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Several short sections have been studied in Istria (Outer Dinarides, Northern Adriatic) to determine impact of short-term climate variability during the critical period of Mid-Eocene greenhouse climate evolution on pelagic assemblages from the northern mid-latitudes. In order to determine the age of the deposits and paleoecological conditions of the environment, marl samples were laboratory processed and prepared for microscopic analysis. Further taxonomic determination of calcareous nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifera was done together with quantitative research methods. Planktonic foraminifera tests are recrystallized and not suitable for stable isotope data. Because of that, isotope analyses have been proceeded (δ 13C and δ 18O) from bulk sediments and δ 13C is correlated with regional to global results. Based on new calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy with regional geochronology (Fornaciari et al., 2010), and implementations of available geochemical data for two hyperthermal intervals (Late Lutetian Thermal Maximum and Middle Eocene Climate Optimum CIE), for the first time these events are going to be more precisely dated from the first attempts made by Jovane et al. (2007), where the age was miscorrelated with 41.5 Ma for the MECO, which is actually the LLTM age dated in Southern Hemisphere.

Nježić is located in the eastern part of North Croatian Basin in Slavonia Region near the village of Nježić on the southwestern slopes of Papuk Mt. Within a 140-meter-thick sequence, five lithofacies have been distinguished: metagabbro facies, algal limestone facies, marl facies, bioclastic limestone facies and tuff facies. The metagabbro corresponds to the metagabbro of the Psunj metamorphic complex and represents Pannonian Basin System basement rocks. Algal limestones transgressively overlie the metagabbro, and are present only in the lower part of the sequence as a massive Lithothamnium limestone. About 70% of the deposits in the sequence are composed of marl which is most often massive and rich in microfossil fauna (planktonic and benthic foraminifera), as well as calcareous nanoplankton and fragments of bryozoans and echinoderms. Bioclastic limestones make up 5% of the sequence and appear as layers of centimeter-decimeter thicknesses through the entire sequence. About 25% of the sequence is occupied with the tuff facies. Thickness of the tuff layers ranges from >10 cm to almost 20 m. 40Ar/39Ar dating on the glass fragments from the oldest tuff layer in the sequence yielded a weighted mean age of 14.40 ± 0.03 Ma. All of the nannofossil assemblages, contain zonal marker species Sphenolithus heteromorphus Deflandre 1953 and are therefore attributed into NN5 Zone i.e. the middle part of the Badenian. Planktonic foraminiferal association contains representatives of genera Trilobatus, Praeorbulina, Orbulina, Paraglobototalia and Globigerina. Described planktonic foraminifera association with index species O. suturalis indicated middle Badenian age of sediments (planktonic foraminifera Zone M6). Benthic foraminifera assemblages indicate Lagenidae Zone with index species Uvigerina macrocarinata Papp & Turnovsky. Radioisotope dating result is confirmed by determined calcareous nannoplankton zone NN5 and the M6 Orbulina suturalis zone at the Nježić locality and according to chronostratigraphic similarity, tuff from Nježić locality can be correlated with Harsány ignimbrite in the Bükkalja Volcanic Field eruption unit.

Lokalitet Bukova glava nalazi se na sjevernim padinama planine Krndija, u blizini grada Našice, unutar kamenoloma Našicecement d.d. Tijekom miocena to područje bilo je dio interkontinentalnog Paratethys mora koje se rasprostiralo većim područjem današnje Europe i Azije. U travnju 2019. izvršena su terenska istraživanja, snimljen je geološki stup kroz najgornje otvorene etaže kamenoloma i obavljeno detaljno uzorkovanje naslaga. Duž stupa, ukupne debljine 58 metara, izmjenjuju se lapori sivih nijansi s tufovima i vapnencima uz rijetke proslojke glina. Uzorkovano je ukupno 67 uzoraka, od čega 43 uzorka lapora, koji su u laboratoriju obrađeni metodom muljenja te pripremljeni za mikroskopiranje. Do sada je mikroskopskom analizom obrađeno šest uzoraka lapora iz donjeg dijela stupa, i pronađena je bogata i dobro očuvana mikrofosilna zajednica (bentičke i planktonske foraminifere, spikule spužvi, bodlje ježinaca te rjeđe ostrakodi). Cilj ovih mikropaleontoloških istraživanja je odredba starosti naslaga i paleoekološka rekonstrukcija okoliša (dubina taložnog okoliša, salinitet vode, količina kisika pri morskom dnu, količina hrane). U tu svrhu analizirane su foraminiferske zajednice na standardiziranim uzorcima i određene jedinke bentičkih foraminifera na nivou vrsta. Izdvojene su dominantne i srednje zastupljene vrste, proučeni njihovi ekološki/paleoekološki zahtjevi (dubinski raspon, način života, način ishrane), izračunati su indeksi bioraznolikosti, te indeks kisika pri morskome dnu. Ukupno je određeno 19 rodova i 28 vrsta bentičkih foraminifera te je na osnovu nalaza vrsta Anomalinoides dividens (LUCZKOWSKA 1967), Elphidium hauerinum (d`ORBIGNY 1846) i Bolivina sarmatica (DIDKOVSKY 1957) određena starost srednjeg miocena – sarmat. Odnos planktonskih i bentičkih foraminifera kreće se u raspnu 10, 66% - 49, 53% i ukazuje na oscilacije u dubini taložnog okoliša od unutrašnjeg do srednjeg šelfa. Ova preliminarna istraživanja foraminiferskih zajednica iz srednjemiocenskih naslaga lokaliteta Bukova glava će zasigurno dati potpuniju sliku miocenskih zbivanja i paleoekoloških uvjeta u jugozapadnom dijelu Centralnog Paratethysa kao i cjelokupnog Panonskog bazenskog sustava.

During the Eocene, the transient carbonate ramp system developed in the Central Neo-Tethys region in front of the evolving Dinaric foreland basin (Ćosović et al., 2018). Shallow-water carbonates and deep-water carbonate-clastic successions crop out in the southeastern part of the Outer Dinarides (Pelješac Peninsula, Hvar Island). The investigation of benthic and planktonic foraminifera coupled with geochemical and sedimentological data provided evidence for accurate age attribution of the deposits (early Bartonian, SBZ 17, E11), recognition of two ramp facies belts (middle to outer), the rate of terrigenous input in basin deposits and changes in the composition of foraminifera around the MECO. The ramp deposits were characterized by scattered and reworked Larger benthic foraminiferal (LBF) tests, and according to the alternation of periods of low (intense bioturbation) and higher energy the various types of LBF accumulations originated. Tests of large Nummulites and orthophragminids (Discocyclina sp., in particular) are predominant, whereas sphaerogypsinids, miliolids, asterigerinids and opeculinids are less abundant. Towards the younger deposits, Solenomeris and annelids became more numerous, while representatives of genus Nummulites and associated fauna became less diversified. The adjacent basins were dominate by the eutrophic deep-dwelling large subbotinids, whose abundances increased slightly towards the younger part, in contrast to the large oligotrophic acarininids, whose abundances decreased in the younger part. The assemblages of smaller benthic foraminifera are poorly preserved, show low diversity, and are rarely found compared to the planktonic foraminifera, scarce in specimens. The detailed reconstruction suggests that eutrophication occurred during sedimentation and the oxygen content on the seafloor may have decreased.

