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The origin of the mysterious multiphase filamentary structures surrounding Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCGs) remains unknown. We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) observations for a sample of 15 BCGs to investigate the origin and life-cycle of the gas. Those observations show clumpy and massive molecular filaments, preferentially located around the radio bubbles inflated by the active galactic nuclei (AGN). We investigate where the cold gas condenses from the intra-cluster medium, by comparing the radial extent of the filaments with predictions from numerical simulations.

Cluster-central gigahertz peak and compact steep spectrum (CSS) sources offer an opportunity to study the earliest phases of AGN feedback, but few have yet been examined in detail. We present results from radio and X-ray observations of 1321+045, a CSS source in a 4.4 keV cluster at z=0.263. The cluster has a strongly cooling core, and disturbances from a minor cluster merger may have triggered a period of jet activity which formed the 16 kpc radio lobes 2.0 [+0.3,-0.2] Myr ago. However, new VLBA imaging shows a ~20 pc jet on a different projected axis, which is probably only a few hundred years old. We consider possible histories for the system, with either one or two periods of jet activity. While this single system is informative, a broader study of the youngest cluster-central radio sources is desirable., Comment: 4 pages, accepted for publication on Astronomische Nachrichten, as part of the proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Compact Steep-Spectrum and GHz-Peaked Spectrum radio sources

The fate of cooling gas in the centers of galaxy clusters and groups is still not well understood, as is also the case for the complex processes of triggering star formation in central dominant galaxies (CDGs), re-heating of cooled gas by AGN, and the triggering/feeding of supermassive black hole outbursts. We present CO observations of the early type galaxy NGC 5044, which resides at the center of an X-ray bright group with a moderate cooling flow. For our analysis we combine CO(2-1) data from the 7m antennae of the Atacama Compact Array (ACA), and the ACA total power array (TP). We demonstrate, using the 7m array data, that we can recover the total flux inferred from IRAM 30m single dish observations, which corresponds to a total molecular mass of about 4x10^7 Msun. Most of the recovered flux is blueshifted with respect to the galaxy rest frame and is extended on kpc-scales, suggesting low filling factor dispersed clouds. We find 8 concentrations of molecular gas out to a radius of 10 arcsec (1.5 kpc), which we identify with giant molecular clouds. The total molecular gas mass is more centrally concentrated than the X-ray emitting gas, but extended in the north-east/south-west direction beyond the IRAM 30m beam. We also compare the spatial extent of the molecular gas to the Halpha emission: The CO emission coincides with the very bright Halpha region in the center. We do not detect CO emission in the fainter Halpha regions. Furthermore, we find two CO absorption features spatially located at the center of the galaxy, within 5 pc projected distance of the AGN, infalling at 255 and 265 km/s relative to the AGN. This indicates that the two giant molecular clouds seen in absorption are most likely within the sphere of influence of the supermassive black hole., 23 pages, 16 figures

Passive early-type galaxies dominate cluster cores at z $\lesssim$1.5. At higher redshift, cluster core galaxies are observed to have still on-going star-formation, fuelled by cold molecular gas. We measure the molecular gas reservoir of the central region around the radio-loud AGN in the cluster CARLA J1103+3449 at z=1.44 with NOEMA. The AGN synchrotron emission dominates the continuum emission at 94.48 GHz, and we measure its flux at the AGN position and at the position of two radio jets. Combining our measurements with published results over the range 4.71 GHz-94.5 GHz, we obtain a flat spectral index $\alpha = 0.14 \pm 0.03$ for the AGN core emission, and a steeper index $\alpha = 1.43 \pm 0.04$ and $\alpha = 1.15 \pm 0.04$ at positions close to the western and eastern lobe, respectively. The total spectral index is $\alpha = 0.92 \pm 0.02$ over the range 73.8 MHz-94.5 GHz. We detect two CO(2-1) emission lines, both blue-shifted with respect to the AGN. Their emission corresponds to two regions, ~17 kpc south-east and ~14 kpc south-west of the AGN, not associated with galaxies. In these two regions, we find a total massive molecular gas reservoir of $M_{gas}$ = 3.9 $\pm$ 0.4 $10^{10} M_{\odot}$, which dominates (~ 60%) the central total molecular gas reservoir. These results can be explained by massive cool gas flows in the center of the cluster. The AGN early-type host is not yet quenched; its star formation rate is consistent with being on the main sequence of star-forming galaxies in the field (SFR~30-140 $M_{\odot}$/yr), and the cluster core molecular gas reservoir is expected to feed the AGN and the host star-formation before quiescence. The other cluster confirmed members show star formation rates at ~2 $\sigma$ below the field main sequence at similar redshifts and do not have molecular gas masses larger than galaxies of similar stellar mass in the field., Comment: 18 pages, 14 figures, A&A, accepted for publication

