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The German site selection procedure for a high-level nuclear waste repository is entering a stage in which preliminary safety assessments have to be conducted and the release of radionuclides has to be estimated for a large number of potential sites. Here, we present TransPyREnd, a 1D finite-differences code for modeling the transport of radionuclides in the subsurface at geological timescales. The code simulates the processes advection, diffusion, equilibrium sorption, decay of radionuclides, and the build-up of daughter nuclides. We summarize the modeled physical processes, their mathematical description and our numerical approach to solve the governing equations. Finally, two simple tests are shown, one considering diffusion, sorption, and radioactive decay, the other involving diffusion and a radioactive decay chain. In both tests, the code shows good agreement with the reference solutions. Caveats of the model and future additions are discussed.

The current phase of the site selection procedure for a high-level nuclear waste repository in Germany includes representative preliminary safety assessments of potential suitable areas that cover approximately half of the territory of Germany. These safety assessments rely in part on numerical models of radionuclide transport. The modelling of radionuclide transport faces several challenges: 1) Estimation of radionuclide transport for a large set of potentially suitable areas with different hydrogeological settings and 2) scarcity of site-specific hydrogeological data for the parameters that govern radionuclide transport. To overcome these challenges we discuss potential workflows that combine the analysis of hydrogeological data and numerical models of radionuclide transport. We introduce a suite of numerical model codes that combines computationally efficient one-dimensional codes with more computationally demanding 2D and 3D codes. The 2D and 3D codes will be employed to simulate regional groundwater flow fields. These are subsequently combined with large sets of 1D model runs to quantify the effects of parameter variation and future geological developments on radionuclide transport. We discuss methods to combine site-specific data with global data to constrain the bandwidths of hydrogeological parameters and the range of radionuclide transport. Our contribution aims for an open discussion of model strategy and exchange with the scientific community.

The Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BGE) is responsible for the search for a site with the best possible safety for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste in Germany. The site selection procedure is regulated in a law that was adopted by the German Federal Parliament (Repository Site Selection Act – StandAG, 2017, last updated 2020) and aims to be a participatory, transparent, learning, and self-questioning process based on scientific expertise. The first step of the first phase of the site selection procedure was completed in September 2020 and resulted in the identification of sub-areas that give reason to expect favorable geological conditions for the long-term storage of nuclear waste in the subsurface. These sub-areas cover approximately 54 % of Germany and are located in three different host rocks: rock salt – halite, claystone, and crystalline rock. The challenge for the next step is to find suitable siting regions within the previously determined sub-areas that are then considered further in the next phase of the site selection procedure. In the following, the methodology of the so-called representative preliminary safety analyses is described, which constitute one of the tools to identify siting regions, and some first insight on how they are planned to be implemented in practice is given.

The main objective was to identify representative parameter sets for two mesoscale catchments. Discharge, groundwater level and satellite-based soil moisture were included in the calibration proces...

The Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BGE) is the German waste management organisation responsible for implementing the search for a site with the best possible safety for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste for at least 1 million years, following the amendments of the Repository Site Selection Act in 2017. The selection procedure is meant to be a participatory, transparent, learning and self-questioning process based on scientific expertise. It consists of three phases with an increasing level of detail. The first step of the first phase of the site selection procedure was completed in September 2020 and resulted in the identification of 90 subareas that give reason to expect favourable geological conditions for the safe disposal. The potentially suitable subareas cover approximately 54 % of Germany and are located in three different host rocks: rock salt (halite), claystone and crystalline rock. The second step of phase one is currently in progress and includes the so-called representative preliminary safety analyses that aim to assess the extent to which the safe containment of the radioactive waste can be expected. Representative preliminary safety analyses are one of the foundations for deciding whether an area will be considered for surface-based exploration in the next phase of the site selection procedure. Within the preliminary safety analyses, the behaviour of the disposal system is analysed in its entirety, across all operational phases of the repository and under consideration of possible future evolution of the disposal system with respect to the safe containment of the radioactive waste. The development of a database is described, which aims to systematically document and provide the framework needed for the analyses of the disposal systems in the subareas regarding the safe containment of the radionuclides over the assessment period of 1 million years. This database includes the vast amount of information about the different components of the disposal system. This includes also the geological setting, the technical conception of the repository and compilations of values for the physical, geoscientific, and technical parameters characterising the various barriers of the disposal system. Furthermore, a self-contained derivation of expected and deviating future evolution of the disposal system and its geological setting is included; following the so-called features, events and processes (FEP) strategy.

The Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal mbH (BGE mbH) is as Germans waste management organization responsible to implement the search for a site with the best possible safety for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste for at least one million years, following the amendments of the Repository Site Selection Act in 2017. The selection procedure is meant to be a participatory, transparent, learning and self-questioning process based on scientific expertise.This contribution will provide an overview of the methodology of the forthcoming preliminary safety assessments as a major part of the next steps in the site selection procedure. This procedure overall consists of three phases with increasing level of detail for identification of the best site. The first phase consists of two steps. The objective of the first step was to determine sub-areas in the three considered host rocks, salt (halite), clay and crystalline rock, by applying legally defined exclusion criteria, minimum requirements and geoscientific weighing criteria. 90 sub-areas that cover approximately 54 % of the area of Germany were identified due to their general suitable geological conditions. The result was published in September 2020.The second step of phase one is currently in progress and consists of representative preliminary safety assessments that aim to assess the safety of the repository system as well as its robustness. The requirements for the preliminary safety assessments in the site selection procedure are defined by a governmental directive released in October 2020. Representative preliminary safety assessments have to be performed for each sub-area and consist of the compilation of all geoscientific information relevant to the safety of a repository, the development of preliminary safety and repository concepts and the analysis of the repository system. In addition, a systematically identification and characterization of uncertainties has to be undertaken and the need for exploration, research and development must be determined. The application of the representative preliminary safety assessments as well as the following renewed application of geoscientific weighing criteria will lead to the identification of siting regions within the larger sub-areas of step one. These regions will be considered, first for surface-based geoscientific and geophysical exploration, including i.e. seismic exploration and drilling of boreholes. Subsequently the last phase of the site selection will proceed with subsurface exploration. Finally, all suitable sites will be proposed and the German government will decide the actual site. This process is expected to be finalized in 2031.

In Germany, the site selection for a repository for radioactive waste in deep geological formations was (re-) started in 2017 with the Repository Site Selection Act coming into force. The Site Selection Act envisages preliminary safety assessments as a measure to ensure the safety of a considered site.The focus of the presentation will be the methodology of the preliminary safety assessments as it is derived from the legal requirements. In this context, the Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety published the draft of the regulation on the safety requirements for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste in summer 2019. Article 2 of this regulation contains the requirements for the implementation of preliminary safety assessments in the site selection procedure. One essential aspect is the systematical identification and characterization of uncertainties. We will discuss the key features of the handling of uncertainties in the site selection procedure, especially with regard to numerical reactive transport modelling. The German Site Selection Act is divided into several steps with increasing level of detail. The identification and quantification of uncertainties plays a major role to improve quality and plausibility in each step. Well-prepared explorations for instance, need to be addressed in a way to minimise data uncertainties. In addition, the handling of uncertainties in safety assessments on an international level is evaluated.

We introduce the developed lexicographic calibration strategy to circumvent the imbalance between sophisticated hydrological models in combination with complex optimisation algorithms. The criteria for the evaluation of the approach were (i) robustness and transferability of the resulting parameters, (ii) goodness-of-fit criteria in calibration and validation and (iii) time-efficiency. An order of preference was determined prior to the calibration and the parameters were separated into groups for a stepwise calibration to reduce the search space. A comparison with the global optimisation method SCE-UA showed that only 6% of the calculation time was needed; the conditions total volume, seasonality and shape of the hydrograph were successfully achieved for the calibration and for the cross-validation periods. Furthermore, the parameter sets obtained by the lexicographic calibration strategy for different time periods were much more similar to each other than the parameters obtained by SCE-UA. Besides the similarities of the parameter sets, the goodness-of-fit criteria for the cross-validation were better for the lexicographic approach and the water balance components were also more similar. Thus, we concluded that the resulting parameters were more representative for the corresponding catchments and therefore more suitable for transferability. Time-efficient approximate methods were used to account for parameter uncertainty, confidence intervals and the stability of the solution in the optimum.

State of the art hydrological applications require a process-based spatially distributed hydrological model. Runoff characteristics are demanded to be well reproduced by the model. Despite that, the model should be able to describe the processes at a subcatchment scale in a physically credible way. The objective of this study is to present a robust procedure to generate various sets of parameterizations of soil hydraulic functions for the description of soil heterogeneity on a subgrid scale. Relations between ROSETTA generated values of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and van Genuchten's parameters of soil hydraulic functions were statistically analysed. An universal function that is valid for the complete bandwidth of Ks values could not be found. After concentrating on natural texture classes, strong correlations were identified for all parameters. The obtained regression results were used to parameterize sets of hydraulic functions for each soil class. The methodology presented in this study is applicable on a wide range of spatial scales and does not need input data from field studies. The developments were implemented into a hydrological modelling system and were used successfully in many practical applications and projects.