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This article begins with a short reconstruction of the long-forgotten Death of God movement and its development of the concept of a Radical Theology during the 1960s in the United States of America and in Western Germany (The “Death of God” as a Signature of Secular Culture). In my view, protestant theology and the church have thus far failed to discuss Nietzsche’s proclamation of the “Death of God” as a genuine signature of modernity in a constructive way. In refusing the debate, they did not see the theological potential of the diagnostic and ambiguous metaphor “Death of God” as a “tremendous event still on its way”. With regard to a current perspective on Radical Theology (The Rise of Religious Fundamentalism and the Renaissance of Radical Theology), the intention is a creative and radical interpretation of this heretical concept as a step towards a modern religiosity after (the Death of) God which includes a new awareness of the finitude of human life and of its limitations. The theological symbol of the “Death of God” in my concept of “Heretical Religiosity” leads to a new approach to the theology of wisdom as symbolized in the Hebrew Bible by the book of Ecclesiastes (Heretical Religiosity: Radical Theology and Wisdom Literature in the Hebrew Bible).

Although it is widely accepted that stocking hatchery‐cultured fish can increase the number of fish, decades of scientific evidence have shown that most often those stocking efforts fail to provide the desired "demographic boost" to a naturally reproducing, self‐sustaining target population. Despite this evidence, fish stocking remains a mainstay of fisheries management programmes, even as the biodiversity of wild fish populations and other aquatic organisms are at serious risk due to habitat loss and/or overexploitation across the globe. In this perspective piece, we summarise the reasons why wild and hatchery‐produced fish are not equivalent and describe the genetic and ecological risks associated with stocking programmes. We then present our perspective on the institutional changes that need to occur to assess these risks and offer ways to transition fisheries management strategies to become more effective in conserving levels of aquatic biodiversity from populations to landscapes. We propose that a critical first step to control ill‐conceived fish stocking programmes is to have each country develop, implement, and enforce a scientifically sound National Fish Stocking Policy. To achieve the long‐term sustainability of native fish populations, it is imperative that ecological and evolutionary principles be better integrated into future conservation strategies and management actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple needling procedure is the standard method for restoring the function of an encapsulated bleb after trabeculectomy. However, postoperative hypotony represents a possible hazard. This study describes a new surgical approach for treating encapsulated blebs with reduced risk of early postoperative hypotony: bleb needling combined with transconjunctival sutures tightening the scleral flap directly.The study included two groups of 23 patients with failing bleb following trabeculectomy: "Group 1" underwent simple needling revision of the filtering bleb and served as a control group, while "Group 2" received needling revision with additional transconjunctival scleral flap sutures, if intraoperatively the intraocular pressure was estimated to be very low. Intraocular pressure (IOP), postoperative management and complications were analyzed over a follow-up period of 4 weeks postoperatively. Results were compared using t-test or Mann-Whitney U-tests.Adverse effects occurred with a higher frequency after sole needling of the bleb (5 cases of choroidal effusion and 1 case of choroidal hemorrhage) than after the combined method with additional scleral sutures (1 case of choroidal effusion). The IOP on the first postoperative day was significantly lower in group 1, with 9.43 ± 9.01 mm Hg vs. 16.43 ± 8.35 mm Hg in group 2 (P = 0.01). Ten patients with ocular hypotony (IOD of 5 mmHg or lower) were found in group 1 and only two in group 2. One week and one month after surgery the intraocular pressure was similar in both groups (P>0.05).This new needling technique with additional transconjunctival scleral flap sutures appears to reduce postoperative hypotony, and may thus protect from further complications, such as subchoroidal hemorrhage.

Great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) were implanted with acoustic telemetry transmitters (n = 42) and monitored within a stationary acoustic receiver array (n = 53 receivers) in The Bahamas to examine residency, seasonal movements, and habitat use. Barracuda were monitored for up to 980 days and remained within the array area ~33% (median value) of the time. Most tagged barracuda were transient and would often disappear from the array for months at a time, particularly in the summer where they were usually last detected on receivers located in deeper shelf habitats, and then return at other times in the year. Habitat use across the footprint of the array differed, with most detections occurring in coastal areas and comparatively fewer in deeper mosaic or shelf habitats. Linear home range estimates revealed that some barracuda moved >12 km within a single day and are capable of migrating >100 km to other islands in the Bahamian Archipelago. Our results provide some of the first telemetry data for this apex marine predatory fish and the first reliable information on the residency and localized seasonal movements of adult great barracuda in the coastal waters of the Western Atlantic., Author(s): Amanda C. O'Toole [sup.1] , Andy J. Danylchuk [sup.2] , Tony L. Goldberg [sup.3] , Cory D. Suski [sup.4] , David P. Philipp [sup.4] [sup.5] , Edd Brooks [sup.6] [...]

