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Organophosphate pesticides are widely used; however, their use is limited due to neurotoxicity and, to a lesser extent, cardiotoxicity in humans. Given the high energy demands of cardiac muscle, which is characterized by a dense population of mitochondria, any damage to these organelles can exacerbate cardiotoxicity. This study aims to elucidate whether the cardiotoxic effects of organophosphate pesticides originate from mitochondrial dysfunction. To investigate this, in silico toxicogenomic analyses were performed using various tools, such as the Comparative Toxicogenomic Database, GeneMANIA, STRING, and Cytoscape. Results revealed that 11 out of the 13 WHO-recommended Class Ia organophosphate pesticides target genes associated with cardiotoxicity. Notably, three of these genes were mitochondrial, with catalase (CAT) being the common differentially expressed gene among parathion, methyl parathion, and phorate. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction analysis indicated a strong association between CAT and superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2). Subsequently, isolated heart mitochondria were utilized to assess CAT and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in vitro. The findings demonstrated that at a concentration of 7.5 ng/µL, both methyl parathion and phorate significantly decreased CAT activity by approximately 35%. Moreover, phorate reduced total SOD and SOD2 activities by 17% and 19%, respectively, at the same concentration. In contrast, none of the three organophosphate pesticides induced the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. These results suggest that the reduction in CAT and SOD2 activities, critical antioxidant enzymes, leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species within mitochondria, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial damage. This mechanism likely underlies the observed cardiotoxicity induced by these organophosphate pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive use of pesticides in agricultural production has been causing serious health threats to humans and animals. Among them, phorate is a highly toxic organophosphorus insecticide that has been widely used in planting. Due to its harmful effects on human and animal health, it has been restricted for use in many countries. Analytical methods for the rapid and sensitive detection of phorate residues in agricultural products are urgently needed. In this study, a new method was developed by combining surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and immunochromatography assay (ICA). Hybrid magnetic Fe3O4@Au@DTNB-Ab nanoprobes were prepared by modifying and growing Au nanoseeds on an Fe3O4 core. SERS activity of the nanoprobe was optimized by adjusting the concentration of the Au precursor. A rapid and sensitive assay was established by replacing the traditional colloidal gold-based ICA with hybrid SERS nanoprobes for SERS-ICA. After optimizing parameters including coating antibody concentrations and the composition and pH of the buffer solution, the limit of detection (LOD) for phorate could reach 1 ng/mL, with a linear range of 5~100 ng/mL. This LOD is remarkably lower than the maximum residue limit in vegetables and fruits set by the Chinese government. The feasibility of this method was further examined by conducting a spiking test with celery as the real sample. The result demonstrated that this method could serve as a promising platform for rapid and sensitive detection of phorate in agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides increase the yield in agriculture by controlling pests. Pesticides are applied during production, storage, transportation and distribution of food. Pesticide residues from food stuffs have been monitored in different parts of the country under the pesticide residues coordinated research project in India of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. Apart from the benefits of pesticide, there may be great potential impact of trace amounts of pesticide residues on food commodities. Pesticides can broadly classify on chemical structure as organochlorine pesticide, organophosphate pesticide and synthetic pyrethroids. Liver plays an important role in metabolism to maintain energy level and structural stability of body. It is also a place of biotransformation where a toxic substance has been transformed to less dangerous form to minimize liver damage. Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphate (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) are some hepatotoxicity markers, and an alternate in their activities in liver may be an indicator of liver damage or disease. To my study were selected endosulfan, phorate and fenvalerate representing each of the three main classes of insecticide to study various toxic effects induced by pesticides in mammalian system. Observed decrease in glutathione and GST levels in rats treated with pesticides demonstrates the oxidative damage produced by pesticide treatment. LDH activity also enhanced due to enzyme leakage. Increase in the activity of ACP, ALT and ALP indicates damage in liver tissues and function. Detection of GGT indicates oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phorate, a highly toxic organophosphorus pesticide, poses significant risks due to its efficiency, versatility, and affordability. Therefore, studying pretreatment and detection methods for phorate in complex samples is crucial. In this study, we synthesized core-shell phorate aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles using solvothermal and self-assembly techniques. Subsequently, we developed a magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction and detection method to identifying phorate in plasma samples. Under optimal conditions, we achieved quantitation of phorate within a range of 2–700 ng·mL−1 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The detection limit (S/N = 3) was 0.46 ng·mL−1, and the intraday and interday relative standard deviation were 3.4% and 4.1%, respectively. In addition, the material exhibited excellent specificity, an enrichment capacity (EF = 416), and reusability (≥15). During phorate extraction from real plasma samples, spiked recoveries ranged from 86.1% to 101.7%. These results demonstrate that our method offers superior extraction efficiency and detection capability for phorate in plasma samples.

