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Type specimens of 42 taxa of Phasmatodea (including probable type specimens of 14 taxa) have been located in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich. The species are listed alphabetically, with the number of specimens, sex and locality data. Some minor taxonomic changes are proposed: 1 new combination, 1 revised combination, 2 lectotype designations.

Studies on the genus Xeroderus have revealed a new species from Papua New Guinea: Xeroderus conlei sp. n., which is described and figured from the holotype female only. Keys are provided to compare it with X. kirbyi Gray, 1835 from Australia, the only other species in the genus. Lectotypes are designated for X. kirbyi and the synonym Cooktownia plana Sjöstedt, 1918. Xeroderus brevipennis Redtenbacher, 1908 is found to be a member of Nisyrus Stål, 1877 and is here removed from Xeroderus and transferred to Nisyrus Stål, 1877. N. brevipennis (Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n. is the first record of Nisyrus from the Solomon Islands. Various additional Australian localities are recorded for X. kirbyi Gray, 1835.

The taeniopterygid genus Taenionema Banks, 1905 currently contains 14 species distributed in the Nearctic and the eastern Palearctic Regions. Taenionema japonicum (Okamoto, 1922) is the only species known from the Eastern Hemisphere, specifically in Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia and north-eastern China. The authors recently described the larvae of an undetermined Taenionema species, which was supposed to represent a second Palaearctic species.This paper reports the first endemic species of Taenionema Banks, 1905, Taenionema sinensis sp. n. from China, which also represents the second species of Taenionema from the Eastern Hemisphere. Description and illustrations based on male and female adults are provided. The new species is easily distinguished from all congeners by the bilobed abdominal sternum 9 of the male adult. The female adult is characterised by the posteriorly truncate postgenital plate. The male larva is distinguished by the emarginate subgenital plate and hook-shaped paraprocts.

Genus Agamemnon Moxey, 1971: 71 See Brock et al. (2023) for a complete reference list This genus was only previously recorded for Virgin and Puerto Rico Islands, and is now recorded for Cuba. Each of the two transferred species are from Cuba and present somewhat similar characters such as a very short tergum X. It is possible that future analysis with more material from specific locations, or even new sampling effort, reveal that these species are conspecific. The genus now contains 4 species. Characteristics contained by the transferred species that allowed generic assignment are the following: presence of porrect dorsal spines anteriorly in the head; widened metathorax; relatively long female median segment; similar morphology of teminalia. Ocnophila illegitima Brunner, 1907: 316 = Agamemnon illegitimus (Brunner, 1907) comb. nov. >> Holotype, J (MNMS): Cuba, Gundlach; Libethra illegitima Br. Differ minime a L. Poeyi Bol; Sintipo; MNCN Cat. Tipos Nº 7639; MNCN_Ent 352412 [examined through pictures]. Caulonia poeyi Bolívar, 1888: 137 (transferred to Ocnophila by Brunner, 1907: 314) = Agamemnon poeyi (Bolívar, 1888) comb. nov. >> Syntypes, ♀ (MNMS): Caulonia Poeyi Br. Cuba; Libethra Poeyi Bol; Sintipo; MNCN Cat. Tipos Nº 1601; MNCN_Ent 352411 [examined through pictures]; Syntype (?), ♀ (MNMS): Caulonia Poeyi nº106 Col. Gundlach; 106; Ocnophila; Sintipo?; MNCN Cat. Tipos Nº 1600; MNCN_Ent 352410 [examined through pictures]; ♀, J (IES): Cuba [not examined; male studied from original description]., Published as part of Ghirotto, Victor Morais, Engelking, Phillip Watzke & Crispino, Edgar Blois, 2023, Revision of the Neotropical stick insect genus Ocnophila (Phasmatodea: Diapheromeridae) with a new species from Colombia, pp. 179-209 in Zootaxa 5296 (2) on page 204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7973264, {"references":["Moxey, C. F. (1971) Notes on the Phasmatodea of the West Indies: two new genera. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 78, 67 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1971 / 927579","Brock, P. D., Buscher, T. H. & Baker, E. (2023) Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // phasmida. speciesfile. org (accessed 6 April 2023)","Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) IX. Tribus Clitumnini, X. Tribus Lonchodini, XI. Tribus Bacunculini. In: Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. & Redtenbacher, J. (Eds.), 1906 - 1908, Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 181 - 338, tafel VII - XV."]}

lobicornis Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 208 [Prosentoria] Probable ST, ♀: Saparna. Comment: Further type material in NMW (No. 369). Valid name: Prosentoria arrogans (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V. & Brock, Paul D., 2023, The types of Phasmatodea (= Phasmida) deposited in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ), pp. 176-188 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 185, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7894794, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) s. n. In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. II. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 181 - 340, pls. 7 - 15."]}

modestissimum Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 286 [Prisomera]. HT, ♀: S. O. Borneo?; Brunner v. W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903 Type; Pris. modestissimum Br. v. W. Valid name: Paraprisomera coronata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V. & Brock, Paul D., 2023, The types of Phasmatodea (= Phasmida) deposited in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ), pp. 176-188 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7894794, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) s. n. In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. II. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 181 - 340, pls. 7 - 15."]}

appetens Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 281 [Dixippus]. PLT, ♁: Java; Brunner v. W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903 Type; Dix. appetens Br. v. W. PLT, ♁: West Java; Brunner v. W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903 Type; Dix. appetens Br. v. W. Probable PLT, ♁: Java occident., Mons Gede 4000', 1898 H. Fruhstorfer. Comment: The specimen from Mt. Gede lacks a type label, but appears to be part of the type series. The LT is in NMW (No. 549); PLT’s in NMW and SMNS. Whilst the PLT from “Java” is entirely dark rusty red, the PLT from “West Java” has great parts of the body green, the head, prothorax and posterior portions of the meso- and metathorax straw, and the legs bright red. Valid name: Carausius nodosus (Haan, 1842), Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V. & Brock, Paul D., 2023, The types of Phasmatodea (= Phasmida) deposited in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ), pp. 176-188 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7894794, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) s. n. In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. II. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 181 - 340, pls. 7 - 15."]}

electa Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 205 [Cuniculina]. LT, ♀ [by present designation]: Siak, Sumatra, (Bluntschli); Brunner v. W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903 Type; Cun. electa Br. v. W. PLT, ♀: Vaniloe., Assahan, O. Sumatra; Brunner v. W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903 Type; Cun. electa Br. v. W. Comment: The lectotype designation has been made to ensure the stability of the synonymy. Valid name: Ramulus nematodes (de Haan, 1842), Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V. & Brock, Paul D., 2023, The types of Phasmatodea (= Phasmida) deposited in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ), pp. 176-188 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 180, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7894794, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) s. n. In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. II. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 181 - 340, pls. 7 - 15."]}

insignis Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 268 [Carausius]. HT, ♀: Siak, Sumatra, (Bluntschli); Brunner v. W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903 Type; Carausius insignis Br. v. W. Valid name: Baculofractum insigne (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V. & Brock, Paul D., 2023, The types of Phasmatodea (= Phasmida) deposited in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ), pp. 176-188 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 181, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7894794, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) s. n. In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. II. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 181 - 340, pls. 7 - 15."]}

verecunda Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 203 [Cuniculina]. ST, ♀: Tengger G., Ost-Java; Brunner v. W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903 Type; Cun. verecunda Br. v. W. Comment: Further type material in NMW (No. 353), MSNG and MNHU. HNHM material destroyed in fire. Valid name: Ramulus verecundus (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V. & Brock, Paul D., 2023, The types of Phasmatodea (= Phasmida) deposited in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ), pp. 176-188 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7894794, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) s. n. In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. II. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 181 - 340, pls. 7 - 15."]}

modesta Redtenbacher, 1908: 461 [Anchiale]. (Fig. 5) HT, ♀: Neu-Guinea; Brunner v. W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903 Type. Valid name: Anchiale modesta Redtenbacher, 1908, Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V. & Brock, Paul D., 2023, The types of Phasmatodea (= Phasmida) deposited in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ), pp. 176-188 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7894794, {"references":["Redtenbacher, J. (1908) s. n. In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27."]}

supernumerarius Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 261 [Lonchodes]. (Fig. 10) HT, ♁: S. Celebes, Bua-Kraeng, 5000' Febr. 1896, H. Fruhstorfer; Brunner v. W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903 Type; Lonch. supernumerarius Br. v. W. Comment: There is another ♁, with identical data, but without a type label. However, as the HT lacks both front legs and Brunner v. Wattenwyl (1907: 261) inserted a “?” for foreleg length in his table of measurements, it must be presumed that the author had not examined the second specimen. Hence, it cannot be a type. Valid name: Ramulus supernumerarius (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V. & Brock, Paul D., 2023, The types of Phasmatodea (= Phasmida) deposited in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ), pp. 176-188 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 183, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7894794, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) s. n. In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. II. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 181 - 340, pls. 7 - 15."]}

virgo Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 269 [Carausius]. ST, ♁: West Java; Brunner v. W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903 Type; Caraus. virgo Br. v. W. Comment: There are two further possible ♁♁ syntypes with identical data in ETHZ, but without a type label and another ♁ from Java occident. Pengalengan, 4000' 1893, H. Fruhstorfer. Further type material in NMW (No. 502), RBINS and SMNS. Valid name: Carausius virgo Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907, Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V. & Brock, Paul D., 2023, The types of Phasmatodea (= Phasmida) deposited in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ), pp. 176-188 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7894794, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) s. n. In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. II. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 181 - 340, pls. 7 - 15."]}

irregulariter-lobatus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 273 [Carausius]. ST, ♀: Java occident. Pengalengan, 4000' 1893, H. Fruhstorfer; Brunner v. W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903 Type; Car. irregulariter-lobatus Br. v. W. ST, ♀: Tjibodas, Java, 1400M. (Schröter); Brunner v. W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903 Type; Car. irreg.- lobatus Br. v. W. Comment: There are two further possible ♀♀ syntypes from West Java without type labels. Further type material in NMW (No. 520), RBINS and MNHU. Valid name: Carausius irregulariterlobatus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907, Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V. & Brock, Paul D., 2023, The types of Phasmatodea (= Phasmida) deposited in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ), pp. 176-188 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on pages 181-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7894794, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) s. n. In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. II. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 181 - 340, pls. 7 - 15."]}

vepres Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 298 [Promachus] Probable PLT, ♀: New Guinea. Comment: The lectotype is in MSNG; paralectotypes in MSNG, NMW (No. 589), SMNS and MNHU. Types not traced in ZMUH and destroyed by fire in HNHM. Valid name: Erinaceophasma vepres vepres (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V. & Brock, Paul D., 2023, The types of Phasmatodea (= Phasmida) deposited in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ), pp. 176-188 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 186, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7894794, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) s. n. In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. II. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 181 - 340, pls. 7 - 15."]}

imitator Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 279 [Dixippus]. PLT, ♁: Borneo; Brunner v.W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903 Type; 1. Dixippus imitator Br. Comment: The LT is in NMW; PLT’s in NMW and MNHU. Although, no type-material was mentioned in ETHZ and MNHU in the monograph, both specimens appear to be part of the type-series. This species was erroneously placed in Hermagoras Stål, 1875 by Seow-Choen (2016: 283) although the species was clearly shown to belong in Mnesilochus Stål, 1877 by Hennemann & Conle (2007), who re-diagnosed both genera and differentiated them from each other in detail. The lack of medio-longitudinal keel on the mesosternum and the characteristic shape of the eggs place imitator in Mnesilochus, why the species is here transferred back to that genus. Basic egg morphology is apparently very consistent within these genera with Hermagoras always having ovoid to more or less spherical eggs capsules, whereas those of Mnesilochus are always compressed laterally, surrounded by a dorso-ventral longitudinal bulge and have a distinctly protruded polar-area as in imitator and the virtually very similar looking type-species M. capreolus Stål, 1877. Valid name: Mnesilochus imitator (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) rev. comb., Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V. & Brock, Paul D., 2023, The types of Phasmatodea (= Phasmida) deposited in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ), pp. 176-188 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 180, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7894794, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) s. n. In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. II. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 181 - 340, pls. 7 - 15.","Seow-Choen, F. (2016) A Taxonomic Guide to the Stick Insects of Borneo. Vol. I. Natural History Publications, Borneo, 454 pp.","Hennemann, F. & Conle, O. (2007) Studies on Philippine Lonchodinae, with the description of two new genera and eleven new species (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae: Lonchodinae). Mitteilungen der Munchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 97 (Supplement), 3 - 88."]}

dubiosa Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 203 [Cuniculina]. (Fig. 4) HT, ♀: Tengg.-Geb., Ost-Java; Brunner v. W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903 Type; Cun. dubiosa Br. v. W. Comment: There is another ♀ with identical data, but without a type label, indicating a possible syntype. Valid name: Ramulus dubiosus (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V. & Brock, Paul D., 2023, The types of Phasmatodea (= Phasmida) deposited in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ), pp. 176-188 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 179, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7894794, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) s. n. In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. II. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 181 - 340, pls. 7 - 15."]}

