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In northern Pakistan, areas proximate to regional faults i.e. Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) and Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) show high deformation in hard rock masses. Analysis of jointed and highly stressed rock-mass conditions, alongside intact rock physico-mechanical properties, provides insights into their engineering response to stressors. This study aimed to characterize granite in accordance to its physico-mechanical and petrographic properties and assess the impact of stress-induced micro-fabric changes on granite strength. The simple destructive and non-destructive tests, including uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Brazilian tensile strength (BTS), ultrasonic pulse wave velocity (UPV), and Schmidt hammer rebound (SHR), on retrieved core samples were conducted. Additionally, water absorption and porosity measurements were conducted on each sample to assess the influence of micro-fabric changes on the physical properties. Furthermore, petrographic analysis was carried out to elucidate the texture, mineralogy, and mineral alteration in intact rock. The strong positive correlation between UCS and quartz percentage, as well as the moderate negative correlation with feldspar percentage were found. The investigation of intact rock properties along fault lines and active tectonic zones highlights the influence of textural, mineralogical, and stress-induced changes on granite mechanical behavior. This leads to significantly higher porosity, weathering, and lower UCS values compared to the average values of granitic rocks. These findings have practical implications for geological and engineering assessments, particularly in the context of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), by enhancing understanding of intact rock micro fabric changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surajkund Formation of Central Narmada Basin exhibits fining upward sequences of pebbly conglomerate, coarse-fine grained sandstone, siltstone and association of seven lithofacies, namely massive pebbly conglomerate, coarse-medium grained sandstone with large scale tabular cross bedding, massive coarse grained sandstone, coarse to medium grained sandstone with horizontal parallel bedding, fine grained sandstone with parallel lamination, fine grained sandstone with ripple lamination and siltstone, indicates their deposition in mixed load meandering river. Granulometric studies of Surajkund sediments also support the fluvial depositional environment. Soft sediment deformation structures documented in the siltstones suggest sediment liquification due to earthquake shocks. Abundant development of nodular, bedded calcretes and rhizoliths within these sediments are indicative of semi-arid climate and related subaerial exposure. These sediments are prominently lithic arenites, and clay mineralogy as well as geochemistry indicate deposition in the proximity of source, short distance of transport and mixed provenance of a variety of pre-Quaternary rocks such as Precambrian metamorphic rocks and granites, Vindhyan and Gondwana Supergroups, Deccan Trap basalt and laterite. Evidences of fresh water phreatic as well as vadose zone diagenesis linked to the semi-arid climatic conditions, together with subaerial exposure of these sediments, are seen in thin sections, which are supported by δ13C (av. −5.67%) and δ18O (av. −3.88%) values of calcretes. These values also suggest calcretes formed due to pedogenic and shallow groundwater processes in warm climate with C4-dominated vegetation. OSL date of one sample from Surajkund Formation gave an Ionian Age of Pleistocene Epoch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thorite, as a principally thorium (Th)-bearing mineral, is an important indicator for Th mineralization. However, its occurrence and enrichment processes are still discussed and debated. Here, a unique occurrence of thorite, discovered in Nubian granodiorite rather than in highly evolved granites from southwestern Egypt, is reported. This report presents data derived from optical and backscattered electron (BSE) microscopy and energy-dispersive X- ray spectrometry (EDS) analyses conducted on the thorite and its host rock. The Nubian granodiorite thorites are viewed as secondary, not primary products. Two distinct types of secondary thorites are identified that are referred to as type A thorite and type B thorite herein. Type A thorite occurs as small grains that are enclaved in a fine-grained matrix of altered oligoclase and ferrohornblende, and clinochlore. Thorite grains, up to 100 μm in size are characterized by corona-type structures comprising of clinochlore and hematite with some barite. Their sources are most likely hydrothermal solutions occurring during an alteration stage and having relatively high conditions of sulfate activity. Type B thorite, on the other hand, forms crystallites in altered domains of magmatic allanite-(Ce), ranging in size from ~ 0.1 to ~ 10 μm. Formation of Type B thorite is a direct result of fluid-driven alteration processes, since it requires the in situ-redistribution of elements, particularly thorium, silicon, and uranium. Thorite types A and B are composed mainly of thorium uranium silicate, with variable minor amounts of Y, Al, Ce, Nd, Fe, Ca, Na, Mg, P, and Cl. Thorite compositions are within the range reported for uranothorites from other occurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic moulds are regarded as highly specialised, refractory tools used in metallurgy, yet their production process still needs clarification. Our research aimed to characterise the stages of operational chains applied in mould manufacture. The evidence comes from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age lake settlement in Grzybiany in SW Poland, dated to 9/8th–5th century bce. The site provided rich data on tin‐bronze metallurgy, chiefly the lost‐wax technique, involving hundreds of broken and complete ceramic moulds. Multifaceted petrographic analyses of the sampled objects demonstrated that they were made from locally accessible raw material and processed entirely differently from other ceramics from the site. The paste was tempered with fine‐grained sand and an exceptional amount of organic material, plastic enough to wrap wax models. This proportion of organic temper did not occur in regular kitchenware of this period. The moulds were fired under well‐controlled conditions and relatively high temperatures (700–950°C). Through this sequence of operations, the Grzybiany community obtained high‐quality products designed specifically for metallurgical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mortars are among the most important materials in building construction. They are generally obtained by mixing aggregates with an inorganic binder. The identification of mortar constituents, particularly the binder type in historic buildings, is one of the essential aspects of building conservation, considering that the new conservation materials must be chemically, mechanically, and physically compatible with the old masonries. Among other techniques used to characterise binders, those related to optical and electronic microscopy are particularly important. Microscopy and combined techniques may be the key to this identification since the classic mineralogical and chemical-based identification approaches are not conclusive enough in investigating the types of hydraulic binders in mortars. This work presents an analysis procedure to identify mortar binders by combining EDS microanalysis and petrography. Mortar samples of known composition were used as a reference for analyzing mortars from historic buildings. The proposed methodology made it possible to identify the type of binder or a mixture of binders based on the identification of the binder features by petrography together with analysis of the chemical composition of the paste by X-ray microanalysis under a scanning electron microscope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The different salt weathering issues of the sandstone in the Nankan Grotto have significantly influenced their preservation conditions. This work aimed to evaluate the petrography and environment constraints for salt weathering of three typical sandstones: yellow sandstone, cyan sandstone, and gray sandstone in the Nankan Grotto. Salt resistance test and acid leaching test were conducted on these three sandstones. In addition, the mineralogy, geochemical mass balance, micro-structure, and water transport properties of these sandstones were also analyzed. It is found that yellow sandstone had high quartz concentration, porosity, and water transport ability. Cyan