The extended ultraviolet (XUV) disk galaxies are some of the most interesting objects studied in the last few years. The UV emission, revealed by GALEX, extends well beyond the optical disk after the drop in Hα emission, the usual tracer of star formation. This shows that sporadic star formation can occur in a large fraction of the HI disk at radii up to 3 or 4 times the optical radius. In most galaxies, these regions are poor in stars and are dominated by under-recycled gas; they therefore bear some similarity to the early stages of spiral galaxies and high-redshift galaxies. One remarkable example is M83, a nearby galaxy with an extended UV disk reaching 2 times the optical radius. It offers the opportunity to search for molecular gas and to characterize the star formation in outer disk regions, traced by the UV emission. We obtained CO(2-1) observations with ALMA of a small region in a 1.5′ × 3′ rectangle located at rgal = 7.85′ over a bright UV region of M83. There is no CO detection, in spite of the abundance of HI gas, and the presence of young stars traced by their HII regions. Our spatial resolution (17 pc × 13 pc) was perfectly fitted to detect giant molecular clouds (GMC), but none were detected. The corresponding upper limits occur in a region of the Kennicutt–Schmidt diagram where dense molecular clouds are expected. Stacking our data over HI-rich regions, using the observed HI velocity, we obtain a tentative detection corresponding to a H2-to-HI mass ratio of < 3 × 10−2. A possible explanation is that the expected molecular clouds are CO-dark because of the strong UV radiation field. This field preferentially dissociates CO with respect to H2, due to the small size of the star-forming clumps in the outer regions of galaxies.

Radio galaxies with jets of relativistic particles are usually hosted by massive elliptical galaxies with active nuclei powered by accretion of interstellar matter onto a supermassive black hole. In some rare cases (< 5%), their jets drive the overall structure to sizes larger than 700 kpc, and they are called giant radio galaxies (GRGs). A very small fraction of the population of such radio galaxies contains molecular and atomic gas in the form of rings or discs that can fuel star formation. The origin of this gas is not well known; it has sometimes been associated with a minor merger with a gas-rich disc galaxy (e.g. Centaurus A) or cooling of material from a hot X-ray atmosphere (e.g. cooling flows). The giant radio jets might be the extreme evolution of these objects, and they can teach us about the radio galaxy evolution. We selected 12 targets from a catalogue of 820 GRGs that are likely to be in a gas-accretion and star formation phase. The targets were selected from the mid-infrared to contain heated dust. We report here the results of IRAM-30m observations, the molecular gas content, and the star formation efficiency, and we discuss the origin of the gas and disc morphology. Three out of our 12 targets are detected, and for the others, we report significant upper limits. We combine our three detections and upper limits with four additional detected GRGs from the literature to discuss the results. Most of the GRG targets belong to the main sequence, and a large fraction are in the passive domain. Their star formation efficiency is comparable to normal galaxies, except for two galaxies that are deficient in molecular gas with a short (∼200 Myr) depletion time, and a quiescent gas-rich giant spiral galaxy. In general, the depletion time is much longer than the lifetime of the giant radio jet.

NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) is one of the best targets to study AGN-feedback in the local Universe. Optical filaments located at 16 kpc from the galaxy along the radio jet direction show recent star formation, likely triggered by the interaction of the jet with an HI shell. A large reservoir of molecular gas has been discovered outside the HI. In this reservoir, lies the Horseshoe complex: a filamentary structure seen in CO with ALMA and in Halpha with MUSE. The ionised gas is mostly excited by shocks, with only a minor contribution of star formation. We used the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) to observe the 12CO(3-2) and 12CO(4-3) transitions, as well as dense gas tracers in the Horseshoe complex. 12CO(3-2) and 12CO(4-3) are detected for the first time in the northern filaments of Centaurus A, with integrated intensity line ratios R32~0.2 and R43~0.1, compared to the 12CO(1-0) emission. We also derived a line ratio R21~0.6, based on the previous 12CO(2-1) observations of Salom\'e et al. (2016). We used the non-LTE radiative transfer code RADEX and determined that the molecular gas in this region has a temperature of 55-70 K and densities between 2-6x10^2 cm^-3. Such densities are also in agreement with results from the Paris-Durham shock code that predicts a post-shock density of a few 100 cm^-3. However, we need more observations of emission lines at a better angular resolution in order to place tighter constraints on our radiative models, whether they are used as a stand-alone tool (LVG codes) or combined with a shock model., Comment: Published in A&A, 627, A6

著者人数: 39名（所属. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS): Simionescu, Aurora), Accepted: 2018-07-28, 資料番号: SA1180203000

We present a detailed study of the molecular gas in the fast AGN-driven outflow in the nearby radio-loud Seyfert galaxy IC 5063. Using ALMA observations of a number of tracers (12CO(1-0), 12CO(2-1), 12CO(3-2), 13CO(2-1) and HCO+(4-3)), we map the differences in excitation, density and temperature of the gas. The results show that in the immediate vicinity of the radio jet, a fast outflow, with velocities up to 800 km/s, is occurring of which the gas has high excitation temperatures in the range 30-55 K, demonstrating the direct impact of the jet on the ISM. The relative brightness of the CO lines show that the outflow is optically thin. We estimate the mass of the molecular outflow to be 1.2 x 10^6 Msol and likely to be a factor 2-3 larger. This is similar to that of the outflow of atomic gas, but much larger than that of the ionised outflow, showing that the outflow is dominated by cold gas. The total mass outflow rate we estimate to be ~12 Msol/yr. The mass of the outflow is much smaller than the total gas mass of the ISM of IC 5063. Therefore, although the influence of the radio jet is very significant in the inner regions, globally speaking the impact will be very modest. We use RADEX modelling to explore the physical conditions of the molecular gas in the outflow. Models with the outflowing gas being quite clumpy give the most consistent results and our preferred solutions have kinetic temperatures in the range 20-100 K and densities between 10^5 and 10^6 cm^-3. The resulting pressures are 10^6-10^7.5 K cm^-3, about two orders of magnitude higher than in the outer quiescent disk. The results strongly suggest that the outflow is driven by the radio jet expanding into a clumpy medium, creating a cocoon of gas which is pushed away from the jet axis resulting in a lateral outflow, very similar to what is predicted by numerical simulations., Comment: Accepted for A&A Main Journal