Medauroidea extradentata “Vietnamese walking stick” Figures 91, 92 (lateral, anterior, posterior); 93, 94 (dorsal, anterior, posterior); 95, 96 (ventral, anterior, posterior) Plates 55 (lateral), 56 (dorsal), 57 (ventral) Although Strauss (2021) conducted the most recent work on stick insect tracheae, he focused on the prothorax and prolegs, concentrating on hearing. He employed terminology from Ander (1939), also incorporated here, although he left several branches unlabeled. In the Medauroidea scan here, T 1- AL and T 1- PL remain separate, at least as far as the distal end of the foretibia. Strauss indicates foreleg (and mid- and hind leg) adaptations for hearing; these cannot be verified from this scan. Medauroidea is a good example of assessing homology using secondary criteria (serial homology). The T 2-DB branching pattern posteriorly in Medauroidea is somewhat ambiguous, in particular the placement of T 2- AL and T 2-Wbr. T 2- AL and T 2-Wbr could be swapped; however, the decision that the dorsal one is T 2- AL is based on serial homology with T 3. Additionally, the shorter DB branches, such as T 3-DB and T 3-VB here in Medauroidea (but also applicable elsewhere), could be argued to be branching directly from the spiracle. The presence or absence of a spiracular “atrium” is not specific here; these structures are most prominent in groups such as Orthoptera, where a large “cavity” sits just inside the spiracle with multiple tracheae branching in various directions. In Medauroidea, it appears that a very short “stub” of DB or VB may have trachea branching from it. T 2- CT may be present, but this stub may also be a spiracular atrium, as the closest (phylogenetically) relative with T 2- CT is Plecoptera (rather distant). The tracheal branching in first abdominal segment is very unusual and assessing its homology calls for some explanation. A 1- DLT is quite clearly absent, as no tracheae arc posteriorly in the form of a DLT; T 3- DLT connects directly to the dorsum of A 1- S with no continuation. A 1- VLT initially appears to be A 1-MLT, but the ventral branch of T 3-VL into the hind leg is indicative of it being a VLT, not MLT. Additionally, A 1-VC branches from T 3-VL, rather than A 1-VB, an unusual arrangement. This branch is not a section of A 1-VB, as A 1- VLT connects A 1- S and A 2- S. The remaining branches are typical. The second abdominal segment is also slightly modified from the remaining segments extending posteriad. A 2-DB and A 2-VB are basically absent—while A 2-DC and A 2-VC are present, they branch directly from A 2- DLT and A 2- VLT. The primary connection between A 2- S and A 1- S anteriad is A 1- VLT. A 2-DC extends a little anteriad of A 2- S; A 2-DC could arguably be A 1-DC but the branching pattern is from A 2- DLT, so homologizing based on connectivity or branching pattern seems more reasonable. DESCRIPTION: HEAD: The head tracheal morphology of M. extradentata features a network of loops interconnecting both dorsoventrally and laterally. Exploration of the 3D models in the supplementary digital data is encouraged. Three sets of tracheae into head: H-DCT, H-VCT, and additional H-VLT. H-DCT dorsad, proceeding anteriorly and forming a prominent H-DCTVLT-Loop anteriad and ventrad, connecting directly with H-VLT. H-Lbm anteriad from ventral apex of H-DCT-VLT-Loop. H-VCT runs anteriad, dividing into H-Ant and two branches, one looping posteriad to connect with H-VCT, forming H-Ant-Loop; second branch looping ventrad and posteriad to join H-VLT. THORAX: T 2- S with four connections: possible T 2- CT, T 2-DB, T 2-VB, and T 1- PL. T 2- CT short and running directly anteriad, bifurcating into H-DCT and H-VCT near posterior margin of prothorax; as T 2- CT absent in other Phasmatodea, this T 2- CT is possibly a deeper spiracular atrium rather than T 2- CT. H-DCT runs anteriad, extending through prothorax into head. H-VCT anteriad, with T 1- AL splitting off into foreleg; short connection to T 1- VLT at this branching point. T 2-DB runs posteriad, curving slightly ventrad before splitting into two pairs: T 2- DLT / T 2- AL dorsal branch and T 2-Wbr/ T 2-lvl ventral branch; T 2- AWL notably absent. For dorsal T 2- DLT / T 2- AL pair, T 2- DLT as with other specimens, positioned along dorsum with connection posteriad to T 3-DB; T 2- AL extending posteriad, connecting with T 3- S via T 2-PWB. Ventral T 2-Wbr/ T 2-lvl pair with T 2- AL posteriad with shallow arc dorsad to connect with T 2- PWL; T 2-lvl along venter, connecting with T 3- S via T 2- VLT connection just anteriad of T 3- S. T 2-VB short and directly ventrad, linking with T 2- VLT posteriad and T 1- VLT anteriorly. Both T 1-VC and T 2-VC present. T 1- PL runs anteriad, linking with T 1- VLT via short T 1-VL; T 1- PL extends into foreleg without joining T 1- AL. T 1- AL and T 1- PL do not join and remain separate at least until the distal end of the foretibia. Two small, visceral medial A 1-DVi-Med and A 1-VVi-Med extend through mesothorax, originating at A 1- S and extending into head. T 3- S with four branches: T 2- VLT, T 3-DB, T 3-VB, and T 2- PL. T 2- VLT from anterior, connecting T 2- S to T 3- S. T 3-DB short and mediad, quickly branching into T 3- AL posteriorly and remaining T 3-DB dorsad; T 3-DB joining with T 2- DLT anteriorly and T 3- DLT posteriorly in Y-shaped junction, linking to T 2- S and A 1- S. T 3- AL posteriad, joining with T 3- PL to form T 3- L, extending into hindleg. T 3-VB short, similar to T 3-DB, quickly splitting into T 3- VLT posteriad and remaining T 3-VB ventrad. T 3- VLT runs directly posteriad to A 1- S; T 3-DC present toward posterior margin of metathorax. T 3-VB continues to T 3-PVC, which forms posteriad segment of hexagonal network comprised of T 3-VC anteriad and lateral sections connected to T 2- VLT. T 2- PL anteriad, joining T 2- AL and extending into mideg. T 2-VL branching from T 2- VLT, also extending into midleg; T 2-VL and T 2- L remain separate to distal end of midleg tibia. A 2-DVi-Med and A 2-VVi-Med extending through metathorax, with laterally asymmetric connections: A 2-DVi-Med to T 2- VLT on specimen’s left side, A 2-DVi-Med to T 2- VLT on specimen’s right side. ABDOMEN: A 1..8- S present. First abdominal segment approximately half as long as remaining abdominal segments. A 1- S and A 2- S branching patterns highly modified from remaining abdominal segments. A 1- S with four branches: T 3- DLT, A 1- VLT, T 3- VLT, and A 1- PL. A 1- S with additional A 2-VVi-Med connection on left side only, see description of A 2-VVi-Med below. T 3- DLT runs dorsad, connecting in anterior arc from T 3- S; A 1- DLT notably absent. A 1- VLT runs directly posteriad to A 2- S; T 3-VL directly ventrad from A 1- VLT; A 1-PVC branching from T 3-VL. T 3- VLT from anterior, with two ventral commissures A 1-AVC1 and A 1-AVC2. T 3- PL ventrad, linking with T 3- AL before arcing posteriad to extend into hind leg. A 2- S with seven branches: A 1- VLT, A 2-DVi-Med, A 2-VVi-Med, A 2- DLT, A 2-DVi, A 2-VVi, and A 2- VLT. A 1- VLT runs directly anteriad from A 1- S. A 2-DVi-Med beginning as sinusoidal, looping branch, extending anteriorly and medially, each side combining in Y-shaped junction in metathorax and proceeding anteriorly along venter; A 2-DVi-Med asymmetric, with sinusoidal form on both sides but only right side leading to Y-shaped join, with left side coming from A 1- S. A 2-VVi-Med similar, arranged along venter. A 2- DLT runs dorsad and posteriad in arc connecting to A 3- S; A 2-DC present off A 2- DLT. A 2-DVi and A 2-VVi ventrad, connecting with A 3- S. A 2- VLT likewise in ventral arc, also connecting with A 3- S; four tracheae connect A 2- S with A 3- S. Remaining A 3.. A 8 segments similar, with varying degrees of A n -DB; A 3-DB short, A 4-DB not present, etc. A n - DLT and A n - VLT present on all, connecting segments longitudinally. A 3..8- S with anteriad visceral tracheae generally dorsad, posteriad visceral tracheae generally ventrad. A 4-Vi-VC present, formed from visceral tracheae and not from VLT as is typical., Published as part of Herhold, Hollister W, Davis, Steven R, Degrey, Samuel P & Grimaldi, David A, 2023, COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE INSECT TRACHEAL SYSTEM PART 1: INTRODUCTION, APTERYGOTES, PALEOPTERA, POLYNEOPTERA, pp. 1-184 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 459 (1) on pages 1-184, DOI: 10.5531/sd.sp.55, http://zenodo.org/record/7730159, {"references":["Strauss, J. 2021. The tracheal system in the stick insect prothorax and prothoracic legs: homologies to Orthoptera and relations to mechanosensory functions. Arthropod Structure & Development 63: 101074.","Ander, K. 1939. Vergleichend-anatomische und phylogenetische Studien uber die Ensifera (Saltatoria). Opuscula Entomologica (supp. 2). Lund: Entomologiska sallskapet."]}

Extatosoma tiaratum “Spiny leaf insect” Figures 85, 86 (lateral, anterior, posterior); 87, 88 (dorsal, anterior, posterior); 89, 90 (ventral, anterior, posterior) Plates 52 (lateral), 53 (dorsal), 54 (ventral) The spiny leaf insect Extatosoma tiaratum features a highly networked tracheal system with many lateral commissures and longitudinal connections. The posterior portion of the abdomen features a dense packing of noodlelike visceral tracheae that has morphological similarities to a package of dried ramen noodles, likely important for ventilation of the ovaries during the con- tinuous egg production of adult females. A n - DLT and A n - VLT are discernible in regions, along with larger anatomical features such as the location of spiracles, but the complexity of the specimen calls for a more in-depth analysis than can be presented here. Interested readers are encouraged to view the 3D models in the supplementary digital data., Published as part of Herhold, Hollister W, Davis, Steven R, Degrey, Samuel P & Grimaldi, David A, 2023, COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE INSECT TRACHEAL SYSTEM PART 1: INTRODUCTION, APTERYGOTES, PALEOPTERA, POLYNEOPTERA, pp. 1-184 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 459 (1) on pages 1-184, DOI: 10.5531/sd.sp.55, http://zenodo.org/record/7730159

Xeroderus kirbyi Gray [Kirby’s Stick-insect] (Figs. 1–2, 4–6) Xeroderus kirbii Gray, 1835: 32 [= Xeroderus kirbyi Gray]. Lectotype ♀, AUSTRALIA [OUMNH] (Here designated, in order to fix the status of this species); Paralectotype ♁, AUSTRALIA [OUMNH]. (Comment: Gray described the species from both sexes ‘in coll. D. Hope’, so a ♁ from AUSTRALIA [MVMA, T13885] may not represent one of the original syntypes and should now be regarded as a doubtful paralectotype). Xeroderus kirbii Westwood, 1859: 102, pl. 31: 6-7 (First illustrations of both sexes); Kirby, 1904: 383, Vickery, 1983: 11; Balderson, Rentz & Roach, 1998: 376; Otte and Brock, 2005: 342; Brock and Hasenpusch, 2009a: 18, 37, 145; Brock and Hasenpusch, 2009b: 8; Velonà et al., 2015: 458. ( Additional checklist and other references in Brock et al., 2023). Xeroderus kirbyi Gray, 1837: 144 (Justified emendation of the original incorrect spelling. Most authors were unaware of this paper until 2017, hence the species has been listed as kirbii by many authors up to 2017, when it was used and reported in the Phasmida Species File, Brock et al., 2023); Redtenbacher, 1908: 308; Brock & Büscher, 2022: 561. Cooktownia plana Sjöstedt, 1918: 44, pl. 7: 2-3. Lectotype ♁ nymph, AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Cooktown, ix.[NHRS] (Here designated in order to fix the status of this species, by selecting the only specimen with data); Paralectotypes ♁, ♀ nymphs, AUSTRALIA [NHRS] (Synonymised by Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007: 75). Habitat and foodplants. Melaleuca forest, coastal and inland feeding on Melaleuca spp. and Backhousia spp. (Myrtaceae). Whilst likely in wet areas classed as tropical rainforest edges or rocky, rainforest-lined creeks, they are sometimes in dry forest, for example a moulting female in Davies Creek NP, north Queensland by Ross Coupland, 30.xi.2017. At Babinda falls, near Innisfail, a superbly camouflaged example was found resembling the mossy boulders it was found on (Fig. 6C) (by Sophie Kalkowksi-Pope, via Ross Coupland, who found an even better camouflaged male and female in nearby Golden Hole, Biggs Recreation area, Bartle Frere on 25 January 2023, on a trunk of Alphitonia excelsa in the afternoon) (Fig. 6A,B). The habit of resting on tree trunks to blend in with their surroundings, does not appear to always indicate these are foodplants, as adults may fly and hide away from foodplants. This species may be difficult to rear as nymphs tend to wander until they die in captivity. When kept on a potted unsleeved tree, they feed well and rest on the bark during the day (Jack Hasenpusch, pers. comm. March 2021). Season. It has been noted as adults so far at least between September and March, nymphs in June to November. Distribution (Fig. 4). Northern Queensland: Rockhampton to north of Cooktown (Brock & Hasenpusch, 2009b, ALA), with males occasionally attracted to lights run by David Rentz in Kuranda. In SE Queensland, examples include Coolum, Fraser Island, Gin Gin and Noosa (Brock & Hasenpusch, 2009b), ALA references include Brisbane, Mount Mellum and Talegalla Weir (on Lophostemon suaveolens (Myrtaceae) bark, another probable foodplant); Scott W. Gavins, 11.ii.2019. A photograph said to be taken in The Northern Territory, S of Alice Springs, i. iii.2014 needs following up, also occurs in New South Wales, with an ALA record near Urliup on i. i.2023., Published as part of Brock, Paul D. & Hennemann, Frank H., 2023, A new species of Xeroderus Gray, 1835 (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Xeroderinae) from Papua New Guinea and notes on the genus, pp. 443-454 in Zootaxa 5258 (4) on pages 446-448, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7784525, {"references":["Gray G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the Species of Insects Belonging to the Family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8697","Westwood, J. O. (1859) Catalogue of the Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Phasmidae. British Museum, London, 196 pp.","Kirby, W. F. (1904) A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae). The Trustees of the British Museum, London, 501 pp.","Vickery, V. R. (1983) Catalogue of Australian Stick Insects (Phasmida, Phasmatodea, Phasmatoptera, or Cheleutoptera). CSIRO Australia Division of Entomology Technical Paper, 20, 1 - 19.","Balderson, J., Rentz, D. C. F. & Roach, A. M. E. (1998) Phasmatodea. In: Houston W. W. K. & Wells A. (Eds.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol 23. Archaeognatha, Zygentoma, Blattodea, Isoptera, Mantodea, Phasmatodea, Embioptera, Zoraptera. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia. pp. 347 - 376, 451 - 456.","Otte, D. & Brock, P. D. (2005) Phasmida Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the world. The Insect Diversity Association at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 414 pp.","Brock, P. D. & Hasenpusch, J. W. (2009 a) The complete field guide to stick and leaf insects of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 204 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / 9780643097087","Brock, P. D. & Hasenpusch, J. W. (2009 b) Notes on Kirby's Stick-insect; the master of camouflage? Butterfly & Other Invertebrates Club Inc. Newsletter, 53, 8 - 9.","Velona, A., Brock, P. D., Hasenpusch, J. W. & Mantovani, B. (2015) Cryptic diversity in Australian stick insects (Insecta; Phasmida) uncovered by the DNA barcoding approach. Zootaxa, 3957 (4), 455 - 466. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3957.4.6","Brock, P. D., Buscher, T. & Baker, E. (2023) Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Phasmida. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 1 January 2023)","Gray, G. R. (1837) Description of some singularly formed Orthopterous insects. Charlesworth's Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology, 1 (1), 141 - 145.","Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden III. (Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. and Redtenbacher, J. (1906 - 1908 )). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 339 - 589, pls. 16 - 27.","Brock, P. D. & Buscher, T. H. (2022) Stick and leaf-insects of the world. Phasmids. N. A. P. Editions, Verrieres-le-Buisson, 612 pp.","Sjostedt, Y. (1918) Results of Dr E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910 - 1913. 17. Mantidae and Phasmidae. Arkiv for Zoologi, 11 (19), 1 - 61, pls. 1 - 7."]}

Xeroderus conlei sp. n. [Conle’s Xeroderus] (Figs. 3–4) Holotype ♀, PAPUA NEW GUINEA [as ‘ D. Neu-Guinea’], Sattelberg, Prof. Neuhauss S., 10 iii.[19]09 [MNHU]. Description. Attractive part brownish and greyish medium-sized insect, heavily mottled greyish and whitish dorsally, possibly partly green, including legs, forewings and pre-anal part of hindwings, the latter uniform brown (Fig. 3A). Thorax with lateral lobes, mesonotum with paired broad spines (Figs. 3C–D). ♀ (Fig. 3). Back of head with sparse tubercles/small spines, segment about as long as wide, eyes large; three distinct ocelli present, the hind pair larger. Antennae broken, therefore length not known, nor number of segments. However, basal segment broader than following segments, segment 2 only half length, and shorter than similar sized segments 3–6. Segments 7 about 1.5 x longer than preceding segments. Pronotum slightly shorter than head, with central impression between swollen upper and lower areas; black longitudinal, central line present along upper half, which has a pair of central spines. Mesonotum broader than head and pronotum, at its widest towards hind part, overall segment 1.7 x length of pronotum, with raised central area, armed with two large, broad paired spines posteriorly, two more large, paired spines and six smaller, stout spines, also swollen areas, in a distinct pattern; small lateral spines also present; on the outside rim there are a further four small spines each side with small lateral spines/ tubercles also present. Lateral margins of meso- and metathorax with series of lobes and few small spines (Fig. 3D). Ventral surface of head, thorax and abdomen smooth, lacking tubercles (Fig. 3B). Metathorax slightly broader and longer than mesothorax and marginally shorter than length of median segment. Tegmina broad, oval; alae long, reaching almost end of 9 th abdominal segment. Veins with frequent whitish flecks of irregular length. Abdomen elongate, parallel-sided, with rounded lateral lobes on abdominal segments (hook-tipped on some), smaller on curved anal segment, which is lobed at sides of tip. Subgenital plate broad and rounded at tip, reaching beyond end of 9th abdominal segment (Fig. 3G); epiproct plate reaching end of abdomen, triangular incised at tip. On ventral surface, hind part of abdominal segment 9 has four dark spots (these dark spots or marks appear on former abdominal segments to a lesser extent), whereas base of anal segment has dark triangular side marks and central mark. Epiproct plate has four short dark flecks. Cerci broad, leaf-like, shorter than length of anal segment (Figs. 3E–G). Legs moderately long and slender, reaching end of segment 7. Femora with well spread paired lobes and spines, some similarly shaped to abdominal lobes, whilst tibiae have few short spines and are broadened at tip. Tarsi of modest length, with all tarsi well over half length of tibiae. Measurements [mm]: Length of body: 95.6, head 5.8, antennae:>13.0 (tips broken off), pronotum 5.2, mesonotum 8.7, metanotum 9.5, median segment: 9.9, tegmina 16.0, alae 68.5, profemora 18.3, mesofemora 12.1, metafemora 17.5, protibiae 15.3, mesotibiae 9.8, metatibiae 14.3, cerci 1.9. Note. As is usual in phasmids, there can be variation in colour and spines within a species (Brock & Büscher, 2022). Like X. kirbyi, there is likely to be geographic variation, perhaps dependant on habitat and foodplant selection. Etymology. Named after Oskar V. Conle (Duisburg, Germany), for his outstanding contribution to phasmid research and efforts in re-organizing the phasmid collection of MNHU, in which the holotype of this species was found. Distribution (Fig. 4). Only known from the type locality in Papua New Guinea. Sattelberg (‘Saddle Mountain’) is a village on the Huon Peninsula, in Morobe Province. Habitat and foodplants. Presumably forest, probably up to 900 m, where the area was formerly part of German New Guinea [‘D(eutsch) Neu-Guinea’] when the specimen would have been collected in 1909. The foodplants are unknown. Notes on the collector. Professor Richard Gustav Neuhauss (1855–1915) was a German doctor and anthropologist, who was in German New Guinea from 1908–1910. In 1909 he went with several missionaries on an expedition to Laewomba territory, then conducted research in the area of Huon Gulf (Baumann et al., 2002)., Published as part of Brock, Paul D. & Hennemann, Frank H., 2023, A new species of Xeroderus Gray, 1835 (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Xeroderinae) from Papua New Guinea and notes on the genus, pp. 443-454 in Zootaxa 5258 (4) on pages 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7784525, {"references":["Brock, P. D. & Buscher, T. H. (2022) Stick and leaf-insects of the world. Phasmids. N. A. P. Editions, Verrieres-le-Buisson, 612 pp.","Baumann, K., Klein, D., Apitzsch, W. (2002) Biographisches Handbuch Deutsches-Neuguinea 1882 - 1922. 2 nd Edition. Baumann, Fassberg, 338 pp."]}