sandstone had low calcite concentration, high porosity and medium water transport ability. Gray sandstone had high calcite concentration, low porosity and water transport ability. The decay of sandstones in the salt resistance test at 20 °C was faster than those at 5 °C and 35 °C. In addition, yellow sandstone was the most resistant to the salt resistance test, followed by cyan sandstone, and gray sandstone was the most vulnerable to the salt resistance test. In the H2SO4 acid leaching test, efflorescence pattern was the most likely type of decay in yellow and cyan sandstones. Thenardite was the exclusive salt in the yellow sandstone, while gypsum was the mainly salt in the cyan sandstone. Gypsum crust and subflorescence were the most common types of decay for gray sandstone. In the HNO3 acid leaching test, yellow and cyan sandstones did not show obvious variations. For gray sandstone, the secondary minerals were gypsum and dolomite, and crust pattern was observed. In general, the salt weathering of gray sandstone was more severe than yellow and cyan sandstones. The differences in petrography (mainly calcite concentration) and micro-structure of sandstone and the external environment leaded to the differences in the types, amounts, and locations of the salt crystallization in the acid leaching tests. These contributed to the different development of efflorescence, subflorescence, and crust patterns. Our research reveals the petrographic, micro-structural, and environmental constraints for different salt weathering processes of sandstones in the Nankan Grotto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale geological sequestration of CO2 is one of the most effective strategies to limit global warming to below 2 °C, as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Therefore, identifying and characterizing high-quality storage units is crucial. The Surma Basin, with its four-way dip closed structures, high-quality reservoirs, and thick regional cap rocks, is an ideal location for CO2 storage. This study focuses on the Bokabil Formation, the most prominent reservoir unit in the Surma Basin. Detailed petrographic, petrophysical, XRD, and SEM analyses, along with mapping, have been conducted to evaluate the properties of the reservoir and cap rock within this formation. The Upper Bokabil Sandstone in the Surma Basin ranges from 270 to 350 m in thickness and consists of fine- to medium-grained subarkosic sandstones composed of 70–85% quartz and 5–12% feldspar, with good pore connectivity. Petrophysical analysis of data from four gas fields indicates that this unit has a total porosity of 21–27.4% and a low shale volume of 15–27%. Cross plots and outcrop observations suggest that most of the shales are laminated within the reservoir. The regional cap rock, known as the Upper Marine Shale (UMS), ranges in thickness from 40 to 190 m and contains 10–40 nm nano-type pores. A higher proportion of ductile materials with a significant percentage of quartz in the UMS indicates higher capillary entry pressures, enhancing its capacity to hold CO2. Using the CSLF method with a 6% cut-off of the available pore volume, it is estimated that 103 Mt, 110 Mt, 205 Mt, and 164 Mt of CO2 can be effectively stored in the Sylhet, Kailashtila, Habiganj, and Fenchuganj structures, respectively. Due to the shallow depth of the storage unit and the thick cap rock, the southern Surma Basin is the optimal location for CO2 injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penelitian tentang karakteristik batuan beku dapat berkontribusi pada penelitian lanjut tentang potensi sumber daya lainnya yang terkait dengan fenomena magmatisme, khususnya di lokasi yang memiliki sejarah magmatisme cukup panjang seperti di bagian barat Pulau Jawa. Studi karakteristik petrologi batuan beku pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan sampel yang diperoleh dari Cikalongkulon, Cianjur, Jawa Barat; sebuah lokasi dengan kompleks tubuh intrusi yang membentang hampir Barat-Timur. Dilakukan pengamatan lapangan dan petrografi guna menghasilkan sintesis terkait interaksi antaran tubuh batuan beku dan batuan samping di daerah penelitian. Dari observasi didapati bahwa terdapat metasomatisme yang terjadi akibat proses intrusi andesit terhadap batuan samping. Proses ini terjadi pada rentang suhu 270-320°C yang ditandai oleh kemunculan mineral sekunder berupa klorit, serisit, kalsit, kuarsa, dan epidot. Keberadaan metasomatisme ini juga mengindikasikan bahwa umur tubuh intrusi andesit harus lebih muda dari Miosen Tengah, berbeda dari interpretasi awal pada Peta Geologi Lembar Cianjur yang menempatkan tubuh batuan beku lebih tua dari batuan sedimen di sekitarnya.

Abstract Large-scale geological sequestration of CO2 is one of the most effective strategies to limit global warming to below 2 °C, as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Therefore, identifying and characterizing high-quality storage units is crucial. The Surma Basin, with its four-way dip closed structures, high-quality reservoirs, and thick regional cap rocks, is an ideal location for CO2 storage. This study focuses on the Bokabil Formation, the most prominent reservoir unit in the Surma Basin. Detailed petrographic, petrophysical, XRD, and SEM analyses, along with mapping, have been conducted to evaluate the properties of the reservoir and cap rock within this formation. The Upper Bokabil Sandstone in the Surma Basin ranges from 270 to 350 m in thickness and consists of fine- to medium-grained subarkosic sandstones composed of 70–85% quartz and 5–12% feldspar, with good pore connectivity. Petrophysical analysis of data from four gas fields indicates that this unit has a total porosity of 21–27.4% and a low shale volume of 15–27%. Cross plots and outcrop observations suggest that most of the shales are laminated within the reservoir. The regional cap rock, known as the Upper Marine Shale (UMS), ranges in thickness from 40 to 190 m and contains 10–40 nm nano-type pores. A higher proportion of ductile materials with a significant percentage of quartz in the UMS indicates higher capillary entry pressures, enhancing its capacity to hold CO2. Using the CSLF method with a 6% cut-off of the available pore volume, it is estimated that 103 Mt, 110 Mt, 205 Mt, and 164 Mt of CO2 can be effectively stored in the Sylhet, Kailashtila, Habiganj, and Fenchuganj structures, respectively. Due to the shallow depth of the storage unit and the thick cap rock, the southern Surma Basin is the optimal location for CO2 injection.

Abstract The different salt weathering issues of the sandstone in the Nankan Grotto have significantly influenced their preservation conditions. This work aimed to evaluate the petrography and environment constraints for salt weathering of three typical sandstones: yellow sandstone, cyan sandstone, and gray sandstone in the Nankan Grotto. Salt resistance test and acid leaching test were conducted on these three sandstones. In addition, the mineralogy, geochemical mass balance, micro-structure, and water transport properties of these sandstones were also analyzed. It is found that yellow sandstone had high quartz concentration, porosity, and water transport ability. Cyan sandstone had low calcite concentration, high porosity and medium water transport ability. Gray sandstone had high calcite concentration, low porosity and water transport ability. The decay of sandstones in the salt resistance test at 20 °C was faster than those at 5 °C and 35 °C. In addition, yellow sandstone was the most resistant to the salt resistance test, followed by cyan sandstone, and gray sandstone was the most vulnerable to the salt resistance test. In the H2SO4 acid leaching test, efflorescence pattern was the most likely type of decay in yellow and cyan sandstones. Thenardite was the exclusive salt in the yellow sandstone, while gypsum was the mainly salt in the cyan sandstone. Gypsum crust and subflorescence were the most common types of decay for gray sandstone. In the HNO3 acid leaching test, yellow and cyan sandstones did not show obvious variations. For gray sandstone, the secondary minerals were gypsum and dolomite, and crust pattern was observed. In general, the salt weathering of gray sandstone was more severe than yellow and cyan sandstones. The differences in petrography (mainly calcite concentration) and micro-structure of sandstone and the external environment leaded to the differences in the types, amounts, and locations of the salt crystallization in the acid leaching tests. These contributed to the different development of efflorescence, subflorescence, and crust patterns. Our research reveals the petrographic, micro-structural, and environmental constraints for different salt weathering processes of sandstones in the Nankan Grotto.