NGC 5128 is one of the best targets to study AGN-feedback in the local Universe. At 13.5 kpc from the galaxy, optical filaments with recent star formation lie along the radio-jet direction. It is a testbed region for positive feedback (jet-induced star formation). APEX revealed strong CO emission in star-forming regions but also in regions with no detected tracers of star formation. When observed, star formation appears to be inefficient compared to the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation. We used ALMA to map the 12CO(1-0) emission all along the filaments at 1.3"~ 23.8 pc resolution. The CO emission is clumpy and distributed in two main structures: (i) the Horseshoe complex, outside the HI cloud, where gas is mostly excited by shocks and no star formation is observed; (ii) the Vertical filament, at the edge of the HI shell, which is a region of moderate star formation. We identified 140 molecular clouds. A statistical study reveals that they have very similar physical properties that in the inner Milky Way. However, the range of radius available with the present observations does not enable to investigate whether the clouds follow the Larson relation or not. The large virial parameter of the clouds suggests that gravity is not dominant. Finally, the total energy injection in the filaments is of the same order as in the inner part of the Milky Way. The strong CO emission detected in the filaments is an indication that the energy injected by the jet acts positively in the formation of dense molecular gas. The relatively high virial parameter of the molecular clouds suggests that the injected kinetic energy is too strong for star formation to be efficient. This is particularly the case in the Horseshoe complex where the virial parameter is the largest and where strong CO is detected with no associated star formation. This is the first evidence of inefficient AGN positive feedback., A&A in press (language editing, fixed typo)

We present Herschel observations of the core of the Perseus cluster of galaxies. The brightest cluster galaxy, NGC 1275, is surrounded by a network of filaments previously imaged extensively in H{\alpha} and CO. In this work, we report detections of FIR lines with Herschel. All but one of the lines are spatially extended, with the [CII] line emission extending up to 25 kpc from the core. There is spatial and kinematical correlation among [CII], H{\alpha} and CO, which gives us confidence to model the different components of the gas with a common heating model. With the help of FIR continuum Herschel measurements, together with a suite of coeval radio, submm and infrared data, we performed a SED fitting of NGC 1275 using a model that contains contributions from dust emission as well as synchrotron AGN emission. The data indicate a low dust emissivity index, beta ~ 1, a total dust mass close to 10^7 solar mass, a cold dust component with temperature 38 \pm 2 K and a warm dust component with temperature of 116 \pm 9 K. The FIR-derived star formation rate (SFR) is 24 \pm 1 solar mass per yr, in close agreement with the FUV-derived SFR. We investigated in detail the source of the Herschel FIR and H{\alpha} emissions emerging from a core region 4 kpc in radius. Based on simulations conducted using the radiative transfer code, CLOUDY, a heating model comprising old and young stellar populations is sufficient to explain these observations. We have also detected [CII] in three well-studied regions of the filaments. We find a [OI]/[CII] ratio about 1 dex smaller than predicted by the otherwise functional Ferland (2009) model. The line ratio suggests that the lines are optically thick, as is typical of galactic PDRs, and implies that there is a large reservoir of cold atomic gas. [abridged]

In the absence of any form of feedback heating, the gas in the central regions of massive relaxed cluster should cool and initiate a cooling flow. The presence/efficiency of an additional heating and the ultimate fate of the cooling gas is the subject of an extensive debate. In the last decade, molecular and atomic gas have been found in many Brightest Cluster Galaxies. I will review these observational results and discuss their implication for galaxy formation/evolution, in the perspective of ALMA.

It is well known that shocks can heat molecular gas, but we are only starting to understand what the consequences might be for galaxy evolution. Observations are now revealing a growing number of galaxies undergoing phases of strong injection of kinetic energy through galaxy interactions or feedback from powerful AGN, which have bright line emission from shock-heated molecular gas that is likely powered by the dissipation of turbulent energy. These observations demonstrate that turbulence – now recognized as an important mechanism regulating star formation – may also be key in regulating galaxy growth. We report on our on-going efforts to quantify the role of molecular gas for the dissipation of kinetic energy through observations on two very different examples, the Antennae galaxy merger and the radio galaxy 3C326 N, a site of strong mechanical AGN feedback. Both galaxies show signatures of strong dissipation of kinetic energy through shocks. We will illustrate how key parameters of these processes like bulk and turbulent velocities, gas masses, and dissipation timescales can be measured with multi-wavelength data, and how this furthers our understanding of how galaxy evolution and star formation in galaxies depend on each other.

Brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) in the cores of galaxy clusters have distinctly different properties from other low redshift massive ellipticals. The majority of the BCGs in cool-core clusters show signs of active star formation. We present observations of NGC 4696, the BCG of the Centaurus galaxy cluster, at far-infrared (FIR) wavelengths with the Herschel space telescope. Using the PACS spectrometer, we detect the two strongest coolants of the interstellar medium, CII at 157.74 micron and OI at 63.18 micron, and in addition NII at 121.90 micron. The CII emission is extended over a region of 7 kpc with a similar spatial morphology and kinematics to the optical H-alpha emission. This has the profound implication that the optical hydrogen recombination line, H-alpha, the optical forbidden lines, NII 6583 Angstrom, the soft X-ray filaments and the far-infrared CII line all have the same energy source. We also detect dust emission using the PACS and SPIRE photometers at all six wavebands. We perform a detailed spectral energy distribution fitting using a two-component modified black-body function and find a cold 19 K dust component with mass 1.6x10^6 solar mass and a warm 46 K dust component with mass 4.0x10^3 solar mass. The total FIR luminosity between 8 micron and 1000 micron is 7.5x10^8 solar luminosity, which using Kennicutt relation yields a low star formation rate of 0.13 solar mass per yr. This value is consistent with values derived from other tracers, such as ultraviolet emission. Combining the spectroscopic and photometric results together with optical H-alpha, we model emitting clouds consisting of photodissociation regions (PDRs) adjacent to ionized regions. We show that in addition to old and young stellar populations, there is another source of energy, such as cosmic rays, shocks or reconnection diffusion, required to excite the H-alpha and CII filaments.

Evidence of AGN interaction with the IGM is observed in some galaxies and many cool core clusters. Radio jets are suspected to dig large cavities into the surrounding gas. In most cases, very large optical filaments are seen around the central galaxy. The origin of these filaments is still not understood. Star-forming regions are sometimes observed inside the filaments and are interpreted as evidence of positive feedback. Cen A is a nearby galaxy with huge optical filaments aligned with the AGN radio-jet direction. We searched for line ratio variations along the filaments, kinematic evidence of shock-broadend line widths, and large-scale dynamical structures. We observed a 1'x1' region around the inner filament of Cen A with MUSE on the VLT during Science Verification. The brightest lines detected are the Halpha, [NII], [OIII] and [SII]. MUSE shows that the filaments are made of clumpy structures inside a more diffuse medium aligned with the radio-jet axis. We find evidence of shocked shells surrounding the star-forming clumps from the line profiles, suggesting that the star formation is induced by shocks. The clump line ratios are best explained by a composite of shocks and star formation illuminated by a radiation cone from the AGN. We also report a previously undetected large arc-like structure: three streams running perpendicular to the main filament; they are kinematically, morphologically, and excitationally distinct. The clear difference in the excitation of the arcs and clumps suggests that the arcs are very likely located outside of the radiation cone and match the position of the filament only in projection. The three arcs are most consistent with neutral material swept along by a backflow of the jet plasma from the AGN outburst that is ionised through a diffuse radiation field with a low-ionisation parameter that continues to excite gas away from the radiation cone., Comment: 14 Pages (4 paper, 10 appendices), 12 Figures (3 paper, 9 appendicies). Accepted for publication by A&A

We present IRAM 30m telescope observations of the CO(1-0) and (2-1) lines in a sample of 11 group-dominant elliptical galaxies selected from the CLoGS nearby groups sample. Our observations confirm the presence of molecular gas in 4 of the 11 galaxies at >4 sigma significance, and combining these with data from the literature we find a detection rate of 43+-14%, comparable to the detection rate for nearby radio galaxies, suggesting that group-dominant ellipticals may be more likely to contain molecular gas than their non-central counterparts. Those group-dominant galaxies which are detected typically contain ~2x10^8 Msol of molecular gas, and although most have low star formation rates (, 9 pages, 5 postscript figures, 4 tables, accepted by A&A. Revised throughout in response to referee's comments, including updates to Table 1 and Figure 4, and addition of Figure 5

A short 30 minute ALMA observation of the early-type galaxy NGC 5044, which resides at the center of an X-ray bright group with a moderate cooling flow, has detected 24 molecular structures within the central 2.5 kpc. The masses of the molecular structures vary from 3e5 to 1e7 Mo3 and the CO(2-1) linewidths vary from 15 to 65 km/s. Given the large CO(2-1) linewidths, the observed structures are likely giant molecular associations (GMAs) and not individual molecular clouds (GMCs). Only a few of the GMAs are spatially resolved with the cycle 0 ALMA beam and the average density of these GMAs yields a GMC volume filling factor of about 15%. The observed masses of the resolved GMAs are insufficient for them to be gravitationally bound, however, the most massive GMA does contain a less massive component with a linewidth of 5.5 km/s (typical of an individual virialized GMC). We also show that the GMAs cannot be pressure confined by the hot gas. Given the observed CO(2-1) linewidths of the GMAs (i.e., the velocity dispersion of the embedded GMCs) they will likely disperse on a timescale of about 12 Myr, which is less than the central cooling time of the hot gas, so the embedded GMCs within a GMA must condense out of the hot gas at the same time and arise from local concentrations of thermally unstable parcels of hot gas. There are no indications of any disk-like molecular structures and all indications suggest that the molecular gas follows ballistic trajectories after condensing out of the thermally unstable hot gas. The 230 GHz luminosity of the central continuum source is 500 times greater than its low frequency radio luminosity and probably reflects a recent accretion event by the central supermassive black hole. The spectrum of the central continuum source also exhibits an absorption feature.