Xeroderus Gray (Figs. 1–6) Type species: Xeroderus kirbii Gray, 1835 [= Xeroderus kirbyi Gray], by original monotypy. Xeroderus Gray, 1835: 32; Otte and Brock, 2005: 341; Brock and Hasenpusch, 2009a: 180; Brock & Büscher, 2022: 561. (Additional checklist and other references in Brock et al., 2023) Cooktownia Sjöstedt, 1918: 43. (Synonymised by Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007: 75) Generic characteristics. Based on morphology, closely related to the genus Nisyrus Stål, 1877, which also has lateral lobes on abdominal segments, originally erroneously thought to be gill-like appendages indicating a semi-aquatic lifestyle (Waterhouse, 1895). Females of Nisyrus are easily distinguished by its broader body and the presence of only rudimentary alae, that reach no further than the 3 rd abdominal segment and males of Nisyrus lack the large, leaf-like cerci seen in Xeroderus. The eggs of Xeroderus readily differ from the almost spherical eggs of Nisyrus by being sub-cylindrical and elongate in shape. Moreover, Xeroderus only occurs in eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea while Nisyrus is distributed throughout the Pacific Ocean with records from Fiji, Tonga, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. Description (♂, ♀). Medium sized, large-winged Xeroderinae (body length ♁ 52.0–70.0 mm, ♀ 85.0–106.0 mm), some specimens with distinct dark and pale mottling pattern on body and tegmina as well as costal region of alae, resembling lichen. Head rounded, about as long as wide, with sparse tubercles on vertex, eyes large; three distinct ocelli present, the hind pair larger. Antennae longer than length of profemora in ♀, in ♁ longer and bristly, reaching beyond length of outstretched protibiae; segments variable in length (24–28 segments), with broad basal segment and variable length subsequent segments. Pronotum slightly shorter than head or about same length, with central impression; sparse tubercles and a pair of central spines in one species (X. conlei sp. n.). Mesonotum broader than head and pronotum (less so in ♁), less than 2x length of pronotum, with raised central area, armed with short to larger, broad lateral spines and several on the disc i.e. main part of raised area; outer and lateral spines/tubercles more numerous and conspicuous and varying in thickness. Lateral margins of meso- and metathorax with series of lobes. Ventral surface of head, thorax and abdomen smooth, lacking tubercles, flattened. Metathorax similar length to mesothorax with lateral lobes or spines. Median segment similar length to metathorax. Tegmina broad, oval; alae large reaching up to end of 9 th abdominal segment; brownish or transparent, occasionally with coloured inner margin. Abdomen elongate, parallel-sided. Both sexes with large fin-like lateral lobes on abdominal terga, although the lobes can be more rounded, but much smaller on segments 9–10 or just 10. Male anal segment shorter than 9 th segment, distinctly tectiform medio-longitudinally and narrow, split into large hemi-terga forming an arch-like structure; these denticulated interiorly. No vomer in ♁. Poculum swollen, subtruncate at broad tip, not reaching end of 9 th abdominal segment. Female subgenital plate with rounded or tapered tip, reaching end of abdominal segment 9 or end of abdomen. Cerci of ♁ leaf-like, shorter than or just exceeding length of anal segment. Legs moderately long and slender, with hindlegs just about reaching end of abdomen in ♁, end of segment 7–8 in ♀. Femora with well spread paired spines, some similarly shaped to abdominal lobes. Tarsi well over half length of tibiae (fore tarsi longest), slender, not lobed. Egg (Figs. 1 E-G). Fairly large (length> 8.0 mm) and elongate. Capsule sub-cylindrical,>2x longer than wide or high, gently arched longitudinally, with raised sculpturing and some pitting; polar area with a distinct transverse indention. Micropylar plate small and oval, only about one-sixth the length of capsule and somewhat displaced towards the polar end of capsule. Operculum roughly circular with some obtuse swellings and a small, narrow peglike capitulum in centre. Comments. The much broader Xeroderus brevipennis Redtenbacher, 1908: 359 (type locality: Santa Isabel Island, Solomon Islands) is found to be a member of Nisyrus Stål, 1877: 66 and is here transferred from Xeroderus. N. brevipennis (Redtenbacher) comb. n. is the first record of Nisyrus Stål from the Solomon Islands. Following synonymy proposed in Brock & Büscher, 2022, the additional five Nisyrus species from Fiji, Tonga and Vanuatu (Brock et al., 2023) require revision., Published as part of Brock, Paul D. & Hennemann, Frank H., 2023, A new species of Xeroderus Gray, 1835 (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Xeroderinae) from Papua New Guinea and notes on the genus, pp. 443-454 in Zootaxa 5258 (4) on pages 444-445, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7784525, {"references":["Gray G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the Species of Insects Belonging to the Family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8697","Otte, D. & Brock, P. D. (2005) Phasmida Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the world. The Insect Diversity Association at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 414 pp.","Brock, P. D. & Hasenpusch, J. W. (2009 a) The complete field guide to stick and leaf insects of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 204 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / 9780643097087","Brock, P. D. & Buscher, T. H. (2022) Stick and leaf-insects of the world. Phasmids. N. A. P. Editions, Verrieres-le-Buisson, 612 pp.","Brock, P. D., Buscher, T. & Baker, E. (2023) Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Phasmida. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 1 January 2023)","Sjostedt, Y. (1918) Results of Dr E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910 - 1913. 17. Mantidae and Phasmidae. Arkiv for Zoologi, 11 (19), 1 - 61, pls. 1 - 7.","Stal, C. (1877) Especes nouvelles de Phasmides. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 20, 62 - 69","Waterhouse, C. O. (1895) Observations on the supposed semiaquatic phasmid, Cotylosoma dipneustictum W. - M. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 15, 498 - 499. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939508680210","Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden III. (Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. and Redtenbacher, J. (1906 - 1908 )). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 339 - 589, pls. 16 - 27."]}

This is the first investigation of stick insect from the Yintiaoling National Nature Reserve, Chongqing of China. Totally seven species were collected. Four of them belong to the subfamily Clitumninae of Phasmatidae: Interphasma emeiense Chen & He, 2008, Paraentoria sichuanensis Chen & He, 1997, Parabaculum wushanense (Chen & He, 1997) and Baculonistria alba (Chen & He, 1990). The other three belong to the subfamily Necrosciinae of Lonchodidae, including two new species: Micadina conifera Chen & He, 1997, Hemisosibia yintiaolingensis sp. nov. and Dianphasma chongqingensis sp. nov..

Paraentoria sichuanensis Chen & He, 1997 (Figures 5–7) - Chen S.C. & He Y.H., 1997. Insects of the Three Gorge Reservoir area of Yangtze River. 120. - Chen S.C. & He Y.H., 2008. Phasmatodea of China. 219. Material examined. 3 females and 10 eggs, China, Chongqing, Wuxi County, Yintiaoling National Nature Reserve, Linkouzi management station, 1,270 m, 14 Aug. 2022, Leg. Chong-Xin Xie; 2 females, Yintiaoling Nature Reserve, Matang Village, 1,400 m, 13 Aug. 2022, Leg. Chong-Xin Xie. Description. Eggs. Capsule cylindrical, off-white, and with irregular black mottling. Micropylar plate ovalshaped, central area with a short longitudinal ridge. Micropylar cup distinct, followed by a short light brown median line. Operculum almost circular, the outer ring with tangled long irregular spines, central without capitulum. Polar apex rounded. Measurements. Female. Body length 120.2–132.5; head length 4.6–6.1; pronotum length 3.8–4.4; mesonotum 21.3–23.2; metanotum 13.1–15.3; median segment 3.6–4.6; profemora 37.5–42.8; mesofemora 22.5–24.6; metafemora 29.6–32.4; protibiae 43.8–50.0; mesotibiae 27.0–30.2; metatibiae 35.6–39.8. Egg. Length 4.3–4.5, width 0.9–1.1, height 1.2–1.4. Distribution. China (Chongqing). Remarks. The genus Paraentoria is an endemic group of China, including three species from South of China. But these species are all known only with females. Here we still failed to find the male of P. sichuanensis.

Interphasma emeiense Chen & He, 2008 (Figures 1–4) - Chen S.C. & He Y.H., 2008. Phasmatodea of China. 330. Material examined. 3 females, 4 males and 10 eggs, China, Chongqing, Wuxi County, Yintiaoling National Nature Reserve, Hongqi management station, 994 m, 11–12 Aug. 2022, Leg. Chong-Xin Xie; 1 female and 1 male, Yintiaoling Nature Reserve, Yanping management station, 1,784 m, 19 Aug. 2022, Leg. Chong-Xin Xie; 1 female and 2 males, Yintiaoling Nature Reserve, Linkouzi management station, 1,270 m, 14 Aug. 2022, Leg. Chong-Xin Xie. Description. Eggs. Capsule oval, off-white, with irregular brown or dark brown mottling. Micropylar plate obcordate shaped, central area with a light brown longitudinal ridge. Micropylar cup black and distinct, followed by a short light brown median line. Operculum almost elliptical, slightly convex, central area distinctly concaved, with capitulum in the cavity. Weakly collared. Polar apex slightly concave. Measurements. Female. Body length 51.0–61.0; head length 3.7–4.2; pronotum length 3.2–3.7; mesonotum 12.2–13.3; metanotum 5.3–6.8; median segment 2.4–2.6; profemora 19.8–21.1; mesofemora 12.6–13.2; metafemora 17.3–19.2; protibiae 23.9–25.7; mesotibiae 14.2–15.1; metatibiae 21.4–23.7. Male. Body length 48.0–58.0; head length 2.3–3.2; pronotum length 2.0–3.1; mesonotum 11.3–13.2; metanotum 5.8–6.5; median segment 1.8–2.0; profemora 22.1–24.2; mesofemora 14.4–16.3; metafemora 19.5–20.6; protibiae 25.5–27.6; mesotibiae 15.0–17.1; metatibiae 22.1–23.9. Egg. Length 1.9–2.1, width 1.6–1.8, height 1.9–2.1. Distribution. China (Chongqing, Sichuan). Remarks. Body coloration of different individuals of this species is variable in the wild, shown in Fig. 4. And we found that the antennae of females had 16 segments, but variable in males, six individuals had 19 segments and the remain one had 20 segments. Additionally, Yintiaoling Nature Reserve is the second place where Interphasma emeiense was found. Also, this is the new record of Phasmatodea of Chongqing., Published as part of Qian, Yu-Han, Xie, Chong-Xin, Wen, Jun & Wang, Yu, 2023, Review of stick insects (Insecta: Phasmatodea) from Yintiaoling Nature Reserve of China, with description of two new species, pp. 17-39 in Zootaxa 5257 (1) on pages 19-21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5257.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7765818, {"references":["Chen, S. C. & He, Y. H. (2008) Phasmatodea of China. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 156 - 157."]}

Parabaculum wushanense (Chen & He, 1997) (Figures 8–11) - Chen S.C. & He Y.H., 1997. Insects of the Three Gorge Reservoir area of Yangtze River. 116. - Hennemann F.H., Conle O.V., Zhang W.W., 2008. Zootaxa. 1735:34. - Chen S.C. & He Y.H., 2008. Phasmatodea of China. 301. Material examined. 5 females, 8 males and 10 eggs, China, Chongqing, Wuxi County, Yintiaoling National Nature Reserve, Daqiaowan, 993 m, 15–16 Aug. 2022, Leg. Chong-Xin Xie. Description. Eggs. Capsule flat and nearly rectangular, grayish brown, with tiny tubercles. Three coarse longitudinal ridges in the dorsal view and among them with a thin longitudinal ridge. Micropylar plate oval-shaped, central area with a thin longitudinal carina. Micropylar cup distinct followed by a much shorter median line. Operculum almost oval, coarsely rugose, centrally without capitulum. Polar apex concave, with cross ridges and lateral of the longitudinal ridge with a thin longitudinal ridge. Measurements. Female. Body length 87.0–109.0; head length 3.5–4.2; pronotum length 2.9–3.0; mesonotum 17.2–21.6; metanotum 11.8–14.2; median segment 3.0–4.1; profemora 22.3–33.1; mesofemora 16.2–23.4; metafemora 18.9–26.2; protibiae 29.2–42.1; mesotibiae 19.8–24.3; metatibiae 20.5–29.9. Male. Body length 67.0–75.0; head length 2.5–2.8; pronotum length 2.0–2.3; mesonotum 14.4–15.7; metanotum 10.1–11.6; median segment 2.2–2.5; profemora 28.2–31.9; mesofemora 18.1–20.9; metafemora 22.1–25.2; protibiae 32.4–38.6; mesotibiae 20.8–22.3; metatibiae 26.1–30.2. Egg. Length 5.3–5.5, width 1.7–1.9, height 2.7–2.9. Distribution. China (Chongqing, Sichuan, Henan, Shaanxi). Remarks. Three species of Parabaculum are known from the world, two of which from China. Here we have provided details on the egg description as well as new images of P. wushanense. Female of this species also has diverse body coloration in the wild (Fig. 11)., Published as part of Qian, Yu-Han, Xie, Chong-Xin, Wen, Jun & Wang, Yu, 2023, Review of stick insects (Insecta: Phasmatodea) from Yintiaoling Nature Reserve of China, with description of two new species, pp. 17-39 in Zootaxa 5257 (1) on pages 23-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5257.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7765818

Baculonistria alba (Chen & He, 1990) (Figures 12–15) - Chen S.C. & He Y.H., 1990. Journal of Beijing Forestry University. 12(4): 54. - Chen S.C. & He Y.H., 1997. Insects of the Three Gorge Reservoir area of Yangtze River. 114. - Hennemann, Conle & Zhang W., 2008. Zootaxa. 1735: 8. - Chen S.C. & He Y.H., 2008. Phasmatodea of China. 347. - Hennemann & Conle, 2008. Zootaxa. 1906:87. Material examined. 1 female and 10 eggs, China, Chongqing, Wuxi County, Yintiaoling National Nature Reserve, Hongqi management station, 994 m, 15–16 Aug. 2022, Leg. Chong-Xin Xie; 1 male, Yintiaoling Nature Reserve, Matang Village, 1,400 m, 13 Aug. 2022, Leg. Chong-Xin Xie; 1 female, Yintiaoling Nature Reserve, Linkouzi management station, 1,270 m, 14 Aug. 2022, Leg. Chong-Xin Xie; 1 male, Yintiaoling Nature Reserve, Yanping management station, 1,784 m, 19 Aug. 2022, Leg. Chong-Xin Xie. Description. Eggs. Capsule long elliptic, grayish brown, with irregular dark brown mottling. Micropylar plate obcordate shaped, central area brown and with a small bump, outside with slightly convex wide carina. Micropylar cup dark brown and distinct, followed by a weakly thin median line. Collar brown and distinct. Operculum almost circular, central with a capitulum. Capitulum nearly hexagonal, jutted out in the center of operculum. Capitular stalk weak, covered by capitulum. Polar apex slightly concave, with two off-white bumps. Measurements. Female. Body length 165.0–176.0; head length 7.5–8.2; pronotum length 5.1–6.2; mesonotum 26.9–31.2; metanotum 23.0–26.2; median segment 3.2–4.2; profemora 40.5–44.3; mesofemora 24.4–25.1; metafemora 28.1–29.8; protibiae 45.1–53.2; mesotibiae 26.0–27.2; metatibiae 31.0–32.3. Male. Body length 128.0–132.0; head length 4.5–5.1; pronotum length 4.3–4.6; mesonotum 25.1–27.1; metanotum 21.4–22.3; median segment 2.9–3.2; profemora 39.1–40.2; mesofemora 23.9–24.6; metafemora 27.9–28.8; protibiae 50.2–53.2; mesotibiae 27.5–28.2; metatibiae 37.1–38.6. Egg. Length 3.4–3.6, width 2.0–2.2, height 2.2–2.5. Distribution. China (Chongqing, Hubei). Remarks. Baculonistria alba was recorded as a pest by Chen & He (2008). This species can wreak havoc on forests and crops, such as tung-oil tree, oriental white oak, and corn., Published as part of Qian, Yu-Han, Xie, Chong-Xin, Wen, Jun & Wang, Yu, 2023, Review of stick insects (Insecta: Phasmatodea) from Yintiaoling Nature Reserve of China, with description of two new species, pp. 17-39 in Zootaxa 5257 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5257.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7765818, {"references":["Chen, S. C. & He, Y. H. (1990) Baculum album -- A New Walking-Stick Injurious to Forests in Sichuan. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 12 (4), 54.","Chen, S. C. & He, Y. H. (2008) Phasmatodea of China. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 156 - 157."]}

Herhold, Hollister W, Davis, Steven R, Degrey, Samuel P, Grimaldi, David A (2023): COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE INSECT TRACHEAL SYSTEM PART 1: INTRODUCTION, APTERYGOTES, PALEOPTERA, POLYNEOPTERA. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 459 (1): 1-184, DOI: 10.5531/sd.sp.55, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/sd.sp.55

The stick insect tribe, Medaurini in subfamily Clitumniae, contains 11 genera and 75 known species, with species diversity of this tribe being rich in southeast Asia and China, as is reflected in the Phasmida Species File Online [PSF]. The genus Medaura includes four named species and they are distributed over Bangladesh, Indonesia and India. The discovery of this new species in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture marks the first identification of the genus Medaura in China. The genus Medaura Stål is reported for the first time from China, based on a new species M. aculeiformis Xie & Qian sp. n. and the identification characteristics of species are described and illustrated in this paper.