Several short sections from Istria, northern Adriatic (Racani––Rac

In the central Neo-Tethys (Dinaric foreland basin, Croatia) the middle Eocene sediments are arranged in a NW-SE oriented facies belt that differs in thickness, age attribution and facies. The carbonate ramp facies passed into Transitional beds (including “Globigerina marls”) and basin sediments (flysch). Tectonic influences associated with the ongoing orogen, sea-level changes, and warming events (Early Eocene Climate Optimum, EECO, and Middle Eocene Climate Optimum, MECO) had a major control on sedimentation. Thus, these sedimentary sequences are a reliable tool for studying biotic response to climate change for platform to basin assemblages. The multidisciplinary study includes the taxonomic classification of different fossil groups, microfacies and petrologic interpretation of the rocks and interpretation of the biodiversity of the foraminiferal assemblages, geochemical composition of the sediments, and isotopic analysis of different elements of the skeletons. The limestones, rich in larger benthic foraminifera (LBF), were deposited on the transient carbonate ramps. The successions are rarely complete in terms of depositional settings (missing outer ramp, Španiček et al., 2017 ; inner ramp, Ćosović et al., 2022) and very often stratigraphically incomplete (Ćosović et al., 2018), whereas the sediments are diagenetically altered. The LBF tests that contribute most to sediment production are recrystallized and cemented and therefore unsuitable for isotopic analysis. Great proportion of tests of the Bartonian (nummulitids of genus Nummulites and orthophragminids) LBF show traces of bioerosion, and in some cases, it is unclear when bioerosion occurred (burrowing traces in large orthophragminids follow the growth pattern). The morphology of the basin(s) was also strongly tectonic. The depth of the basin varies from NW (Lutetian) to SE (Bartonian), with estimates ranging from 900 - 1200 m (Živković & Babić, 2003) down to 1800 m. The proportion of smaller benthic foraminifera follows this trend, as they are more abundant in sediments from the NW part and almost absent in sediments in the SE. This could be an indication of lower oxygen levels at the bottom of the basin due to increased stratification from warming. Unfortunately, planktonic tests, whether or not they occur in organic-rich marls, have always been recrystallized. Tests deposited near the EECO were also highly dissolved. Could this be the results of supra-lysoclinal dissolution or due to stratification? In shallower basins significant shoaling of the lysocline and thermocline follows local circulation patterns and local tectonics (Cramwinckel et al., 2020). The shallowing of the thermocline considered as a global event due to warming, resulted in the migration of certain species from their habitats, and the changes in their size (gigantism or dwarfism). How then might we interpret the conditions? In addition to interpreting the microfacies interpretation using the standard criteria for carbonate environments, bulk-sediment geochemical analysis proved to be the key to interpreting conditions on the bottom. The ratio of certain elements indicates the intensity of weathering and terrestrial influx in carbonate environments.

U radu su opisani transgresivni marinski sedimenti koji se proslojavaju s tufovima na lokalitetu Nježić na jugozapadnim obroncima Papuka. Fosilne zajednice vapnenačkog nanoplanktona, bentičkih i planktonskih foraminifara, kao i radiometrijsko datiranje minerala sanidina iz tufa ukazuju da je marinska transgresija započela ne prije 14, 8 Ma , a da najmlađi sedimenti na 100 metara debelom stupu naslaga nisu mlađi od 14, 2 Ma. Snimljeni slijed naslaga predstavlja transgresivni dio drugog badenskog, odnosno T.B. 2.4. transgresivnog ciklusa.

The section Bukova glava, located within the quarry Našicecement d.d., on the northern slope of Krndija Mt., belongs to the North Croatian Basin. During the Middle Miocene, the basin situated on the southwestern margin of the Central Paratethys Sea, was a part of Pannonian Basin System (PAVELIĆ & KOVAČIĆ, 2018). Previous studies revealed the continuity of sedimentation from the Badenian to Sarmatian (KOVAČIĆ et al., 2015 ; KOVAČIĆ et al., 2017). The Upper Badenian Bulimina – Bolivina was identified in the section based on smaller benthic foraminifera, whereas the top of the section was attributed to the Anomalinoides dividens zone of the Lower Sarmatian. Due to recent work in quarry, the upper part of the sections became available for study and consequently high-resolution sampling and logging took place in April 2019. This abstract contains preliminary results of study of smaller benthic foraminifera from newly exposed dark and light marly beds. Samples submitted standard treatment in laboratory (wet sieving and standardization into aliquots of about 300 specimens per sieve-residue). The analysis included quantification of planktonic vs benthic foraminifera (P/B ratio), generic interpretation of benthics and study of taphonomic conditions of foraminiferal tests. All studied tests are well preserved. The low values of P/B ratio are characteristic for shallow-water settings, inner shelf zone, whereas greater values of the ratio, found in some parts of the section, suggest possible deepening of the Sarmatian paleoenvironment. Two foraminiferal assemblages were described, Elphidium assemblage confined to the light marls and Bolivina assemblage to the dark beds. Elphidium assemblage is composed of large individuals of epifaunal forms among which representatives of Elphidium sp. with well- developed keel prevail. These characteristics suggest an oxic environment, with phytal covers where herbivores thrived (according to MURRAY, 2006). The dark marly samples depict that changes in the environments took place. The Bolivina assemblage is made of smaller individuals where Bolivina representatives dominate. Infaunal mode of life, dysoxic conditions (MURRAY, 2006) and detritus feeders are characteristics of bolivinas, implying possible reduction in oxygen concertation. The local sea-level changes or changes in terrigeous input caused by different rate of weathering could provoked such alteration of foraminiferal assemblages.