Understanding how molecules and dust might have formed within a rapidly expanding young supernova remnant is important because of the obvious application to vigorous supernova activity at very high redshift. In previous papers, we found that the H2 emission is often quite strong, correlates with optical low-ionization emission lines, and has a surprisingly high excitation temperature. Here we study Knot 51, a representative, bright example, for which we have available long slit optical and NIR spectra covering emission lines from ionized, neutral, and molecular gas, as well as HST visible and SOAR Telescope NIR narrow-band images. We present a series of CLOUDY simulations to probe the excitation mechanisms, formation processes and dust content in environments that can produce the observed H2 emission. We do not try for an exact match between model and observations given Knot 51's ambiguous geometry. Rather, we aim to explain how the bright H2 emission lines can be formed from within the volume of Knot 51 that also produces the observed optical emission from ionized and neutral gas. Our models that are powered only by the Crab's synchrotron radiation are ruled out because they cannot reproduce the strong, thermal H2 emission. The simulations that come closest to fitting the observations have the core of Knot 51 almost entirely atomic with the H2 emission coming from just a trace molecular component, and in which there is extra heating. In this unusual environment, H2 forms primarily by associative detachment rather than grain catalysis. In this picture, the 55 H2-emitting cores that we have previously catalogued in the Crab have a total mass of about 0.1 M_sun, which is about 5% of the total mass of the system of filaments. We also explore the effect of varying the dust abundance. We discuss possible future observations that could further elucidate the nature of these H2 knots., 51 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS, revised Figure 12 results unchanged

NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) is one of the best example to study AGN-feedback in the local Universe. At 13.5 kpc from the galaxy, optical filaments with recent star formation are lying along the radio-jet direction. We used the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) to map the CO(2-1) emission all along the filaments structure. Molecular gas mass of 8.2x10^7 Msun was found over the 4.2 kpc-structure which represents about 3% of the total gas mass of the NGC 5128 cold gas content. Two dusty mostly molecular structures are identified, following the optical filaments. The region corresponds to the crossing of the radio jet with the northern HI shell, coming from a past galaxy merger. One filament is located at the border of the HI shell, while the other is entirely molecular, and devoid of HI gas. The molecular mass is comparable to the HI mass in the shell, suggesting a scenario where the atomic gas was shocked and transformed in molecular clouds by the radio jet. Comparison with combined FIR Herschel and UV GALEX estimation of star formation rates in the same regions leads to depletion times of more than 10 Gyr. The filaments are thus less efficient than discs in converting molecular gas into stars. Kinetic energy injection triggered by shocks all along the jet/gas interface is a possible process that appears to be consistent with MUSE line ratio diagnostics derived in a smaller region of the northern filaments. Whether the AGN is the sole origin of this energy input and what is the dominant (mechanical vs radiative) mode for this process is however still to be investigated., accepted by A&A after small corrections; the figures have slightly changed to be more visible

We used K-band spectra to measure the H2 excitation temperatures in six molecular knots associated with the filaments in the Crab Nebula. The temperatures are quite high - in the range T ~ 2000-3000K, just below the H2 dissociation temperature. This is the temperature range over which the H2 1-0 S(1) line at 2.121\mum has its maximum emissivity per unit mass, so there may be many additional H2 cores with lower temperatures that are too faint to detect. We also measured the electron density in adjacent ionized gas, which on the assumption of gas pressure balance indicates densities in the molecular region n_mol ~ 20,000 H baryons cm-3, although this really is just a lower limit since the H2 gas may be confined by other means. The excited region may be just a thin skin on a much more extensive blob of molecular gas that does not have the correct temperature and density to be as easily detectable. At the opposite extreme, the observed knots could consist of a fine mist of molecular gas in which we are detecting essentially all of the H2. Future CO observations could distinguish between these two cases. The Crab filaments serve as the nearby laboratories for understanding the very much larger filamentary structures that have formed in the intracluster medium of cool-core galaxy clusters.