Pterinoxylus speciosus n. sp. Figs. 13–16, 20A, 20B, 21E, 32 HT, ♀: Estac. Cacao, 1000–1400m, Swside Volcan Cacao, Guanac. Pr. Costa Rica, Set. 1989, URCG R. Blanco & C. Chavez. 323300, 375700; Costa Rica MNCR-A CRI000 042809; Especímens en Atta A. Lépiz 16.4.2008 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♀: 2 km N. Colonia Blanca, 800m, P.N. Rincon de la Vieja, Prov. Alajuela, Costa Rica, 13 a 28 jun 1992, III curso Paratax- on. L–N 308800, 397800; Costa Rica MNCR-A CRI000 695860 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Estac. Cacao, 1000–1400m, SWside Volcan Cacao, Guanac. pr. Costa Rica, Jul 1988, Janzen & Hallwachs, 323300, 375700 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Est. Cacao, lado SO Vol. Cacao, P.N. Guanacaste, Guanacaste, Prov. Guanacaste, Costa Rica, 800–1600m, Jul 1993, J.F. Quesada, L S 323300_375700 #2218; Costa Rica MNCR-A CRI001 953736 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Costa Rica, Prov. Guanacaste, A.C.G., Santa Cruz, P.N. Guanacaste, Cerro El Hacha, Casa Est. Forestal. 400m, 4 EB 1988, Solís. Manual, L _N_320000_364000 #5275; INB0003357975 MNCR-ACRI Costa Rica [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Costa Rica, Prov. Heredia, Z.P., La Selva, Sarapiqui, Estacion El Ceibo, 400–500m, 25 MAY 2005, I. Chavez, Libre, L _N_256500_52770 #80877; INB0003959512 MNCR-ACRI Costa Rica [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Estac. Mengo, 1100m, SWside Volcan Cacao, Guanac. Pr., Costa Rica, 7 MAY 1988, Janzen & Hallwachs, W85 28'10'', N10 56'48''; Costa Rica MNCR –A CRI001 011372 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Buen Amigo, San Luis Monteverde, Prov. Punta., Costa Rica, 1000–1350m, 20 MAR –14–ABR 1995, M. Segura, 250850 442250, #4410 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Costa Rica, Tilaran, 800 m, Guanacaste, V.1932; F. Nevermann leg., Eing. Nr. 104, 1932; PHA 74, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ZMUH]. Diagnosis: This new species is easily recognised by the shortened and heavily spinose mesothorax, which is less than 4x the length of the pronotum and strongly swollen medially in ♀♀ (Fig. 16E). Females furthermore differ from all other species in the genus by the extremely long subgenital plate, which projects beyond the apex of the abdomen by considerably more than the combined length of abdominal terga VIII–X (Figs. 16A–D). The shape of the subgenital plate resembles P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) in being strongly convex and bulgy in the basal portion (Figs. 16A–B) but in addition to the characteristic shape of the mesothorax, the more flattened vertex and lack of prominent cephalic horns (Fig. 16E) as well as the strongly deflexed abdominal tergum VII and tessellated anala fan of the alae (striped radially in perarmatus) readily distinguish ♀♀ of this new species. Males resemble those of P. perarmatus, in having a spinose mesonotum, green longitudinal stripe along the tegmina and costal region of the alae as well as the green legs with brown apices of the femora and tibiae. But in addition to the very prominent mesothoracic armature (Fig. 15G), relatively shorter mesothorax and more stocky habitus ♂♂ of this new species differ by the less prominent cephalic horns (Fig. 15G), laterally deflexed abdominal tergum VII (Figs. 15E–F) and less numerous but more defined translucent spots in the anal region of the alae. Etymology: The name (speciosus lat. = magnificent) refers to the very large size, stocky habitus and prominent armature of the mesothorax of this impressive new species. Description: ♀♀ (Figs. 13, 16, 20A). Large to very large for the genus (body length incl. subgenital plate 179.0–196.0 mm), form twig –like and very stocky with a strongly swollen and heavily spinose mesothorax an extremely long and lanceolate, basally convex subgenital plate. General colouration ranging from reddish mid brown (holotype; possibly discoloured due to provisional storage in spirits) to pale greyish brown with a slight greenish wash (paratype). Tegmina and costal region of alae with faint paler mottling and with the anterior margin pale cream and then with a washed mid to dark green longitudinal streak; basal portion and ventral surface of costal region of alae dull red. Anal region of alae somewhat unevenly transparent grey with numerous black longitudinal markings along the anal veins (Fig. 20A). All of the larger tubercles and spines of the head and thorax as well as the lobes and teeth of the extremities dull reddish and often tipped with black. Antennae greyish brown dorsally and dark blackish brown ventrally; the terminal segment pale cream. Head: Ovoid, indistinctly longer than wide, the vertex moderately convex, rounded and with a distinct impressed longitudinal median fissure. Between the eyes with a pair of low, rounded swellings. Vertex set with several low nodes and blunt tubercles of variables sizes, two of the central ones somewhat larger than all the others; a further pair of prominent blunt tubercles near posterior margin (Fig. 16E). Genae smooth except for 2–3 small nodes. Eyes fairly small, circular and convex; their diameter contained about 2.4x in length of genae. Antennae long and roughly reaching to posterior margin of metanotum, consisting of 29–32 segments. Scapus slender, 2x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally with only the outer lateral margin gently deflexed in apical half. Pedicellus subcylindrical and about half the length of scapus. Third antennomere somewhat longer and narrower than pedicellus. Thorax: Pronotum about as long but very slightly narrower than head, about 1.4x longer than wide, rectangular and with the lateral margins gently concave. Median transverse sulcus moderately pronounced, gently curved and expanding over entire width of segment; longitudinal median line distinctly impressed in anterior half of segment. Surface very minutely granulose, a small pair of tubercles in front of transverse median sulcus, a small pair of nodes just behind the sulcus and four prominent conical spines arranged in a transverse row just before posterior margin (Fig. 16E). Mesothorax broad and about 3.7x longer than pronotum, distinctly swollen pre–medially (Fig. 16E) and with anterior portion somewhat constricted and narrower than posterior margin. Mesonotum with a well pronounced longitudinal median fissure, the median portion swollen and gently gibbose; all over heavily armed with prominent conical spines of variable sizes, these somewhat clustered and more numerous in the swollen median portion of the disc. Mesopleurae armed with a longitudinal row of prominent conical spines, the metapleurae set with about seven smaller blunt spines, the pre-coxal one being the largest. Mesosternum sparsely set with medium–sized conical spines, that become smaller and less numerous towards the posterior; metasternum with two pairs of fairly prominent spiniform tubercles in anterior half and a few additional smaller tubercles. Tegmina fairly slender and oval in shape with the central hump weakly pronounced and reaching about one-thirds the way along median segment.Alae reaching two-thirds along abdominal tergum II. Abdomen: Median segment 1.3x longer than metanotum and 1.4x wider than long, smooth and almost equal in length to segment II. Segments III–V equal in length and somewhat longer than II, VI and VII; on average only about 1.2x longer than wide; II widening towards the posterior, III broadest segment and IV–VI very slightly narrowing. Terga II–VII unevenly but distinctly multi-carinate and with a pair of closely placed irregular median longitudinal carinae, which are somewhat more raised at posterior margin of each tergum. Tergum VII prominently deflexed laterally with the lateral margins broadly rounded and widest in posterior half of segment; wider than all preceding segments (Figs. 16C–D). Sterna II–VII with four irregular longitudinal carinae. Praeopercular organ a distinct, node-like swelling close to posterior margin of sternum VII, that is formed by the two medio-longitudinal carinae (Fig. 16D). Terga VIII–X very much narrower than all preceding; VIII strongly narrowed medially, about two-thirds the length of VII, about 1.5x longer than wide, strongly convex and with two very pronounced longitudinal median carinae. IX much shorter and rectangular. Anal segment about as long as IX and narrowed at posterior, the posterior margin with a very wide and shallow emargination and the outer portions angulate. Epiproct fairly large, shield–shaped, roundly triangular and with a distinct median keel; projecting considerably over posterior margin of anal segment (Fig. 16C). Cerci very small, compressed laterally at the base and with the apex somewhat club-like and incurved; roughly reaching to posterior margin of anal segment. Subgenital plate very long (Figs. 16A–D), distinctly keeled longitudinally with the basal portion convex and boat shaped (Figs. 16A–B); lanceolate in shaped and in dorsal aspect unevenly narrowing towards a blunt apex (Fig. 16C); extending over apex of abdomen by considerably more than the length of terga VIII–X taken together. Legs: All short and stocky; profemora slightly shorter than mesothorax, mesofemora as long as metathorax and hind legs reaching about halfway along abdominal segment VI. Profemora with anterodorsal carina distinctly raised and very gently wavy, the posteroventral carina with about 8–10 small teeth. Medioventral carina with a few small tubercles. Protibiae with anterodorsal carina moderately deflexed, lamellate and gently wavy; the posteroventral carinae strongly lamellate and expanded with the margin unevenly undulate. Meso- and metafemora swollen with the two outer lower carinae somewhat rounded and deflexed sub-basally; this portion of both carinae armed with four strong spines; two tooth-like spines on these carinae sub-apically. Posterodorsal carina of mesofemora with a large and broadly triangular sub-apical lobe and 2–3 medium spines in basal portion (Fig. 16E); anterodorsal carina alike but armature much less pronounced. Medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora fairly distinct, obtuse and armed with 4–5 fairly prominent spines, the median ones of which are the largest. Ventral carinae of meso- and metatibiae roundly deflexed sub-basally and otherwise set with a few rather small dentations. Anterodorsal carina with a distinct rounded lobe sub-basally and a somewhat smaller and rather tooth-like lobe near the apex. Probasitarsus almost as long as following two tarsomeres combined; dorsal carina forming an almost semi-circular lobe; a much smaller dorsal lobe present on tarsomeres II and III. Meso– and metabasitarsus slightly longer than following tarsomere and with dorsal carina just very gently raised. ♂♂ (Figs. 14, 15, 20C). Large and stocky for the genus (body length 93.0–107.0 mm) with a fairly short and heavily spinose mesothorax, well-developed alae (length 51.5–59.0 mm) and distinctive brown and green colouration. General colouration of head and body greyish to greenish mid brown, the mesothorax and metasternum with a green wash and most of metapleurae yellowish green. Most of ventral body surface as well as the thoracic pleurae with lichenose whitish mottling and speckles, the abdominal sterna in particular. Thoracic armature mostly dull reddish. Tegmina dark brown with a slight greenish wash, the anterior margin in the median portion broadly pale cream to white and followed by a washed green longitudinal streak; often with a white marking or indistinct median streak near posterior margin. The costal region of the alae mostly dark brown with a reddish wash and with a bold, washed green streak along basal half of anterior margin; the extreme outer border of the anterior margin pale cream basally; dull red ventrally. Anal region of alae translucent dark grey with numerous small, rounded transparent patches; all anal veins slightly marked with darker grey and with interruptions at the transparent patches (Fig. 20C). All femora pale to mid green with the apical quarter dark brown; the tibiae green with the apical and basal portions brown. Antennae reddish mid brown to dull orange with the basal half dark brown ventrally; the terminal antennomere pale cream. Head: Generally as in ♀♀, but vertex less convex, the cephalic armature considerably less pronounced and sparse and the two swellings on frons somewhat more distinct (Fig. 15G). The eyes relatively larger and projecting more than hemispherically from head capsule with their diameter contained only about 1.4x in length of genae. Antennae slightly projecting over posterior margin of median segment and usually with 28 segments; otherwise as in ♀♀. Thorax: Pronotum generally as in ♀♀, but surface less granulose (Fig. 15G). Mesothorax fairly short and only about 3.3x longer than pronotum; very gently swollen medially. Mesonotum with a fine longitudinal median carina and heavily armed with a variable number of very prominent, conical and fairly blunt spines of variable sizes; usually one notably enlarged, massive pair pre-medially (Fig. 15G). The mesopleurae with a median longitudinal row of spiniform tubercles, the metapleurae only with a marginal row of about seven very small tubercles. Mesosternum irregularly set with medium spiniform tubercles, the metasternum with a medium pair of low conical spines and otherwise only with a very few scattered small tubercles. Tegmina oval in outline and somewhat narrowed in the apical portion, slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum and strongly convex with a fairly prominent, rounded central hump. Alae ± reaching to posterior margin abdominal tergum VI. Abdomen: Median segment notably longer than metanotum, about 2.2x longer than wide and smooth. Segments II to VII very slightly decreasing in length and on average about 3.2x longer than wide; II–VI roughly uniform in width. Terga V–VIII with a closely placed pair of longitudinal median carinae and a further notably more pronounced lateral carina; these carinae very indistinct to obsolete on II–IV. VII with lateral margins in posterior half strongly deflexed to form a prominent, rounded lobe that laterally extends by as much as half of the width of segment (Figs. 15E–F). Sterna II–VII with four irregular but acute longitudinal carinae, the inner pair roundly raised just before posterior margin of each sternum. Tergum VIII about three-quarters the length of VII and distinctly narrowed medially, the posterolateral angles somewhat expanded; IX three-quarters the length of VIII and gently narrowed medially. Anal segment about two-thirds the length of IX with lateral margins somewhat convex and the base slightly narrowed; posterior margin broadly bi-lobed with a small and shallow indention medially (Fig. 15E); ventral surface of outer portions of posterior margins armed with a few small denticles. Epiproct very small and fully concealed by anal segment. Cerci small, compressed laterally with the apex obtusely scoop-shaped; notably projecting over posterior margin of anal segment. Vomer triangular in shape, slightly longer than breadth of base with the terminal hook narrowed, acutely pointed, very slightly dextrad-directed and upcurved (Fig. 20E). Poculum convex and cup-shaped in basal portion a distinct conical projection at the angle (Fig. 15D), the apical half increasingly flattened, carinate longitudinally and slightly projecting over posterior margin of abdominal tergum IX; the posterior margin distinctly bi-lobed with a deep triangular median excavation (Fig. 15F). Legs: Relatively longer and slenderer than in ♀♀; profemora about equal in length and mesofemora slightly shorter than mesothorax, hind legs reaching roughly half way along abdominal segment VI. Anterodorsal and posteroventral carina of profemora just weakly expanded, the former smooth and the latter set with a few small dentations. Anterodorsal carina of protibiae moderately raised, gently wavy forming a small, ± distinctly rounded lobe sub-apically; the posteroventral carina moderately lamellate with the margin almust uniform. Armature of mid and hind legs generally as in ♀♀, but with the exception of the distinct sub-apical dorsal triangular lobe of the meso- and metafemora, less pronounced. The meso- and mertafemora muchh less widened sub–basally. Probasitarsus almost as long as following two tarsomeres combined and with a large obtusely angular dorsal lobe; second and third tarsomere with a much smaller angular dorsal lobe (Fig. 15G). Meso- and metabasitarsus almost as long as following two tarsomeres combined, dorsal carina just moderately raised and roundly triangular. Variability: The two ♀♀ at hand show slight differences in size, colouration, armature of the mesothorax and length of the subgenital plate. While the holotype is almost plain reddish mid brown (perhaps due to provisional storage in spirits, Figs. 13A–C) the paratype is greyish to ochraceous brown with a slight greenish hue and has a washed, dull green longitudinal median streal on the tegmina and costal region of the alae (Figs. 13D–E. The available ♂♂ are fairly constant in colouration and merely show slight variation in the size and shape of the mesothoracic spines. Comments: This beautiful new species is the largest and most stocky representative of the genus and appears to be closely related to P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908). A reasoning is given in the discussion section below. Eggs unknown. Distribution (Fig. 32): Costa Rica (Prov. Guanacaste: Volcan Cacao 1000–1400 m; Cerro el Hacha 400 m; Tilarán 800 m; Prov. Heredia: Sarapiqui, Estacion El Ceibo 400–500 m; Prov. Alajuela: Parque Nacional Rincon de la Vieja nr. Colonia Blanca 800 m).

The genus Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838 is redescribed and revised at the species level. It is distributed throughout most of Central America, the northern half of South America and also has one species on the Lesser Antilles. Detailed descriptions, notes on intraspecific variability and illustrations are provided for all six known species. Keys are presented to distinguish males, females and eggs. Two new species are described from Costa Rica: P. cocoense n. sp. from both sexes and the eggs and P. speciosus n. sp. from both sexes. The female of P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) is described and illustrated for the first time, as are the eggs of the type-species P. eucnemis Serville, 1838 and P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908). The external morphology of all species shows considerable intraspecific variability, which is discussed and illustrated. While P. cocoense n. sp. is an endemic and the only stick insects that has so far become known from Cocos Island a small island some 550 km off the Costa Rican Pacific coast, all other species appear to have fairly wide distributional ranges. Maps show the distributions of all six known species. Type-specimens of the two newly described species are deposited in the collections of MNCR-A (Costa Rica) and Zoologisches Museum und Universität, Hamburg, Germany (ZMUH).