Extensive use of pesticides in agricultural production has been causing serious health threats to humans and animals. Among them, phorate is a highly toxic organophosphorus insecticide that has been widely used in planting. Due to its harmful effects on human and animal health, it has been restricted for use in many countries. Analytical methods for the rapid and sensitive detection of phorate residues in agricultural products are urgently needed. In this study, a new method was developed by combining surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and immunochromatography assay (ICA). Hybrid magnetic Fe3O4@Au@DTNB-Ab nanoprobes were prepared by modifying and growing Au nanoseeds on an Fe3O4 core. SERS activity of the nanoprobe was optimized by adjusting the concentration of the Au precursor. A rapid and sensitive assay was established by replacing the traditional colloidal gold-based ICA with hybrid SERS nanoprobes for SERS-ICA. After optimizing parameters including coating antibody concentrations and the composition and pH of the buffer solution, the limit of detection (LOD) for phorate could reach 1 ng/mL, with a linear range of 5~100 ng/mL. This LOD is remarkably lower than the maximum residue limit in vegetables and fruits set by the Chinese government. The feasibility of this method was further examined by conducting a spiking test with celery as the real sample. The result demonstrated that this method could serve as a promising platform for rapid and sensitive detection of phorate in agricultural products.

Background: The issue of organophosphorus (OP) poisoning remains a significant global health concern, especially prevalent in developing nations. Aims and Objective: This current investigation endeavors to examine the clinic-demographic characteristics observed among patients exhibiting symptoms of OP poisoning. Methodology: A retrospective and prospective study spanning a duration of one and half year was carried out on patients with OP poisoning at a tertiary-level medical college. Results: Throughout the study duration, a total of 40 patients presented themselves. Instances of intentional self-poisoning (95%) outweighed those of accidental exposure (5%). The preponderance of patients were identified as housewives (32.5%), succeeded by individuals in occupations such as private job, farmers, studentship, sweepers and some were unemployed (5%). Among the toxins ingested by patients, Dichlorvas (42.5%) emerged as the predominant choice (35.74%), trailed by Chlorpyrifos, Dimethoate, Methyl parathion, Phorate, Thiomate and Monocrotophos. Manifestations of nausea and vomiting, observed in 85.02% of cases, while the predominant sign was miosis, noted in 91.94%. The mean duration of hospital stays varied among the different severity level. In terms of outcomes, 75% of patients survived without the need for mechanical ventilation and the mortality rate documented in our study stood at 10%. Conclusion: The current investigation revealed that a significant proportion of the patient cohort consisted of individuals in their youthful years, with males surpassing females in representation. Deliberate poisoning incidents exceeded accidental ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Easter lily bulbs for greenhouse forcing are produced in Del Norte County, California and Curry County, Oregon, USA. Pratylenchus penetrans infestation seriously affects growth of field grown bulbs. During two consecutive years of field trials containing 22 treatments, commercially prepared formulations of essential oils (EOs) were compared to an untreated control and to a standard chemical fumigant treatment (FU) (1,3-dichloropropene and metam sodium) applied preplant followed by phorate (PH) at planting to determine their value in the management of lesion nematode, and in improving plant health. The EO products Duogard, EF400, EF300, and Cinnamite were tested as preplant dips to bulblet planting stock. The treated bulblets were tested either alone, in combination with PH at-planting, at planting following FU or in combination with PH at planting following FU. The organophosphates ethoprop and fosthiazate were also tested either alone, or at a reduced rate in combination with a reduced rate of PH. With respect to bulb circumference, ten treatments consistently outperformed the control. In consecutive years, three treatments had healthier looking roots than the control. At harvest, levels of lesion nematode within roots were consistently lower in nine treatments. EOs were beneficial in mitigating nematode damage.Easter lily bulbs for greenhouse forcing are produced in Del Norte County, California and Curry County, Oregon, USA. Pratylenchus penetrans infestation seriously affects growth of field grown bulbs. During two consecutive years of field trials containing 22 treatments, commercially prepared formulations of essential oils (EOs) were compared to an untreated control and to a standard chemical fumigant treatment (FU) (1,3-dichloropropene and metam sodium) applied preplant followed by phorate (PH) at planting to determine their value in the management of lesion nematode, and in improving plant health. The EO products Duogard, EF400, EF300, and Cinnamite were tested as preplant dips to bulblet planting stock. The treated bulblets were tested either alone, in combination with PH at-planting, at planting following FU or in combination with PH at planting following FU. The organophosphates ethoprop and fosthiazate were also tested either alone, or at a reduced rate in combination with a reduced rate of PH. With respect to bulb circumference, ten treatments consistently outperformed the control. In consecutive years, three treatments had healthier looking roots than the control. At harvest, levels of lesion nematode within roots were consistently lower in nine treatments. EOs were beneficial in mitigating nematode damage.