North Croatian Basin (NCB) is located in the Central and Eastern Croatia and represents a south-western part of the Pannonian Basin System. The formation of the NCB commenced 18 million years (Ma) ago and is still lasting today. In this period, except the period of Middle Miocene when it was a part of the Paratethys sea, NCB represented an isolated basin characterized by alluvial, fresh-water and brackish lake deposition (RÖGL, 1996 ; PAVELIĆ, 2001 ; PAVELIĆ & KOVAČIĆ, 2018). These periods were characterized by the evolution of endemic species which make the correlation of the beds from the NCB with the beds from the surrounding basins difficult (HARZHAUSER & PILLER, 2007). The most intensive period of volcanic activity was during the Karpatian and the Early and Middle Badenian. Karpatian and Early to Middle Badenian ages are marked by the numerous layers of tuff in the investigated area (PAMIĆ, 1997). Although layers of tuff represent a potential stratigraphic marker, especially in non-marine sediments they haven’t been used for this purpose in the NCB. The aim of this research is the reconstruction of the time frame of the evolution of NCB based on the 40Ar*/39Ar dating of the tuffs from different localities and different stratigraphic levels. Facies analysis and the determined fossil assemblage found in sediments of the investigated area point to freshwater, brackish and marine depositional environment. The palynomorph assemblages imply that the deposition took place in a moderate to subtropical climate. According to the results of the 40Ar*/39Ar dating on sanidine, tuffs have been dated in the range from 17 Ma to 14.4 Ma (Table 1). The fossil assemblage of foraminifera, ostracods, nannoplankton and palynomorphs shows that the tuffs older than 15.1 Ma were deposited in freshwater or brackish lake environments, while those dated as 14.8 to 14.4 Ma old were deposited in marine environments. Formation of the NCB started in Ottnangian with the deposition of coarse grained sediments, dominantly conglomerates intercalated with layers of tuffs in the Kalnik area which have been dated at 18 Ma (MANDIC et al., 2012). Alluvial environments have been gradually replaced with freshwater lake environments. This type of environments lasted up to 15 Ma ago. Layers of tuff found within freshwater lake sediments at the sites of Sjeničak and Paripovac in Banovina area, whose age is determined at approximately 16 Ma (MANDIC et al., 2012) and the tuff determined in the same area at Jovac locality with a determined age of 15.1 Ma confirm that claim. The existence of the freshwater lake environment, with possible marine influences, was also revealed at the locality of Laz on Medvednica Mt. where the age of the tuff was determined at 15.4 Ma. The layers of tuff found within the marine sediments have an age of 14.8 Ma, at the locality of Čučerje-1 on Medvednica Mt. and 14.4 Ma on the locality of Nježić in Slavonija. The mentioned results indicate that the marine transgression in the area of the North Croatian Basin took place around 15 Ma ago, while according to the previous studies (PAVELIĆ, 2001) it was supposed to have started at the beginning of the Karpatian.

Jedanaesti kongres o foraminiferama FORAMS 2018 održan je u Edinburghu od 16. do 24. lipnja 2018. g. u prostorijama kongresnog centra John Mcintyre. Kongresna predstavljanja popraćena su nizom događanja poput sastanaka Mikro i nanopaleontološkog društva, te raznih grupa koje djeluju pod okriljem IUGS-a. Više ode 300 istraživača iz svih krajeva svijeta prezentiralo je svoje rezultate u 18 sekcija (tri sekcije paralelno, poster prezentacije povezane sa sekcijama bile su u jutarnjim i popodnevnim satima). Slijedeći kongres o foraminiferama će se održati u Italiji, Peruggia, 2022. godine.

Fosilna zajednica foraminifera, ostrakoda, nanoplanktona i palinomorfa pokazala je da su tufovi stariji od 15, 1 Ma taloženi u slatkovodnim ili bočatim jezerskim okolišima, a oni datirani na 14, 8 do 14, 4 Ma u marinskim okolišima. Time je marinska transgresija u Sjevernohrvatskom bazenu, ranije uglavnom smještena na početak karpata, pomaknuta na približno 15 Ma, tj. na granicu donjeg i srednjeg badena.

North-western part of Croatia (including Medvednica Mt.) during the Middle Miocene was the south-western margin of the Pannonian Basin System (Central Paratethys). The upper part of the Middle Miocene (Late Badenian or Middle Serravalian Mediterranean substage), is a particularly interesting period in the development of the Paratethys, because the end of the fully marine regime coincided with this period. The lower part of the studied, Vrapce section (SW part of the Medvednica Mt.) consists of variably consolidated greyish-brown siltites. Sediments in the upper part of the section show cyclic alteration of three types of thin laminae (average thickness from 0.5 to -1 cm, occasionally up to 2 cm): grey-coloured calcitic-siltose ; brownish argillaceous- siltose, and greyish-brown siltose laminae. Heterolepa-Bolivina assemblage can be assigned to the spring-early summer period, with pronounced freshwater discharge and spring phytoplankton bloom, and, consequently, oxygen depletion at sea-bottom. Opportunistic foraminiferal taxa increase in number responding to the newly available nutrients. Bolivina-Cassidulina assemblage corresponds to summer-early autumn period. Summer phytoplankton bloom, increased temperature, high organic matter degradation and maximal stratification of water-column cause the dysoxic/anoxic conditions at the sea-bottom. Elphidium-Asterigerinata assemblage reflects the period late autumn-early spring. Re- established vertical water circulation again supplies bottom waters and benthic assemblage with oxygen.

U radu je opisan sedam metara debeli slijed horizontalno laminiranih laporovito-vapnenačkih sedimenata. Mikrofosilna zajednica pokazuje da donji dio slijeda pripada Bulimina-Bolivina zoni kasniog badena i pokazuje generalni trend produbljavnja, sredi dio pripada sarmatskoj Anomalinoides dividens zoni, a gornji dio također sarmatskoj zoni Elphidium hauerinum.

Paleoenvironmental analyses based on calcareous nannoplankton and foraminiferal distribution were carried out on samples from locality Bogutovo near Ugljevik. During the middle Miocene, the region was positioned on the southern margin of the Pannonian Basin and the Central Paratethys Sea. The studied section is a sedimentary succesion that is dominated by marine marls with a single limestone package near the middle. Continious ocurences of the calcareous nannoplankton zonal marker Sphenolithus heteromorphus and the absence of Helicosphaera ampliaperta in the middle and the upper part of the section allow placement in Zone NN5. The last occurence of S. heteromorphus indicates that the Zone NN5/NN6 boundary can be placed in the top portion of the studied interval. Using the standard Central Paratethys ecozones for benthic foraminifera, the analysed time interval includes two zones: the early Badenian (Moravian) upper Lagenidae Zone and the middle Badenian (Wielician) Spirorutilus carinatus Zone.

obilježene su izrazito transgresivnim kontaktom, bogatim fosilnim sadržajem i osobito velikom facijesnom raznolikošću (KOCHANSKY, 1957). Profil Glavnica Gornja je smješten na jugoistočnim padinama Medvednice, uzduž uske seoske ceste koja vodi prema istoimenom naselju, u duljini oko 120 m, visine oko 2 m., i na više mjesta je u potpunosti prekriven vegetacijom. Masivni sivkasto zelenkasti lapori kontinuirano prelaze u glinovite lapore, a mjestimično se uzduž profila mogu uočiti i glinoviti slojevi debljine do 1 m. Detaljna taksonomska i statistička analiza zajednica bentičkih foraminifera je napravljena na standardiziranim uzorcima u svrhu utvrđivanja starosti naslaga i interpretacije paleookoliša. Donjobadenska starost utvrđena je na temelju nalaza provodnih vrsta Uvigerina grilli SCHMID, Uvigerina pygmoides PAPP &TURNOVSKI i Bolivina viennensis MARKS, kao i brojne zastupljenosti nodosarida i stilstomelida od kojih su najznačajnije vrste Dentalina acuta D'ORBIGNY, Pseudonodosaria brevis D'ORBIGNY, Lenticulina vortex (FICHTELL & MOLL), Vaginulinopsis pedum (D'ORBIGNY), Planularia dentata (KARRER) te Planularia lanceolata (D'ORBIGNY). Vrlo raznolika zajednica bentičkih foraminifera (24- 30vrsta) obitavala je u dubokovodnom okolišu vanjskog šelfa do gornjeg batijala. Dominiraju tipične dubokovodne infaunalne vrste Bolivina dilatata REUSS, Bolivina viennensis MARKS, ali također i epifaunalne vrste Cibicidoides ungerianus (D'ORBIGNY) i Cibicidoides pseudoungerianus (D'ORBIGNY). Česte su i vrste Lenticulina inornata (D'ORBIGNY) i Angulogerina angulosa (WILLIAMSON). Na morskom dnu su vladali srednje oksični uvjeti, s nešto nižim vrijednostima u središnjem dijelu profila gdje se gotovo približavaju nisko oksičnim vrijednostima, što ukazuje na povećani donos organskih tvari. Stresnije ekološke uvjete u središnjem dijelu profila također potvrđuje i porast dominacije unutar zajednice bentičkih foraminifera kao i znatan porast udjela disoksičnih i infaunalnih oblika.

