium is a 3-dimensional structure consisting of a rectouterine/-vaginal part with attachment to the anterior lateral mesorectum and a sacrouterine part surrounding the mesorectum attached to the pelvic fascia and the mesorectum dorsolaterally. The lymphatic network draining the posterior cervix connected caudally ventrally to the deep venous lymph network of the vascular mesometrium is running at the lateral surface of the sacrouterine part and dorsomedially of the inferior hypogastric plexus; it drains to the deep internal iliac, prespinal and preischiadic nodes. OA gold

Focusing on the trace metal zinc as a potential biomarker for breast cancer, the literature describes bulk zinc concentrations in breast cancer tissue to be higher than in normal tissue. From a histopathological point of view, cancer cells are intermingled with normal cells of the stroma within breast cancer tissues; therefore, bulk analysis cannot reflect this situation adequately. To address this problem, analysis of zinc distribution in histological sections is the method of choice. In the present study, nine samples of invasive ductal and lobular breast carcinoma of histological grade 1–3 were investigated, clearly differentiating between cancer and stroma areas. Zinc concentrations were determined by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry applying a calibration technique based on spiked polyacrylamide gels. Direct comparison between hematoxylin- and eosin-stained tissues and zinc contour plots revealed that zinc is enriched in cancer tissue containing tumor cells in contrast to normal stroma. Moreover, zinc concentration in carcinomatous tissues directly correlates with the histological malignancy grade. Differentiation between carcinomatous tissue and stroma by determination of zinc content and the correlation of zinc concentration with the histological malignancy grade not only provides a key feature for clinical decision making for cancer therapy but also suggests the trace metal zinc as a potential biomarker for breast cancer.

The influence of manufacturing quality on the reliability of PV modules coming out of today's factories has been, and is still, under estimated among investors and buyers. The main reason is perception. Contrary to popular belief, PV modules are not a commodity. Module quality does differ among module brands. Certification alone does not guarantee the quality or reliability of a module. Cost reductions in manufacturing have unequivocally affected module quality. And the use of new, cheaper materials has had a measureable impact on module reliability. The need for meaningful manufacturing quality standards has been understood by the leading technical institutions and important industry players. The fact that most leading PV panel manufacturers have been certified according to ISO 9001 has led to some level of improvement and higher effectiveness. The new ISO 9001 PV QMS standards will be a major step in providing a tool to assess PV manufacturers' quality management systems. The current lack of sufficient standards has still got a negative influence on the quality of modules being installed today. Today every manufacturer builds their modules in their own way with little standardization or adherence to quality processes and methods, which are commonplace in other manufacturing industries. Although photovoltaic technology is to a great extent mature, the way modules are being produced has changed significantly over the past few years and it continues to change at a rapid pace. Investors, financiers and lenders stand the most to gain from PV systems over the long-term, but also the most to lose. Investors, developers, EPC, O&M and solar asset management companies must all manage manufacturing quality more proactively or they will face unexpected risks and failures down the road. Manufacturing quality deserves more transparency and attention, as it is a major driver of module performance and reliability. This paper will explain the benefits of good manufacturing quality and the dangers in poor manufacturing quality. The paper also explains why buyers and long-term investors need to pay close attention to the day-to-day manufacturing quality of module manufacturers. We demonstrate how these quality risks can be assessed and mitigated by independent diligence, professional contracting and smart quality assurance processes that can be easily built into any module procurement process. We highlight the steps to ensure that every module used in a PV system is built to quality standards that support the long-term reliability of a PV system.