Pterinoxylus cocoense n. sp. Figs. 2–3, 21A, 29C–D, 30A–B, 31 HT, ♀: Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, P.N. Isla del Coco, Bahía Chatan, 1–100m, Oct 1994, J. F. Quesada, Long: -87:03:20_ Lat: 5:32:40 #47945; Costa Rica MNCR-A CRI002 575708; Especímens en Atta A. Lépiz 16.4.2008 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♀, + 1 egg (ex ovipositor): Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, P.N. Isla del Coco, Bahía Chatan, 1–100m, Oct 1994, J. F. Quesada, Long: -87:03:20_ Lat: 5:32:40 #47945; Costa Rica MNCR-A CRI002 575707 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♀: Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Puntarenas, P. N. Isla del Coco, Bahía Wafer, 0–100m, 06 JUN 2013, J. A. Azofeifa, Colecta Libre, -87:03:30 05:32:40, #107147 [MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Puntarenas, P. N. Isla del Coco, Bahía Wafer, 0–100m, 16 ABR 2013, J. A. Azofeifa, C. Víquez, Colecta Libre, -87:03:30 05:32:40, #107146[MNCR-A]. PT, ♂: Bahía Chatan, P.N. Isla del Coco, Prov. Punt., Costa Rica, 5 a 9 feb 1993, F. A. Quesada, L–S–0, 0; Costa Rica MNCR –A CRI001 851974 [MNCR-A]. PT, 2 ♂♂: Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, P.N. Isla del Coco, Cerro Yglesias, 600m, 16 21 MAR 2002, R. Hernandez, malaise, Long:87:04:47 Lat: 05:31:32, #67306 [MNCR-A]. PT, 2 ♂♂ (penultimate instar), 1 nymph n4, 1 nymph n3, 1 nymph n2: Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Isla del Cioco, Bahía Yglesias, A la Catarata Yglesias por el Sendero, 20m, 21 DIC 1997, F. Ulate, C. Flores, Long: 87:04:12_ Lat: 5:31:06, #49467 [MNCR-A]. Diagnosis: This new species differs from all other representatives of the genus by the small size and comparatively shorter alae of both sexes, which do not reach the posterior margin of the median segment in ♀♀ and hardly project over posterior margin of abdominal tergum IV in ♂♂. Females resemble those of P. spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908, but in addition to the features mentioned differ by the relatively longer, slenderer legs and considerably less lamellate, just weakly undulate carinae of the fore legs. Males are readily distinguished from all other species in the genus by the flattened and unarmed head, weakly and very sparsely tuberculose mesonotum as well as the slender legs that are destitute of enlarged teeth or lobes. The eggs differ from all other known eggs of the genus by their smaller dimensions as well as the densely tuberculose and rugulose capsule surface. Etymology: Named after the type-locality Isla del Coco (Cocos Island), a small oceanic island some 550 km off the Costa Rican Pacific coast and a World Heritage Site. Description: ♀♀ (Fig. 2). The smallest representative of the genus (body length including subgenital plate 103.0–140.0 mm), form twig –like and fairly slender with the body surface partly, variably and unevenly sculptured, short alae (length 9.5–11.0 mm) and a moderately long subgenital plate. Colouration variably greyish mid to dark brown and sometimes with a slight greenish wash; mostly almost plain but may be faintly and irregularly flecked with paler brown. The legs often with irregular dull green mottling. Frons with two washed black markings.Antennae dark greyish brown and somewhat darker ventrally, the terminal segment cream. Tegmina and costal region of alae roughly of same colour as body and sometimes with very faint mottling; the basal portion of costal region of alae that is covered by the tegmina dull red and dull red ventrally. Anal region of alae slightly transparent grey with all anal veins boldly marked with black (Fig. 2A). Lobes and excrescences of the head, body and extremities may be green (Figs. 29C–D, 30A–B) Head: Ovoid and oval in cross-section, about 1.6x longer than wide. Between the eyes with a low transverse swelling, that is indented medially. Vertex very gently rounded with a distinct, impressed coronal fissure, surface unevenly tuberculose; in centre with a pair of somewhat enlarged obtuse swellings and a further pair of enlarged tubercles at posterior margin; the central pair of swellings may be strongly enlarged to form large, very irregularly crenulate auriform lobes (Fig. 29D), the tubercles nearby strongly enlarged and spiniform and the posterior pair of tubercles represented as short spines (Fig. 2E). Genae with a longitudinal row of 3–4 nodes. Eyes almost circular in outline and their diameter contained about 2x in that of genae; strongly projecting. Antennae almost reaching tip of protarsi and laid back somewhat projecting over posterior margin of metanotum; consisting of about 32 antennomeres. Scapus flattened dorsoventrally, narrowed basally, strongly deflexed laterally and with lateral margins distinctly rounded. Pedicellus subcylindrical and almost two-thirds the length of scapus. Third antennomere slightly longer but considerably narrower than pedicellus. Thorax: Pronotum longer and but slightly narrower than head, sub-rectangular with the lateral margins gently concave; transverse median sulcus short, C-shaped, moderately distinct and almost lateral margins of segment. Median line slightly impressed over entire length of segment and the surface unevenly set with several granules and small tubercles; four somewhat enlarged tubercles on anterior margin and occasionally one or two pairs of enlarged and obtusely spiniform tubercles near posterior margin (Fig. 2E). Sometimes also a somewhat enlarged obtuse lateral tubercle in anterior portion and two such tubercles at lateral margin in posterior portion. Mesothorax moderately long and slender, about 3.3x the length of pronotum and gently narrowed anteriorly. Mesonotum with a distinct but irregularly shaped longitudinal median carina, surface texturing very variable and unevenly rugulose and/or tuberculose; sometimes set with several rugulose and irregularly crenulate swelling of variable sizes (paratype with collection number 575708, Fig. 2E). Mesopleurae unevenly rugulose and more or less distinctly but sparsely tuberculose; metapleurae set with several ± spiniform tubercles. Sensory areas at lateral margins of prosternum weakly developed and indistinct; the central sensory area of probasitsternum large and anteriorly expanding over entire width of notum. Meso- and metasternum irregularly rugulose and granulose (Fig. 2D); the rugulae most distinct and numerous in anterior portion of mesosternum and some of the rugulae raised to form node-like structures (sculpturing less pronounced on metasternum). Tegmina sub-oval, narrowed basally scale–like and rather flattened; notably projecting over posterior margin of metanotum. Alae short and just not reaching to posterior margin of median segment. Abdomen: Median segment about 1.6x longer than metanotum and about equal in length to abdominal segment II; almost 1.6x longer than wide, smooth and with lateral margins gently concave. Segments II–IV slightly increasing, V–VII decreasing in length; II and III somewhat widening IV–VII very slightly gradually narrowing, sub-rectangular in shape and on average 1.4–1.5x longer than wide. Tergum VII with lateral margins in posterior half deflexed to form a prominent, bluntly angular but irregularly shaped lobe, which may extend laterally by as much as two-thirds of the body width. Complete surface of all terga unevenly rugulose and granulose; all with a closely placed pair of fine but irregular longitudinal carinae that vary in emphasis and usually terminate in a nodule, small swelling or spiniform, laterally compressed process posteriorly on each tergum. The rugulae forming a further irregular sinuate lateral carina, which posteriorly may terminate in a more or less distinct, sometimes crenulate to foliaceous or bi- to trifid lobe on II and V; the size and shape of these lobes very variable. Lateral margins of II–VI sometimes with 2–3 irregular small lobes posteriorly (paratype with collection number 575708). Sterna II–VII unevenly granulose and with a pair of short rugulae near posterior margin. Sternum VII with two very prominent irregularly shaped and obtuse longitudinal carinae; praeopercular organ formed by two small conspicuously node-like posteromedian tubercles. Terga VIII and IX with a small, irregularly foliaceous posterolateral lobe; VIII constricted medially and about three-quarters the length of VII, IX shorter and rectangular.Anal segment somewhat shorter than IX with lateral margins somewhat deflexed and widening towards the posterior; the posterior portion narrowed and the posterior margin with a deep, angular median excavation and the outer portions irregularly rounded. Epiproct small shield-shaped and very slightly extending beyond posterior margin of anal segment; with an acute longitudinal median carina dorsally. Cerci very small, compressed laterally, tapered towards the tip and just reaching to posterior margin of anal segment. Subgenital plate variable in length (compare Figs. 2F and 2G) and shape and extending over apex of abdomen by at least the length of the two terminal terga combined; carinate longitudinally, narrowly scaphiform with the lateral margins ± sub-parallel in dorsal aspect and the apex ± triangular (Figs. 2H–I). Legs: All moderately short but slender for the genus; profemora a little more than three-quarters and mesofemora about two-thirds the length of mesothrax, hind legs reaching about half way along abdominal segment VII. Anterodorsal carina of profemora strongly raised, deflexed and unevenly undulate; occasionally a few small lobules present on posterodorsal carina. Posteroventral carina just slightly dilated with margin wavy and with a few tooth-like nodes in compressed basal portion of femur. Both dorsal carinae of protibiae unevenly deflexed and with several rounded du bluntly angular lobes; the posteroventral carina prominently dilated, lamellate irregularly undulate and slightly gradually lowering towards apex of tibia. Posterodorsal carina of mesofemora with a large and broad, semi-circular to apically toothed sub-apical lobe and several unevenly shaped and sized much smaller lobes to triangular and tooth-like expansions in the basal two-thirds; armature of anterordorsal carina similar but less pronounced. Antero- and posteroventral carinae supplied with a prominent and obtusely triangular tooth-like expansion pre-apically and a somewhat smaller tooth-like expansion post-medially, otherwise with about four smaller teeth, two in the basal portion, one between the two larger expansions and one close to apex of femur. Armature of metafemora principally similar but less pronounced. The medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora fairly distinct and supplied with obtuse granules. Ventral carinae of meso– and metatibiae smooth and just very weakly wavy; the anterodorsal carina with a closely placed pair of rounded to triangular and tooth-like lobes subbasally a fairly prominent expansion sub-apically and about 3–4 smaller teeth in between. Probasitarsus with dorsal carina distinctly raised and forming a roundly triangular lobe; second tarsomere with a similar but much smaller dorsal lobe. Meso- and metabasitarsus hardly longer than following tarsomere and with the dorsal carina just gently raised and rounded. ♂♂ (Fig. 3). Smallest representative of the genus (body length 79.5–82.5 mm), form stick –like and fairly stocky for the genus, with comparatively short alae (length 29.0– 29.5 mm), just very weakly and indistinctly tuberculose mesothorax and unarmed legs. General colouration ranging from fairly plain drab or ochre to yellowish mid brown. The largest cephalad and thoracic tubercles tipped with pale cream. Tegmina of same colour as body and often with anterior margin broadly white except for the very basal portion. Costal region of alae with a reddish hue and dull red ventrally, the anterior margin broadly marked with white in the basal one-thirds. Anal region transparent greyish brown with several variably sized transparent patches; all anal veins dark brown with interruptions at the transparent patches (Figs. 3A–C). Antennae dull ochre to mid brown dorsally and in the median portion dark brown to black ventrally; the terminal antennomere dull cream. Head: Shape generally as in ♀♀, central portion of vertex more flattened and eyes much more prominent and projecting hemispherically from head capsule, their diameter contained only 1.6x in length of genae. Vertex just sparsely supplied with low granules and small nodules, the genae with a longitudinal row of 3–4 small nodules. Antennae long and slightly projecting over posterior margin of abdominal segment II, with 31–32 segments. Scapus less prominently dilated than in ♀♀. Thorax: Pronotum as in ♀♀ and notably longer than head, sparsely supplied with scattered low granules and nodules; usually one pair of somewhat more pronounced nodes near posterior margin. Mesothorax elongate, slender and 3.7x longer than pronotum; complete surface densely but unevenly granulose. Mesonotum with a faint longitudinal median carina, that becomes increasingly obsolete behind the mid of segment; surface otherwise set with a few low and obtuse paired tubercles in anterior half and 5–7 nodes along lateral margins in anterior half of segment. Meso- and metapleurae granulose and with a few small nodes. Meso- and metasternum set with a few scattered nodes and some longitudinally directed rugulae (Fig. 3C). Tegmina roughly oval on outline, slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum and with a very indistinct, weakly rounded central hump. Alae reaching about one third along abdominal tergum V. Abdomen: Median segment 1.25x longer than metanotum, almost 2.6x longer than wide and smooth. Segment II very slightly longer than median segment, II–IV roughly equal in length, V–VII very slightly decreasing in length; II–IV about 2.4x, VII only 2.2x longer than wide. II–VI parallel-sided and of uniform width, VII a little narrowed. Terga II–IX with a pair of closely placed fine longitudinal median carinae, that are faint on II–IV but become increasingly pronounced on the following terga; surface otherwise very weakly rugulose und granulose; V–IX with a further somewhat more pronounced lateral carina. All sterna weakly rugulose and sparsely granulose; the rugulae roughly forming two irregular longitudinal carinae in posterior portion of each sternum. Tergum VIII a little more than three-quarters the length of VII and somewhat widening towards the posterior. IX three-quarters the length of VIII, about 1.2x longer than wide and rectangular. Anal segment three-quarters the length of IX, sub–rectangular in dorsal aspect, slightly narrowed at anterior margin and very gently widening towards the posterior; the posterior margin with a shallow median indention and the outer portions broadly and weakly rounded (Fig. 3E); ventral surface of outer portions of posterior margins armed with a few small denticles. Epiproct very small, transverse and fully hidden under anal segment. Cerci small, moderately compressed laterally, oval in cross-section and the apex very slightly club-shaped; somewhat projecting beyond posterior margin of anal segment (Fig. 3D–E). Vomer broad and roundly triangular in shape with the lateral margins gently rounded, the ventral surface almost flat and the short terminal hook strongly upcurved (Fig. 20A). Poculum strongly convex with a bluntly conical central hump and slightly projecting over posterior margin of tergum IX (Fig. 3D); the posterior half carinate longitudinally and the posterior margin narrowly bi–lobed with a deep median incision (Fig. 3F). Legs: Relatively longer and slenderer than in ♀♀ and destitute of armature with the exception of two small and flat sub-apical teeth on two outer ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora. Profemora roughly equal in length to mesothorax, mesofemora four-fifths the length of mesothorax and hind legs reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment VII. Anterodorsal of profemora and protibiae very slightly deflexed with margin weakly wavy. Medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora well pronounced and supplied with small granules. Probasitarsus elongate, slightly longer than following two tarsomeres combined and with dorsal carina gradually raising towards the apex. Meso- and metabasitarsus almost as long as following two tarsomeres combined, slender. Variability: As for the other species in the genus, the three available ♀♀ show there is considerable variability relating to several morphological characters. In general, all the body and leg sculpturing and armature is much more pronounced in the paratype with collection number 575708 (Figs. 2B–D) and live ♀ observed by Juan G. Abarca Alvarado (Figs. 29C–D, 30A–B) than in the other two specimens. The latter ♀ for instance has the cephalic horns noticeably larger and forming two auriform lobes (Fig. 2E), whereas these are only represented by a pair of blunt tubercles in the holotype and second paratype. Furthermore, in this specimen some of the mesonotal tubercles are bi- or trifid, the posterior pair of projections on abdominal terga II – V form multi-dentate lobes and all the lobes of the legs are much more foliaceous. The ♂♂ at hand are much more consistent morphologically and do not exhibit any noteworthy variability. Eggs (Fig. 3G): Only one egg is available, which unfortunately is damaged and lacks the operculum. Thus, only a brief description is provided here. Small for the genus. Capsule moderately elongate, ovoid, sub-circular in cross-section and with the dorsal surface more convex than ventral surface. Entire capsule surface strongly tuberculose and rugulose, the rugulae forming a blunt keel that in some distance surrounds the micropylar plate. A very broad and blunt longitudinal bulge running from the micropylar plate to the polar area; laterally accompanied by a tuberculose ridge. Peripheral polar excrescence very short. Micropylar plate just slightly longer than wide with anterior end fairly blunt. General colour reddish mid to dark brown, the micropylar plate blackish brown. Measurements [mm]: Length 5.4, width 2.4, height 2.6, length of micropylar plate 1.4. Comments: This new species is the smallest known representative of the genus. It is the so far only known stick insect from the Isla del Coco (Cocos Island) and hence of great interest geographically. Cocos Island lacks permanent inhabitants and is positioned about 550 km southwest of the Costa Rican mainland in the Pacific Ocean. It is almost rectangular in shape, measuring only about 8 x 3 km and having an area of approximately 23,85km 2. Most of the area is covered in rainforest and after becoming a Costa Rican National Park in 1978 the island was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997. A life ♀ was observed by Juan G. Abarca Alvarado (Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica) on April 14 th 2022 in the cloud forest close to Cerro Pelón at an altitude of 560 metres (Figs. 29C–D, 30A–B). The specimen was found about one metre off the ground during the day among vegetation mainly consisting of ferns and grasses (Fig. 30B). Distribution (Fig. 31): Costa Rica (Prov. Puntarenas, Isla del Coco). Endemic., Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo & Nishida, Kenji, 2022, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini), pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5208 (1) on pages 9-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7318962, {"references":["Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27."]}