U radu je opisana biostratigrafska i litološka granica između sedimenata srednjeg i gornjeg miocena na lokalitetu Vranović kod Našica.

During the Middle Miocene, Northern Croatian Medvednica Mt. was an island within the Pannonian Basin, situated at the SW margin of the Central Paratethys Sea. Shallow marine Badenian sedimentary rocks from the SW slopes of Medvednica Mt. reflect a transgressive-regressive cycle with emersion during the late Middle Miocene, in concordance with the global sea-level change. Regression reflects itself in different sedimentary patterns and distribution of biota in the upper part of studied sections in SW Medvednica Mt. In marginal shoal area (Borovnjak locality) variations in salinity are prominent, resulting with brackish conditions at the Badenian/Sarmatian boundary. Tolerant biota typical for such conditions, are defined as Ammonia–Elphidium community. Deeper and more sheltered environment of Gornje Vrapče reflects regressive trends in cyclic lamination. Laminae differ in colour, calcium content and foraminiferal communities (Heterolepa–Bolivina community/Bolivina–Cassidulina community/Elphidium–Asterigerinata community). The uppermost part of the section is represented with coralgal biolitite, and, finally, emersion between the Upper Badenian and Lower Sarmatian deposits (equivalent of Middle Serravalian Mediterranean substage). Dominant controlling factors of foraminiferal communities in laminated part of section were fluctuations in bottom oxygen content (BFOI 54.75–93.94), and changes in quantity and quality of food supply. Possible causes can be significant periodical input of terrestrial material and/or seasonal oxygen depletion at the sea bottom.

Larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) from two spectacularly exposed carbonate mounds that crop out in the SE part of the Promina piggy-back basin (Outer Dinarides, Croatia) were used to define the origin and the mechanisms that produced them. The Promina Beds are ca 2000 m thick and are a regressive molasse succession of neritic to terrestrial calciclastic deposits of mid Eocene to Oligocene age accumulated in the Dinaric foreland zone. Limestones with LBF and corals occur in the upper part of the clay/marls neritic succession. In order to estimate the relative bathymetry of deposition and to build a depositional model, textural analysis, nummulitid (Nummulites s.str and Asterigerina/Amphistegina sp.) and orthophragminid test size and shape, and the types of light-dependent skeletal components were studied. Five types of facies were recognized: Facies #1, packstones in which LBF (nummulitids) make up 20% of the rock volume while small bioclasts (fragments and whole tests) comprise 10 % are dispersed in micrite matrix ; Facies #2, a red-algae-rich coral rudstone with a pack-wackestone matrix ; Facies #3, well sorted, fine-grained or poorly sorted coarse-grained skeletal packstones with numulitids, bryozoans, coralline algae, and very rare, smaller benthic foraminifera ; Facies #4, coral boundstone with abundant red algae in a mud-dominated matrix ; and Facies #5, nummulitid packstones, with Nummulites sp., Operculina sp. Discocyclina radians and Asterocyclina stellata, coralline algae, very rare smaller benthic foraminifera. Facies associations, textures, and photodependent components (T/D ratio, test morphology) indicate these cycles with corals and coralline algae to have grown in the mesophotic (facies # 2, #3 and #4) and euphotic (facies #1 and #5) zones and in low energy conditions below fair-weather wave base, where they were only occasionally influenced by exceptional storms. Facies #1 is assigned to a maximum water depth of 10 m and the deposits are winnowed, probably from the action of bottom currents. The prevalent deposits are unsorted Discocyclina–Asterocyclina micrites (facies #5), which were deposited at a maximum water depth of 50–60 m suggested by this large, hyaline foraminiferal assemblage.

To analyse the Irregularia tests composition the calcite crystal fragments were prepared by fracturing and carbon coating. Samples were analysed by Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) coupled with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Tescan VEGA to obtain chemical composition, especially magnesium content in Mg-calcite tests. The aim of this research is to determine whether the weight percent of magnesium in the tests can be used as the indicator of the sea water temperature. The enhanced magnesium content should correspond to higher, and decreased to the lower sea temperatures (PILKEY & HOWER, 1960). Stable isotope analyses (18O/16O) are planned in order to verify these preliminary conclusions.

Quantitative analysis has been carried out on 42 bulk sediment samples from the coal pit Ugljevik in NE Bosnia and Herzegovina. The outcrop displays the initial transgression of the Central Paratethys Sea in the southern Pannonian Basin. About 60 m thick section starts with Oligocene lacustrine deposits. Initial marine sediments superpose the angular disconformity. They bear assemblages of late Early Badenian Upper Lagenidae Ecozone passing upward into Middle Badenian Spirorutilus carinatus Ecozone, correlating thus with the late Langhian. Data distinguishing 84 benthic foraminifera species were processed by multivariate statistics. Results supported the definition of 5 upward gradually alternating assemblages. Hence the initial marine deposits comprise Cibicidoides ungerianus - Asterigerinata planorbis assemblage that inhabited high oxic environment of the inner shelf. Upward gradual deepening trend and ongoing transgression affected the increase in planctonic foraminifera contributions, the increase of infaunal and opportunistic benthic foraminifera species, and the decrease of bottom water oxygen content. Stable medium oxic conditions on middle to outer shelf install soon. They display the highly diversified Valvulineria complanata - C. ungerianus assemblage. The occasional organic matter input, triggering oxygen fluctuations along with the nutrient quantity and quality variation, is furthermore marked by alternations of V. complanata and V. complanata – Globocassidulina oblonga assemblages. Intensive lamination together with almost continuous presence of low oxic conditions indicates increase in organic matter input during Middle Badenian. The stratification in water column was possibly triggered by fresh water feed likely responsible for increased redeposition of shallow water species. Environmental stress is strongly suggested by increase of dominance and decrease of diversity recorded from Bulimina subulata - B. elongata - Valvulineria complanata - Bolivina dilatata assemblage. The studied marine flooding cycle shows pattern of initial upward deepening, followed by stabile high stand conditions. The small scale environmental disturbances recorded therein, turn than finally to continuously stressed low oxic bottom water conditions.