Phorate, an organophosphorus compound is known to have applications against pests. However, its hazardous nature is a matter of concern. Microbial biodegradation is a potent method that can eliminate pesticides from the environment by enzymatic reactions. As toxicity and binding specificity are inherently correlated to each other, this study was focussed on finding out binding sites for ensuing biodegradation. Brevibacterium frigoritolerans GD44 and Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae ATCC 13047 were included in the study for genomic and structural analyses as alkaline phosphatase from Brevibacterium frigoritolerans GD44 and endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae ATCC 13047 were found to degrade phorate. It was apparent from the present findings that alkaline phosphatase containing homologous bacterial species are AT-rich, while the phosphatase containing bacteria are GC-rich. Bacterial species having phosphatase enzyme contain more aromatic amino acids that stabilize the protein structure than alkaline phosphatase containing bacteria. Variation of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) value was found to be very little and natural selection pressure was preferred over mutational pressure in determining codon usage pattern. High level of codon adaptation index (CAI) found in both the bacterial species indicates higher level of codon usage bias and gene expression in them. Furthermore, docking results suggest that alkaline phosphatase has higher binding affinity to phorate than phosphatase that might be considered effective in bioremediation. The results obtained are considered to shed further light in the experimental biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides by the bacteria. In silico structure –function analysis of enzyme involved in phorate biodegradation. [Display omitted] • Phylogenetic/MSA analyses show relatedness of bacterial phorate-degrading enzymes. • Enc plot/COA predict mutational pressure influence on codon usage pattern. • CAI values delineate the adaptability of protein/gene. • Molecular docking studies reveal specificity of degrading enzymes with phorate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It has been estimated that approximately one in seven of all global suicides is due to pesticide self-poisoning, mostly in rural areas of developing countries. Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are a group of pesticides exerting their toxicological effects through non-reversible inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Among these compounds, phorate (thimet) is one of the most dangerous compounds, the use of which is restricted in many countries. A case of intentional suicide after phorate ingestion in a 24-year-old Bengali male is described. This is the second case of suicidal ingestion of phorate reported in the forensic literature, and the first presenting complete toxicological findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) assessments were performed on the renal cells of common carp Cyprinus carpio to observe the deleterious effects of two organophosphate insecticides, Phorate and Dimethoate. Pesticides such as Phorate and Dimethoate often pollute aquatic systems where they may negatively impact fish, but so far, the ultrastructural toxicity of these pesticides remains poorly understood. Here, we use Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) to determine how acute exposure to sublethal concentrations of these two pesticides may affect the renal cells of common carp Cyprinus carpio. For each insecticide, the fish were divided in four experimental conditions: a control and three different exposure concentrations of the pesticide. The Phorate treated fish were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of 0.2 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L, 0.6 mg/L for a duration of 24, 48 & 72 h. The dimethoate treated fish were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of 0.005 mL/L, 0.01 mL/L, 0.015 mL/L for a duration of 24, 48 and 72 h. The two-dimensional transmission electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural abnormalities in the treated fish renal cells when exposed to two toxicants including deformation in the glomerulus, vacuolization of cytoplasm, degenerative nucleus and damaged mitochondria. Furthermore, the ultrastructural abnormalities were more prominent with the increase in the concentrations of both the insecticides and also with their exposure period. Overall, these results provide important baseline data on the ultrastructural toxicity of Phorate and Dimethoate and will allow important follow-up studies to further elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms of pesticide toxicity in wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Science & Technology & Economy is the property of Grain Science & Technology & Economy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Three kinds of bacteria, named JBL-M02, JBLM07 and JBL-M16, were isolated from the soil, which could degrade phorate effectively.JBL-M02, JBL-M07 and JBL-M16 were identified as Bacillus toyonensis, Bacillus halmapalus and Bacillus tequilensis. The degradation efficiency of 10mg/L of phorate by JBL-M02 could reach about 95% in 6days, and JBL-M07and JBL-M16 could reach 93% and 98% respectively under the same conditions. The combination of JBL-M02 and JBL-M16 could significantly accelerate the degradation of phorate, and the degradation efficiency was significantly better than other combinations. JBL-M07 and JBL-M16 have been successfully developed into a microbial agent for bioremediation of phorate pollution, and the new microbial agent could also effectively degrade some other organophosphorus pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phorate is a systemic, broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide. Although it is commonly used worldwide, phorate, like other pesticides, not only causes environmental pollution but also poses serious threats to human and animal health. Herein, we measured the blood glucose concentrations of high-fat-diet-fed mice exposed to various concentrations of phorate (0, 0.005, 0.05, or 0.5 mg/kg); we also assessed the blood glucose concentrations of high-fat-diet-fed mice exposed to phorate; we also assessed the distribution characteristics of the resistance genes in the intestinal microbiota of these mice. We found that 0.005 and 0.5 mg/kg of phorate induced obvious hyperglycaemia in the high-fat-diet-fed mice. Exposure to phorate markedly reduced the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the mouse intestine. The resistance genes vanRG, tetW/N/W, acrD, and evgS were significantly upregulated in the test group compared with the control group. Efflux pumping was the primary mechanism of drug resistance in the Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Synergistetes, Spirochaetes, and Actinobacteria found in the mouse intestine. Our findings indicate that changes in the abundance of the intestinal microbiota are closely related to the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the intestinal tract and the metabolic health of the host.