A major problem in camel productivity is the high mortality rate of camel calves in the first 3 months. The causes for mortality are mainly poor management practice and infectious diseases. The purpose of this research, carried out on a ranch in Kenya, was to determine the immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in camel colostrum as well as the extent of the calves' passive immunization by maternal antibodies. IgG concentration in colostrum and in the serum of the calf were measured during the first 3 d of life. Evaluation was carried out by comparing the respective values with those for horses and cattle. The average IgG concentration in the camel colostrum was higher than that found in literature for horses and cattle. IgG concentration in the serum of the camel calves reached its maximum 24 h after birth. In 39% of the examined calves, this maximum concentration was below 4 g/l, which is considered to be the critical value in horses and cattle. 61% of the calves achieved an IgG concentration of over 4 g/l. Since there is no correlation between IgG level in colostrum and early mortality, the results indicate that low colostrum intake during the first 24 h of life and not low IgG concentration in colostrum is presumably one of the main causes of early calf mortality. Therefore, it was recommended that the care of the newborn calves by herdsmen should be improved.

The release of toxic industrial compounds in urban areas is a threat for the population and the environment. In order to supply emergency response forces with information about the released compounds after accidents or terrorist attacks, monitoring systems such as the scanning imaging spectrometer SIGIS 2 or the hyperspectral imager HI 90 were developed. Both systems are based on the method of infrared spectroscopy. The systems were deployed to monitor gas clouds released in the harbor area of Hamburg. The gas clouds were identified, visualized and quantified from a distance in real time. Using data of two systems it was possible to identify contaminated areas and to determine the source location.

Superior hypogastric plexus (SHG) contains mainly sympathetic and most probably also postganglionic parasympathetic fibers. Thus, surgical damage of SHG may cause autonomic pelvic organ dysfunction (Kraima et al., 2015). As already shown for rectal cancer, preservation of the autonomic nerves is facilitated by robotic surgery and may avoid sexual dysfunctions and voiding disorders (Kim et al., 2015). In this educational video, we demonstrate left lower paraaortic lymph node dissection preserving the SHG using ICG fluorescence to label the lymphatic compartment. Prior to total mesometrial resection (TMMR) with therapeutic lymphadenectomy for cervical cancer (Höckel et al., 2009, Kimmig et al., 2013) 4 × 0.5 ml of a 1.66 mg/ml Indocyanine green solution (ICG Pulsion®, PMS SE, Feldkirchen, Germany) was injected into the uterine cervix at all four quadrants, 0.5 cm in depth (Kimmig et al., 2016). The lymphatic network of the downstream common iliac and inferior paraaortic lymph compartments of the uterine cervix is visualized (ICG fluorescence) including the individual connecting vessels between the different compartments. As can be demonstrated, the medial upper common iliac (subaortic) compartment drains preferentially into the anterior (mesenteric) compartment, whereas lateral common iliac lymphatic vessels mainly drain to the posterior (lumbar) paraaortic compartment. The autonomic nerve fibers of the SHP may easily be identified and preserved due to the excellent image resolution and the discrimination from fluorescent lymphatic structures. The video shows the preparation of left lower paraaortic nodes in cervical cancer following ICG labeling using a da Vinci Xi system®. This technique seems not only advantageous for preserving SHP, but even more highly educational to learn surgical anatomy for trainees., Highlights • ICG fluorescence marks lymphatic downstream compartments in cervical cancer. • ICG labeling to discriminate lymphatic compartment from superior hypogastric plexus • Fluorescence based HD-video documentation for education in lymphadenectomy

Remote gas detection and visualization provides vital information in scenarios involving chemical accidents, terrorist attacks or gas leaks. Previous work showed how imaging infrared spectroscopy can be used to assess the location, the dimensions, and the dispersion of a potentially hazardous cloud. In this work the latest developments of an infrared hyperspectral imager based on a Michelson interferometer in combination with a focal plane array detector are presented. The performance of the system is evaluated by laboratory measurements. The system was deployed in field measurements to identify industrial gas emissions. Excellent results were obtained by successfully identifying released gases from relatively long distances.