Gora Medvednica je istaknuta topografska jedinica u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj, a pruža se pravcem jugozapad-sjeveroistok na površini od približno 300 km2. Njezina jezgra uglavnom je sastavljena od paleozojskih i mezozojskih stijena različitog postanka i okružena transgresivno taloženim mlađim tercijarnim i kvartarnim sedimentnim stijenama (ŠIKIĆ, 1995). Tijekom miocena ovo je područje pripadalo Centralnom Paratethys-u, koji je, unutar Paratethys-a imao specifičnu geološku povijest, budući da je povremeno gubio vezu sa Sredozemljem, odnosno Tethys-om(RÖGL, 1999). Profili Donje Orešje 1 i Donje Orešje 2 nalaze se kod istoimenog sela sjeverno od Svetog Ivana Zeline u sjeveroistočnom dijelu Medvednice. Smješteni su u krovini kamenoloma na desnoj strani potoka Šum. Lokalitet Donje Orešje je već dugo poznat u geološkoj literaturi zbog debelog kompleksa trijaskih i krednih naslaga koje su detaljno proučene (POLŠAK, 1979), dok uski pojas mlađih miocenskih naslaga iz krovine nije do sada detaljnije analiziran. Gornjokredne naslage su transgesivne preko gornjotrijaskih vapnenaca, te su dijelom erodirane ili pokrivene transgresivnim badenskim naslagama. Zbog intenzivne eksploatacije kamena, u kamenolomu su se tijekom vremena otvarale nove etaže, što je omogućilo kontinuirano praćenje slijeda krovinskih naslaga. Profil Donje Orešje 1 sastoji se uglavnom od smeđkastih masivnih lapora koji se izmjenjuju s glinovitim laporima s povremenim proslojcima gline. Debljina naslaga je oko 7m, s time da odnos s starijim sedimentima nije vidljiv. U pravilu je uzorkovana svaka litološka promjena (ukupno 19 uzoraka). Na profilu Donje Orešje 2 (udaljen cca 200 m zapadno od profila Donje Orešje 1) jasno je uočljiv transgresivan kontakt badenskih naslaga s krednom podlogom. U donjem dijelu prevladavaju uslojeni do masivni smeđkasti lapori, dok je u gornjem dijelu evidentan povećani udio gline. Debljina snimljenih naslaga je približno 8 m (ukupno 21 uzorak). Biostratigrafska analiza proučenih profila bazira se na standardnim biozonacijama koje vrijede za područje Centralnog Paratethys-a (PAPP et al., 1978 ; PAPP & SCHMID, 1985 ; CICHA et al., 1998), s tim da je u obzir uzeta mogućnost uspostavljanja i nekih drugih biozona uslijed lokalnih paleoekoloških uvjeta. Detaljno proučavanje bentičkih foraminifera i ostrakoda je omogučilo utvrđivanje ukupno četiri biozone: gornjobadenska Buliminsko-bolivinska zona, donjesarmatske biozone Anomalinoides badenensis zona i Elphidium reginum zona, te srednjesarmatska Elphidium hauerinum zona. Na proučenim profilima naslage donjeg sarmata se kontinuirano talože na naslage gornjeg badena, bez izrazite razlike u litološkom sastavu sedimenata. Tek detaljna analiza mikrofosilne zajednice ukazuje na promjenu okolišnih uvjeta tj. oplićavanje taložnog bazena i drugačiji sastav badenskih i sarmatskih mikrofosilnih zajednica. Na području Donjeg Orešja sarmatske naslage se kontinuirano talože na gornjobadenske naslage vanjskog šelfa (profil Donje Orešje 1), te gornjeg batijala (profil Donje Orešje 2). Pad vrijednosti različitih paleoekoloških pokazatelja (P/B odnos, indeksi raznolikosti) te porast količine kisika pri morskom dnu (više vrijednosti BFOI), u odnosu na analizirane badenske zajednice, jasno upućuje da su sarmatske mikrofosilne zajednice živjele na području unutrašnjeg šelfa s mogućim oscilacijama u salinitetu vode, te s manjim oscilacijama u dubini taložnog bazena. Uzorci O17–O19 s profila Donje Orešje 1, te uzorak R12 s profila Donje Orešje 2 pripadaju Anomalinoides badenensis zoni tj. donjem dijelu donjeg sarmata. Na tu starost ukazuje nalaz provodne vrste ostrakoda Cytheridea hungarica (ZALÁNY), koja je tipična za donjosarmatske naslage, te izrazita dominacija vrste Anomalinoides badenensis (D’ORBIGNY). Unutar bentičke zajednice niske raznolikosti vrlo je česta i vrsta Rosalina obtusa D’ORBIGNY, a uočen je i znatan udio badenskih vrsta Bolivina dilatata REUSS, Cibicidoides pseudoungerianus (D’ORBIGNY) i Cassidulina laevigata D’ORBIGNY, što ukazuje na prijelazni karakter ove Zone od badenskih prema tipično sarmatskim naslagama. U ovoj početnoj fazi oplićavanja salinitet vode najvjerovatnije još nije značajnije smanjen, na što upućuje znatan udio marinskih vrsta bentičkih foraminifera, kao i manja zastupljenost vrsta rodova Ammonia, Porosononion te bočatih vrsta elphidija. Unutar ostrakodne zajednice dominira vrsta Argilloecia sarmatica (ZALÁNY), uz koju se još javljaju vrste Aurila haueri (REUSS) i Quadracythere sp. Elphidium reginum zona tj. gornji dio donjeg sarmata je utvrđena na profilu Donje Orešje 2 – uzorak R13. Starost ove zone je utvrđena na osnovi nalaza usko provodne vrste ostrakoda Aurila merita (ZALÁNY), te donjosarmatskih vrsta Aurila mehesi (ZALÁNY), Cytheridea hungarica (ZALÁNY) i Elphidium reginum (D’ORBIGNY). Također je značajan i nalaz sarmatskih elfidijuma vrsta Elphidium josephinum (D’ORBIGNY) i Elphidium hauerinum (D’ORBIGNY), te vrste Nonion tumidulus PISHVANOVA. Unutar bentičke zajednice je zapažen znatan udio različitih vrsta elfidija, vrste Ammonia vienensis (D’ORBIGNY), te još uvjek popriličan udio vrste A. badenensis. U svakom slučaju znatna zastupljenost bočatih vrsta bentičkih foraminifera, kao i sastav cjelokupne zajednice, na ovom dijelu unutrašnjeg šelfa upućuje na moguće oplićavanje i pojačano oslađivanje sedimentacijskog prostora. Oslađivanje dokazuje i sastav bočate ostrakodne zajednice, koja se u ovom dijelu unutrašnjeg šelfa javlja s udjelom od čak 14, 95%. Evidentno je da su unutar ostrakodne zajednice najzastupljeniji rodovi s čvrstim i jače kalcificiranim ljušturama, što također ukazuje da je ova zajednica živjela u nešto plićem i uzburkanijem okolišu nego zajednica iz Anomalinoides badenensis zone. Uzorci R15–R18 na profilu Donje Orešje 2 pripadaju Elphidium hauerinum zoni tj. donjem dijelu srednjeg sarmata. Elfidiji prevladavaju u sastavu zajednice bentičkih foraminifera, od kojih treba posebno istaknuti vrstu E. hauerinum, nosioca ove zone, te vrste E. josephinum i Elphidium obtusum (D’ORBIGNY). Vrlo su česte i vrste Bolivina sarmatica DIDKOVSKIY te R. obtusa. Unutar ove zajednice je uočen mali porast udjela disoksičnih i infaunalnih oblika, što može upućivati na produbljavanje taložnog okoliša i/ili nešto veću količinu organske tvari u sedimentu. Ostrakodna zajednica je obilježena vrstama Leptocythere tenuis (REUSS), Aurila angulata (REUSS), Argilloecia sarmatica (ZALÁNY) i Xestoleberis glabrascense (REUSS).