Biochar is an external organic input added in soil as ameliorative agent against soil pollution. In this study, the impact of biochar on Eisenia fetida's mortality (LC50) of two organophosphates (Phorate and Chlorpyriphos) in the artificial OECD soil was assessed. Acute test was applied to calculate the LC50 of Phorate and chlorpyrifos on the earthworm Eisenia fetida by using artificial soil test. Biochar was derived from rice straw, a major agricultural crop residue at two different pyrolysis temperature 300°C and 500°C with the heating rate of 10°C/min for 3 hours in an inert gas environment with limited supply of oxygen in a tubular muffle furnace. Rice straw biochar was then analyzed physiochemically and morphologically. Results demonstrated that the biochar produced is consistent with available literature. Experiment was set up as per OECD guidelines. Two different biochar RSB300 and RSB500 treatments were applied from 1.5%, 3%, 5%, 6.5%, 8% and 10% application rate for both organophosphates separately to nullify the earthworm's mortality at LC50. The mortality changes were noted after 14 days exposure of treatments at median lethal concentration of pesticides.LC50 of Phorate and CPF were calculated by probit analysis (p value <.005) and found to be 27.436mg/kg and 99.806 mg/Kg respectively. The outcome of correlation analysis between rate of application of biochar vs mortality (LC50) in Eisenia fetida for Phorate and Chlorpyrifos reported that RSB500 Phorate and RSB500 CPF showed statistically significant difference with p values close to 0 and R square values than RSB300 Phorate and RSB300 CPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPS) are widely used in the world, and many poisoning cases were caused by them. Phorate intoxication is especially common in China. However, there are currently few methods for discriminating phorate poisoning death from phorate exposure after death and interpretation of false-positive results due to the lack of effective biomarkers. In this study, we investigated the metabonomics of rat plasma at different dose levels of acute phorate intoxication using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF–MS) analysis. A total of 11 endogenous metabolites were significantly changed in the groups exposed to phorate at LD50 level and three times of LD50 (3LD50) level compared with the control group, which could be potential biomarkers of acute phorate intoxication. Plasma metabonomics analysis showed that diethylthiophosphate (DETP) could be a useful biomarker of acute phorate intoxication. The levels of uric acid, acylcarnitine, succinate, gluconic acid, and phosphatidylcholine (PC) (36:2) were increased, while pyruvate level was decreased in all groups exposed to phorate. The levels of ceramides (Cer) (d 18:0/16:0), palmitic acid, and lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) (18:1) were only changed after 3LD50 dosage. The results of this study indicate that the dose-dependent relationship exists between metabolomic profile change and toxicities associated with apoptosis, fatty acid metabolism disorder, energy metabolism disorder especially tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, as well as liver, kidney, and nervous system functions after acute exposure of phorate. This study shows that metabonomics is a useful tool in identifying biomarkers for the forensic toxicology study of phorate poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the maximum allowable deviation of ion abundance ratios of characteristic fragment ions in common drugs （poisons） in blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） method. Methods Four common drugs （poisons） （dichlorvos, phorate, diazepam and estazolam） were detected by GC-MS full scan mode after liquid-liquid extraction in two laboratories and under three chromatographic conditions. The deviations of ion abundance ratios of the four common drugs （poisons） in marked blood samples with concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 μg/mL were analyzed. At the same time, the false negative rates of ion abundance ratios were analyzed when the mass concentration was limit of detection （LOD）, 2LOD, limit of quantitation （LOQ） and 2LOQ, and the false positive rates of ion abundance ratios were analyzed with blank blood samples. Results Under the two laboratories, four common drugs （poisons） and three kinds of chromatography conditions, the differences in deviations of the ion abundance ratios of marked blood samples were not statistically significant （P>0.05）. More than 95% of the absolute deviations of the ion abundance ratios of the marked blood samples were within the range of ±10%, and more than 95% of the relative deviations were within the range of ±25%. In cases of low concentration （concentration less than 2LOQ） or low signal to noise ratio （3-15）, the false negative rate was less than 5% and the false positive rate was 0% when the relative deviation was greater than 50%. Conclusion The absolute deviations of ion abundance ratios of four common drugs （poisons） in marked blood samples are advised to have a determination range within ±10%, and the determination range of relative deviations within ±25%.

