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In this article, a critical overview of the situation of the national minorities resident in the Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina is pursued. First of all, the novel legal framework with regard to national minorities, on the federal as well as the provincial level, is outlined. Then, the state of education in Vojvodina’s minority languages, as well as the situation of the national minorities’ media and press, is assessed. What the author tries to demonstrate is that the effective safeguard of the collective identity of Vojvodina’s national minorities primarily relies on two factors: a. the full implementation of the novel legal (federal as well as provincial) provisions; b. the attitude of the national minorities themselves towards the question of preserving their group identities.

Objective: This case series aimed to describe a hemostatic technique that has been applied in patients admitted to emergency department (ED) of a tertiary hospital due to recurrent episodes of intraoral hemorrhage (IOH) after various dentoalveolar operations. The "tie-over" approach involved the intraoral use of Xeroform® gauze (as compressive bolster dressing) and the oral rinsing with a liquid mixture of hemostatic agents., Materials and Methods: Between February 1, 2014, and July 31, 2017, we retrospectively reviewed the medical data and records of patients in ED who chiefly complained about IOH. The inclusion criteria were cases secondary to dentoalveolar surgeries that have been exclusively treated by tie-over bolster approach. Data such as frequency and severity of hemorrhage episodes, pain, and discomfort were assessed pre- and postoperatively., Results: The presented technique was applied in 23 patients, but 20 of them complied with follow-up evaluation. The mean age of those patients was 60.57 years (15-82 years) with a mean follow-up time of 5.05 days. Eighteen patients were taking antithrombotic medications, either per os (oral antiplatelets and anticoagulants-OAA group) or subcutaneously (heparin group). One patient from OAA group and 2 from heparin group experienced in total 4 bleeding events postoperatively. Three of those events were recorded as minimal (oozing) and did not last over 20 min. All the patients declared satisfaction about the non-bleeding oral status., Conclusions: In addition to its compelling outcomes, we advocate that this approach conferred physiological benefits on patients who visited ED with symptoms of anxiety and malaise, secondary to multiple, lasting, or uncontrolled episodes of IOH related to extensive surgical trauma. The presence of the gauze intraorally was short-term and created minimal discomfort., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThere are no conflicts among the authors. All the authors were members of OMFS Clinic of “Evaggelismos” Athens General Hospital, Athens, Greece between 2013-18., (© The Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons of India 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Purpose: Blindness in craniomaxillofacial (CMF) injuries may occur due to acute orbital compartment syndrome (AOCS). Primarily, this article aimed to retrospectively review our 4-year experience in the management of patients diagnosed with AOCS secondary to an orbital hematoma (OH). Furthermore, this paper included up-to-date information regarding the prevalence, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of AOCS., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively screened the medical records of patients who visited our hospital's emergency department (ED) and were examined by an oromaxillofacial surgeon for CMF injuries, between September 1, 2013, and September 31, 2017. The electronic hospital's database was searched to retrieve all cases of CMF trauma admitted or referred to our clinic during this period., Results: Over a 49-month period, 3,514 patients were managed for CMF injuries in ED; 9 cases (0.26%) were attributed to OCS caused by an OH. This group comprised 5 males and 4 females aged between 32 and 91 years old (mean 65.7, median 70). Seven out of 9 patients were subjected to lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis (LCIC), whereas septolysis was applied in 6 of them. Sight was preserved in 3 out of 8 patients (37.5%), since a patient died from a serious intracranial injury. Seven out of 9 patients (77.7%) of the OCS group had a history of hypocoagulable state., Conclusions: LCIC, septolysis, and careful dissection within inferotemporal orbital quadrant constitute a reliable approach for emergent orbital decompression. CT scan offers differential diagnosis of acute traumatic proptosis, but it should preferably follow LCIC. In case of OHs without pupillary abnormalities and/or impairment of visual acuity, close monitoring allowing for timely interventions is highly recommended to patients with a history of hypocoagulative status, (uncontrolled or severe) hypertension, head trauma, and decreased level of consciousness or in elderly patients suffering from dementia or without rapid access to follow-up medical care. Clinicians dealing with ED services must maintain high skills in AOCS diagnosis and in LCIC execution., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Odontogenic keratocyst is characterized by local aggressive behavior and a high recurrence rate, as well as its potential to develop in association with the basal cell nevus syndrome. The aim of this study was to decode the gene expression program accompanying odontogenic keratocyst phenotype., Methods: 150-bp paired-end RNA-sequencing was applied on six sporadic and six basal cell nevus syndrome-associated whole-tissue odontogenic keratocyst samples in comparison to six dental follicles, coupled with bioinformatics and complemented by immunohistochemistry., Results: 2654 and 2427 differentially expressed genes were captured to characterize the transcriptome of sporadic and basal cell