Benthic foraminifera record with 84 detected species shows distinct changes in composition and diversity across the section, reflecting changes of the paleoenvironment., i.e.depositional depth, oxygen content and organic matter content. Within the first meter of the marine part of the section shallow water assemblage predominates, reflecting highly oxic environmental conditions. The most common are Asterigerinata planorbis, Elphidium rugosum, Lobatula lobatula and Ammonia viennensis. Gradually, deep water middle to outer shelf assemblage installs, showing a stable moderately oxic bottom environment. The characteristic representatives are Valvulineria complanata, Cassisidulna laevigata, Heterolepa dutemplei together with Bulimina elongata. Slightly preceding the first dark clay intercalation the environmental perturbation starts pointed out by repetitive change of diversity index, species dominance and bottom water oxygen content. Some sea level fluctuation is present with distinct shallowing peak directly above the thick carbonate body. Within following meter distance the most distinct change develops with installation of low oxic near-bottom conditions remaining stable until the section top. The benthic fauna of that latter interval is characterized by low diversity and high dominance fauna comprising oxygen depletion indicators such as Praeglobobulimina pyrula or Bolivina ssp. The benthic foraminifera assemblage allows a good correlation of the marine deposits with the Badenian regional stage.

Međunarodni simpozij o foraminiferama FORAMS 2010 je održan u Bonn-u u poznatom Sveučilištu Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms u periodu od 05- 10.09. 2010. Na kongresu je sudjelovalo oko 350 istraživača iz više od 40 zemalja svijeta. Predavanja i posterske prezentacije su obuhvatili raznovrsne aspekte paleontologije, stratigrafije, biogeografije, molekularne biologije i ekologije foraminifera, primjenjene mikropaleontologije, oceanografije i paleooceanografije, paleoklimatologije, sistematike i evolucije.Pretkongresne (međuplimni okoliši i evolucija krednog epikontinentalnog mora) i postkongresne ekskurzije (posjet svjtski poznatim ležištima Messel, Holzmaden, Solnhofen) pratile su ovaj kongres.

Open mine pit Bogutovo Selo near Ugljevik in NE Bosnia and Herzegovina is positioned at the southern margin of the Pannonian Basin System. The Oligocene lignite bearing lacustrine deposits are superposed there by Middle Miocene marine sediments. The measured section is about 60 m thick and beside marine sediments includes the uppermost part of the lake deposits, comprising clays, sands and coal seams. The marine ingression is marked by the first occurrence of the marine macrofauna in a sandy marl horizon comprising mollusk accumulations. About 20 m of gray marls with two dark clay intercalations follow, superposed by a massive, 10 m thick carbonate body. Its sedimentary structures and lower contact point to deposition by debris flow. The topmost 40 m of the logged succession include in its lower part two subordinate, 1m thick carbonate beds, followed in very top by subordinate diatomite intercalations, volcanic ash layers and fossiliferous beds with well preserved, marine fish remains. The assemblages of benthic and planktic foraminifera allow the biostratigraphic correlation of the marine transgression horizon with the Lower Badenian. Benthic foraminifera record with 84 detected species shows distinct changes in composition and diversity across the section, reflecting changes of the paleoenvironment., i.e. depositional depth, oxygen content and organic matter content. Within the first meter of the marine part of the section shallow water assemblage predominates, reflecting highly oxic environmental conditions. The most common are Asterigerinata planorbis, Elphidium rugosum, Lobatula lobatula and Ammonia viennensis. Gradually, deep water middle to outer shelf assemblage installs, showing a stable moderately oxic bottom environment. The characteristic representatives are Valvulineria complanata, Cassisidulna laevigata, Heterolepa dutemplei together with Bulimina elongata. Slightly preceding the first dark clay intercalation the environmental perturbation starts pointed out by repetitive change of diversity index, species dominance and bottom water oxygen content. Some sea level fluctuation is present with distinct shallowing peak directly above the thick carbonate body. Within following meter distance the most distinct change develops with installation of low oxic near-bottom conditions remaining stable until the section top. The benthic fauna of that latter interval is characterized by low diversity and high dominance fauna comprising oxygen depletion indicators such as Praeglobobulimina pyrula or Bolivina ssp. The benthic foraminifera assemblage allows a good correlation of the marine deposits with the Badenian regional stage. The lowermost part of the section Ugljevik comprising the lake sediments is barren of autochthonous calcareous nannoplankton. Continuous occurrences of zonal marker Sphenolithus heteromorphus and the absence of Helicosphaera ampliaperta in the middle and the upper part of the section allow stratigraphical attribution to the nannoplankton Zone NN5. 218 13th Congress RCMNS - 2nd - 6th September 2009, Naples, Italy Based on the last occurrence of S. heteromorphus, NN5/NN6 boundary can be placed about 10 m below the top of the section below the diatom bloom event. Together with blooms of small reticulofenestrids, which are characteristic in Badenian marine deposits of the Central Paratethys, nannoplankton assemblages contain also: Braarudosphaera bigelowii, Coccolithus pelagicus, Coronocyclus nitescens, Coronosphaera mediterranea, Cyclicargolithus floridanus, Helicosphaera carteri, H. walbersdorfensis, Holodiscolithus macroporus, Reticulofenestra gelida, R. pseudoumbilica, Sphenolithus moriformis and Umbilicosphaera jafari. Blooms of small reticulofenestrids and very rare or absent discoasterids in all investigated samples point to nearshore paleoenvironmental conditions. Stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen as well as the content of total organic carbon (TOC), carbonate and sulphur have been analyzed within a geochemical study on bulk sediment samples. The lake sediments at the base of the section are characterized by very low isotopic values (mean: -8.2‰ for 13C, -5.4‰ for 18O), low TOC values (mean: 0.23%), a variable carbonate content ranging from 1-35% and a sulphur content between 0.3-1.3%. The overlying marine sediments show in their lower part a mean isotopic value of -0.9‰ for both, the 13C and 18O signals. TOC values of 0.4-3.9%, carbonate content between 19-85% and a sulphur content ranging from 0.8-3.7% have been evaluated for the whole section. These preliminary results are consistent with a transgressive setting ; increases in TOC and sulphur content up-section reflect a decrease in bottom-water oxygenation favoring organic carbon preservation as a result of the deepening environment.