Remote sensing by infrared spectroscopy allows detection and identification of hazardous clouds in the atmosphere from long distances. Previous work showed how imaging spectroscopy can be used to assess the location, the dimensions, and the dispersion of a potentially hazardous cloud. In this work an infrared hyperspectral imager based on a Michelson interferometer in combination with a focal plane array detector was deployed to measure gas emissions in the Hamburg port area. Emissions from ships, industrial sources as well as gases released intentionally were measured. Using algorithms for remote sensing by infrared spectroscopy it was possible to identify, visualize, and track the gas clouds in real time. The system proved to be robust in the field. It provided excellent spectra with low noise and high spatial resolution.

Remote sensing by infrared spectroscopy allows identification and quantification of atmospheric gases as well as airborne pollutants. Infrared hyperspectral sensors deliver high spectral and spatial resolution images of a scene. By analyzing the spectra, gas emissions, for example from industrial plants, chemical accidents, or ships can be identified and quantified from long distances. The image of the cloud can be used to pinpoint the source of the gas as well as to assess the dimension and the dispersion of the cloud. A hyperspectral sensor based on the method of Fourier-transform spectroscopy has been developed. A cube corner Michelson interferometer with large optical apertures has been designed specifically for the task. In addition, the system encompasses a cooled infrared focal plane array detector, a calibration source, and a video camera. The system is compact and field portable. Field measurements were conducted on ship exhausts. Gas clouds were successfully visualized and identified.

Remote sensing by infrared spectroscopy allows identification and quantification of atmospheric gases as well as airborne pollutants. An application of the method that has gained increased interest in recent years is remote sensing of hazardous gases. If hazardous compounds are released into the atmosphere, for example in the case of a chemical accident, emergency response forces require information about the released compounds immediately in order to take appropriate measures to protect workers, residents, and the environment. A hyperspectral sensor allows identification and visualisation of hazardous clouds in the atmosphere from long distances. The image of a cloud allows an assessment of the dimensions and the dispersion of a cloud. In addition, the source of a cloud may be located. A hyperspectral sensor based on an imaging Fourier-transform spectrometer with a focal plane array detector is currently being developed for this application. Compared to conventional spectrometers, hyperspectral systems allow the use of spatial information in addition to spectral information. In addition to the application of remote sensing of hazardous gases, the system may be applied in other fields of research such as the detection of liquids and atmospheric measurements. In this work, the HYGAS system and first results of measurements are presented.

Hazardous compounds may be released into the atmosphere in the case of fires, chemical accidents, terrorist acts, or war. In these cases, information about the released compounds is required immediately in order to take appropriate measures to protect workers, residents, emergency response personnel at the site of the release, and the environment. Remote sensing by infrared spectroscopy allows detection and identification of hazardous clouds in the atmosphere from long distances. In addition, imaging spectroscopy allows an assessment of the location, the dimensions and the dispersion of a potentially hazardous cloud. This additional information may contribute significantly to a correct assessment of a situation by emergency response forces. Therefore an imaging remote sensing system based on a Fourier-transform spectrometer with a focal plane array detector for automatic identification and imaging of gases has been developed. Imaging systems allow the use of spatial information in addition to spectral information. Thus, in order to achieve low limits of detection, algorithms that combine algorithms for spectral analysis and image analysis have been developed. In this work, the system and first results of measurements are presented.

The German ministry of the interior, represented by the civil defence agency BBK, established analytical task forces for the analysis of released chemicals in the case of fires, chemical accidents, terrorist attacks, or war. One of the first assignments of the task forces was the provision of analytical services during the football world cup 2006. One part of the equipment of these emergency response forces is a remote sensing system that allows identification and visualisation of hazardous clouds from long distances, the scanning infrared gas imaging system SIGIS 2. The system is based on an interferometer with a single detector element in combination with a telescope and a synchronised scanning mirror. The system allows 360° surveillance. The system is equipped with a video camera and the results of the analyses of the spectra are displayed by an overlay of a false colour image on the video image. This allows a simple evaluation of the position and the size of a cloud. The system was deployed for surveillance of stadiums and public viewing areas, where large crowds watched the games. Although no intentional or accidental releases of hazardous gases occurred in the stadiums and in the public viewing areas, the systems identified and located various foreign gases in the air.