The article presents the results of a thorough study of ceramic finds from the Ken-Bulun settlement of the Chuy region of Kyrgyzstan, obtained during the 2022 field season. Knowledge about the initial plastic raw materials has been extended: in addition to clay raw materials, there are indictors of the use of clay-like raw materials, such as loess. Two traditions of clay preparation were also recorded: wet and dry. Three traditions were revealed in the composition of the molding masses: one mixed and two unmixed. In addition, the information on the design of vessels has been clarified and supplemented: some of the products have signs of using mold-models. The study of the ornamentation was incomplete due to the fragmentary nature of the finds, so, the article provides data on the first level of technical and technological analysis – a description of the elements of the ornament and the definition of the type of tool used to create the ornament. The set of ceramic forms is quite extensive and includes cookingware, tableware, transport ceramics, as well as household items. The ornament and shapes of Ken-Bulun pottery bring them closer to the pottery assemblages from other settlements of the Chuy Valley, as well as Southern Kazakhstan.

Abstract The extraction of valuables from waste has gained momentum. Thermal influence alters both the organic and inorganic components of coal. Insufficient knowledge on the association of rare earth elements (REEs) with the parent matrix of thermally altered high-ash coals (63% ash) limits the potential for such coals being utilized for isolation of valuables. In this study, we analyzed the distribution and occurrence modes of REEs within a magmatically altered high-ash coal via nine-step sequential extraction, combining Tessier and BCR methods. The total concentration of REEs in the coal sample, on whole coal basis, was found to be 820 ppm, which is significantly higher than the world average. Major mineral oxides were deduced to be those of Si, Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, and Ti. Sequential extraction confirmed that about 66% of HREE and 25% of LREE were included in the residual fraction. LREEs were concluded to be primarily in ionic form, whereas HREEs were speculated to be associated with the TiO2 phase. XRD analyses showed that thermal alteration affected the dolomite phase specifically, which selectively got removed where carbonate-bound elements were assessed. Petrographic analysis supported the magmatic influence and demonstrated the presence of mosaic structures and pores containing unfused vitrinite, with a reflectance value of 3.6. To summarize, the present study pertaining to delineation of association of valuables in high-ash heat-altered coals from an Eastern coalfield in India can potentially open up new avenues for utilizing such coals, which are otherwise considered waste.

Abstract The Sukhothai Historical Park, designated as a world heritage site in Thailand, encompasses the remnants of the Sukhothai Kingdom and serves as a valuable locus for geological and geoarchaeological investigations. Situated in the Sukhothai province, the region is characterized by diverse lithologies, including slate, phyllite, and laterite, as well as red bricks (synthetic materials), utilized in the construction of various ancient structures. Petrographic analysis using polarized light microscopy reveals the phyllites as the primary dimension stones, exhibiting foliated and mylonitic textures with small quartz augen. A portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer was employed for geochemical analysis and the analysis of major oxides and trace elements. The resulting data facilitated the classification of protoliths and comparison with rocks from an abandoned quarry near Saritphong Dam in the western part of the historical park. Notably, phyllites utilized in several prominent structures within the park; Wat Saphan Hin, Wat Pa Daeng 2, Wat Thap Sakae, Wat Chetuphon, Wat Sri Chum, and Wat Mangkorn Temples, exhibited similar characteristics to those in the Wat Khao Noi old quarry, as confirmed by Rubidium (Rb) and Strontium (Sr) values. The SiO2/Al2O3 and FeO/K2O ratios were pivotal in identifying the protoliths of the studied phyllites as shales. In summary, the primary dimension stones for Sukhothai Historical Park originated from the western mountain within the park, with laterites sourced from foothill areas. The presence of quartz pebbles in red bricks suggests local sediment utilization, and quartz additions were employed to enhance structural strength. This comprehensive geoarchaeological study sheds light on the geological composition of the Sukhothai Historical Park, providing valuable insights into the selection and utilization of construction materials in this historically significant site.

The extraction of valuables from waste has gained momentum. Thermal influence alters both the organic and inorganic components of coal. Insufficient knowledge on the association of rare earth elements (REEs) with the parent matrix of thermally altered high-ash coals (63% ash) limits the potential for such coals being utilized for isolation of valuables. In this study, we analyzed the distribution and occurrence modes of REEs within a magmatically altered high-ash coal via nine-step sequential extraction, combining Tessier and BCR methods. The total concentration of REEs in the coal sample, on whole coal basis, was found to be 820 ppm, which is significantly higher than the world average. Major mineral oxides were deduced to be those of Si, Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, and Ti. Sequential extraction confirmed that about 66% of HREE and 25% of LREE were included in the residual fraction. LREEs were concluded to be primarily in ionic form, whereas HREEs were speculated to be associated with the TiO2 phase. XRD analyses showed that thermal alteration affected the dolomite phase specifically, which selectively got removed where carbonate-bound elements were assessed. Petrographic analysis supported the magmatic influence and demonstrated the presence of mosaic structures and pores containing unfused vitrinite, with a reflectance value of 3.6. To summarize, the present study pertaining to delineation of association of valuables in high-ash heat-altered coals from an Eastern coalfield in India can potentially open up new avenues for utilizing such coals, which are otherwise considered waste. Article Highlights: A nine-step sequential chemical leaching process employing eco-friendly lixiviants was implemented to delineate the mineralogical associations in high-ash heat altered coal of Indian origin. Dolomite was completely eradicated at the complexation stage implying alteration of this mineral phase due to magmatic influence. LREEs were concluded to be present primarily in the ionic form while HREEs were strongly associated with anatase phase. Petrographic analysis revealed presence of mosaic structures with porous morphology containing un-fused vitrinite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeometry had a slow start in the study of Amazonian and Caribbean ceramics, practiced almost exclusively by professionals outside of the archaeology discipline, primarily geologists, physicists and chemists, but is now slowly gaining track among archaeologists. In this paper, we summarize the archaeometric research done in the last thirty years in ceramics from the Amazon and Caribbean regions, emphasizing its main questions, aims and future developments for archaeometry in Latin America. Archaeometric studies are a growing field of research and improve understanding of past networks, technological knowledge and cultural traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fifth Haverford excavation season at Tel Beth-Shemesh (Ain Shams) in 1933 revealed a fractured tablet bearing a cuneiform inscription dating to the Late Bronze Age. Considered to be the earliest alphabetic cuneiform text uncovered in the Canaanite arena outside of Ugarit, this tablet quickly became the focus of many studies. Later readings suggested that this was the earliest example of a South Semitic Alphabetical sequence. Through petrographic material analysis, the present study examines the possible location of production of the tablet and discusses the implications with regard to the object's function and cultural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the second millennium BC, Bronze Age communities of Southern Italy have shown a remarkable degree of resilience in coping with changes in both macro-trends of cultural interaction and the landscape. In this paper, we will examine long-term processes of adaptation to shifting historical and environmental conditions from the vantage point of the impasto ware production at the site of Roca Vecchia (Melendugno-Lecce, IT), one of the main hubs of interaction for the Bronze Age of the Central