O sudjelovanju na kongresu 51st Palaeontological Annual Meeting.

Micropaleontological features, together with sedimentological data indicate that the Upper Badenian deposits of Borovnjak were deposited in relatively turbulent near-shore marine environment with temporary oscillations of salinity. Appearance of a brackish genus Neocyprideis (Miocyprideis) in fine-grained intercalations in the central part of the section, and high percentage (>30%) of an opportunistic species A. viennensis, indicate the temporary input of freshwater into the basin.

Maximal Miocene transgression in the Paratethys realm took place during the Late Badenian Bulimina-Bolivina Zone. Four dominant communities from marls of the Medvednica Mt. reflect the biotic response to the sea-level rise. Elphidium crispum-Asterigerinata planorbis-Elphidium macellum community lived at the inner shelf, and Cassidulina laevigata-Globocassidulina oblonga-Cibicidoides ungerianus at the middle shelf. Community of outer shelf is Bolivina dilatata-Cassidulina laevigata-Bulimina elongata, and community of upper bathyal environment is Uvigerina venusta-Uvigerinasemiornata-Bolivina dilatata-Bulimina elongata.

Zbog izdizanja Alpa i drugih planinskih lanaca tijekom oligocena i miocena, na području središnje i jugoistočne Evrope dolazi do stvaranja niza tektonskih bazena. Ti bazeni su u pojedinim geološkim razdobljima bili međusobno povezani, prekriveni istom vodenom masom (more Paratethys), no povremeno je i dolazilo do izolacije pojedinih bazena. Jedan od tih bazena je bio i Panonski bazen, čija konačna izolacija i postupno oplićavanje i oslađivanje započinje tijekom gornjeg miocena (prije 13-5 mil.g.). U prvom trenutku dolazi do osiromašenja faune, no s vremenom, kako se okoliši izmjenjuju od morskih, preko brakičnih do potpuno slatkovodnih, počinju se pojavljivati brojni endemični oblici. Morski školjkaši roda Cardium uspjevaju se prilagoditi novonastalim uvjetima tj. oslađenoj i mirnijoj jezerskoj vodi, no mjenjaju svoje morfološke osobine, i iz njih se razvija novi rod Limnocardium.

Ovaj rad predstavlja kompleksan pristup definiranju badenskih i sarmatskih okoliša s područja planine Medvednica (SZ Hrvatska), uključujući rasprostranjenost bentičkih foraminifera i ostrakoda, kemijski sastav sedimenata i aktivnosti prirodnih radionuklida. Pokazatelji raznolikosti, broj vrsta bentičkih foraminifera, Broj bentičkih foraminifera, Indeks kisika bentičkih foraminifera i epifauna/infauna trendovi ukazuju na postupne promjene (s povremenim fluktuacijama) u bentičkom ekosistemu tijekom taloženja badenskih i sarmatskih sedimenata. Uzimajući pri tome u obzir i promjene u odnosu plankton/bentos te taksonomskoj raznolikosti zajednica, bilo je moguće izvojiti pet badenskih (rubni marinski, unutrašnji šelf, srednji šelf, vanjski šelf i gornji batijal), te jedan sarmatski (unutrašnji šelf) okoliš. Analiza pokazuje da su promjene u dubini taložnog bazena, oscilacije u količini kisika pri morskom dnu i s tim povezane promjene u količini i kvaliteti raspoložive hrane bili najvažniji čimbenici koji su utjecali na rasprostranjenost mikrofosilnih zajednica u badenskim i sarmatskim okolišima. Geokemijski podaci iz različitih badenskih i sarmatskih sedimenata su se jasno grupirali, pa su se prema tome pokazali vrlo korisnim za razlikovanje badenskih i sarmatskih okoliša, te badenskih Zona. Aktivnosti prirodnih radionuklida također mogu pomoći u paleoekološkim rekonstrukcijama, no oni se moraju kombinirati s mikropaleontološkim i geokemijskim podacima.

A nicely exposed Miocene profile was described from Donje Orešje quarry in SE Medvednica Mt. In Badenian samples sulphide minerals are not present. Presence of hematite indicates a well oxygenated environment. Sarmatian tests, on contrary, often contain pyrite. Gradual decrease in sparry calcite moulds can be traced in Sarmatian beds.

In the Donje Orešje quarry, in SE Medvednica Mt., Miocene sediments transgressively overly Cretaceous limestones. Basal conglomerates, Lithotamnium limestones and partly marls are Badenian in age. Zone Bulimina-Bolivina was determined on the basis of foraminiferal community. Sarmatian marls were deposited continuously. Lower Sarmatian Zones Anomalinoides badenensis and Elphidium reginum, as well as the Middle Sarmatian zone Elphidium hauerianum were recognized. Climate shifts from almost subtropic to moderate can be observed through palinomorph content.

Grey marls with rich microfossil community were sampled in Lipa creek trench at the locality St. Barbara. Foraminifera are most abundant fossils with 49 species, while ostracods are represented with 21 species. Middle shelf is characterized by highly diverse fauna and high oxygen content at the bottom watewr surface.Outer shelf is less diversified and clear trend of dominance by few species is noticed. Increase in diversity and number of species at the upper bathyal environment indicate moderate oxygen conditions.

Obrađena su tri tafofacijesa gornjobadenske starosti s područja Medvednice i načinjena je paleoekološka rekonstrukcija okoliša prvenstveno na osnovu malih bentosnih foraminifera i ostrakoda. Mikrofosilne zajednice područja Borovnjaka taložene su u priobalnom, relativno uzburkanom marinskom okolišu s oscilacijama u salinitetu vode, dok su na lokalitetu Gornje Vrapče mikrofosilne zajednice živjele na području unutrašnjeg šelfa s kolebanjima u količini kisika pri dnu i kvaliteti raspoložive hrane. Na području Svete Barbare živjele su mikrofosilne zajednice vanjskog šelfa i gornje kontinentske padine, koje se međusobno razlikuju po količini kisika u pridnenoj vodi.