It has been estimated that approximately one in seven of all global suicides is due to pesticide self-poisoning, mostly in rural areas of developing countries. Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are a group of pesticides exerting their toxicological effects through non-reversible inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Among these compounds, phorate (thimet) is one of the most dangerous compounds, the use of which is restricted in many countries. A case of intentional suicide after phorate ingestion in a 24-year-old Bengali male is described. This is the second case of suicidal ingestion of phorate reported in the forensic literature, and the first presenting complete toxicological findings.

Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) assessments were performed on the renal cells of common carp Cyprinus carpio to observe the deleterious effects of two organophosphate insecticides, Phorate and Dimethoate. Pesticides such as Phorate and Dimethoate often pollute aquatic systems where they may negatively impact fish, but so far, the ultrastructural toxicity of these pesticides remains poorly understood. Here, we use Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) to determine how acute exposure to sublethal concentrations of these two pesticides may affect the renal cells of common carp Cyprinus carpio. For each insecticide, the fish were divided in four experimental conditions: a control and three different exposure concentrations of the pesticide. The Phorate treated fish were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of 0.2 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L, 0.6 mg/L for a duration of 24, 48 & 72 h. The dimethoate treated fish were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of 0.005 mL/L, 0.01 mL/L, 0.015 mL/L for a duration of 24, 48 and 72 h. The two-dimensional transmission electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural abnormalities in the treated fish renal cells when exposed to two toxicants including deformation in the glomerulus, vacuolization of cytoplasm, degenerative nucleus and damaged mitochondria. Furthermore, the ultrastructural abnormalities were more prominent with the increase in the concentrations of both the insecticides and also with their exposure period. Overall, these results provide important baseline data on the ultrastructural toxicity of Phorate and Dimethoate and will allow important follow-up studies to further elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms of pesticide toxicity in wildlife.

Here, in this study citrate-gold, NPs was prepared and used for visual recognition of phorate pesticide. The synthesized gold NPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopic techniques. The developed method is simple and easy to operate. The detection requires only the addition of phorate into colloidal gold NPs solution. Phorate induced the aggregation of gold NPs resulting in the color transformation from wine-red to blue and alteration in SPR spectra from 520 nm to 658 nm was observed. The color change was easily assessed by bare eye and absorption spectra were measured using UV-visible spectroscopy. Moreover, the developed method will be a promising tool for on-site determination of phorate in real environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the maximum allowable deviation of retention time （RT） or relative retention time （RRT） between the common poisons （drugs） and standard solvent by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Methods After pretreatment with liquid-liquid extraction, four common poisons （drugs）—dichlorvos, phorate, diazepam and estazolam—were detected by full scan mode GC-MS. RT and RRT were analyzed according to combined uncertainty and expanded uncertainty. Results The expanded uncertainty of RT and RRT were 6.0×10-4-14.1×10-3 and 2.5×10-6-5.9×10-5 （k=3）, respectively. The RT of poisons （drugs） was relatively stable in blood samples with different mass concentrations. Among dichlorvos, phorate, diazepam and estazolam, the absolute deviation and relative deviation of RT were ≤0.03 min and ≤0.4%, respectively, and those of RRT were ≤0.003 min and ≤0.3%, respectively. Conclusion The maximum allowable deviations of RT and RRT for common poisons （drugs） in blood samples are recommended to be ±0.05 min and ±0.5%.

Abstract Background The toxicity test has been developed to examine the effects of pesticides on fertilization and early development of marine polychaete Hydroides elegans (H. elegans). The pesticides lead to pollution of the ground water, aquatic environments and also marine environment. It directly enters the food chains of the organisms, and it affects the marine ecosystems. The pesticides alter the regular functions of the marine organisms as well as the physiological structure. Results The toxic effect of phorate on fertilization, early developmental stages of H. elegans, was examined, and it was found that the rate of successful development of embryonic development decreased when the concentration of phorate increased in sea water. The results present here strongly suggest that the mechanism of action of the pesticide probably acts on several intracellular targets based on EC50 values of the present study. It indicates that phorate was most toxic to the early developmental stages of H. elegans. Conclusion The results indicate that the early development of H. elegans is highly sensitive to phorate. The sedentary polychaete, Hydroides elegans, can be routinely used as a test organism for eco-toxicity bioassays at tropical and subtropical regions.