Mediterranean. Sixty-eight ceramic individuals coming from the Middle to the Final Bronze Age levels and seven soil deposits from the site surroundings were analysed by petrography and fifteen were selected for SEM–EDX examination. We explore how changes in the complex history of the settlement and the surrounding landscape are matched in technological choices operated by the community of practice responsible for producing impasto pottery at Roca, in a moment when the long-range connection with the Aegean world was at its historical peak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mineralogy of some carbonate rocks from the Abakaliki Basin has been investigated to determine the depositional environment classification and assess the suitability of the rocks for application in geotechnical construction and industrial process systems. The method of investigation included field mapping and petrographic and geochemical techniques to characterize their field characteristics, mineral types and texture and chemical contents. Mapping revealed two lithologic units of sandstone and shale that associate with the carbonates in a similar sequence. The carbonates contain fossils and are composed of calcite, quartz and rockclasts. The grains have angular to sub-rounded sphericity and are dispersed in hetereolithic groundmass. The major oxide composition shows average value of 32.30wt% SiO2, 26.37wt% CaO, 7.23wt% MgO, 6.56wt% Fe2O3, 4.38wt% Al2O3, and 3.23wt% K2O + Na2O in decreasing order of abundance. Concentrations of trace elements are significantly higher (> 100 ppm) for V, Cr, Sr, Zr, Cu, Ba, Pb and Zn and comparatively lower for Sb, Ge, Ce, Y, As, Hg, Tiand Au. The studied rocks qualify as biomicrite or wackestone and range from dolomitic, through carbonaceous to siliceous limestone deposited in a wide spectrum of environment from shallow marine to transitional setting. The rocks are marginally suitable for use as aggregates due to the presence of deleterious contents of quartz and organics. For cement production, their low content of CaO, relatively high SiO2, comparatively high LOI and elevated abundances of contaminant heavy elements are major limitations. Similarly, in paper, plastic, paint, metallurgy and pharmaceutics, the rocks are unsuitable due to the constituent minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depositional ages and provenance of the Paleozoic Araba and Naqus Formations along the northern Gondwanan margin in Egypt have remained uncertain due to a lack of index fossils. Resolving this issue is crucial for understanding regional geology during deposition and subsequent tectonic development. We integrate detailed facies analysis, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), paleomagnetism, and mineralogical data to elucidate the genesis and depositional ages of the Araba and Naqus Formations. Petrographic analyses identified seven distinct facies types, providing insights into sedimentary textures, maturity, and sources, with contributions from igneous and metamorphic sources indicated by heavy minerals. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis identified accessory minerals such as quartz, goethite, kaolinite, hematite, and anatase. Paleomagnetism isolated two magnetic components (CA and CN) providing the first robust paleo pole positions at Lat. = 70.8° N, Long. = 308.2° E and Lat. = 37.8° N, Long. = 233.1° E, indicating Cambrian and Carboniferous ages for the Araba and Naqus formations, respectively. Thermal demagnetization constrained these dates using established polarity timescales. Mineralogical data indicated that the Araba Formation originated from an igneous source, while the Naqus Formation had a mixed metamorphic-igneous provenance. The integrated AMS and paleomagnetic data reveal evidence of post-depositional deformation. Specifically, the clustering of maximum AMS axes in the NW–SE direction for both formations, suggests the initial presence of a primary depositional fabric. However, prevalent tectonic activity during the Cenozoic appears to have overprinted and modified this fabric through deformation related to rifting of the Gulf of Suez region. Through this novel multi-proxy approach, we have resolved long-standing uncertainties regarding the formations' depositional ages. Our study thereby provides the first chronostratigraphic framework for these strategically important sedimentary units, significantly advancing understanding of regional Paleozoic geology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents new data on a comparative analysis of sedimentary rocks from the Mendeleev Rise (Shamshura Seamount), presumably, of the Triassic age with the Aptian sandstones obtained by the underwater sampling of the Alpha–Mendeleev Rise during expeditions in 2012, 2014, and 2016. The geochemical characteristics of rocks are very similar, and the data from different-age samples form common fields on various diagrams. Petrographic studies revealed that the sandstones of presumably Late Triassic age, as well as the sandstones of Chukotka and Wrangel Island, are dominated by fragments of shale and felsic effusives. The Aptian samples are dominated by mafic rock fragments. In addition, sharp differences are observed in the age spectra of detrital zircon populations, indicating fundamentally different provenances for the Triassic and Cretaceous sandstones on the Alpha–Mendeleev Rise. Samples from the Shamshura Seamount are characterized by populations similar to those from Triassic rocks of Chukotka and Wrangel Island, suggesting the presence of Triassic rocks in this part of the Mendeleev Rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the study is to identify the thin-bed reservoirs of the Eastern Folded Belt (Sylhet and Bandarban) and characterize them with diligence. A detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis has been carried out. It is based on thin-section petrographic analyses of sandstone samples. These samples are from the reservoir horizons of the Sylhet region and Bandarban region fields. The purpose of this analysis is to characterize the textural and mineralogical properties. Additionally, it aims to evaluate the post-depositional diagenetic changes. The results obtained from the field and laboratory analysis are studied extensively to characterize the thin-bed reservoirs. Samples from the Sylhet area are medium-coarse-grained, fairly sorted, tight packing, submature-mature sublithic characteristics. Contrarily, samples from the Bandarban region are mature-submature sublithic arenites, which are fine-medium-grained, moderately well-sorted, and moderately loosely packed. Despite the similarity of the detrital elements (quartz, feldspar, lithic grains, mica, etc.) in the two areas, silica cementation is more frequent in Sylhet region samples than early carbonate cementation in Bandarban region samples. Comparatively speaking, the sediments in the Sylhet region are more compact than those in the Bandarban region. The most important outcome of this study is that the thin bed of the unconventional reservoir and the conventional reservoir are in close proximity. The Thin-bed reservoir units of the Eastern Folded Belt are found to be medium to fine-grained and well sorted, with frequent alteration of sand-shale with the prevalence of parallel bedded sandstone. Average porosity is 4% to 12%, and pore spaces are interconnected. So, the permeability rate is good enough to flow the hydrocarbon through these pore spaces. Most importantly, the thin bed and tight reservoir (average porosity 4% to 12%, but pore spaces are not interconnected) are not more prominent than 1 meter or 2 meters. Subsequently, though the vertical thickness is not so high, they keep up a momentous tirelessness of horizontal progression. On the contrary, at whatever point it comes to a conventional reservoir, the vertical thickness is higher than that of the unconventional reservoir. But their lateral persistence is not as long as unconventional ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sirban Limestone Formation (SLFm) dolostones cropping out in the Riasi Allochthon (NW Himalaya, Jammu, India) show a range of δ13C (−1.08 to 0.73‰) and δ18O (−11.50 to −7.82‰) values and the mean values of 0.15‰ and −9.12‰ Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB), respectively. The δ13C values indicate that these dolostones were deposited during Neoproterozoic, and the δ18O values also are very close to the average Mesoproterozoic carbonate values obtained from the coeval carbonates. The characteristic δ13C values have the potential to provide an age constraint for the SLFm, and the mean δ18O value is comparable to the 'best preserved' δ18O mean value (−7.5 ± 2‰) reported for most of the Meso-Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian carbonates. δ13C vs. δ18O plot for the SLFm suggests normal marine origin with late-stage cementation. In the