nevus syndrome-associated odontogenic keratocysts, respectively. Gene ontologies related to "epidermis/skin development" and "keratinocyte/epidermal cell differentiation" were enriched among the upregulated genes (KRT10, NCCRP1, TP63, GRHL3, SOX21), while "extracellular matrix organization" (ITGA5, LOXL2) and "odontogenesis" (MSX1, LHX8) gene ontologies were overrepresented among the downregulated genes in odontogenic keratocyst. Interestingly, upregulation of various embryonic stem cells markers (EPHA1, SCNN1A) and genes committed in cellular reprogramming (SOX2, KLF4, OVOL1, IRF6, TACSTD2, CDH1) was found in odontogenic keratocyst. These findings were highly shared between sporadic and basal cell nevus syndrome-associated odontogenic keratocysts. Immunohistochemistry verified SOX2, KLF4, OVOL1, IRF6, TACSTD2/TROP2, CDH1/E-cadherin, and p63 expression predominantly in the odontogenic keratocyst suprabasal epithelial layers., Conclusion: The odontogenic keratocyst transcriptomic profile is characterized by a prominent epidermal and dental epithelial fate, a repressed dental mesenchyme fate combined with deregulated extracellular matrix organization, and enhanced stemness gene signatures. Thus, we propose a developed epidermis-like phenotype in the odontogenic keratocyst suprabasal epithelial cells, established in parallel to a significant upregulation of marker genes related to embryonic stem cells and cellular reprogramming., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: The aims of this paper are to demonstrate two cases of implant migration into the maxillary sinus and to give a short review of the literature on this subject., Clinical Procedure: Two patients were diagnosed with implant migration into the maxillary sinus. After thorough radiographic examination which revealed the exact position of the implants inside the maxillary sinus, removal was performed through a bony window in the anterior-lateral aspect of the maxillary sinus for both cases., Discussion: Implant displacement into the maxillary sinus can occur intraoperatively or postoperatively either prior to implant loading or after functional loading. Several actors can lead to this complication differing according to the stage of the displacement. Management of this complication is achieved using four surgical techniques: a. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery, b. intraoral removal by the Caldwell-Luc technique, c. removal through the alveolar bone, d. combination of the last two techniques. If implant displacement into the maxillary sinus remains untreated, it can lead to several complications with various effects., Conclusion: Migration of dental implants into the maxillary sinus is a rare but severe complication which must be treated as soon as possible.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of glucocorticosteroids, administered for the treatment of systemic diseases, on the osseointegration and survival of dental implants placed without bone grafting., Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in search of patients treated with dental implants while receiving glucocorticosteroid therapy for various systemic diseases. In these cases, a conventional two-stage surgical protocol was used, without bone regeneration procedures. The osseointegration was clinically and radiographically tested at the uncovering of the implants. The follow-up after loading was set at a minimum of 3 years., Results: A total of 31 patients were included in the study. Of the 105 dental implants placed, 104 were osseointegrated (99%). No bone absorption was radiographically noted at the uncovering of the osseointegrated implants. All of the osseointegrated implants were successfully loaded for the prosthetic restoration. The mean follow-up period after loading was 71 months, with an implant survival rate of 99%., Conclusions: Glucocorticosteroid intake for systemic diseases does not have a significant impact on the osseointegration and the 3-year survival of dental implants placed with a conventional two-stage surgical protocol and without bone grafting. Therefore, it should not be considered a contraindication for dental implant placement., (Copyright © 2017 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Isolated mandibular fractures usually represent themselves as non-life-threatening injuries and are not treated in emergency setting. However, some rare patterns of them may result in airway obstruction as a result of displacement of bony fragments. The authors report a patient of an open comminuted fracture of mandibular symphysis which exhibited an uncommon split pattern with retrogression of lingual cortical plate, and thereby induced glossoptosis, painful deglutition, and obstruction of the upper airway within a few hours. The patient underwent immediate intubation for establishing a definitive airway, followed by open reduction and internal fixation of fracture. Surgical airway management was not needed. Anatomic reduction of the fracture was achieved, by reestablishing the patency of upper airway and resolving the painful deglutition. Patient's occlusion and mouth opening returned to the preinjury status. Timely osteosynthesis surgery offered early relief of patient's signs and symptoms, prevented airway complications and development of traumatic mandibular osteomyelitis, as well as obviated the potential need for surgical airway management. The appropriate management of mandibular fractures placing the airway at risk requires immediate diagnosis based on knowledge of specific clinical and radiographic findings. This case emphasizes that emergency clinicians should be able to distinguish those patients who will need airway securing techniques in emergent or prophylactic context, due to an uncommon fracture pattern of facial skeleton. Moreover, emergency clinicians should be conversant with wiring techniques to achieve stabilization of the mandibular framework and to control the pain, hemorrhage, and airway patency.