Centaurus A is the most nearby powerful AGN, widely studied at all wavelengths. Molecular gas has been found in the halo at a distance of ~20 kpc from the galaxy centre, associated with HI shells. The molecular gas lies inside some IR and UV bright star-forming filaments that have recently been observed in the direction of the radio jets. These archival data show that there is dust and very weak star formation on scales of hundreds of parsecs. On top of analysing combined archival data, we have performed searches of HCN(1-0) and HCO+(1-0) emission with ATCA at the interaction of the northern filaments and the HI shell of Cen A. Measuring the dense gas is another indicator of star formation efficiency inside the filaments. However, we only derived upper limits of 1.6x10^3 K.km/s.pc^2 at 3 sigma in the synthesised beam of 3.1". We also compared the CO masses with the SFR estimates in order to measure a star formation efficiency. Using a standard conversion factor leads to long depletion times (7 Gyr). We then corrected the mass estimates from metallicity effect by using gas-to-dust mass ratio as a proxy. From MUSE data, we estimated the metallicity spread (0.4-0.8 Zsun) in the filament, corresponding to gas-to-dust ratios of ~200-400. The CO/H2 conversion ratio is corrected for low metallicity by a factor between 1.4 and 3.2. Such a low-metallicity correction leads to even more massive clouds with higher depletion times (16 Gyr). We finally present ALMA observations that detect 3 unresolved CO(2-1) clumps of size, New version taking into account private conversations about v1; accepted to A&A

International audience; We report the discovery of a 3 kpc disk of few 109 M&sun; of dense, warm H2 in the nearby radio galaxy 3C 326 N, which shows no signs of ongoing or recent star formation and falls a factor of 60 below the Schmidt-Kennicutt law. Our VLT/SINFONI imaging spectroscopy shows broad (FWHM ~ 500 km s-1) ro-vibrational H2 lines across the entire disk, with irregular profiles and line ratios consistent with shocks. The ratio of turbulent to gravitational energy suggests that the gas is highly turbulent and not gravitationally bound. In the absence of the driving by the jet, the short turbulent dissipation times indicate that the gas should collapse rapidly and form stars, at odds with the recent star-formation history. Motivated by hydrodynamic models of rapid H2 formation boosted by turbulent compression, we propose that the molecules formed from diffuse atomic gas in the turbulent jet cocoon. Since the gas is not self-gravitating, it cannot form molecular clouds or stars while the jet is active, and is likely to disperse and become atomic again after the nuclear activity ceases. We speculate that very low star-formation rates are to be expected under such conditions, provided that the large-scale turbulence controls the gas dynamics in molecular clouds. Our results illustrate that jets may create large molecular reservoirs as expected in "positive feedback" scenarios of AGN-triggered star formation, but that this alone is insufficient to trigger star formation.

We have carried out a near-infrared, narrow-band imaging survey of the Crab Nebula, in the H2 2.12 micron and Br-gamma 2.17 micron lines, using the Spartan Infrared camera on the SOAR Telescope. Over a 2.8' x 5.1' area that encompasses about 2/3 of the full visible extent of the Crab, we detect 55 knots that emit strongly in the H2 line. We catalog the observed properties of these knots. We show that they are in or next to the filaments that are seen in optical-passband emission lines. Comparison to HST [S II] and [O III] images shows that the H2 knots are strongly associated with compact regions of low-ionization gas. We also find evidence of many additional, fainter H2 features, both discrete knots and long streamers following gas that emits strongly in [S II]. A pixel-by-pixel analysis shows that about 6 percent of the Crab's projected surface area has significant H2 emission that correlates with [S II] emission. We measured radial velocities of the [S II] lambda6716 emission lines from 47 of the cataloged knots and find that most are on the far (receding) side of the nebula. We also detect Br-gamma emission. It is right at the limit of our survey, and our Br-gamma filter cuts off part of the expected velocity range. But clearly the Br-gamma emission has a quite different morphology than the H2 knots, following the long linear filaments that are seen in H-alpha and in [O III] optical emission lines., Comment: Accepted for publication in the ApJS