present study, stable isotope geochemistry of the SLFm dolostones is attempted. Preliminary data on the major-and-minor elemental composition of SLFm has also been presented. In addition, several petrographic facies identified in the SLFm have also been documented here. Diagenesis characterisation of these facies show dolomitization represents an important phase in the early diagenesis process. The subsequent diagenetic stages range from early seafloor cementation to late-stage tectonic stylolitisation, which have obliterated the original textures to dominant diagenetic textures, also reflected in the δ13C and δ18O values. Similar isotope profiles can be potentially significant for the chemostratigraphic correlation of different sections within the Riasi Allochthon and coeval equivalents regionally and globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focusses on the scarce resources of high-quality silicated rock aggregates in Central Chad, a wide area almost devoid of hard rock outcrops. We provide an original study of the petrographic and mechanical characteristics of Alfallé massif together with a review of quarries in activity or potentially exploitable. The resistance to degradation of the prepared aggregates were evaluated using the standard test of Los Angeles and micro-Deval. The Alfallé massif is made up of three lithologies: alkali feldspar coarse granite, biotite-rich fine-grained quartz monzonite and biotite-rich fine-grained gneiss. The mechanical test results obtained indicate that the materials studied have excellent to satisfactory properties, and that the Alfallé massif provides the best characteristics among six different quarrying areas in Central Chad. Moreover, the three quarries that were once isolated islands in the mega-Chad paleolake yield on average higher resistance. We thus propose that these rare residual reliefs within the mega-Chad paleolake area reached optimal mechanical properties through a natural selection process, specific of the paleolake erosional conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the limited number of archaeological studies conducted on the Parthian Period, it is imperative to design petrographic and mineralogical studies on the coarse black ceramics from that era. The objective of this study is to determine the manufacturing techniques of the potsherds and ascertain whether they were produced domestically or imported to Qeshm island. This research is a descriptive, analytical, and adaptive study aimed at addressing the following inquiries: What are the distinguishing characteristics of these potteries? What elements constitute the coarse black ware and how do they relate to the geological structure of Qeshm? What are the similarities and differences between the ceramics of Qeshm and its neighboring regions? To achieve these objectives, twelve pottery fragments retrieved from three Parthian sites, namely Defari (QS 6), Gorbedan (QS 72), and LenjSazi 3 (QS 132), were sampled and examined using polarized microscopy. The results revealed that the Parthian potteries from Qeshm exhibit structural similarities with those from Makran and other locations along the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf (UAE, Bahrain, and Oman). Furthermore, it was observed that the original paste of Qeshm's potteries is consistent, suggesting that the raw materials were procured locally from the island and not imported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an insight into the structures, lithologies, and potential zones and their relationships to gold mineralisation that were investigated to decipher the controls of gold mineralisation at the Kibati Gold Prospect within the Mozambique Belt. Although the Kibati area is located within the gold mineralised zone, lithology and subsurface geological structures associated with gold mineralisation are not well studied. The available high-resolution aeromagnetic data have not yet also been analysed and interpreted to derive geological features that are useful in mineral exploration. The investigation of the structures and lithologies was accomplished through integrated interpretation of high-resolution aeromagnetic data, ground magnetic data, geological mapping, and rock sampling. Aeromagnetic and ground magnetic results reveal the presence of two structural systems, which were previously not identified that trend in NW–SE and NE–SW, with the NW–SE being the dominant control of gold mineralisation. The subsurface structure with NW–SE trending controls the mineralised fluids as a consequence of gold mineralisation in the surface lithologies. Petrography and geological mapping show that granitic gneiss, garnet-biotite quartzo-feldspathic gneiss, dolerite, and amphibolite are the main exposed outcrops where the first two identified types of gneisses, based on their protolith, were previously not specified. Based on the gold assay results, which are persistent and collinear to the structural trend of NW–SE picked out by magnetic data, two (2) potential blocks (A and B) were identified. The trend of the structure in blocks A and B when overlaid with gold anomalies indicates that most of the gold concentrations are located in block B and the highest value of gold concentrations is located in block A where gold values range from 10.19 to 19.680 g/t in block A and 0.0623 to 4.419 g/t in block B. The difference in gold values between blocks A and B is due to the variation in the degree of alteration. The integration of the results indicates that the gold mineralisation in the Kibati area is structurally controlled and concentrated in shear zones. The findings therefore, indicate that the Mozambique Belt is potential for gold mineralisation and provide a warrant for future plan for gold exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the first concrete was poured in 1949 for the Hungry Horse Dam (Montana, USA), pozzolan cements had already been used in several major North American dams, including Grand Coulee on the Columbia River (diatomaceous earth explored but ultimately not used), Friant on the San Joaquin River and Altus on the North Fork Red River (pumicite) and Bonneville on the Columbia River and Davis on the Colorado River (calcined clay). But Hungry Horse Dam stands out as the first dam constructed using coal combustion fly ash. Utilising 2.4 million cubic metres of concrete, the dam is located on the South Fork Flathead River, one of the tributaries feeding one of the nation's major waterways, the Columbia River, and closely related to the adjacent Glacier National Park. In this respect, Hungry Horse is directly connected to two momentous periods in modern history – the massive adoption in the 1950s of coal as fuel for power plants, and the ongoing threats to fresh water supply and the rapid retreat of alpine glaciers due to global warming. Two concrete cores from this dam, one with fly ash and one without fly ash, are examined microscopically to explore the long‐term suppression of alkali‐aggregate reaction by fly ash. The core without fly ash exhibits clear evidence of alkali‐aggregate reaction, manifested by sandstone coarse aggregate particles with darkened reaction rims. Sandstone coarse aggregate particles of the same lithology in the core with fly ash are without signs of alkali‐aggregate reaction. A detailed examination of the darkened rims indicates that alkali‐silica reaction products fill the narrow gaps between adjacent sand grains in the sandstone. This alkali‐silica gel infilling allows for optical continuity between adjacent sand grains and is responsible for the classic darkened rim associated with the alkali‐aggregate reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study encompasses petrographic variations in simple Deccan basaltic lava flows of the Rajura volcanics, central India. The Deccan basalt lava flows entirely covered the area and exposed in the form of moderate hillocks. During geological fieldwork, flows are identified and differentiated based on mineral content, relative grain size, presence of phenocrysts, and red bole horizons. Flow mapping reveals three basalt lava flows: mafic plagioclase microphyric basalt, phyric basalt, and plagioclase mafic microphyric basalt. The petrographic study of the lava flows was carried out to understand the mineralogy, textural patterns, crystallization, and genetic significance of the lava flows. The result indicates dominant plagioclase and clinopyroxene minerals with opaques exhibit porphyritic, glameroporphyritic, ophitic, and sub-ophitic textures. The petrographic variations are due to the combination of several factors like gravitational sinking of phenocryst, low viscosity, and slow rate of effusion of lava flows, as described by earlier workers. Plagioclase occurs as phenocrysts and in the groundmass phase, indicating early crystallization of phenocryst followed by crystallization of groundmass. The petrographic