In the current study, experimental (UV–visible, Fourier transform infrared [FTIR], 1H-NMR and scanning electron microscope) and computational (UV–visible, FTIR, 1H-NMR, HOMO–LUMO, steric and geometric parameters) analyses of acephate, glyphosate, monocrotophos and phorate were performed for the first time. Computational studies were performed at the HF/6–311G(d,p) level of theory. It was found that experimental values of UV–visible, FTIR, 1H-NMR and geometric data were in very good agreement with the computational ones. The current study may assist future studies, like spectral analysis, pesticide(s) detection, surface behaviour and decomposition analysis of top selling titled pesticides of world market.

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND Resistance to the dinitroaniline herbicide trifluralin in Lolium rigidum (annual ryegrass) often is mediated by the enhanced capacity to metabolize the herbicide to less toxic polar conjugates and/or by functionally recessive target‐site mutations in α‐tubulin. RESULTS: In two L. rigidum populations possessing enhanced trifluralin metabolism, resistance was largely reversed by recurrent selection with the thiocarbamate herbicide prosulfocarb (i.e. plant survival was two‐ to >20‐fold lower). Their ability to metabolize trifluralin was significantly decreased (by ≈2.3‐fold) following recurrent prosulfocarb selection, to levels comparable to those observed in susceptible plants or when trifluralin metabolism was inhibited by treatment with the insecticide phorate. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that trait(s) enabling efficient trifluralin metabolism in L. rigidum are purged from the population under prosulfocarb recurrent selection. The level of trifluralin metabolism in vitro and its inhibition caused by phorate action on trifluralin‐metabolizing enzyme(s) is equivalent to the effect produced by prosulfocarb selection. The hypothetical link between the two phenomena is that the putative monooxygenase(s) conferring trifluralin metabolic resistance also mediate the activation of prosulfocarb to its toxic sulfoxide. Thus, we speculate that survival to prosulfocarb via a lack of metabolic herbicide activation, and survival to trifluralin conferred by enhanced herbicide metabolism, are mutually exclusive. These findings not only open up a new research direction in terms of the interaction between different herbicide resistance mechanisms in L. rigidum, but also offer strategies for immediate management of the population dynamics of metabolism‐based resistance in the field. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive and selective assay based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for quantification of phorate in river water. The chromatographic separation of phorate was achieved on Zorbax C18 column using two mobile phase consisting 0.1% formic acid in methanol, and 0.1% formic acid in MilliQ water (v/v ratio of 96:04) by isocratic elution method at a flow rate of 300 µL/min. The quantification was carried out using multiple reaction monitoring transitions of m/z 261/75 for phorate. The lower limit of detection and limit of quantification for the developed UPLC-MS/MS was 0.08 ng/mL and of 0.19 ng/mL respectively. The assay was validated for selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. The developed assay was then employed for quantification of phorate in river water and wetland treated water. The role of constructed wetlands (CW) in phorate removal was established in this study. The removal efficiency of phorate by Constructed Wetland was found to be 60–90% along with an overall 70–90% reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and phosphorus (P). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Hungary, during the 2000s, pesticide poisoning became the most important threat for raptors, especially for the globally threatened Eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca). In September 2013, with a focus on carbofuran and phorate, the first poison and carcass detection dog (PCDD) unit was formed in Hungary with a specifically trained detection dog and handler. Two more dogs were subsequently trained and joined the unit in 2017 and 2020 respectively. Between its inception until August 2020, the PCDD unit conducted 1,083 searches in five countries, which revealed 329 poisoned animals of 15 bird and nine mammal species, 120 poisoned baits and five pesticide products. Globally threatened species, including eight Eastern imperial eagles and four saker falcons (Falco cherrug), were among the detected victims. Present at 66.45% of wildlife poisoning events, the unit revealed 37.87% of the victims and 79.70% of the poisoned baits known in Hungary during the period 2013-2020. Compared to human surveys, the PCDD unit demonstrated a significantly higher find rate for poisoned baits. At 22 poisoning events (14.38% of all cases) only the PCDD unit revealed victims or poisoned baits; cases that would probably have gone undetected without the PCCD unit. Of the two focal pesticides, carbofuran