Studying the evolution and the composition of the largest stuctures of the Universe, e.g., galaxy clusters and cosmic filaments, is one of the most challenging research topic in cosmology. During my phD thesis, I have analysed publicly available multi-wavelength surveys (namely SDSS, WISE, Planck), using new techniques in data analysis such as machine learning or Bayesian methods. The purpose of my work was to study the baryonic matter (hot gas and galaxies) in the intra-cluster medium, and in the cosmic web (bridges of matter between clusters of galaxies and cosmic filaments).During my thesis, I have developed an algorithm based on machine learning in order to estimate galaxy properties, such as star formation rate and stellar mass in the redshift range 0.050.5 were observed with VLT/FORS2. The analysis of the ~3000 obtained spectra is still ongoing and with the actual data, we expect the spectroscopic confirmation of about 10 galaxy clusters with about 10 members per clusters.The gas content of the cosmic web may account for about 40% of the baryons. Therefore, it is important to use optimised observational tracers of the gas. In this purpose, I have developed a deep learning algorithm using the full potential of the Planck data to detect the SZ effect tracing galaxy clusters and hot ionised gas. I have trained a convolutional neural network on the Planck frequency maps to recognize clusters selected in tSZ, X-rays, and optical. With this trained model I have generated a full-sky map of low noise SZ signal, in which I have detected about 10 times more candidates than the first Planck catalogue of SZ sources. I have shown that deep learning seems a promising approach to improve the y-map and detect smaller pressure halos and diffuse gas in the cosmic web.; L'étude de l'évolution et de la composition des grandes structures de l'Univers, comme les amas de galaxies et les filaments cosmiques, est l'un des sujets de recherche les plus actifs en cosmologie. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai analysé des relevés publiques multi-longueurs d'onde (SDSS, WISE, Planck), en utilisant des techniques d'analyse de données nouvelles comme l'apprentissage automatique ou les méthodes bayésiennes. Le but de mon travail était d'étudier la matière baryonique (gaz ionisé et chaud et galaxies) dans le milieu intra-amas, et dans la toile cosmique (ponts de matière et filaments cosmiques).Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai notamment développé un algorithme basé sur l'intelligence artificielle afin d'estimer les propriétés des galaxies, telles que le taux de formation des étoiles (SFR) et la masse stellaire dans la plage de redshift 0,050,5 ont été observés avec VLT/FORS2. L'analyse des ~3000 spectres obtenus est en cours et avec les données actuelles, nous confirmerons spectroscopiquement environ 10 amas avec près de 10 galaxies membres par amas.La quantité de gaz ionisé et chaud de la toile cosmique pourrait représenter environ 40% des baryons à bas redshift. Il est donc important d'utiliser des traceurs d'observation optimisés pour le gaz. Dans ce but, j'ai développé un algorithme d'apprentissage profond utilisant tout le potentiel des données Planck pour détecter l'effet SZ des amas de galaxies et du gaz chaud ionisé. J'ai entraîné un réseau neuronal convolutionnel sur les cartes de fréquence de Planck à reconnaître les amas sélectionnés en SZ, rayons X et optique. Avec ce modèle, j'ai généré une carte du ciel de SZ à faible bruit, dans laquelle j'ai détecté environ 10 fois plus de candidats que le premier catalogue Planck des sources SZ. J'ai montré que l'apprentissage profond semble être une approche prometteuse pour améliorer la carte SZ et pour détecter le gaz à faible pression dans la toile cosmique.

Studying the evolution and the composition of the largest stuctures of the Universe, e.g., galaxy clusters and cosmic filaments, is one of the most challenging research topic in cosmology. During my phD thesis, I have analysed publicly available multi-wavelength surveys (namely SDSS, WISE, Planck), using new techniques in data analysis such as machine learning or Bayesian methods. The purpose of my work was to study the baryonic matter (hot gas and galaxies) in the intra-cluster medium, and in the cosmic web (bridges of matter between clusters of galaxies and cosmic filaments).During my thesis, I have developed an algorithm based on machine learning in order to estimate galaxy properties, such as star formation rate and stellar mass in the redshift range 0.050.5 were observed with VLT/FORS2. The analysis of the ~3000 obtained spectra is still ongoing and with the actual data, we expect the spectroscopic confirmation of about 10 galaxy clusters with about 10 members per clusters.The gas content of the cosmic web may account for about 40% of the baryons. Therefore, it is important to use optimised observational tracers of the gas. In this purpose, I have developed a deep learning algorithm using the full potential of the Planck data to detect the SZ effect tracing galaxy clusters and hot ionised gas. I have trained a convolutional neural network on the Planck frequency maps to recognize clusters selected in tSZ, X-rays, and optical. With this trained model I have generated a full-sky map of low noise SZ signal, in which I have detected about 10 times more candidates than the first Planck catalogue of SZ sources. I have shown that deep learning seems a promising approach to improve the y-map and detect smaller pressure halos and diffuse gas in the cosmic web.; L'étude de l'évolution et de la composition des grandes structures de l'Univers, comme les amas de galaxies et les filaments cosmiques, est l'un des sujets de recherche les plus actifs en cosmologie. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai analysé des relevés publiques multi-longueurs d'onde (SDSS, WISE, Planck), en utilisant des techniques d'analyse de données nouvelles comme l'apprentissage automatique ou les méthodes bayésiennes. Le but de mon travail était d'étudier la matière baryonique (gaz ionisé et chaud et galaxies) dans le milieu intra-amas, et dans la toile cosmique (ponts de matière et filaments cosmiques).Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai notamment développé un algorithme basé sur l'intelligence artificielle afin d'estimer les propriétés des galaxies, telles que le taux de formation des étoiles (SFR) et la masse stellaire dans la plage de redshift 0,050,5 ont été observés avec VLT/FORS2. L'analyse des ~3000 spectres obtenus est en cours et avec les données actuelles, nous confirmerons spectroscopiquement environ 10 amas avec près de 10 galaxies membres par amas.La quantité de gaz ionisé et chaud de la toile cosmique pourrait représenter environ 40% des baryons à bas redshift. Il est donc important d'utiliser des traceurs d'observation optimisés pour le gaz. Dans ce but, j'ai développé un algorithme d'apprentissage profond utilisant tout le potentiel des données Planck pour détecter l'effet SZ des amas de galaxies et du gaz chaud ionisé. J'ai entraîné un réseau neuronal convolutionnel sur les cartes de fréquence de Planck à reconnaître les amas sélectionnés en SZ, rayons X et optique. Avec ce modèle, j'ai généré une carte du ciel de SZ à faible bruit, dans laquelle j'ai détecté environ 10 fois plus de candidats que le premier catalogue Planck des sources SZ. J'ai montré que l'apprentissage profond semble être une approche prometteuse pour améliorer la carte SZ et pour détecter le gaz à faible pression dans la toile cosmique.