studies are further useful to correlate the lava flows exposed in different hillocks of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planned pilot CO2 storage Zar-3 is an oil field with a gas cap in the final production stage in the SE Czech Republic. It is composed of a dolomite Jurassic reservoir sealed by three different formations that differ significantly in lithology. Previous studies left open questions on the nature of pore space and connectivity and the quality of the seal in the future CO2 storage complex. Microscopic petrography of the reservoir suggests dolomitisation in shallow water followed by karstification and brecciation with fracture-correct-dominated porosity. The seal horizons have porosity limited to the micro- and nanoscales. The oil consists of significantly biodegraded black oil of Jurassic origin mixed with less biodegraded gasoline-range hydrocarbons. Biomarkers in the caprock bitumens trapped in nanopores show a genetic relationship to the reservoir oil. Gas in the not yet fully depleted gas cap of the field is of thermogenic origin with no contribution of microbial methane. The formation water has total dissolved solids typical of isolated brines not diluted by infiltrated fresh water. The geochemical characteristics of the storage system together with the fact that the initial oil column is about 105 m tall with another 150 m of gas cap suggest that the seals are efficient and the Zar-3 future storage complex is tight and safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sukhothai Historical Park, designated as a world heritage site in Thailand, encompasses the remnants of the Sukhothai Kingdom and serves as a valuable locus for geological and geoarchaeological investigations. Situated in the Sukhothai province, the region is characterized by diverse lithologies, including slate, phyllite, and laterite, as well as red bricks (synthetic materials), utilized in the construction of various ancient structures. Petrographic analysis using polarized light microscopy reveals the phyllites as the primary dimension stones, exhibiting foliated and mylonitic textures with small quartz augen. A portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer was employed for geochemical analysis and the analysis of major oxides and trace elements. The resulting data facilitated the classification of protoliths and comparison with rocks from an abandoned quarry near Saritphong Dam in the western part of the historical park. Notably, phyllites utilized in several prominent structures within the park; Wat Saphan Hin, Wat Pa Daeng 2, Wat Thap Sakae, Wat Chetuphon, Wat Sri Chum, and Wat Mangkorn Temples, exhibited similar characteristics to those in the Wat Khao Noi old quarry, as confirmed by Rubidium (Rb) and Strontium (Sr) values. The SiO2/Al2O3 and FeO/K2O ratios were pivotal in identifying the protoliths of the studied phyllites as shales. In summary, the primary dimension stones for Sukhothai Historical Park originated from the western mountain within the park, with laterites sourced from foothill areas. The presence of quartz pebbles in red bricks suggests local sediment utilization, and quartz additions were employed to enhance structural strength. This comprehensive geoarchaeological study sheds light on the geological composition of the Sukhothai Historical Park, providing valuable insights into the selection and utilization of construction materials in this historically significant site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of research on bricks from medieval castles in north‐central Poland. They were characterised based on petrographic analyses of thin section and mutually complementary instrumental methods. The bricks came from the oldest parts of the castles preserved to this day, or from castles not preserved but examined and excavated during archaeological research. The data obtained allowed for the identification of building materials that shared similar material and technical properties and that can be associated with different phases of the castles. Based on the results, it was found that the Pleistocene tills commonly found around the castles were not used in the manufacturing of the bricks. Small local deposits of fatty clays were used—Pleistocene varved clays or Miocene variegated clays. The buildings differed in the composition and texture of their bricks, indicating that the local clay raw material was extracted for each building separately. The share of raw material brought in from larger exposures further afield was small. Analyses of brick samples indicate the use of a fatty clay raw material that was improved by the addition of clastic material (quartz sand or a mixture of sand and quartz silt of various fractions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the data of comprehensive precision research, the spatial distribution and mineral composition were revealed, the petrographic and petrochemical features, and the genetic and practical significance of the Babynska effusive-pyroclastic suite tuffs of the continental flood basalts of Western Volyn were clarified in connection with the copper content. The thicknesses and hypsometry of the relief of the paleosurface of the pyroclastic formations of the Babynska suite were analyzed and the important elements of its vertical and lateral structure (by area) were clarified, the real picture of which is reflected in the constructed maps of the thicknesses and relief of the paleosurface of the pyroclastic formations of the suite, in particular, on the Ratn3--Kamin--Kashyrsk Area. The formation of the Babynska suite tuffs in the regime of gravitational deposition of pyroclastic material with the accumulation of tuff deposits at the stage of incomplete solidification of volcanic material and the formation of coarse, non-rhythmic layering, without clear signs of redeposition, i.e. of volcanomictic origin, has been proven. Differences in the mineral composition and petrochemistry of tuffs of different colors: gray-green and red-brown were found. Emphasis is placed on the enrichment of native copper in tuffs of gray-green color and possible explanations for this correlation are proposed. The obtained results from a genetic point of view provide important information for paleovolcanogenic and paleogeographical reconstructions, in practical terms they contribute to the improvement of the copper bearing prospects of volcanogenic layers of the continental flood basalts and can be proposed for use by production organizations of the geological profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of volcano-sedimentary rocks situated to the west of the Cretaceous Babouri-Figuil basin involved a comprehensive characterization encompassing petrography, mineralogy, and geochemistry. The sedimentary formations were classified into four distinct facies: coarse sandstones, medium sandstones, fine sandstones, and schistose marls. Additionally, post-sedimentary lava flows composed of andesitic basalts were identified. Petrographic analysis revealed quartz as the predominant constituent in the sedimentary rocks. The volcanic rocks exhibited two distinct textures: a microlitic porphyritic texture, featuring oxides, plagioclase phenocrysts, and clinopyroxenes, and a doleritic porphyritic texture, wherein the rock volume comprised 10–15% automorphic plagioclase phenocrysts (1 to 3.6 mm), 20% clinopyroxenes (1.5 mm), 2–7% oxide crystals (less than 1 mm), 2% olivines, and approximately 1% amphibole phenocrysts (> 1 mm). The identified mineral phases were categorized into two groups: primary minerals (calcite, feldspar, quartz, muscovite) and secondary minerals (kaolinite, illite, smectite), along with titanium oxides, anatase, hydrated sodium silicates, and analcime. Geochemical analysis of the basalts indicated their classification as oceanic tholeiites, suggesting a composition of andesitic basalts emplaced within an orogenic setting. The Mayo Mbota sediments were categorized as intermediate to acidic rocks associated with active continental margins, deposited in an arid to semi-arid environment. These sediments were derived from the accumulation of alteration products of felsic rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although numerous archaeological studies have been carried out on the "Takht-e-Soleymān" (TS) site, a better and deeper understanding of this fire-temple complex requires more investigation and research. Petrographic analysis of the stone blocks used to construct this complex is worthwhile from several aspects: firstly, the present study particularly identifies, for the first time, the physical properties of the stone pieces (color, texture, physical strength, luster, etc.) and their petrographic characteristics in thin-section (including rock type, mineral constituents, and textures/microstructures). In addition, this study helps identify the suitable materials for protecting and repairing the