Pterinoxylus eucnemis (Burmeister, 1838) Figs. 7–9, 21C, 22C–D, 28, 29A–B, 32 Haplopus eucnemis Burmeister, 1838: 577. HT, ♀: 805, eucnemis Burm. *, difformipes Serv., Westw. *, Brasil. Virm. [MNHU]. Burmeister, 1840: 37. Phasma (Haplopus) eucnemis, Haan, 1842: 127. Pterinoxylus eucnemis, Kirby, 1904: 362. Rehn, 1904: 61. Otte & Brock, 2005: 294. Zompro, 2005: 261. Bellanger, Lelong & Jourdan, 2018: 274. Conle, Bellanger, Lelong, Jourdan & Valero, 2020: 125. Pterinoxylus difformipes Serville, 1838: 227. HT, ♀: Amérique méridionale [MNHN – valde defectum]. Westwood, 1859: 90, pl. 36: 1 (♀). Kirby, 1904: 362. [As a synonym of P. eucnemis Burmeister, 1838] Redtenbacher, 1908: 428 (in part – only the records from Brazil and Suriname). Shelford, 1909: 365 (in part – only the records from Brazil and Suriname). Chopard, 1911: 348. Rehn, 1957: 184, pl. 21: 2 (♀). Roubaud & Lelong, 1993: 12, fig. 5 (♀). Clark–Sellick, 1998: 221, fig. 30h & i. [Egg and internal micropylar plate]. Otte & Brock, 2005: 294. [As a synonym of P. eucnemis Burmeister, 1838] [Not: Pterinoxylus difformipes, Rehn, 1904: 61. Misidentification – nymphs from Costa Rica are P. spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908] [Not: Pterinoxylus difformipes, Zompro, 1997: 180, figs. 2a & 2b. Misidentification relating to Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908] Material examined (15 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, 5 nymphs, eggs): BRAZIL: 2 ♀♀: Brazil: Para, A. Miles Moss Coll., B.M. 1947–453 [NHMUK]; 1 ♂: Obidos, s/data, Diversos 1 [MZUSP]; 1 ♀: Manaos, Brazil, II– III.43 [AMNH]. FRENCH GUIANA: 1 ♂: Guyane Francaise, Nouveau Chantier, Collection Le Moult [MNHN]; 1 ♂: Guyane Francaise, St–Jean du Maroni, Collection Le Moult, Mai, Museum Paris, Collection Lucien Chopard, 1914 [MNHN]; 1 ♀: Guyane Francaise, St–Jean du Maroni, Collection Le Moult [MNHN]; 1 nymph (n3): Guyane, Febrere, Roubaud rec. [MNHN]; 2 nymphs (n3): Guyane, A 1 53 N 1, 10. VII.93, Roubaud rec. [MNHN]; 1 ♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Roura, Montagne des Chevaux, RN2 PK22, 4°44'56"N – 52°26'28"W, alt. 75 m, S.E.A.G [coll. OC, No. 0269–1]; 1 ♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Mana Laussat (Ouest), 05°28'31.6N – 053°35'07.3W, P3 Sable Blanc [coll. OC, No. 0269–2]; 1 ♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Régina, Nouragues, Saut Pararé, 4°02'N – 52°41'W, S.E.A.G [coll. OC, No. 0269–3]; 1 ♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Mana Laussat (westlich), 05°28'31.6N – 053°35'07.3W, P3 Sable Blanc [coll. OC., No. 0269–4]; 2 ♂♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Roura, Montagne des Chevaux, RN2 PK22, 4°44'56"N – 52°26'28"W, alt. 75 m, S.E.A.G [coll. OC., No. 0269–5 to 6)]; 1 ♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Camopi, Bergmassiv Sommet Tabulaire, Mount Itoupé, N 03°01’23’’ W 053°05’44’’, 600m, Pente ouest, S.E.A.G [coll. OC, No. 0269–7]; 3 ♂♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Roura, Montagne des Chevaux, RN2 PK22, 4°44'56"N – 52°26'28"W, alt. 75 m, S.E.A.G, Lichtfang [coll. OC, No’s. 0269–8 to 10]; 1 ♂: Französisch Guyana: Commune de Roura, Montagne des Chevaux, RN2 PK22, 4°44'56"N – 52°26'28"W, alt. 75 m, S.E.A.G, Malaise–trap [coll. OC, No. 0269–11]. SURINAME: 1 ♂: Coll. Br. v. W., Surinam?, Deyrolle; det. Br. v. W. Pterinoxylus difformipes, 46.; 6371, 6371 [NHMW, No. 824]; 1 ♀ (penultimate instar): Suriname, Coeroeni–Eiland, 17.IX.1959, St. Legoni [RMNH]; 1 ♀ (nymph): Suriname, Coeroeni Eiland, 3–X–1959, D. C. Geyskes [RMNH]. BOLIVIA: 1 ♀: Bolivia, Mamon River, A. E. Mc. Dougall, B. M. 1922–351 [NHMUK]. NO/WRONG DATA: 1 ♀: Amboina, Phasma Angustata [RMNH – possibly from Suriname]. Diagnosis: Females are very similar to those of P. spinulosus (Redtenbacher, 1908), with which they share the flattened basal portion of the subgenital plate and distinct dorsal apical lobe of the meso- and metatibiae. They can however be distinguished by: on average more pronounced cephalic tubercles; more broadened subgenital plate, which has the lateral margins more prominently deflexed and arcuate over the entire length of the plate and the apex obtusely rounded to very gently biconcave (more decidedly tri-dentate in spinulosus); more prominent praeopercular organ, as well as the much more prominently deflexed and unevenly lobate/undulate posteroventral carina of the protibiae (Fig. 9G) and notably more distinct sub-basal dorsal lobe of the mesotibiae. Males differ from those of P. spinulosus by: the somewhat more robust body, relatively shorter mesothorax; prominent lateral lobes of abdominal tergum VII (Figs. 9E–F); lack of spines on the mesonotum; considerably more prominent cephalic tubercles; more developed and broader lobes of the protibiae and generally more distinct armature of the extremities as well as the paler grey anal region of the alae. Also the eggs (Figs. 22C–D) strongly resemble those of P. spinulosus and may only differentiated by the more distinct posterior constriction just above the polar extension. Description: In addition to preserved specimens, the colouration is described from pictures of a live individual from French Guiana taken by Philippe Lelong (France). ♀♀ (Figs. 7, 9A–C, 28, 29A–B). Medium to large for the genus (body length including subgenital plate 142.0– 174.0 mm), form twig –like and moderately stocky with the body surface partly and unevenly sculptured, the anterior legs very strongly undulate and lobate. General colouration variable and ranging from almost blackish brown over various shades of greyish or ochraceous mid brown to buff; either almost plain but more often irregularly flecked with combinations of these colours and/or with lichenose areas. Abdominal tergum VIII usually with an ocelliform black spot anterolaterally and terga II– VI with an aggregation of dark spots in posterior portion. Legs in particular irregularly mottled with paler and darker tones of brown. Head with two conspicuous triangular, sharply defined black markings between the eyes. Antennae ochre to dull straw with all antennomeres brown apically. Tegmina and costal region of alae roughly of same colour as body; alae generally paler although. Basal portion of costal region of alae with an oval, sub–basal, slightly pinkish area. Anal region of alae slightly transparent dark brown to dark grey with all anal veins boldly marked with deep black (figs. 7A, 26). Head: Oval in cross-section, parallel-sided and about 1.6x longer than wide. Between the eyes with two transverse swellings. Vertex with two bluntly conical swellings in centre that each bear two to three low tubercles; a further pair of more distinct, conical tubercles at posterior margin. Otherwise sparsely granulose. Eyes circular in outline and their diameter contained about 2.3x in that of genae. Antennae almost reaching to tip of protarsi and laid back about reaching two-thirds the way along mesothorax; consisting of 22–23 antennomeres. Scapus flattened dorsoventrally, strongly deflexed laterally and sub-circular in outline with the base narrowed. Pedicellus subcylindrical and about three-fifths the length of scapus. Third antennomere slightly longer but considerably narrower than pedicellus. Thorax: Pronotum about as long but slightly narrower than head, almost rectangular and with a slight constriction medially; transverse median sulcus distinct, gently curved and expanding over entire width of segment. Median line slightly impressed in anterior portion; the surface set with several granules and small tubercles. Mesothorax about 3.8x longer than pronotum, oval in cross-section and very slightly swollen pre-medially. Mesonotum with a fine but irregularly median carina, surface irregularly tuberculose to nodose and about one-thirds off the anterior margin with two more or less prominent knots or swellings of irregularly strumose rugulae. Meso- and metapleurae rugulose and tuberculose. Prosternum with a small, rough anterolateral sensory area at lateral margins; a further much larger and oval central sensory area on probasitsternum. Meso- and metasternum irregularly and to a variable degree set with small nodes or tubercles. Tegmina sub-oval with texture similar to that of body and with a fairly prominent, rounded hump in centre; slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum. Alae slightly projecting over posterior margin of median segment. Abdomen: Median segment almost 2x longer than metanotum and notably longer than abdominal segment II; 1.5x longer than wide and smooth. Segments II– VII almost uniform in length; on average 1.4x longer than wide and sub-rectangular. Segments II and III very slightly widening, IV and V widest segment, VI narrower than preceding. Tergum VII with lateral margins in posterior half of segment dilated into a prominent, bluntly angular or foliaceous, somewhat dorsal directed lobe which laterally extends by at least half of the body width; surface of lobe strongly wrinkled and rugulose (Fig. 9B–C). Terga VIII –X considerably narrower than all preceding and roughly uniform in width. Complete surface of all terga rugulose and granulose; all with a fine longitudinal carina and two irregular, sub-parallel rugulae. These rugulae posteriorly terminating in a more or less crenulate or foliaceous lobe on tergum III. The median carina terminating in an obtuse posterior swelling on VII –IX. Sterna II– VII unevenly rugulose and each with a pair of short, obtuse, converging ridges near posterior margin. Sternum VII with praeopercular organ formed by a small posteromedian hump (Fig. 9C). VIII almost two-thirds the length of VII strongly convex and almost 2x longer than wide; IX three-quarters the length of VIII, rectangular, slightly tectiform and about 1.5x longer than wide. Anal segment notably shorter than IX, flattened and slightly narrowed in posterior portion; posterior margin sub–truncate with an almost semi-circular median excavation and the outer angles bluntly rounded and somewhat labiate (Fig. 9B). Epiproct sub-truncate, shield-shaped and extending beyond posterior margin of anal segment (Fig. 9B). Cerci very small, subcylindrical, tapered towards a fairly pointed tip and just reaching posterior margin of anal segment. Subgenital plate extending over apex of abdomen by at least the length of the two terminal terga combined; uniformly canaliculate longitudinally, scaphiform in dorsal aspect with the lateral margins strongly arcuate but gradually lowering towards the bluntly sub-truncate posterior margin (Figs. 9A–C). Legs: All relatively short and stocky; profemora two-thirds the length of mesothorax, mesofemora shorter than metathorax and hind legs reaching about halfway along abdominal segment VI. Anterodorsal carina of profemora strongly raised, deflexed and undulate. Posteroventral carina slightly dilated and forming two or three rounded lobes; the terminal one being the largest and somewhat foliaceous. Medioventral carina indistinct. Anterodorsal carina of protibiae with several large, rounded to bluntly triangular and tooth-like foliaceous lobes of variable sizes; the posteroventral carina very prominently dilated and lamellate with the margin very irregularly and unevenly undulate; anteroventral carina less distinctly dilated and gently wavy (Fig. 9G). Posterodorsal carina of mesofemora with a prominent, rounded sub-apical lobe and 2–3 much smaller, occasionally toothed lobes in basal half; anterodorsal carina smooth except or a prominent, rounded sub-apical lobe. Antero- and posteroventral carinae sparsely and minutely denticulate, with a slight rounded expansion post-medially and an enlarged, triangular tooth sub-apically. Dorsal carinae of metafemora each with a prominent, obtusely triangular sub–apical lobe, which is notably more pronounced on the posterior carina; antero- and posteroventral carinae with 4–9 indistinct, blunt teeth which gradually increase in size towards the apex of femur. The medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora very indistinct. Ventral carinae of meso- and metatibiae smooth; the anterodorsal carina with a prominent toothed lobe near the apex and a narrower, rounded lobe sub-basally; the latter much less pronounced on metatibiae. Probasitarsus with dorsal carina strongly raised and bearing a distinct denticulate or crenulate lobe; posteroventral carina somewhat rounded; second tarsomere with a similar but much smaller dorsal lobe. Meso- and metabasitarsus slightly longer than following tarsomere and only with a small triangular, bi-dentate dorsal lobe. ♂♂ (Figs. 8, 9D–F, 9H, 21G). Medium sized for the genus (body length 89.3–105.5 mm), form moderately slender and stick-like with well-developed alae (length 50.7–51.8 mm) and distinctly undulate protibiae. General colouration of body different shades of straw over grey and mid to dark or almost blackish brown; usually irregularly flecked with combinations of these tones and occasionally lichenose. Head with a pair of conspicuous, triangular black markings between the eyes. Pronotum in anterior half with a bold back longitudinal median streak and often with two black spots at posterior margin. Anterior margin of mesonotum sometimes with a small V-shaped black marking. Abdominal terga II–IV with two minute black spots in posterior third of segment. The largest cephalad and thoracic nodes and tubercles often buff, brown or ochre. Tegmina and costal region of same colour as body; in lighter brown specimens the alae with several irregular dark brown to black markings along the longitudinal veins. Anal region of alae translucent grey with numerous smaller and larger transparent patches; all anal veins dark greyish brown with interruptions at the transparent patches. Antennae straw to reddish pale brown. Head: Generally as in ♀♀, but eyes more prominent and projecting hemispherically from head capsule with their diameter contained less than 2x in length of genae. All tubercles smaller but more defined and node-like. Antennae reaching posterior margin of tegmina and with 28–30 segments; otherwise as in ♀♀ but scapus less prominently dilated. Thorax: Pronotum as in ♀♀ but tubercles less prominent; a prominent pair of spiniform tubercles present near posterior margin and the lateral margins with a deep but narrow semi-circular excavation pre-medially. Mesothorax elongate, slender, cylindrical and 4x longer than pronotum; complete surface slightly and unevenly rugulose. Mesonotum with a faint longitudinal median carina and set with a variable number of distinct nodes to spiniform tubercles, mostly in anterior two-thirds; one pre-medial pair usually larger than all others. Meso- and metapleurae with a longitudinal row of small nodes. Mesosternum with prominent longitudinal median rugulae in anterior half; metasternum with two irregular and partly interrupted, sub-parallel longitudinal median carinae and a few small nodules. Tegmina sub-oval in outline, slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum and strongly convex with a prominent, rounded central hump. Alae reaching about one third to half way along abdominal tergum VI. Abdomen: Median segment 1.5x longer than metanotum, 3x longer than wide and smooth. Segment II shorter than median segment, II to VII slightly decreasing in length; II about 4x, VII only 3x longer than wide. All with a faint longitudinal median carina; II– VI parallel-sided and of uniform width. Tergum VII with lateral margins in posterior half dilated into a gently rounded lobe, that laterally extends by about one-thirds the width of segment (Figs. 9E–F). Terga II–IV smooth, V – VII and all sterna rugulose; sterna II– VIII sparsely nodose and each with an irregular longitudinal lateral carina. Tergum VIII three-quarters the length of VII, strongly convex and very slightly widening towards the posterior. IX three-quarters the length of VIII, almost 2x longer than wide and parallel-sided; both with a blunt longitudinal median carina. Anal segment two-thirds the length of IX, sub-rectangular in dorsal aspect, slightly narrowed and weakly tectinate in posterior portion; the posterior margin with a slight median indention and the outer portions broadly rounded; ventral surface of outer portions of posterior margins armed with a few small denticles. Epiproct very small and rounded. Cerci small, distinctly oval in cross-section, gradually tapered towards an obtuse apex and slightly projecting over posterior margin of anal segment; the apical portion slightly incurved. Vomer triangular in shape, somewhat longer than breadth of base, the terminal hook posterior directed, short but acutely triangular and strongly upcurved (Fig. 20C). Poculum weakly convex with a bluntly conical basal hump and roughly reaching to posterior of abdominal tergum IX (Fig. 9D), the posterior half carinate longitudinally (Fig. 9F) and the posterior margin broadly bi-lobed with a fairly small median indention (Fig. 20C). Legs: Relatively longer and slenderer than in ♀♀; profemora about as long as mesothorax, mesofemora threequarters the length of mesothorax and hind legs reaching about half way along abdominal segment VI. Anterodorsal and posteroventral carina of profemora moderately lamellate, the former irregularly lobate with the lobes bluntly triangular, the latter slightly wavy with a few small teeth, the most apical ones of which are largest. Anterodorsal carina of protibiae raised and irregularly undulate, occasionally with a prominent rounded lobe near the apex; posteroventral carina strongly lamellate with the margin gently wavy to undulate. Armature of mid and hind legs generally as in ♀♀ but much less pronounced. Probasitarsus as long as following two tarsomeres combined and with a distinct (sometimes dentate) triangular dorsal lobe; second tarsomere with a much smaller triangular dorsal lobe. Meso- and metabasitarsus almost as long as following two tarsomeres combined, dorsal carina slightly raised and rounded. Eggs (Figs. 22G–H): Very large, alveolar, capsule more than 3x longer than wide, almost cylindrical in crosssection. Dorsal surface more convex than ventral and lateral surfaces. Capsule surface minutely but very densely granulose, distinctly pitted and with several irregular and obtusely raised longitudinal ridges. A distinct, obtuse, longitudinal swelling below micropylar plate. Polar-area with a hollow, crest-like and slightly lamellar excrescence; the outer margin irregularly crenate. Micropylar plate small, covering less than one-thirds of capsule, ovoid to spear-shaped in outline and narrowed towards anterior end. Micropylar cup small and near posterior margin of plate. Operculum almost circul, Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo & Nishida, Kenji, 2022, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini), pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5208 (1) on pages 23-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7318962, {"references":["Burmeister, H. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie, II. Berlin, pp. 553 - 589.","Burmeister, H. (1840) Audinet Serville, histoire naturelle des Orthopteres. Paris 1839. 8. verglichen mit H. Burmeister, Handbuch d. Entomologie. II. Bd. 2. Abth. 1. Halfte (vulgo Orthoptera). Berlin 1838. 8. vom Verfasser des Letzteren. Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie (Zeitsch. Entom.), 2, 1 - 82","Haan, W. De (1842) Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Orthoptera. In: Temmick, C. J. (Ed.), Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen. Verhandelingen Zoologie, Vol. 2, 95 - 138.","Kirby, W. F. (1904 a) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera, Vol. 1. British Museum, London.","Rehn, J. A. G. (1904) Studies in the orthopterous family Phasmidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, 56, 38 - 107.","Otte, D. & Brock, P. D. (2005) Phasmid Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the World. The Insect Diversity Association and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. CafePress. com. 414 pp.","Zompro, O. (2005) Catalogue of type-material of the insect order Phasmatodea, housed in the Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt - Universitat zu Berlin, Germany and in the Institut fur Zoologie der Martin-Luther-Universitat in Halle (Saale), Germany. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 52 (2005), 251 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 200410018","Bellanger, Y., Lelong, P. & Jourdan, T. (2018) A new Phasmatodea for French Guiana, Creoxylus paradoxus (Kirby, 1904), and notes on the stick-insects of Reserve Naturelle Nationale de la Trinite. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 123 (2), 273 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.32475 / bsef _ 1985","Serville, J. G. (1838) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Orthopteres. Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 18, 776 pp.","Westwood, J. O. (1859) Catalogue of Orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1: Phasmidae. British Museum, London. 196 pp., pls. 1 - 40.","Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27.","Shelford, R. (1909) Family Phasmidae. In: Biologia Centrali - Americana; or, Contributions to the knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central America. Insecta, Orthoptera. Vol. 2, 343 - 377, plates 5 - 8.","Chopard, L. (1911) Contribution a la faune des Orthopteres de la Guyane Francaise. 1 er memorire. Mantidae et Phasmidae. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 80, 337 - 349.","Rehn, J. A. G. (1957) The description of the female sex of Pterinoxylus spinulosus, with notes on stridulation in the female sex of this genus (Orthoptera; Phasmatidae; hibalosomatinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 83, 185 - 194, pl. 21.","Zompro, O. (1997) Uber einige Phasmiden aus der Entomologischen Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 12 (156), 177 - 181."]}