Perhaps one of the most enigmatic domains of astrophysics is that of galaxy formation and evolution.A galaxy is defined by its stellar and gas contents. Hence, any theory of galaxy formation has to address the question of the formation of stars.Observations show that star formation takes place in dense molecular clouds.Therefore, the efficiency of star formation of a galaxy is determined by its ability to form molecular clouds.The determination of these processes and their efficiency is among the most important issues in our understanding of star formation.The present work studies the star formation laws in a wide range of physical and dynamical conditions, even in low density environmentsand down to molecular cloud scales, as well as high redshift galaxies, to explore the cosmic star formation history.Low density environments, like the outermost disk of galaxies mimic the physical conditions of dwarf galaxies and also that of galaxiesin the early Universe. Across the Hubble time, there was a peak in the star formation rate, at z ~1-2, about ten billions years ago. Then the average star formation rate dropped by a factor 20 down to the present rate. This Ph.D focuses on the star formation efficiency in two contexts: in low environments, like outer galaxy disks and at the epoch the near the peak of star formation.; La détermination de ces processus et de leur efficacité est parmi les questions les plus importantes dans notre compréhension de la formation d'étoiles. Le présent travail étudie les lois de formation d'étoiles dans un large éventail de conditions physiques et dynamiques, y compris dans des environnements de faible densité et jusqu'à des échelles de nuages moléculaires, ainsi que des galaxies à grand redshift, pour explorer l'histoire cosmique de la formation des étoiles.Les environnements à faible densité, comme les parties externes des disques des galaxies, imitent les conditions physiques des galaxies naines et aussi celle des galaxies de l'Univers primordial. Au cours du temps de Hubble, il y a eu un pic dans le taux de formation d'étoiles, à z ~ 1-2, il y a environ dix milliards d'années. Ensuite, le taux moyen de formation d'étoiles a chuté drastiquement d'un facteur 20 jusqu'au taux actuel. Cette thèse se concentre sur l'efficacité de la formation des étoiles dans deux contextes : dans les environnements de faible densité, comme les disques externes des galaxies et à l'époque du maximum de la formation d'étoiles cosmique.

Massive galaxies are less abundant than predicted by the standard model of galaxy formation (the Λ-CDM model). This means that galaxies form less stars than expected. To explain this behaviour, it is commonly accepted that some processes are at play and quench star formation. For massive galaxies, it is explained by the feedback of the supermassive black holes. While accreting gas, the central black hole produces energy and momentum. When gas accretion becomes important, the black hole forms an active galactic nucleus, and the energy is expected to quench star formation, via gas heating, turbulence or gas removal (negative feedback). However, evidence is found of so-called AGN positive feedback that favours star formation by compressing the gas. In particular, a fraction of the AGN population produces jets of plasma that are observed in radio emission. These radio jets may interact with gas that is located along the direction of propagation. Such interactions are invoked to trigger star formation (jet-induced star formation). My PhD focused on the jet-gas interaction for nearby radio galaxies. I explored the effect of the jet on the star formation efficiency in such interactions at global (few kiloparsecs) and intermediate (few hundreds parsecs) scales. To do so, I searched and mapped the molecular gas (via CO emission lines) that is a key ingredient for star formation. This cold gas is observable using current radio astronomy ground-based facilities, like ALMA, APEX, NOEMA and the 30m telescope., Les galaxies massives sont moins nombreuses que ce qui est attendu avec le modèle standard (le modèle Λ-CDM). Ceci ce traduit par une formation d’étoiles moins importante que prévue dans les galaxies. Pour expliquer celà, il est globalement accepté que des processus stoppent le formation d’étoiles. Pour les galaxies massives, ceci est expliqué par l’action des trous noirs supermassifs. En accrétant du gaz, le trou noir central produit de l’énergie et de l’impulsion. Quand l’accrétion devient importante, le trou noir forme un noyau actif de galaxie, et l’énergie peut ralentir la formation d’étoiles, par chauffage du gaz, de la turbulence, ou par ablation du gaz (feedback négatif). Cependant, il existe des cas de feedback positif qui favorise la formation d’étoiles en comprimant le gaz. En particulier, une partie des noyaux actifs produisent des jets de plasma qui sont observés en émission radio. Ces jets radio peuvent intéragir avec du gaz le long de leur direction de propagation. Des telles interactions sont susceptibles de déclencher de la formation d’étoiles (formation induite par les jets). Ma thèse porte sur les interactions jet-gaz dans des radio galaxies proches. J’ai étudié l’effet du jet sur l’efficacité de la formation d’étoiles pour des interactions à des échelles globales (quelques kiloparsecs) et intermédiaires (quelques centaines de parsecs). Pour celà, j’ai observé et cartographié le gaz moléculaire, qui est un élément clé de la formation d’étoiles. Cette phase froide est observable grâce aux équipements au sol actuels de radio astronomie, comme ALMA, APEX, NOEMA et le 30m de l’IRAM.