stone pieces used in the construction of the "Takhte-Soleymān complex" (TSC). By close petrographic and micropaleontological examination of rock samples collected from the ancient quarries and from the TSC complex, and through the comparison of the data, the following results were achieved: the detailed study of 12 rock samples collected from different parts of the TSC including Sassanid buildings (ramparts and towers number 4,15, 35, the northern vestibule, Anahita Temple, Fire Temple's southern portico and the western or Khosrow portico) are comparable with those of Tepe Chāl (A and B), Kochka Barz ancient quarries. The quarries used in Ilkhanid buildings (the twelve-sided building, the four-columned building or the council hall, and the hunting palace) are comparable with rock samples from the Sur and Bābānazar Mountains. This facilitates the selection of materials for subsequent restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An archaeological excavation carried out at Ramat Razim, near Ẓefat, exposed a Middle Bronze Age rural settlement, dated by the ceramic assemblage within Middle Bronze Age II-III. Spatial analysis identified communal workspaces and possible domestic cult practices in specific rooms, and the distribution of the ground stone tools and ceramic storage vessels reflected food-processing activities and a decentralized grain-storage approach. In addition to agriculture, pastoralism--specifically sheep rearing--played a significant role in the settlement's economy, probably engendering economic exchanges under the influence of Ḥaẓor, the major city in the region. Petrographic analysis linking the pithoi to the Ḥula Valley raised questions about regional economic ties, highlighting a complex, interconnected network during the Middle Bronze Age. These findings illuminate the rural settlement's role in the hinterland of Ḥaẓor, and within the Ḥaẓor polity's hierarchical structure, providing valuable insights into regional dynamics and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the intriguing Early Islamic mold-decorated Buff Ware jugs found in the rural Negev region, shedding light on the broader phenomenon of imitations, in general and particularly, within the context of a rural farmstead situated on the southern bank of Na'al Be'er Sheva'. To accomplish this, we analyzed petrographically 22 sherds from nine sites spanning various geographic areas within modern-day Israel, aiming to reveal invaluable insights into mold-decorated Buff Ware production and distribution. The primary objectives of this study were twofold: first, to explore the degree of centralization in mold-decorated Buff Ware production, and second, to determine whether some of these vessels were manufactured locally within rural settlements, alongside their production in large urban centers such as Ramla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven samples were selected from various facies of geological formations intersected by the drill holes for petrographic analysis, supplemented by diffractometry. The goal was to identify the mineralogical composition of Banded Iron Formations (BIFs), the associated parageneses, and elements deleterious to the metallurgical processing of iron ore. Field tests, based on geophysical maps, were conducted to identify high-prospectivity sites characterized by low magnetic susceptibility and hematite richness, followed by sampling and drilling to confirm mineralization. Selected samples from characteristic facies in contact with iron ores underwent petrographic analysis using optical and scanning electron microscopy, supported by diffractometric analyses to ensure accurate mineralogical identification. The study revealed the presence of hematitic BIF, predominantly composed of weakly aggregated euhedral and subhedral martite grains, with evidence of some leaching. Magnetite, identified as the protore mineral, has been oxidized by fluid influence into martite (hematite), with a low presence of secondary supergene minerals. Variscite, kaolinite, and gibbsite were the main secondary minerals identified in both petrographic and diffractometric analyses, and are considered sources of phosphorus, aluminum, and silica—elements recognized as harmful in the metallurgical processing of iron and its alloys. These secondary minerals were precipitated within interstitial cavities leached between martite and hematite aggregates, forming a botryoidal texture. The BIFs of the Zatua Hills are primarily composed of hematitic iron ores associated with goethite, microplaty hematite, and secondary supergene minerals, likely formed through fluid circulation along fracture zones, shearing, and folding. Geochemical studies are recommended to complete the analysis, aiming to determine the content of these iron oxides, secondary minerals, and the degree of hydration through loss on ignition.

Repeated freeze-thaw (F&T) cycles substantially harm the durability of rocks, heightening the potential for landslides, rockslides, and avalanches. The current work investigates the effect of the F&T cycle on rock mass (biotite schist) samples. For this purpose, 32 rock samples were prepared and gathered from eight distinct locations in the northwest Himalayan region. For each sample, petrographical analysis and laboratory testing such as uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) are investigated at repeated (0th, 10th, 20th, and 30th) F&T cycles. Additionally, machine learning (ML) sequential models such as recurrent neural networks (RNN), gated recurrent units (GRU), and bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) are constructed to estimate the UCS and BTS under F&T conditions. Petrographical results show no change in the mineral indices, while there is a noticeable increase in aspect ratio but a significant decline in mean grain size with each successive 10th cycle, suggesting sample damage. The study also provides a comprehensive assessment of the ML models' performance, highlighting the Bi-LSTM model's superior accuracy among all models in terms of R2 (0.9850) and RMSLE (0.0100) during the TR stage and R2 (0.9020) and RMSLE (0.0170) during the TS stage for UCS prediction. Similarly, BTS prediction also shows superior precision, recording an R2 (0.7543) and RMSLE (0.0345) during TR and R2 (0.7404) and RMSLE (0.0213) during TS stages. The present study also explores the heatmap, line diagram, regression analysis, 2D kernel density plot, Taylor diagram, and DDR criterion for evaluating the model performance more clearly.

Detrital and volcanic-detrital rocks from the Ifni Buttonhole and Lakhssas Plateau were analyzed to determine their provenance, compositional maturity, and alteration source. Geochemically, the sediments were classified as arkoses, lithic arenites, grauwackes, sandstones, lithic arenites, and Fe-rich sands, indicating low compositional and mineralogical maturity. A high average SiO2 concentration and low Al2O3 were consistent with a low abundance of shale and clay components. The geochemical signatures of the detrital and volcano-detrital (RDVD) rocks indicate that they have undergone a moderate to low degree of chemical alteration. The CIA study also suggests that the granitic, granodioritic rocks represent the source provenance which, during weathering and transport, supplied the detritus to the supra-crustal units. The major trace element data suggest that these rocks are largely derived from felsic igneous rocks, namely granitoids, with a minor contribution from intermediate sources. The carbonate rocks do not represent a wide variety of facies: dolomitic limestone, calcareous limestone, and calcaro-dolomitic chert. Calcitic and dolomitic samples show a linear increase in SiO2, regardless of their CaO/LOI ratio values, which remain relatively constant. The highest SiO2 contents are observed in the calc-dolomitic chert. Geochemical analysis of RDVD from the Ifni buttonhole determined their origin, maturity, and alteration. Major oxides decreased with higher silica content, indicating quartz control. Samples, formed under semi-arid conditions, show maturity under stable deposition. They suggest a felsic, recycled source, with moderate alteration and zircon enrichment during recycling. In the study area, limestones and dolomites serve as materials applicable in the building sector, suitable for all types of concrete. The Taliwine Formation harbors Lower Cambrian dolomites and limestones, ideal for mosaic aggregates. Described as variable in color, compact, homogeneous, very hard, and resistant to alteration, the plutonic rocks form prominent peaks. They exhibit both subalkaline characteristics in granitoids and an alkaline trend in dolerite dykes. Most samples display minimal alteration, indicating the reliability of their major element compositions for geochemical analyses. These granitoids constitute valuable deposits for ornamental and building rock purposes.

