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The goal of this study is to replicate an experiment conducted by Dr. Radeke and Dr. Stahelski examining the effects of facial expressions on social perception (Radeke & Stahelski, 2020). Stereotypes are commonly used in day to day life and are not without impact. They occur when an individual makes an assumption based on some characteristic of another person. Past research has shown evidence for one form of stereotype, the Halo Effect, which refers to a positive assumption regarding an individual based on a visible characteristic (Thorndike, 1920). This study will also examine the Horns Effect, in which some characteristic colours an individual in a negative way.

Autism did not make its way, as its own diagnosis, into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) until the third edition in 1980 (Davis 461). In 2014, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that autism diagnosis rates were 1 in 110 and stated the high prevalence as "an urgent public health concern" (McGuire 55). This declaration lead to autism being described as an epidemic, which then lead to a widespread sense of fear (McGuire 56). Disability studies scholars take a different approach when looking at autism and disabilities in general. The two main views of disabilities discussed by disability studies scholars are the medical and the social model. The medical model views disability as something that needs to be fixed or cured and as a person-centered problem. The social model views disability as something that is socially constructed (Davis 462).In today's health care, most health professionals view disabilities through the individual model. This model takes the medical model to a new level and labels a disability as a tragedy. Disability studies scholars find this to be a nonproductive method of approaching disabilities (Durell 20). With this, a lot of medical students report feeling uncomfortable when working with disabilities (Symons 251). Specifically, the field of occupational therapy (OT) is based on a client-centered practice philosophy. It has been argued that embracing disability studies and the viewpoints of disabled people could truly benefit the client-centered practice approach that OTs use (McCormack, "Can" 340).

The mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded genes responsible for cellular respiration are expected to experience relatively intense purifying selection, meaning that variation in these genes will often decrease fitness. Still, extensive variation for mitochondrial function persists in natural populations. We integrated physiological, cellular, and behavioral approaches to quantify phenotypes relevant to mitochondrial function across a diverse sample of Potamopyrgus antipodarum , a New Zealand snail characterized by frequent coexistence between otherwise similar sexual and asexual individuals. We found extensive across-lake variation in organismal oxygen consumption and behavioral response to heat stress coupled with elevated mitochondrial membrane potential in males vs. females. These data set the stage for applying this important model system for sex, host-parasite interactions, invasion biology, and ecotoxicology to novel tests of the relationships between mitochondrial variation and performance in natural populations.

Contains details on calculating an approximate value of stage misclassification; the fitted parasite maturation model; fitting data using RJAGS; and supplemental figures and tables.

Contains details on calculating an approximate value of stage misclassification; the fitted parasite maturation model; fitting data using RJAGS; and supplemental figures and tables.

Contains details on calculating an approximate value of stage misclassification; the fitted parasite maturation model; fitting data using RJAGS; and supplemental figures and tables.