In this study, we explored the growth, survival, and potential population-level effects of short-term experimentally induced stress in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Cortisol implants [50 mg-(kg body mass)-1] were used to increase circulating stress hormones in a group of wild fish in a research lake for ~6 d in June 2007. Through mark-and-recapture, we compared survival, growth, and plasma biochemistry of cortisol-treated, sham-treated, and control fish at liberty until October 2007. Cortisol-treated fish displayed persistent growth rate depression compared with other groups. However, neither plasma biochemistry nor mortality rates differed among treatments. In a complementary study, we found that the standard metabolic rates (SMR) of cortisol-treated fish were higher than control fish ~56 h following treatment. Bioenergetics modelling revealed that a transient elevation in SMR alone was insufficient to explain the observed growth depression. Finally, we constructed a simple population model to explore the potential consequences of growth depression. We found that a 10% reduction in population growth rate is conceivable when 39% of the population experiences a stress causing the growth rate depression documented in this study. Our study is novel in highlighting that individual and potentially population-level growth depression can result from a single stress event of short duration. Notre etude examine la croissance, la survie et les effets demographiques potentiels d'un stress a court terme provoque experimentalement chez l'achigan a grande bouche (Micropterus salmoides). Des implants de cortisol [50 mg x [(kg de masse corporelle).sup.-1]] ont servi a augmenter les hormones de stress en circulation chez un groupe de poissons sauvages dans un lac experimental durant ~6 jours en juin 2007. Par marquage et recapture, nous avons compare la survie, la croissance et la biochimie du plasma chez des poissons traites au cortisol, des poissons ayant recu un traitement simule et des poissons temoins jusqu'en octobre 2007. Par comparaison aux autres groupes, les poissons traites au cortisol accusent une depression persistante de leur taux de croissance. Il n'y a cependant pas de difference dans la biochimie du plasma, ni dans la mortalite entre les traitements. Dans une etude complementaire, nous avons observe que le taux metabolique standard (SMR) des poissons traites au cortisol etait superieur a celui des poissons temoins ~56 heures apres le traitement. Un modele bioenergetique montre qu'une elevation transitoire du SMR seule ne suffit pas a expliquer la depression de la croissance observee. Nous avons enfin elabore un modele demographique simple pour examiner les consequences de la depression de la croissance. Il indique qu'il est concevable d'avoir une reduction de 10 % du taux de croissance de la population lorsque 39 % de la population encourt un stress provoquant une depression du taux de croissance de l'ordre de celle observee dans notre etude. L'originalite de notre recherche est qu'elle souligne qu'une depression de la croissance au niveau individuel et potentiellement a l'echelle de la population peut resulter d'un seul evenement de stress de courte duree. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The endocrine stress response is an adaptive mechanism that promotes the survival and recovery of individuals during and after challenging events (Sapolsky et al. 2000; Greenberg et al. 2002). [...]

