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Grit is the perseverance and passion for long-term goals, optimism represents an individual's expectation of a positive outcome in most situations, whereas life satisfaction is a major indicator of well-being. Grit, optimism, and life satisfaction play a role in medical and health science education, as they are associated with academic performance. This cross-sectional study explored the relationship between grit, optimism, and life satisfaction among medical and health sciences students at a Malaysian university using the 12-Item Grit Scale, Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) scale and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Medical students were significantly grittier than optometry students (p = 0.015) and significantly more optimistic than biomedical science students (p = 0.007). Academic performance was significantly correlated with grit (r = 0.135, p = 0.027) and optimism (r = 0.139, p = 0.023). On the other hand, a significant correlation existed between grit and optimism (r = 0.316, p = 0.000) as well as optimism and life satisfaction (r = 0.328, p = 0.000), whereas a correlation was observed between grit and life satisfaction (r = 0.171, p = 0.003). The findings show that interdisciplinary differences in grit and optimism exist and that grit and optimism are related to the academic performance of medical and health sciences students. Grit, optimism, and life satisfaction were interrelated in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood obesity is a global epidemic, which leads to the increasing number of studies on genetic locations associated with obesity-related traits. Polymorphisms of insulin (INS) gene have been shown to be associated with obesity-related phenotypes in Europeans; while insulin receptor (INSR) gene has been associated with energy regulation. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the association between the INS (rs689) and INSR (rs3745551) gene polymorphisms with childhood obesity risk in a Malay childhood population. Normal weight (538) and overweight or obese (557) children aged 6-12 years old were genotyped using semi-automated Sequenom iPLEX® Gold. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from measured body weight and height. The rs689 (T/T: 0.006, A/T: 0.159 and A/A: 0.835) and rs3745551 (G/G: 0.054, A/G: 0.378 and A/A: 0.568) genotype distributions were consistent with Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. The T-minor allele frequency for rs689 was 8.6% and G-minor allele frequency for rs3745551 was 24.3%. Minor allele of INS gene polymorphisms significantly increased risk of obesity among Malay children (sex- and age-adjusted OR=1.580; 95%CI: 1.134-2.201). However, INSR gene polymorphisms were not significantly associated with childhood obesity. In conclusion, the polymorphisms of INS gene, rather than INSR gene, were associated with childhood obesity in the Malay population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]