Although the incidence of tetanus disease has radically declined in developed countries, both dental practitioners and oral and maxillofacial surgeons should be knowledgeable about its diagnosis since initial manifestations of the disease, such as trismus and dysphagia, are observed in the orofacial region. This study reports on a case of generalized tetanus diagnosed in a middle-aged man. Before the tetanus diagnosis, the patient had sought medical advice from seven different health care professionals, including a dentist and an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. The patient reported trismus and dysphagia as his main complaints. The suspicion of tetanus emerged from the patient's manifestations in conjunction with his history of trauma and his agricultural occupation. The patient underwent successful treatment including administration of muscle relaxants, antibiotics, and booster vaccination doses of tetanus toxoid as well as a tracheostomy and aided mechanical ventilation. This case report highlights the significance of taking a meticulous medical history, thoroughly performing a physical examination, and systematically assessing orofacial signs and symptoms.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of buccal bone defects and immediate placement on the esthetic outcome of maxillary anterior single-tooth implants. The archives of the Department of Dental Implants & Tissue Regeneration at Hygeia Hospital during a 5-year period (2010-2014) were retrospectively analyzed, in search of patients treated with a single-tooth implant after extraction of a maxillary incisor. The status of the buccal bone plate and the time of implant placement were recorded. The pink esthetic score (PES) of each case was evaluated, with a maximum score of 14. In total, 91 patients were included in the study. The mean PES was 10.5. The outcome was considered satisfactory (PES ≥ 8) in 89% and (almost) perfect (PES ≥ 12) in 35% of the cases. Immediate implant placement had no impact on PES (P > .05), even though it demonstrated slightly greater variability. On the other hand, buccal bone defects had a negative effect on PES (P < .0001). In conclusion, a satisfactory esthetic outcome can be achieved in single-tooth implants in the anterior maxilla. The presence of buccal bone defects is considered a negative prognostic factor, whereas immediate implant placement does not affect the esthetic outcome.