was more frequently detected - in 88.56% of the positive samples. The unit played a significant role in detecting and combating wildlife poisoning incidents by deterring potential offenders and facilitating police investigations through retrieval of evidence otherwise difficult to obtain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Multiple‐herbicide resistance in Lolium rigidum and other weed species is increasingly exerting pressure on herbicide discovery research for solutions against resistance‐prone weeds. In this study we investigate: (i) the responses of L. rigidum populations and wheat to the new herbicide cinmethylin in comparison with other pre‐emergence herbicides, (ii) the effect of seed burial depths on cinmethylin efficacy and crop selectivity, and (iii) the basis of cinmethylin selectivity in wheat. RESULTS: Cinmethylin at 400 g ha−1 controls herbicide‐susceptible and multiple‐resistant L. rigidum, with a reduction of >85% in plant emergence and 90% in aboveground biomass. Cinmethylin provides effective control of a large number of field populations of L. rigidum with evident resistance to trifluralin. When the wheat seed is buried ≥1 cm below the cinmethylin‐treated soil surface, the emergence of crop seedlings is not different from the untreated control. The organophosphate insecticide phorate synergizes cinmethylin toxicity in wheat, with an LD50 of 682 g ha−1 in the absence of phorate versus 109 g ha−1 in the presence of phorate (84% reduction). The synergistic effect of phorate with cinmethylin on herbicide‐susceptible L. rigidum appears smaller (a 44% reduction in the LD50 of cinmethylin). CONCLUSIONS: Cinmethylin is effective in controlling multiple‐resistant L. rigidum and appears safe for wheat when the seed is separated at depth from the herbicide applied to the soil surface. The basis of this metabolism‐based selectivity is likely regulated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Forensic Medicine / Fayixue Zazhi is the property of Journal of Forensic Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Herein, we studied phorate for its toxicological effects in human lymphocytes. Phorate treatment for 3 h has induced significant increase in the lymphocytic DNA damage. Compared to control, comet data from highest concentration of phorate (1000 µM) showed 8.03-fold increase in the Olive tail moment (OTM). Cytokinesis blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay revealed 6.4-fold increase in binucleated micronucleated (BNMN) cells following the exposure with phorate (200 µM) for 24 h. The nuclear division index (NDI) in phorate (200 µM) treated cells reduced to 1.8 vis-à-vis control cells showed NDI of 1.94. Comparative to untreated control, 60.43% greater DCF fluorescence was quantitated in lymphocytes treated with phorate (500 µM), affirming reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidative stress. Flow cytometric data of phorate (200 µM) treated lymphocytes showed 81.77% decline in the fluorescence of rhodamine 123 (Rh123) dye, confirming the perturbation of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ Ψm). Calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) treated with phorate (1000 µM) exhibited 2.3-fold higher 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) DNA adduct formation, signified the oxidative DNA damage. The alkaline unwinding assay revealed 4.0 and 6.5 ct-DNA strand breaks when treated to phorate and phorate-Cu (II) complex. Overall, the data unequivocally suggests the cyto- and genotoxic potential of phorate in human lymphocytes, which may induce comparable toxicological consequences in persons occupationally or non-occupationally exposed to insecticide phorate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work performed a large scale assessment for organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) degradation activity of 121 Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum strains. Six L. plantarum strains (P9, IMAU80110, IMAU40100, IMAU10585, IMAU10209, and IMAU80070) were found to possess high capacity of degrading three commonly used OPPs, namely dimethoate, phorate, and omethoate; and they were selected for more detailed characterization. Moreover, the three OPPs were mainly detected in the culture supernatants but not in the cell extracts, further confirming that the OPPs were degraded rather than absorbed by the cells. Among the six selected strains, P9 was most tolerant to gastrointestinal juices and bile. We thus used ultra-high performance liquid chromatography electron spray ionization coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF/MS) to generate the metabolomic profiles of the strain P9 growing in MRS medium with and without containing phorate. By using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, we identified some potential phorate-derived degradative products. This work has identified novel lactic acid bacteria resources for application in pesticide degradation. Our results also shed light on the phorate degradation mechanism by L. plantarum P9.