The unusual body deposition site described comprised three elements of concealment: i) a covert stream-based ravine some 60 m from the suspect’s home; ii) partial grave dug into the ravine bank and iii) final concealment using concrete slabs. Disaggregation and sieving of concrete samples from the site, suspect residence(s) and control samples was carried out. These allowed informative exclusion of all but one control sample and provided a range of possible comparisons that may reflect the sequence of concrete slab selection, transport and use in covering the victim. The textures/colours of disaggregated, dried sediment size fractions also proved useful in conveying principles of exclusion to the court and jury at a subsequent murder trial. This work flows from basic (visual) observation of dry, cut blocks, through regular laboratory procedures of thin section work to disaggregation and size separation of aggregate-cement fractions. Graphical presentation of each analysis provided effective communication of geological science during the trial at court, concluding with a verdict of guilty by aggravated murder.

An organic geochemical, petrographical, and palynological evaluation was conducted on 30 claystone outcrop samples of the Toraja Formation, along with a geochemical analysis of an oil seep in the Enrekang Sub-basin. The aim of the study was to determine the correlation between oil and source rock in terms of age, depositional environment, organic material sources, and maturity level. The total organic carbon content of the claystone samples varies from 0.03 to 4.52 wt%, which are classified as poor to excellent. The claystones are immature to post-mature with a mixture of Type Ⅱ and Ⅲ kerogen. Their vitrinite reflectance values range from 0.47 to 4.52 %Ro. The samples of Toraja Formation rock and the oil seep source rock might have a similar depositional environment, a deltaic marine depositional setting with high oxidizing conditions. Organic material sources for rock and oil samples are dominated by terrestrial input. The oil is inferred to have originated from the Paleogene source rocks, which correlates in age with the Toraja Formation. The recovered palynomorphs from the studied rock samples suggest a late Eocene to Oligocene age with a strong terrestrial influence of shallow marine depositional setting. The biomarker analysis shows that the rock samples have a more substantial contribution from the terrigenous higher plants, while the oil sample indicates a higher degree of marine influence. The maturity levels are also different between the oil (peak mature) and the analyzed rock samples (immature). It is inferred that the oil seep source rock is equivalent to the analyzed rock sample but more mature, having been deposited under more marine conditions. The oil seep source rock is not exposed and is located in the deeper part of the basin. A deeper marine facies (i.e. distal delta front and prodelta facies) in front of the distributary mouth bar within a delta is interpreted as the source rock of the oil seep sample.

Abstract The primary objective of this study is to identify and analyze the petrophysical properties of the newly investigated AEB_IIIG member reservoir in Meleiha West Deep (MWD) Field and to classify it into different rock types. Additionally, this research intends to develop mathematical equations that may be utilized to estimate permeability in uncored sections of the same well or in other wells where core samples are unavailable. The analysis focused on the pore hole records of ten wells that were drilled in MWD Field. The reservoir levels were identified, and their petrophysical parameters were evaluated using well logs and core data. We were able to recognize seven different types of rocks (petrophysical static rock type 1 (PSRT1) to PSRT7) using petrography data, the reservoir quality index (RQI), the flow zone index (FZI), R35, hydraulic flow units (HFUs), and stratigraphy modified Lorenz (SML) plots. The analysis of the petrophysical data shows that AEB_IIIG has unsteady net pay thicknesses over the area. It has a range of 8–25% shale volume, 12–17% effective porosity, and 72–92% hydrocarbon saturation. The RQI results show that psrt1, psrt2 and psrt3 have a good reservoir quality as indicated by high R35 and helium porosity, respectively. They contribute with more than 75% of the reservoir production. The equation derived for each rock type of AEB_IIIG reservoir can be employed to forecast the permeability value distribution inside the reservoir.

Quantitative textural attributes, such as crystal size distributions or aspect ratios, provide important constraints on the thermal history of rocks. They facilitate the investigation of crystal nucleation, growth, and mixing as well as cooling rate. However, they require large volumes of crystal segmentations and measurements often obtained with manual methods. Here, a deep learning-based technique—instance segmentation—is proposed to automate the pixel-by-pixel detection of plagioclase crystals in thin-section images. Using predictions from a re-trained model, the physical properties of the detected crystals (size and aspect ratio) are rapidly generated to provide textural insights. These are validated against published results from manual approaches to demonstrate the accuracy of the method. The power and efficiency of this approach is showcased by analysing an entire sample suite, segmenting over 48,000 crystals in a matter of days. The approach is available as MinDet1 software for users with moderate expertise in Python. Widespread use of MinDet may facilitate significant developments in igneous petrography and related fields.

The article introduces into scientific discourse eight stone axes and their fragments from the collections of the Regional State Budgetary Institution of Culture “Chelyabinsk State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Reserve “Arkaim”. The materials were discovered at multi-layered archaeological sites, located in several areas of the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions: the fortified settlements of Alandskoye, Zhurumbai and Kuisak, the Kalmytskaya Molel’nya burial ground and the settlement of Kamennaya Rechka I. The axes were analyzed in terms of their petrography, typology and functional purpose. As a result, seven objects were classified as axes of the Kabardino-Pyatigorsk type, two of them were models. One of these tools was classified as the axe with a grooved handle. The use of local raw materials indicates local production of axes. The main production techniques were splitting, picketing and grinding with stone abrasive. Items, made of soft material, were worked with a metal blade. Two axes were broken during production, two objects had traces of use after breakage, and there were no signs of utilization of other items.

The primary objective of this study is to identify and analyze the petrophysical properties of the newly investigated AEB_IIIG member reservoir in Meleiha West Deep (MWD) Field and to classify it into different rock types. Additionally, this research intends to develop mathematical equations that may be utilized to estimate permeability in uncored sections of the same well or in other wells where core samples are unavailable. The analysis focused on the pore hole records of ten wells that were drilled in MWD Field. The reservoir levels were identified, and their petrophysical parameters were evaluated using well logs and core data. We were able to recognize seven different types of rocks (petrophysical static rock type 1 (PSRT1) to PSRT7) using petrography data, the reservoir quality index (RQI), the flow zone index (FZI), R35, hydraulic flow units (HFUs), and stratigraphy modified Lorenz (SML) plots. The analysis of the petrophysical data shows that AEB_IIIG has unsteady net pay thicknesses over the area. It has a range of 8–25% shale volume, 12–17% effective porosity, and 72–92% hydrocarbon saturation. The RQI results show that psrt1, psrt2 and psrt3 have a good reservoir quality as indicated by high R35 and helium porosity, respectively. They contribute with more than 75% of the reservoir production. The equation derived for each rock type of AEB_IIIG reservoir can be employed to forecast the permeability value distribution inside the reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]