Werner syndrome, also called progeria of the adult and pangeria is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that affects connective tissue throughout the body. It is associated with premature ageing and an increased risk of cancer and other diseases. The mean survival for patients with Werner syndrome is 47 years. Death usually occurs when patients are aged 30-65 years because of atherosclerosis or malignant tumours. The purpose of this paper is to present a patient with Werner syndrome exhibiting a chondrosarcoma of the left temporomandibular joint and ramus. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case, of a Werner syndrome patient with an associated head and neck chondrosarcoma being reported. The diagnostic procedure followed and management of the patient are outlined in the paper as well., (Copyright © 2012 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The aims of this study were to review our experience in the treatment of malignant parotid tumors in material from one center over a 12-year period and to assess treatment outcome and particularly survival., Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients treated primarily by surgery were included in the study. Complete data regarding the demographic details of the patients, tumor stage, presence of regional/distant metastases, treatment, tumor histology, grade, and follow up were compiled. With reference to the extent of tissue removed, partial superficial parotidectomy was performed in 11 patients, superficial parotidectomy, in 14 patients, and total radical parotidectomy, in six patients., Results: The median time of follow-up was 64 months, ranging from 8 to 144 months. Eight patients developed recurrences. Six patients died within the follow-up time. The overall survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 82.2% and 76.7%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year disease-free survival rates were 74.8% and 69.8%, respectively., Discussion: For patients with malignant parotid tumors, the treatment should be individualized according to the findings of each specific case, and regarding surgery, particular care and attention should be paid to maintaining all or part of the facial nerve whenever possible.

Background: Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common neoplasm of the parotid gland. It is a benign tumor composed of epithelial and myoepithelial cells arranged in various morphological patterns. The most common reasons contributing to a recurrent disease are obvious or underestimated tumor spillage, incomplete excision, and violation of the pseudocapsule of the tumor., Case Report: This article presents a case of gross multinodular recurrence of a parotid gland pleomorphic adenoma in a 38-year-old female patient. Upon clinical examination of the homolateral neck, multiple, painless, well-defined, palpable, nontender masses and subcutaneous nodules of the right parotid and homolateral neck region were revealed. The patient was treated with surgery and subsequent radiation therapy. Histologic examination of the resected specimen was suggestive of a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma disease. There were no signs of malignant transformation in the specimen. The diagnostic procedure followed, and management of the patient is outlined in the paper., Discussion: Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common tumor of the parotid gland. In spite of being a benign neoplasm, inadequate management of the lesion may lead to problems such as local recurrence or malignant transformation. Management of recurrent tumors is challenging because the probability of subsequent recurrence increases with each recurrent episode, thus making local control increasingly difficult and damage to the facial nerve more likely.

Malignant tumors affecting minor salivary glands present a wide range of histopathologic types. The present study sought to design a protocol for management of patients with malignancy of minor salivary glands. The data of 22 patients with malignant tumors of the minor salivary glands, surgically treated at our department in the past 10 years, were accumulated and studied. All patients underwent a diagnostic workup prior to surgery. The most useful examinations were magnetic resonance imaging of the head and neck and computerized tomography of the thorax. Wide local excision was sufficient for the majority of patients. Adjuvant treatment is indicated for high-grade, tumor-positive lymph nodes and residual disease. Malignant tumors of minor salivary glands are very rare. Therefore, design of management protocols is challenging. Management of the neck is necessary in evidence of metastasis and in high-grade and advanced-stage disease. Adjuvant treatment should be included in the treatment protocol in certain indications. Most importantly, long-term follow up is very important for all patients with malignant minor salivary tumors.

Introduction: Olfactory neuroblastomas are rare malignant tumors that usually occur in the upper nasal cavity. The purpose of this paper is to present a case of a large olfactory neuroblastoma filling the entire nasal cavity, treated with an Altemir technique modification., Methods: A 39-year-old woman presented with a large tumor of the nasal cavity. After the laboratory examinations, the tumor was classified as a Kadish stage A olfactory neuroblastoma. The selected treatment was the surgical excision after an Altemir technique modification combined with midfacial degloving and additional radiotherapy., Results: Histopathology revealed a Hyams grade III olfactory neuroblastoma completely removed. Although the patient refused the additional radiotherapy, 18 months postoperatively, there were no signs of recurrence, and the patient shows big improvement on her sense of smell., Conclusions: Large olfactory neuroblastomas filling the entire nasal cavity extending back to the postnasal space can be completely removed using a transfacial approach as the Altemir technique modification is.