The German ministry of the interior, represented by the civil defense agency BBK, is currently establishing analytical task forces for the analysis of released chemicals in the case of fires or chemical accidents. One part of the equipment of these emergency response forces will be a remote sensing system that allows the identification of hazardous clouds from long distances. Therefore, a new scanning infrared gas imaging system, SIGIS 2, is currently being developed at TUHH. The system is based on an interferometer with a single detector element (Bruker OPAG 33) in combination with a telescope and a synchronized scanning mirror. The new scanning system allows 360° surveillance. For simple interpretation of the results, the system is equipped with a video camera and the results of the analyses of the spectra are displayed by an overlay of a false color image on the video image. This allows a simple evaluation of the position and the size of a cloud. In order to allow simultaneous display of false color representations of measurement results and of the video image in real-time, a new scanner module has been developed. In the standard measurement mode, 16 two-sided interferograms per second are measured, analyzed, and the results are displayed. The spectral resolution is 4 cm -1 . The new interferometer, the new scanning system, the data analysis method, and first results of measurements are presented.

In the case of chemical accidents, terrorist attacks, or war, hazardous compounds may be released into the atmosphere. Remote sensing by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry allows identification and quantification of these hazardous clouds. The output of current standoff detection systems is a yes/no decision by an automatic identification algorithm that analyses the measured spectrum. The interpretation of the measured spectrum by the operator is complicated and thus this task requires an expert. Even if a scanning system is used for surveillance of a large area the operator is dependent on the decision of the algorithm. In contrast to that, imaging systems allow automatic identification but also simple interpretation of the result, the image of the cloud. Therefore, an imaging spectrometer, the scanning infrared gas imaging system (SIGIS) has been developed. The system is based on an interferometer with a single detector element (Bruker OPAG 22) in combination with a telescope and a synchronised scanning mirror. The results of the analyses of the spectra are displayed by an overlay of a false colour image, the “chemical cloud image”, on a video image. In this work, the first application of the system as chemical warfare agent identification and imaging system is described. The system, the data analysis method, and results of measurements of chemical warfare agents are presented.

To gather information about the impact on the environment caused by airport operations, knowledge about the amount of gases such as CO or NO X emitted by aircraft engines on the ground is important. In order to avoid influences on airport operations an analysis system for this application has to enable measurements on the hot jet engine exhaust gas from a distance. The infrared radiation emitted by the hot gas can be analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to determine the composition of the gas. To fulfil this task, a new version of the scanning infrared gas imaging system (SIGIS HR), using relatively high spectral resolution (0.2 cm -1 ), has been developed. The period of time for measurements on the engine exhaust gas of an aircraft on the ground is short during normal airport operations. Hence the remote sensing system has to be aligned to the exhaust gas plume quickly. For this reason the system is equipped with a scanning mirror actuated by stepper motors in order to allow fast changes of the line of sight. An infrared camera combined with a DSP-system enables automatic alignment of the system to the hot exhaust gas and tracking of a moving engine via online analysis of the infrared image. Additionally fast scans with low spectral resolution of the area around the engine-outlet can be performed. On the basis of the low resolution data the optimal direction for the exhaust gas measurement can be found using several automatic evaluation- and positioning-algorithms. After the SIGIS HR-system has been positioned correctly it is operated in high- resolution-mode in order to quantify the target compounds.