Tribe Pterinoxylini Hennemann, Conle & Perez–Gelabert, 2016 Type –genus: Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838: 226. Pterinoxylini Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016: 11, 28. Haplopodini Günther, 1953: 557 (in part). Hesperophasmatini Bradley & Galil, 1977: 188 (in part). Phibalosomini (Sectio V: Phibalosomata) Redtenbacher, 1908: 399 (in part). The tribe Pterinoxylini was established by Hennemann et al.(2016:28) to contain solely the genus Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838. These authors have presented a detailed description, a slightly adapted version of which is here reproduced as the generic description. While the presence of sensory areas on the probasisternum and profurcasternum are shared with Hesperophasmatini and support a sister-group relationship with this tribe, the presence of a stridulatory organ in the basal portion of the costal region of the alae is an autapomorphy of Pterinoxylini. Moreover, the anal fan of the alae in Pterinoxylini has a convex contour with the outer margin arched downwards when the wing is opened. Another autapomorphy of Pterinoxylini is represented bv the morphology of the eggs, which are characteristic for the elongate, alveolar capsule that has a peripheral polar excrescence and an operculum that bears a huge, hollow peripheral or crest-like excrescence on the outer margin. Furthermore, Pterinoxylini have a well-developed gula, which is reduced in members of Hesperophasmatini. Thus, based exclusively on morphological characters, Hennemann et al. (2016) were prompted to introduce an individual tribe for Pterinoxylus, suggested that the tribe Haplopodini might possibly be the sister-group of Pterinoxylini + Hesperophasmatini and hypothesized that these three tribes form a separate lineage within the subfamily Cladomorphinae sensu lato (see Hennemann et al., 2016: 181, fig. 409). The monophyly of this clade that comprises the aforementioned taxa was supported by a molecular approach by Simon et al. (2019), which beyond that showed this Neotropical clade not to belong to the exceptionally New World Occidophasmata but to the Old World Oriophasmata. This result is in concordance with two recent and more comprehensive molecular approaches by Bank & Bradler (2022) and Forni et al. (2022), which both render the clade as monophyletic and as a lineage of Old World Phasmatodea. There are however discrepancies between the morphological approach by Hennemann et al. (2016), which places Haplopodini as sister to Hesperophasmatini + Pterinoxylini, and subsequent molecular approaches. Bank & Bradler (2022) and Forni et al. (2022) agree in that Pterinoxylus forms a well-supported clade together with two Central American genera of Hesperophasmatini (i.e. Rhynchacris Redtenbacher, 1908 and Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908), but in both trees Pterinoxylus results as nested within Hesperophasmatini and not as sister to the all sampled Hesperophasmatini-genera. Although basically in accordance, the topologies between these two molecular studies slightly differ from each other: (Hypocyrtus + Rhynchacris) + Pterinoxylus according to Bank & Bradler (2022) and Hypocyrtus + (Rhynchacris + Pterinoxylus) according to Forni et al. (2022). These and other discrepancies between the results of morphological and molecular approaches certainly deserve more detailed evaluation and should be explicitly addressed by forthcoming studies., Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo & Nishida, Kenji, 2022, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini), pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5208 (1) on page 5, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7318962, {"references":["Serville, J. G. (1838) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Orthopteres. Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 18, 776 pp.","Hennemann, F. H., Conle, O. V. & Perez-Gelabert, D. (2016) Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XVI: Revision of Haplopodini Gunther, 1953 (rev. Stat.), with notes on the subfamily Cladomorphinae Bradley & Galil, 1977 and the descriptions of a new tribe, four new genera and nine new species (Phasmatodea: \" Anareolatae \": Phasmatidae: Cladomorphinae). Zootaxa, 4128 (1), 1 - 211. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4128.1.1","Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563.","Bradley, J. C. & Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208.","Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27.","Simon, S., Letsch, H., Bank, S., Buckley, T. R., Donath, A., Liu, S., Machida, R., Meusemann, K., Misof, B., Podsiadlowski, L., Zhou, X., Wipfler, B. & Bradler S. (2019) Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and leaf Insects. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7 (345), 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fevo. 2019.00345","Bank, S. & Bradler, S. (2022) A second view on the evolution of flight in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea). BMC Ecology and Evolution, 22 (62), 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1101 / 2021.10.12.464101","Forni, G., Martelossi, J., Valero, P., Hennemann, F. H., Conle, O., Luchetti, A. & Mantovani, B. (2022) Macroevolutionary analyses provide new evidence of phasmid wing evolution as a reversal process. Systematic Biology, 2022; syac 038, 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syac 038"]}

Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908 Figs. 17–19, 20B, 21F, 22G–H, 26–27, 33 Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908: 428, pl. 20: 3 (♂). LT, ♂: Coll. Br. v. W, Chiriqui (Panama) Staudinger; det. Br. v. W. Pterinoxylus spinosus; 10.295 [NHMW, No. 825]. (Not: PLT, ♂ (penultimate instar nymph): Syntype; V. de Chiriqui, below 4000 ft., Champion; 89; Godman–Salvin Coll. 1908.–168.; B.C.A. Orth. II, Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redt.; Pterinoxylus sp. larva; BMNH(E) #844939 [NHMUK]. This is P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908)) Shelford, 1909: 365. Hebard, 1923: 361. Rehn, 1957: 188, pl. 21: 1 (♀). [Description of ♀] Robinson, 1968: 195, figs. 1–4. [Notes on defensive behaviour] Robinson, 1970: 52, fig. 1. [Notes on defensive behaviour] Hogue, 1993: 169. [Notes on defensive behaviour] Brock, 1997: 21. [Type data in NHMUK] Brock, 1998: 59. Clark–Sellick, 1998: 221. [Micropylar plate] Otte & Brock, 2005: 294. Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011: 64. [Lectotype designation] Brock, Marshall, Beccaloni & Harman, 2016: 194. [Type data in NHMUK] Pterinoxylus difformipes, Rehn, 1904: 61. [Nymphs from Costa Rica – misidentification]. Redtenbacher, 1908: 428 (in part – only specimen from Costa Rica in MNHN). Shelford, 1909: 365 (in part – only records from Costa Rica and Panama). Zompro, 1997: 180, fig. 2a & b (egg). [Description of egg from Costa Rica – misidentification]. Material examined (35 ♂♂, 46 ♀♀, 8 nymphs, eggs): PANAMA: 1 ♀: Barro Colorado Isl., Panama, July29 1933, J.D. and H.Hood; Rehn 1957 figured; Measured specimen Rehn 1957; Pterinoxylus spinulosus Det. Rehn 1957 A.N.S.P. [ANSP]; 1 ♀: Barro Colorado Island, C. Z., Panama, I.12.1956, Berthe Ruud; Measured specimen Rehn 1957; Pterinoxylus spinulosus Det. Rehn 1957 A.N.S.P. [ANSP]; 1 ♀: Bruja Point, Canal Zone, Panama, X.21.1929 (J. Zetek); Measured specimen Rehn 1957; Pterinoxylus spinulosus Det. Rehn 1957 A.N.S.P. [ANSP]; 1 ♂: Pan.-Barro Col. Is. C.Z.–coll. Rettmeyer, VI.- VIII.1957 [ANSP]; 1 ♀: Barro Colo Is; CZ, VI.1939; Jas Zetek, No 4997; Lot No 39–15883 [USNM]; 1 ♀: Panama, Pearl Is, San Jose; Morrison JPE, Feb. 18.1944 [USNM]; 1 ♂: Muséum Paris, Barro Colorado, Z. Gregoire, 1954; 214; Pterinoxylus difformipes Serv. [MNHN]; 3 nymphs: V. de Chiriqui, below 4000 ft., Champion; Pterinoxylus difformipes Serv., Godman – Salvin Coll. 1908.–168. [NHMUK]; 2 eggs: Laid 11/67 Balboas; Panama; Pterinoxylus spinulosus, Brit. Mus. 1974 –118 [NHMUK]; 1 ♂: Gamboa, Ex.-Z. Rov. Pmá, Colón, 3 Feb 1980, col. R. Angulo, Victor Leon [MIUP]; 1 ♂: Panama: Panamá Pr., Arraijun, 20–Jun–2001, W.I. Louiza [MIUP]; 1 ♀: Panamá, Colón, Cerro Botija, 23 julio 2012, col. David Correa [MIUP]; 1 ♀: Panama: Los Santos, R.F. La Tronosá, El Cortezo, 6 may 2006, A. Santos [MIUP]; 1 ♀: Panama: El Valle de Anton, IV–30–1945, T. Patiño [AMNH]. COSTA RICA: 1 ♀, 1 egg (ex ovipositor): Costa Rica, Farm Hamburg, a. Reventazon 28.10.1927 a. Madero negro. Eing. 1928 No. 1, Ferd. Nevermann leg. [ZMUH]; 1 ♂: Costa Rica, Guapiles 30.5.33, Eing. Nr. 69, 1936; PHA 73 Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ZMUH]; 1 ♀ (nymph): Turrialba, Costa Rica; Coll. Schild & Burgdorf [ANSP]; 1 ♀ (nymphs): Tucurrique, Costa Rica; Coll. Schild & Burgdorf; Pterinoxylus eucnemis (Burm.)? Det. Rehn [USNM]; 1 ♀: 26–53; 15–11–53, I.I. CA, Turrialba, C. R.; Viale; Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redt., det. A.B. Gurney 1961 [USNM]; 1 ♀: Cachi, C. R., C.H.L. [NHMUK]; 1 ♂: Costa Rica, Prov. Limón, Veragua Rainforest, Restaurant, 400–440m, 7 SEP 2008, J. Mara, Colecta Libre, L_N_212220_625230 #94928; MNCR –A004170413 MNCR-ACRI Costa Rica [MNCR-A]; 1 ♀: Est. Sirena, 0–100m, P.N. Corcovado, Prov. Punt., Costa Rica, G. Fonseca, May 1991, L–S– 270500, 508300; Costa Rica MNCR –A CRI000 598337 [MNCR-A]; 1 ♀: Est. Pistilla, 700m, 9km S Sta. Cocilla, Prov. Guan., Costa Rica, P. Ríos & C. Moraga, Oct 1990, L–N–830200, 880200; Costa Rica, MNCR-A CRI000 226284 [MNCR-A]; 1 ♂: Costa Rica, Prov. Heredia, Sarapiqui, Z.P. La Selva, El Ceibo, 500–600m, 19 AGO 2005, M. Ballestero, I. Chavez, Colecta Libre, L_N_256615_527735, #94220; INB004154644, MNCR-ACRI Costa Rica [MNCR-A]; 1 ♀: Terraba (Pacifique) H. Pittier, Oa Kúnjiga = expulgadera del diablo; Pterinoxylus difformipes Serv. [MHNG]. GUATEMALA: 1 ♀: Polochic River, Guatemala, Oct. 07 A.P. Coll.; Pterinoxylus eucnemis Burm. ♀, A.N.C. [USNM]; 1 ♀ (nymph, n3): Chacoj, R. Polochic, Guatemala, Champion, 91, B.C.A. Orth. II, Pterinoxylus difformipes Serv. [NHMUK]. BELIZE: 1 ♀: ex Zucht: M. Rotter; Belize, Green Hills nr. Belmopan 2020 [coll. FH, No. 1238–1]; 2 ♀♀, 1 ♀ n4, 42 eggs: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann; Belize, Green Hills nr. Belmopan 2020 [coll. FH, No. 1238–2 to 4, E2]; 1 ♀, 4 ♂♂: Ex Zucht: B. Kneubühler 2018, F1. Belize: Belmopan, Green Hills Butterfly Ranch, leg. J. Meerman 08.2016 [coll. OC, No. 0291–2 to 6]. 14 ♀♀, 16 ♂♂, 11 eggs: Ex Zucht: B. Kneubühler 2019, F2. Belize: Belmopan, Green Hills Butterfly Ranch, leg. J. Meerman 08.2016 [coll. OC, No. 0291–7 to 37]. HONDURAS: 1 ♀: Honduras 1923, Rio Paulaya: Barranco, IV.16, 407; T.H. Hubbell; Pterinoxylus sp. cf. spinulosus Redt. ♀ Det. T.H. Hubbell 1949; Pterinoxylus sp. near spinulosus; UMMZI–178790 [UMMZ]; 1 ♂: Honduras 1923, Tela: V –5 Guaimas district, 529 T.H. Hubbell; Pterinoxylus sp. near spinulosus Redt. ♂ Det. T.H. Hubbell 1949; Pterinoxylus sp. near spinulosus; UMMZI–178789 [UMMZ]. COLOMBIA: 1 ♀: Colombia, Andagoya, R. Condoto, Choco, H.G.F. Spurrell, 1916–273 [NHMUK]; 1 ♂: fecha: I–05/69; loc: Anserma, Hosp: Maleza, Col: J.G.B. [UCA]; 1 ♂: Orden: Phasmatodea, Familia: Phasmatidae, Localidad: SJ. Putm., Fecha: [...] 2005 [MHN-UC]; 1 ♂: Colombia, Valle, Punta Soldado, En.15/2001, leg. Salazar, F. V. ♂; Colombia, Universidad Caldas – Centro de Museo Historia Natura, CI–01–044– [MHN-UC]; 1 ♀: Colombia, Valle, Punta Soldado, En. 28/2001, leg. Salazar, J.C. Vargas ♀; Colombia, Universidad Caldas – Centro de Museo Historia Natura, CI–01–044– [MHN-UC]; 1 ♀ (penultimate instar nymph): Colombia, Valle, Punta Soldado, Dic. 30/2000, leg. Salazar, J.C. Vargas ♂; Colombia, Universidad Caldas – Centro de Museo Historia Natura, CI–01–044–6 [MHNUC]; 1 ♂: CO05. San Luis, Vereda La Tebaida, Intradomita, Techo, 3– III –2005, CEUA [CEUA]; 1 ♂: Colombia: Antioquia, Porce Lat. N 6°54'38'' Long. W75°4'49'' Alt. m.s.n.m. 1500, Maleza, Enero 1983; Raúl Vélez; MEFLG N.C. 12013 [MEFLG]; 1 ♀: Colombia, Valle del Cauca, Buenaventura, Bajo Calima, Noviembre 1961, Francisco Gallego; MEFLG N.C. 14464 [MEFLG]; 1 ♂: Kolumbien: Dept. Tolima, Hamburgo, Río Magdalena, 800, Ex ZMHB [coll. OC, No. 0291–1]. ECUADOR: 1 ♂: ECUADOR – Esmeraldas Montalvo, La Mayronga 95m 14/ 17.XI.2004, N00º53'27.2'' W079º13'02.5'', leg. F. M. Buzzetti & G. Carotti [coll. OC, No. 0291–38]. Diagnosis: Females are very similar to those of the type –species P. eucnemis (Burmeister, 1838), with which they share the flattened basal portion of the subgenital plate and distinct dorsal apical lobe of the meso– and metatibiae. They are however easily distinguished by: the averaging smaller and more obtuse cephalic tubercles; more slender subgenital plate, which has the lateral margins less distinctly deflexed and narrowing towards the apex (Fig. 19A) and the apex more or less distinctly tri–dentate (obtusely angular to slightly biconcave in eucnemis); less distinct praeopercular organ, as well as the less prominently deflexed and more even and less lobate/undulate carinae of the protibiae that is more or less gradually widening towards the apex of the tibia (Fig. 19K) and much less notable to obsolete sub-basal dorsal lobe of the mesotibiae (Fig. 19L). Males differ from those of P. spinulosus by: the somewhat slenderer body, relatively longer mesothorax; parallel-sided abdominal tergum VII (Fig. 19G); spinose mesonotum (Figs. 19I–J); considerably less pronounced and obtuse cephalic tubercles; notably less deflexed carinae of the protibiae and generally less distinct armature of the extremities as well as the darker grey anal region of the alae. The eggs are very similar and almost indistinguishable from those of P. eucnemis. They may only be differentiated by the on average less elongate overall shape and less distinct posterior constriction of the capsule. Description: ♀♀ (Figs. 17, 19A–E, 19K–L, 26A, 27). Medium to large for the genus (body length including subgenital plate 137.0–189.0 mm), form twig –like and fairly slender (maximum body width at mesothorax 7.0– 8.5 mm) with the body surface partly and unevenly sculptured, the anterior legs strongly undulate and lobate. Colouration very variable and ranging from dark brown over various shades of greyish or ochraceous mid brown to buff; either almost plain but more often irregularly flecked with combinations of these colours and/or with lichenose white or creamy white areas. Abdominal tergum VIII with an ocelliform black spot anterolaterally (sometimes also present on tergum IX). Legs like body irregularly mottled with paler and darker tones of brown. Head with two blackish markings between the eyes. The larger cephalad and thoracic tubercles may be ochre to dull orange. Antennae ranging from greyish ochre to reddish mid brown. Tegmina and costal region of alae roughly of same colour as body; the basal portion of costal region of alae that is covered by the tegmina contrastingly red. Anal region of alae slightly transparent dark brown to dark grey with all anal veins boldly marked with deep black. Head: Oval in cross-section, parallel-sided and about 1.6x longer than wide. Between the eyes with a low transverse swelling, that is indented medially. Vertex gently rounded and unevenly tuberculose, usually with two pairs of rounded swellings in centre and a further pair of enlarged, obtuse tubercles at posterior margin. Eyes circular in outline and their diameter contained about 2.3x in that of genae; strongly projecting. Antennae almost reaching tip of protarsi and laid back about three-quarters the way along mesothorax; consisting of 28–29 antennomeres. Scapus flattened dorsoventrally, strongly deflexed laterally and strongly narrowed basally. Pedicellus subcylindrical and almost three-quarters the length of scapus. Third antennomere slightly longer but considerably narrower than pedicellus. Thorax: Pronotum longer and slightly narrower than head, sub–rectangular with anterior somewhat narrower than posterior margin; transverse median sulcus U-shaped, moderately distinct and not reaching lateral margins of segment. Median line slightly impressed in anterior portion; the surface set with several granules and small tubercles. Occasionally there is a conspicuously enlarged pair of spiniform tubercles near posterior margin. Mesothorax variable in shape and length, ranging from 3.7x to 4.3x the length of pronotum and ranging from fully parallel-sided to being slightly swollen pre-medially. Mesonotum with a fine but irregularly median carina, surface texturing very variable and ranging from irregularly rugulose over sparsely nodose to prominently tuberculose; about one-thirds off the anterior margin with two more or less prominent knots or swellings of irregularly strumose rugulae or blunt tubercles. Meso- and metapleurae rugulose and more or less prominently tuberculose. Sensory areas at lateral margins of prosternum weakly developed and indistinct; the central sensory area of probasitsternum distinct and notably swollen. Meso- and metasternum irregularly and to a variable degree set with small nodes or tubercles. Tegmina sub-oval with texture similar to that of body and with a moderately prominent, rounded hump in centre; slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum. Alae at least reaching one-thirds the way along abdominal segment II. Abdomen: Median segment almost 2x longer than metanotum and considerably longer than abdominal segment II; 1.6x longer than wide and smooth. Segments II– VII almost uniform in length; on average 1.5–1.8x longer than wide and sub-rectangular. Segments II widening towards the posterior, III widest and the following in general very slightly gradually narrowing with VIII –X almost uniform in width and narrowest segments. Tergum VII with lateral margins in posterior half of segment dilated into a prominent, bluntly angular but irregularly shaped lobe, which laterally extends by at least one-thirds of the body width (Figs. 19B–E). Complete surface of all terga rugulose and granulose; all with a closely placed pair of fine longitudinal carinae that vary in emphasis and usually terminate in a nodule or small swelling posteriorly on each tergum. Surface furthermore with two irregular, sub-parallel and sinuate rugulae, which posteriorly terminate in a more or less crenulate, bi- or trifid lobe on III and IV; the size and shape of these lobes very variable. Sterna II– VII unevenly rugulose with the rugulae longitudinally directed and each with a pair of short, obtuse, converging ridges near posterior margin; otherwise sparsely granulose. Sternum VII with praeopercular organ formed by a small conspicuously node-like posteromedian swelling (Fig. 19D–E). Tergum VIII widened anteriorly, narrowed pre-medially and almost two-thirds the length of VII; strongly convex and almost 2x longer than wide. IX about three-quarters the length of VIII, rectangular and about 1.5x longer than wide. Anal segment somewhat shorter than IX, flattened and slightly narrowed in posterior portion; the posterior margin sub-truncate with a wide, slightly angular median excavation and the outer angles bluntly triangular. Epiproct small shieldshaped and extending beyond posterior margin of anal segment; with an acute longitudinal median carina dorsally (Figs. 19B–C). Cerci very small, oval in cross–section, compressed laterally, tapered towards a fairly pointed tip and just reaching posterior margin of anal segment; the apex somewhat incurved. Subgenital plate variable in length and extending over apex of abdomen by at least the length of the two terminal terga combined; uniformly canaliculate longitudinally (Fig. 19A), narrowly scaphiform in dorsal aspect with the lateral margins sub-parallel, more or less arcuate and gradually lowering towards the sub-truncate and roughly tri-dentate posterior margin (Figs. 19B–E). Legs: All relatively short and stocky; profemora two-thirds the length of mesothorax, mesofemora shorter than metathorax and hind legs reaching about half way along abdominal segment VI. Anterodorsal carina of profemora strongly raised, deflexed and undulate. Posteroventral carina much dilated with margin wavy and with a large, roughly triangular lobe sub-apically. Medioventral carina indistinct. Anterodorsal carina of protibiae with several roundly triangular teeth-like lobes and a somewhat enlarged, denticulate lobe apically; the posteroventral carina more or less gradually dilated and lamellate towards the apex of tibia with the margin somewhat undulate; the apical portion usually somewhat arched towards the anterior and forming a more or less distinct sub-trigonal lobe (Fig. 19K). Posterodorsal carina of mesofemora with a prominent, almost semi-circular sub-apical lobe (Fig. 19L) and 2–3 much smaller, occasionally toothed lobes in median portion; armature of anterordorsal carina similar but less pronounced. Antero- and posteroventral carinae very sparsely and minutely denticulate, supplied with a tooth-like expansion post-medially and an enlarged, triangular tooth sub-apically. Posterodorsal carina of metafemora with a very prominent, upright and narrow triangular sub-apical lobe, which has the apical margin dentate; antero- and posteroventral carinae supplied with several small teeth and notably enlarged, flat but broad tooth sub-apically. The medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora very indistinct. Ventral carinae of meso- and metatibiae smooth; the anterodorsal carina with a fairly small tooth sub-basally and a prominent more or less rounded and toothed lobe in the apical portion (Fig. 19L). Probasitarsus with dorsal carina strongly raised and bearing a distinct denticulate, roughly triangular lobe; second tarsomere with a similar but much smaller dorsal lobe. Meso- and metabasitarsus hardly longer than following tarsomere and with the dorsal carina just slightly raised and rounded. ♂♂ (Figs. 18, 19F–J, 19M, 21F). Medium sized to large (body length 96.0– 104.8 mm), form slender and stick-like with well-developed alae (length 39.5–46.0 mm) and a distinct apical dorsal lobe on all tibiae. General colouration of body different shades of ochre, grey or mid to dark brown more rarely with a greenish hue especially on thoracic segments and front legs; usually irregularly flecked with combinations of these tones. Head with a pair of small blackish markings between the eyes (Fig. 19J). The largest thoracic tubercles and spines ochre to yellowish straw. Metapleurae often greenish. Tegmina and costal region of same colour as body; the tegmina often with a white diagonal stripe in posterior half, forming a white V-shaped marking when the tegmina are closed; the costal region of the alae with the portion posterior to the radial vein more or less distinctly red. Anal region of alae translucent greyish brown with numerous smaller and larger transparent patches; all anal veins marked with darker greyish brown and with interruptions at the transparent patches.Antennae dark straw to reddish pale brown; apex of all segments brown. Head: Generally as in ♀♀, but eyes more prominent and projecting hemispherically from head capsule with their diameter contained a little less than 2x in length of genae. All cephalad tubercles and tubercles averaging more prominent, more pointed and spiniform (Figs. 19I–J). Antennae almost reaching posterior margin of median segment and with about 30 segments; otherwise as in ♀♀ but with scapus less prominently dilated. Thorax: Pronotum as in ♀♀ but somewhat longer in relation; near posterior margin with a prominent pair of spiniform tubercles or spines and the lateral margins distinctly concave (Figs. 19I–J). Mesothorax elongate, slen- der, cylindrical and somewhat more than 4x longer than pronotum; complete surface very sparsely and unevenly granulose. Mesonotum with a very faint longitudinal median carina and all over set with a very variable number of spiniform tubercles to spines of variable sizes (Fig. 19I), which range from obtuse to slender and more or le, Published as part of Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo & Nishida, Kenji, 2022, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini), pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5208 (1) on pages 44-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7318962, {"references":["Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27.","Shelford, R. (1909) Family Phasmidae. In: Biologia Centrali - Americana; or, Contributions to the knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central America. Insecta, Orthoptera. Vol. 2, 343 - 377, plates 5 - 8.","Hebard, M. (1923) Studies in the Mantidae and Phasmidae of Panama. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 48, 327 - 362.","Rehn, J. A. G. (1957) The description of the female sex of Pterinoxylus spinulosus, with notes on stridulation in the female sex of this genus (Orthoptera; Phasmatidae; hibalosomatinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 83, 185 - 194, pl. 21.","Robinson, M. H. (1968) The defensive behaviour of Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redtenbacher, a winged stick insect from Panama (Phasmatodea). Psyche, 75, 195 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1968 / 19150","Robinson, M. H. (1970) Animals that mimic parts of plants. Morris Arboretum Bulletin, 21, 51 - 58.","Hogue, C. L. (1993) Latin American Insects and Entomology. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, 536 pp.","Brock, P. D. (1998) Catalogue of type specimens of Stick and Leaf - Insects in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Insecta: Phasmida). Kataloge der wissenschaftlichen Sammlungen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 13 (5), 5 - 72.","Otte, D. & Brock, P. D. (2005) Phasmid Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the World. The Insect Diversity Association and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. CafePress. com. 414 pp.","Conle, O. V., Hennemann, F. H. & Gutierrez, Y. (2011) The Stick Insects of Colombia. A catalogue and bibliography with the descriptions of four new genera and 74 new species. Herstellung und Verlag: Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt, 406 pp.","Brock, P. D., Marshall, J. A., Beccaloni, G. W. & Harman, A, J. E. (2016) The types of Phasmida in the Natural History Museum, London, Zootaxa, 4179 (2), 151 - 208. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4179.2.1","Rehn, J. A. G. (1904) Studies in the orthopterous family Phasmidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, 56, 38 - 107.","Zompro, O. (1997) Uber einige Phasmiden aus der Entomologischen Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 12 (156), 177 - 181.","Burmeister, H. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie, II. Berlin, pp. 553 - 589.","Serville, J. G. (1838) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Orthopteres. Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 18, 776 pp."]}