Although the selective pressures of commercial fishing are well known, few studies have examined this phenomenon in recreational fisheries. This study used a unique population of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with lines bred for low (LVF) and high (HVF) vulnerability to recreational angling. We evaluated whether differential vulnerability to angling was correlated with physiological traits, including metabolic rate, metabolic scope, anaerobic capacity, and biochemical response to exercise. Indeed, angling selection affected the metabolic rate of fish significantly. The standard metabolic rate was 10%, maximal metabolic rate was 14%, and metabolic scope was 16% lower for LVF compared with HVF. Following exhaustive exercise, LVF required 1 h for lactate levels to recover to control values, whereas HVF required 2 h. Anaerobic energy expenditure was significantly lower for LVF, a finding consistent with the observation that LVF swam at a steadier rate during exercise. Although the reasons behind vulnerability to angling are complex, the phenotypic trait 'vulnerability to angling' appears to be linked to a suite of physiological traits, including metabolism and the capacity for anaerobic activity. Thus, angling-induced selection might alter the physiological characteristics of wild largemouth bass populations, with unknown outcomes for long-term population viability. Bien que l'on connaisse bien les pressions selectives qui s'exercent dans les peeches commerciales, peu d'etudes se sont inteeressees au phenomene dans la peche sportive. Notre etude examine une population particuliere d'achigans a grande bouche (Micropterus salmoides) qui possede des lignees selectionnees pour leur vulnerabilite basse (LVF) ou elevee (HVF) a la peche sportive. Nous avons determine; si les differences de vulnerabilite; a la peche sportive sont en correlation avec des traits physiologiques, tels que le taux metabolique, le profil metabolique, la capacitee anaerobie et la reaction biochimique a l'exercice. En effet, la selection par la peche sportive affecte significativement le taux metabolique des poissons. Chez les poissons LVF, le taux metabolique standard, le taux metabolique maximal et le profil metabolique sont respectivement 10 %, 14 % et 16 % plus bas que chez les poissons HVF. Apres un exercice epuisant, il faut 1 h pour que les concentrations de lactate retournent aux concentrations te;moins chez les LVF, mais il faut 2 h chez les HVF. La de;pense energeetique anaeerobie est significativement infeerieure chez les LVF, un resultat qui est compatible avec l'observation que les LVF nagent a un taux plus reegulier durant l'exercice. Bien que les raisons qui expliquent la vulnerabilite; a la pesche sportive soient complexes, le trait phenotypique ' vulnerabilite; a la peeche sportive ' semble eetre relie a une serie de traits physiologiques et en particulier au metabolisme et a la capacitee d'activitee anaerobie. Ainsi la selection exerce;e par la peche sportive peut modifier les caracteeristiques physiologiques de populations sauvages d'achigans a grande bouche, avec des resultats inconnus sur la viabilitee a long terme de la population. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Selectively harvesting fish populations for economically desirable traits generates directional selection pressures that can lead to evolutionary changes of life-history traits such as age and size at maturation, reproductive [...]

Although locomotory performance in vertebrates is related to fitness, most performance tests are conducted in a laboratory setting, or in a manner that forces the organism to move not of their own volition. Biotelemetry offers the possibility to measure voluntary activity in a natural setting and provides the opportunity to combine laboratory-derived data with field studies on wild fish. In this study, it was found that laboratory- and field-based measurements of swimming performance and voluntary activity resulted in similar general seasonal trends, though each measurement assessed a different swimming type. In the field, all swimming metrics were lower at cooler water temperatures and were lowest during early winter (mean daily activity = 0.016 BL/s; mean voluntary swimming activity = 0.04319 BL/s; maximum swimming speed = 0.17 BL/s). In the laboratory, fish acclimatized to 25.0, 14.0, and 7.5°C decreased swimming performance ([U.sub.crit]) with water temperature (25.0°C (2.17 BL/s); 14.0°C (1.69 BL/s); 7.5°C (1.17 BL/s). Although some species and tissues have been shown to exhibit different degrees of thermal adaptation, these results show that swimming, one of the most important functions in fish, is largely dependent on environmental temperature, at least in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede, 1802)). Bien que la performance de locomotion chez les vertebres soit reliee a la fitness, la plupart des tests de performance sont faits dans un milieu de laboratoire ou dans une situation qui force les animaux a se deplacer, donc pas de leur propre volonte. La biotelemetrie permet de mesurer l'activite volontaire dans un milieu naturel et fournit l'occasion de combiner les donnees obtenues en laboratoire et les etudes sur le terrain de poissons sauvages. Dans notre travail, les mesures en laboratoire et sur le terrain de performance de nage et d'activite volontaire montrent les memes tendances saisonnie res generales, bien que chaque mesure evalue un type de nage different. En nature, toutes les metriques de nage sont plus basses aux temperatures d'eau plus fraiches et sont minimales au debut de l'hiver (activite journaliere moyenne = 0,016 BL/s; activite volontaire moyenne de nage = 0,04319 BL/s; vitesse de nage maximale = 0,17 BL/s, ou' BL est la longueur du corps). En laboratoire, les poissons acclimates a 25,0, 14,0 et 7,5[grados]C diminuent leur performance de nage ([U.sub.crit]) en fonction de la temperature de l'eau (25,0[grados]C (2,17 BL/s); 14,0[grados]C (1,69 BL/s); 7,5[grados]C (1,17 BL/s)). Bien qu'on ait demontre que certaines especes et certains tissus presentent des degres divers d'adaptation thermique, nos resultats etablissent que la nage, une des fonctions les plus importantes chez les poissons, est en grande partie dependante de la temperature du milieu, au moins chez les achigans a grande bouche (Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede, 1802)). [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Locomotion is a frequently studied response variable because it is crucial for many ecologically relevant activities such as predator avoidance, prey capture, territorial defense, and migration (Swingland and Greenwood [...]