The method of passive remote sensing by Fourier transform spectroscopy allows the retrieval of column densities or concentrations of molecules in gas plumes such as exhaust gas plumes of aircraft or vapor plumes emitted after chemical accidents. State- of-the-art retrieval algorithms require two models: a radiative transfer model and an instrument model, the instrument line shape (ILS). The instrument line shape of real Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) differs significantly from the instrument line shape of an ideal FTS, in particular if the instrument is optimized for high signal-to-noise ratio, which is achieved by interferometer designs with high optical throughput (etendue). The real instrument line shape may be modeled by convolution of the instrument line shape of the ideal FTS with an inherent instrument line shape describing the deviations. In this work, the inherent instrument line shape is modeled by a function which is dependent on a small number of parameters. In order to determine these parameters automatically, a new method has been developed. Spectra of a well-known gas in a gas cell are measured. The measured spectrum is approximated using a least squares fit with a model that contains the parameters of the instrument line shape. The fitting procedure is performed automatically. The instrument line shape model, the experimental setup of the method for the determination of the instrument line shape, and results of measurements using the instrument line shape are presented. In addition to the analysis of spectra with the ILS determined by the new method, analysis results obtained with an ideal instrument line shape are presented to demonstrate the negative effect of an inaccurate instrument line shape on the retrieved column density.

The Scanning Infrared Gas Imaging System of High Resolution (SIGIS-HR) was used to perform non-intrusive measurements of a Boeing 737 and a diesel powered burned (used as a hot gas producer). During the measurements it was observed that the selection of the optimal measurement positions into the plume, visualised by an infrared image from a real-time infrared camera in which the emission intensity of different field of view (FOV) positions into the plume are plotted in false colours, is possible very precisely. This enhanced considerably the probability of detection of infrared radiation emitted by a hot gas plume (e. g. from an in-service aircraft at the ground) for the objective to determine composition and temperature of the exhausts. Using this improved localization of the optimum measurement position into the hot exhaust plume the temperature and the concentrations of CO and NO were calculated. Additionally, the spatial distribution of gas temperature and concentrations of CO, CO 2 and NO into the exhaust plume were determined.

Information about the interaction between the exhaust plume of an aircraft jet engine and ambient air is required for the application of small-scale chemistry-transport models to investigate airport air quality. This interaction is not well understood. In order to study the interaction, spatial information about the plume is required. FTIR emission spectroscopy may be applied to analyze the aircraft exhausts. In order to characterize the plumes spatially, a scanning imaging FTIR system (SIGIS) has been improved. SIGIS is comprised of an interferometer (Bruker OPAG), an azimuth-elevation-scanning mirror, a data acquisition and control system with digital signal processors (DSP), an infrared camera and a personal computer. With this instrumentation it is possible to visualise the plume and to obtain information about the temperature distribution within the plume. Measurements are performed at low spectral resolution, because the dynamic environment of these measurements limits the measurement time to about 2 minutes. Measurements of the plume shapes of an APU and of main engines were performed.

Emissions from vented sources are often important inputs for the development of emission inventories and contribute to local air pollution and global enhancement of greenhouse gases. Aircraft engines are part of these emission sources. A passive measurement technique such as FTIR emission spectrometry is more cost effective and faster in operation for the determination of the composition of hot exhausts of this kind than other measurement systems as e.g. in situ techniques. Within the scope of aircraft emission investigations the measurements were performed from a measurement van which is equipped with an FTIR spectrometer of high spectral resolution coupled with a telescope and a two-axis movable mirror for rapid orientation towards the emission sources. At airports the emission indices of CO2, CO and NO of main engines and auxiliary power units of standing aircraft were determined. The measurement time is about one minute. The accuracy is better than 30 % as found from burner experiments with calibration gases (CO and NO). The method is also applied to detect exhausts of flares and smoke stacks. Currently, a new scanning FTIR-system is developed. The system allows imaging of the exhaust gas and rapid automated alignment of the field of view. The goal of the new development is to measure aircraft exhausts during normal operations at the airport. The spectrometer is coupled with a camera giving an image of the scenery so that a rapid selection of the hottest exhaust area is possible. It is planned to equip the system with an infrared camera for automatic tracking of this area with the scanning mirror so that measurements of the exhausts of a moving aircraft are possible.