Eight new species of Cnipsomorpha Hennemann, Conle, Zhang & Liu, 2008 are described from China. They are namely, Cnipsomorpha inflexa sp. nov., Cnipsomorpha jinpingensis sp. nov., Cnipsomorpha nigromaculata sp. nov., Cnipsomorpha nigrospina sp. nov., Cnipsomorpha polyspina sp. nov., Cnipsomorpha serratitibia sp. nov., Cnipsomorpha trituberculata sp. nov. and Cnipsomorpha viridis sp. nov. A key to the species and list of the species of Cnipsomorpha are provided.

The Lonchodinae (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae) is rich in insect species with more than 330 species of 40 genera. The phylogenetic relationships within Lonchodinae have been under debate. We successfully sequenced the complete mitogenome of Eurycantha calcarata Lucas, 1869 (Phasmatodea: Lonchodinae) with a length of 16,280 bp, which had the same genes and gene arrangements as those of various published papers on stick insects. The whole mitogenome and control region of E. calcarata had a high AT content of 78.2 and 85.9%, respectively. All PCGs used ATN as the start codon, and most PCGs used TAA/TAG as the stop codons excluding COX2 (T), COX3 (TA), and ND5 (TA). To discuss the phylogeny of Lonchodinae, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of 27 species of Phasmatodea including E. calcarata and two species of Embioptera used as outgroups. In BI and ML trees, the monophyly of Lonchodinae and Necrosciinae was well supported, whereas the monophyly of Clitumninae was not recovered. These results indicated that Lonchodinae was a sister clade to Phylliinae and E. calcarata was a sister clade to Phraortes genus.

Two new species of Taraxippus Moxey, 1971 are described and illustrated: T. samaraesp. nov. from Costa Rica and Panama and T. perezgelabertisp. nov. from the Dominican Republic. Both sexes and the previously unknown eggs are described. The genus is recorded from Central America for the first time. A distribution map and a discussion of the distributional pattern of Taraxippus are provided.

3.2 Parapachymorpha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Parapachymorpha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893: 96. Type species: Parapachymorpha nigra Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893: 96, by subsequent designation of Kirby, 1904: 342. Description. Small to medium-sized for Clitumninae. Body slender. Apterous. Head rounded or oval, vertex unarmed or with paired armature, occiput unarmed, flat or gently convex. Antennae short, distinctly segmented, not surpassing apices of profemora. Thorax wrinkled and granulated. Pronotum unarmed. Mesonotum and metanotum unarmed or with one to two pairs of small spines. Abdomen cylindrical and unarmed. Female with distinct praeopercular organ on posteromedian area of seventh sternum. Anal segment with or without a small emargination on posterior margin in female, dilated into two semisegments in male. Female subgenital plate short and scoop-shaped. Male poculum small and cup-shaped. Cerci small and short in both sexes. Legs slender, femora and tibiae waved with indistinct elevations or unarmed. Distribution. China, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Remarks. In China, five species are recognised including P. apicalis Ho, 2020, P. dentata Ho, 2017, P. granulata sp. nov., P. parvicorne sp. nov. and P. tridentata Ho, 2020., Published as part of Ho, Wai-Chun George, 2021, Contribution to the knowledge of Chinese Phasmatodea XI: New taxa and new nomenclature of Medaurini (Phasmatidae: Clitumninae) from China, pp. 234-239 in Zoological Systematics 46 (3) on page 235, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021305, http://zenodo.org/record/7176124, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. 1893. Revision du Systeme des Orthopteres et description des especes rapportees par M. Leonardo Fea de Birmanie. Annali del Museo Civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, Genova, (2) 13 (33): 1 - 230.","Kirby, W. F. 1904. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae). British Museum, London. 501 pp.","Ho, G. W. C. 2017. Contribution to the knowledge of Chinese Phasmatodea IV: Taxonomy on Medaurini (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae: Clitumninae) of China. Zootaxa, 4365 (5): 501 - 546."]}

Ho, Wai-Chun George (2021): Contribution to the knowledge of Chinese Phasmatodea XI: New taxa and new nomenclature of Medaurini (Phasmatidae: Clitumninae) from China. Zoological Systematics 46 (3): 234-239, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021305, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/0e7010a6-1715-3717-a540-c6cd22f58d0e/

3.1 Megacnipsomorpha gen. nov. Type species: Cnipsomorpha wenxuani Ho, 2017: 508, by present designation. Diagnosis. Megacnipsomorpha gen nov. is related to Cnipsomorpha Hennemann, Conle, Zhang & Liu, 2008, but can be separated by the large size of body, the more slender and elongate body, the absence of supra-orbital armature on the head and the well-developed serrations on the legs in the both sexes. Description. Medium-sized for Clitumninae. Body spinose, slender and elongate. Apterous. Head oval, occiput convex with occipital medial spines, lacking supra-orbital spines. Antennae short, distinctly segmented, not surpassing apices of profemora. Thorax spinose. Pronotum nearly trapezoidal, moderately expanded posteriorly. Mesonotum elongate, moderately expanded posteriorly in both sexes, elongate and obscurely swollen medially in female. Metanotum longer than median segment. Mesopleurae and metapleurae with a supra-coxal spine. Abdomen spinose, cylindrical, with triangularly expanded posterolateral angles from second to eighth tergites. Female with a small and indistinct hump-like praeopercular organ on posteromedian area of seventh sternum. Anal segment with a small emargination on posterior margin in female, dilated into two laterally swollen semi-segments in male. Female with distinct and small supra-anal plate. Cerci cylindrical and short. Legs slender and long, femora armed with serrations, tibiae armed with serrations or unarmed. Distribution. China. Remarks. This new genus only contains the type-species, Megacnipsomorpha wenxuani (Ho, 2017) comb. nov. (transferred from Cnipsomorpha; type locality from Yunnan, China). Etymology. The specific epithet of this new genus is derived from the Latin words ‘ Mega ’ (= large) and ‘ cnipsomorpha ’ referring to the close relationship with Cnipsomorpha., Published as part of Ho, Wai-Chun George, 2021, Contribution to the knowledge of Chinese Phasmatodea XI: New taxa and new nomenclature of Medaurini (Phasmatidae: Clitumninae) from China, pp. 234-239 in Zoological Systematics 46 (3) on pages 234-235, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021305, http://zenodo.org/record/7176124, {"references":["Ho, G. W. C. 2017. Contribution to the knowledge of Chinese Phasmatodea IV: Taxonomy on Medaurini (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae: Clitumninae) of China. Zootaxa, 4365 (5): 501 - 546.","Hennemann, F. H., Conle, O. V., Zhang, W. W., Liu, Y. 2008. Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa, 1701: 40 - 62."]}