Our aim was to present the results of the use of porcine dermal collagen graft (Permacol) in the prevention of Frey's syndrome and face-contouring aesthetic deformities after operations on the parotid. We treated 19 patients with parotid tumours. After resection, a Permacol sheet was applied to the perimeter of the tissue deficit so that it was fully covered, and was sutured firmly. This technique produced satisfactory aesthetic results with good facial contouring in all patients. It also protected the exposed parotid nerve plexus, and none of the patients developed Frey's syndrome. Permacol produced good results in both postoperative facial contouring and prevention of Frey's syndrome.

Purpose: This study evaluated the frequency of metastases to supramandibular facial lymph nodes (SFLNs) in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity., Patients and Methods: SFLNs were identified and removed during neck dissection from 43 patients with oral SCC. All of them were histopathologically and immunohistochemically examined, to detect possible metastases and micrometastases., Results: Metastases to SFLNs were present in 6 patients (13.95%). Metastases were much more common among patients with palpable neck nodes, larger size of the primary site, advanced TNM stage, and greater age and those in whom the primary site was located in the mucosa of the alveolar ridge of the mandible., Conclusions: Surgical procedures in the region of the SFLNs must be performed very carefully, because of their close relation with the marginal mandibular nerve. In patients with oral SCC and palpable neck nodes, those with advanced disease, and those in whom the primary site is located in the mucosa of the alveolar ridge of the mandible, removal of SFLNs must be considered.

Purpose: Branchial cleft anomalies may be presented as branchial cysts, fistulas, or sinuses. Purpose of this paper is to present the diagnostic procedures and the treatment in a series of branchial cleft cysts., Methods: Eighteen patients with branchial cleft cysts were surgically treated. All of them were subjected in laboratory examinations with ultrasonography, CT or/and MRI, and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Complete excision was the treatment in all cases., Results: Eight patients had Type I, seven Type II, two Type III, and one a Type IV cyst. In all cases the surgical removal was successful and after 1 to 7 years post-surgical follow-up, no recurrences have been developed., Conclusions: Branchial cleft cyst diagnostic procedure must be the same as for other neck swellings. FNAC is very useful for the diagnosis and the surgical approach must ensure safe and complete cyst removal in order to avoid intraoperative complications and recurrences.

Purpose: Myxomas are benign, locally infiltrative, connective tissue tumors that rarely occur in the head and neck region. The purpose of this paper is to describe a very rare case of an intramuscular myxoma of the masseter muscle., Methods: A 74-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of a painless swelling over his left preauricular region. Computed tomography scan showed an intramasseter well-defined soft tissue mass. After a preauricular approach, a circumscribed solid gelatinous tumor was excised with thin margins including adjacent muscle tissue., Results: Histopathology revealed an intramuscular myxoma, completely resected. The patient made an uneventful recovery, and there were no signs of recurrence 26 months after surgery., Conclusions: Intramuscular myxoma of the masseter is an extremely rare entity, but it must be considered in the differential diagnosis of the swellings of the preauricular region.

Background: Microvessel quantification has been studied extensively as a factor reflecting angiogenesis in various malignant tumors. The aim of our study was to evaluate the vascular fractal dimension and the immunohistochemically positive total vascular area in oral cavity carcinomas in order to assess their potential value as factors reflecting angiogenesis., Methods: Histologic sections from 48 carcinomas and 17 nonmalignant mucosa specimens were evaluated by image analysis using fractal analysis software. Total vascular area was also quantified., Results: Carcinomas presented higher mean values of vascular fractal dimension and total vascular area compared to normal mucosa. The difference for the vascular fractal dimension was statistically significant., Conclusions: This study provides evidence that vascular fractal dimension could be used as a reliable factor reflecting angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma and that there are several statistically significant correlations among total vascular area, vascular fractal dimension, nuclear size, and clinicopathologic factors.