The total length of natural gas pipelines in Germany exceeds 350,000 km. Currently, inspections are performed using hand-held sensors such as flame ionization detectors. Moreover, transmission pipelines are inspected visually from helicopters. In this work, remote detection of methane by passive Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry for pipeline surveillance is investigated. The study focuses on fast measurements in order to enable methane detection from a helicopter during regular inspection flights. Two remote sensing systems are used for the detection of methane: a scanning infrared gas imaging system (SIGIS), which was originally developed for the visualization of pollutant clouds, and a new compact passive scanning remote sensing system. In order to achieve a high spectral rate, which is required due to the movement of the helicopter, measurements are performed at low spectral resolutions. This results in overlapping signatures of methane and other constituents of the atmosphere in the measured spectrum. The spectra are analyzed by a detection algorithm, which includes simultaneous least squares fitting of reference spectra of methane and other atmospheric species. The results of field measurements show that passive remote sensing by FTIR spectrometry is a feasible method for the remote detection of methane.

Remote sensing by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry allows detection, identification, and quantification of airborne pollutants. In the case of leaks in pipelines or leaks in chemical plants, chemical accidents, terrorism, or war, hazardous compounds are often released into the atmosphere. Various Fourier-transform infrared spectrometers have been developed for the remote detection and identification of hazardous clouds. However, for the localization of a leak and a complete assessment of the situation in the case of the release of a hazardous cloud, information about the position and the size of a cloud is essential. Therefore, an imaging passive remote sensing system comprised of an interferometer (Bruker OPAG 22), a data acquisition, processing, and control system with a digital signal processor (FTIR DSP), an azimuth-elevation-scanning mirror, a video system with a DSP, and a personal computer has been developed. The FTIR DSP system controls the scanning mirror, collects the interferograms, and performs the Fourier transformation. The spectra are transferred to a personal computer and analyzed by a real-time identification algorithm that does not require background spectra for the analysis. The results are visualized by a video image, overlaid by false color images. For each target compound of a spectral library, images of the coefficient of correlation, the signal to noise ratio, the brightness temperature of the background, the difference between the temperature of the ambient air and the brightness temperature of the background, and the noise equivalent column density are produced. The column densities of all directions in which a target compound has been identified may be retrieved by a nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm and an additional false color image is displayed. The system has a high selectivity, low noise equivalent spectral radiance, and it allows identification, visualization, and quantification of pollutant clouds.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Remote gas detection and visualization provides vital information in scenarios involving gas leaks, environmental monitoring, chemical accidents or attacks. Imaging systems based on Fourier transform spectrometers with single detector elements have been applied for several years by emergency response forces for gas identification and quantification. In this work a hyperspectral imager employing a Michelson interferometer and an infrared focal plane array detector is characterized. The system provides spatially resolved spectral information about the measurement scene. The performance of the system is evaluated by laboratory measurements. Results of gas detection in the field are presented and discussed. The gas detection algorithm is based on a physical model for the measured radiance. In this model the atmosphere is divided into multiple homogenous layers of constant temperature. The signatures of the gases present in these layers are then compensated in the measured spectrum. No information about the signature of the background is required. Moreover an algorithm that combines spectral and spatial information is presented. This algorithm enhances the signal to noise ratio of the spectra and thus improves the detection limits. Using these algorithms it is possible to identify, visualize, and track gas clouds in real time.

Zur Arbeit an der Frage nach einer physiologischen Bakteriensymbiose auf dem Rachenring ist zu sagen, das sie sich auf relativ wenig Vorkenntnisse stutzen kann; trotz einer sehr umfangreichen Registratur in allen naturwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen, die mit Bakterien zu tun haben. Unser Wissen bezieht sich vorwiegend auf die Pathogenitat, soweit es die Bakterien angeht, die man am lymphatischen Rachenring findet. Wir durften lediglich annehmen, das physiologische Symbionten — wenn es solche uberhaupt gibt —, unter den Rundzellern, den Kokken gesucht werden mussen; der naturliche Kokkengehalt der Milch kann als Mittel zur Erstinfektion mit Symbionten gedeutet werden, und Kokken findet man bei Rachenabstrichen in jedem Lebensalter weitaus am haufigsten.