Irregular echinoids from the Badenian sediments at localities Bizek and Borovnjak in SW Mt. Medvednica were studied. Genera Clypeaster, Echinolampas, Scutella, Schizaster, Heteroclypeus and Spatangus were determined. Medium-sized to large tropical sand dollars predominate in sandstone and Lithothamnium limestone at Bizek quarry. Their appearance in different sediments, and within different microfossil communities, indicate their tolerance to different environmental conditions. Number of specimens decreases in argillaceous sediments and marls. Associated microfauna consists of benthic foraminifers, with predominance of epifaunal taxa - herbivore, or filter-feeders. Only two species of sand dollars (Clypeaster cf. sequenzai and Scutella cf. vindobonensis) were found in nearshore sandstone at Borovnjak. Medium-sized cassiduloids (Echinolampas lecointrae and E. cf. wrighty) were determined from both localities, in association with predominantly miliolid foraminifers. Echinolampas cf. wrighty is always accompanied with Scutella cf. vindobonensis in highly energetic environments at Borovnjak. Heteroclypeus was found in Lithothamnium limestone at Bizek quarry. Spatangus was collected from grey marls at the same locality, accompanied with benthic foraminifers (Cibicides, Cibicidoides), sponge spiculas and well preserved molluscs, indicating deeper, low-energy water. Schizaster parkinsoni, associated with numerous infaunal foraminifers was found in sandstone and argillaceous sandstone at Borovnjak locality. Turbulent nearshore environment, with oscillations in salinity (appearance of brachish ostracods)was presumed.

The primary production (PP) supports the marine food web, and affects global biogeochemical cycles [1]. Therefore, measuring and monitoring PP is of huge importance for tracking ecosystem responses to the anthropogenic-driven climate change. PP can be measured in-situ, 14C technique being widely used [2], or it can be estimated by satellite remote sensing [1], and different models [3, 4]. Remote sensing and modeling estimate global PP at large spatial and temporal scale, but they have their own restrictions [4] and require in-situ data for algorithm validation [3]. As a result, in-situ time-series data is of significant importance for PP modeling in world oceans [3]. Continuous PP in-situ measurements using 14C technique are done since April 1962 at two stations in the Central Adriatic Sea: coastal Kaštela Bay and open sea Stončica station. Time- series data was corrected for overestimates of daily production using non-linear production model, and five decadal regimes were observed: 1962-1979 (118 mg C m-2), 1979-1997 (300 mg C m- 2), 1997-2008 (128 mg C m-2), 2008-2013 (251 mg C m-2), and the last one is ongoing since 2013 (154 mg C m-2) with a trend of PP decrease [3].Overall, models reveal global decrease of PP in Mediterranean. However, there is a trend of increase in Adriatic Sea [4], which may be due to enhanced anthropogenic nutrient input, and climate change effects. We conducted 14C in-situ PP measurements at Lastovo and Korčula Islands during the ISLAND project field experiment in June 2022 (i.e., during water layer thermal stratification). Daily integrated NPP was calculated: 185.50 mg C m-2 d-1 at station Maslovnjak (north of Lastovo Island), 190.04 mg C m-2 d-1 at station Struga (south of Lastovo Island), and 80.77 mg C m-2 d-1 at station Prižba (Korčula Island). More in-situ experiments are planned for the future in order to compare data points to satellite remote sensing data and to model algorithms for the future PP estimates in the Adriatic. REFERENCES [1] F. P. Chavez et al., Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 3 (2011) 227–260. [2] E. S. Nielsen et al., ICES J. Mar. Sci. 18 (1952) 117–140. [3] Ž. Kovač et al., Remote Sens. 10 (2018) 1460. [4] P. M. Salgado-Hernanz et al., Biogeosciences 19 (2022) 47–69.

Knjiga sadrži sažetke 6. simpozija studenata doktorskih studija PMF-a, koji se održao 23. i 24. travnja 2022. na Prirodoslovno-matematičkom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

Solid-state synthesis by mechanochemistry serves as an alternative to solution synthesis, but for a wider application within the framework of green chemistry, detailed investigations about reaction mechanisms at the molecular level are crucial [1]. One of current disadvantages of mechanochemistry is insufficient understanding of the influence of milling parameters on energy transfer during ball milling. In this paper, simple one-step trimerization of nickel(II) dibenzoylmethane was used as a model system to systematically examine by in situ Raman spectroscopy the effect of the milling frequency, and the material and mass of milling balls on the mechanochemical oligomerization reaction rate (Figure 1). By varying milling parameters, we have modified energy input required for the chemical transformation leading to different reaction profiles. Based on numerical simulations of the milling processes, a linear relationship was established between the reaction rate and the energy dose absorbed by the sample. Consequently, the energy dose increases with the frequency of impacts, mass and the average ball velocity, but decreases with the hardness of milling media to the minimum energy needed to initiate chemical conversion.

Žala su dinamični obalni geomorfološki oblici. Prirodni procesi, kao i sve veći antropogeni pritisci, utječu na konstantne promjene njihovih morfoloških obilježja [1]. Osim prirodnog, žala danas imaju i važno socioekonomsko značenje u turizmu, te je potrebno brinuti o stabilnosti žala i njima održivo upravljati [2]. Monitoring žala pokazao se kao vrlo dobra metoda, koji je na otoku Hvaru započeo 2016. godine [1]. Od 2018. godine istraživanje smo nastavili uz pomoć satelitskih i ortofoto snimaka, a od 2020. godine uz pomoć bespilotne letjelice. Daljinska istraživanja se danas sve češće koriste u istraživanjima žala [3]. U ovom radu ispitat će se kvaliteta i preciznost podataka prikupljenih daljinskim istraživanjima u desetogodišnjem razdoblju (2011.-2021.) na 20 žala otoka Hvara. Mjerenja osnovnih morfoloških obilježja žala (površina i duljina) napravljena su na temelju arhivskih satelitskih (Google Earth Pro desktop) i arhivskih digitalnih ortofoto snimaka (Geoportal – Državna Geodetska Uprava). Odabrane su snimke najbolje rezolucije (prostorne i vremenske) te su uspoređene s recentnim mjerenjima napravljenim pomoću bespilotne letjelice (DJI Phantom 4 Pro) i GNSS prijamnika (Trimble). Lokacije žala snimane su bespilotnom letjelicom tijekom 2020. i 2021. godine te su obrađene fotogrametrijskim metodama. Kako bi se izračunala preciznost mjerenja korišteni su RMSE – Root Mean Square Error (korijen srednje kvadratne pogreške) i postotno odstupanje. S obzirom da su modeli izrađeni pomoću bespilotne letjelice vrlo visoke rezolucije i terenski su mjereni, oni su korišteni kao referentna vrijednost. Usporedbom mjerenja svih korištenih izvora izračunata je jaka korelacija (r2=0, 98), što pokazuje da sva mjerenja omogućuju daljnje analize. Prosječni RMSE površina žala iznosi 7, 2%, a duljina 2, 5%, dok je izračunata devijacija -2, 3% do 5, 6% za površine žala, a -1% do 2, 7% za duljine žala. Na temelju izračunatih vrijednosti vidljiv je trend smanjenja greške na recentnim podacima. Ovaj rad je pokazao da se dostupni podaci prikupljeni metodama daljinskih istraživanja mogu koristiti u geomorfološkim istraživanjima žala, uzimajući u obzir izračunatu grešku. ZAHVALE Ovo istraživanje napravljeno je uz potporu Hrvatske zaklade za znanost (HRZZ-IP-2019-04- 9445).