Soil moisture, organic matter, and soil microbes are the key considering factors that control the persistence, degradation, and transformation of applied pesticides under varied soil conditions. In this study, underlying influence of these factors was assessed through the fates and metabolic transformation of two non-ionic pesticides (e.g., Phorate and Terbufos) in soils. Concisely, two distinct experiments including a customized batch equilibrium (sorption study), and a lab incubation trial (degradation study) were performed, following the OECD guidelines. As per study findings, biochar (BC) amendment was found to be the most influential factors during sorption study, particularly, 1% BC amendment contributed to achieve the best results. In addition, the non-linearity of sorption isotherm (1/n < 1.0) was revealed through Freundlich isotherm, indicating the strong adsorption of studied pesticides onto the soils. On the other hand, during degradation study, soil moisture initiates the enhanced degradation of parent pesticides and subsequent metabolism. In the presence of 40% water holding capacity (WHC), 1% BC amendment enhances the metabolic transformation, while H 2 O 2 treatment could hinder the process. Additionally, the half-life degradation (t 1/2 ) of phorate and terbufos was controlled by biochar amendment, moisture, and soil sterilization, respectively. Finally, BC can accelerate the metabolic transformation, whereas, phorate underwent a metabolic change into sulfoxide and sulfone while terbufos turned into solely sulfoxide. This pioneering study gathered crucial data for understanding the persistence and metabolic transition of non-ionic pesticides in soils and their patterns of degradation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Journal of Forensic Medicine / Fayixue Zazhi is the property of Journal of Forensic Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microbial consortia isolated from aged phorate contaminated soil were used to degrade phorate. The consortia of three microorganisms ( Brevibacterium frigoritolerans , Bacillus aerophilus and Pseudomonas fulva ) could degrade phorate, and the highest phorate removal (between 97.65 and 98.31%) was found in soils inoculated with mixed cultures of all the three bacterial species. However, the mixed activity of any of two of these bacteria was lower than mixed consortia of all the three bacterial species. The highest degradation by individual mixed consortia of ( B. frigoritolerans+B.aerophilus, B. aerophilus+P. fulva and B. frigoritolerans+P. fulva ) appeared in soil between (92.28–94.09%, 95.45–97.15% and 94.08–97.42%, respectively). Therefore, inoculation of highly potential microbial consortia isolated from in situ contaminated soil could result in most effective bioremediation consortia for significantly relieving soils from phorate residues. This much high phorate remediation from phorate contaminated soils have never been reported earlier by mixed culture of native soil bacterial isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work performed a large scale assessment for organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) degradation activity of 121 Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum strains. Six L. plantarum strains (P9, IMAU80110, IMAU40100, IMAU10585, IMAU10209, and IMAU80070) were found to possess high capacity of degrading three commonly used OPPs, namely dimethoate, phorate, and omethoate; and they were selected for more detailed characterization. Moreover, the three OPPs were mainly detected in the culture supernatants but not in the cell extracts, further confirming that the OPPs were degraded rather than absorbed by the cells. Among the six selected strains, P9 was most tolerant to gastrointestinal juices and bile. We thus used ultra-high performance liquid chromatography electron spray ionization coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF/MS) to generate the metabolomic profiles of the strain P9 growing in MRS medium with and without containing phorate. By using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, we identified some potential phorate-derived degradative products. This work has identified novel lactic acid bacteria resources for application in pesticide degradation. Our results also shed light on the phorate degradation mechanism by L. plantarum P9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • MMB4 DMS and HLö-7 DMS demonstrate superior qualities against CWNA and pesticides. • They both provide significant PR against all three OPs compared to atropine controls. • Significance was not readily observed across the board when compared against 2-PAM Cl. • The ED 50 values of MMB4 DMS was lower than other oximes against all three Ops. Abstract Organophosphorus (OP) compounds, including pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNA), are threats to the general population as possible weapons of terrorism or by accidental exposure whether through inadvertent release from manufacturing facilities or during transport. To mitigate the toxicities posed by these threats, a therapeutic regimen that is quick-acting and efficacious against a broad spectrum of OPs is highly desired. The work described herein sought to assess the protective ratio (PR), median effective doses (ED 50), and therapeutic index (TI = oxime 24-h LD 50 /oxime ED 50) of MMB4 DMS, HLö-7 DMS, and 2-PAM Cl against the OPs sarin (GB), VX, and phorate-oxon (PHO). All OPs are representative of the broader classes of G and V chemical warfare nerve agents and persistent pesticides. MMB4 DMS and HLö-7 DMS were previously identified as comparative efficacy leads warranting further evaluations. 2-PAM Cl is the U.S. FDA-approved standard-of-care oxime therapy for OP intoxication. Briefly, PRs were determined in male guinea pigs by varying the subcutaneously (SC) delivered OP dose followed then by therapy with fixed levels of the oxime and atropine (0.4 mg/kg; administered intramuscularly [IM]). ED 50 s were determined using a similar approach except the OP dose was held constant at twice the median lethal dose (2 × LD 50) while the oxime treatment levels were varied. The ED 50 information was then used to calculate the TI for each OP/oxime combination. Both MMB4 DMS and HLö-7 DMS provided significant protection, i.e., higher PR against GB, VX, and PHO when compared to atropine controls, but significance was not readily demonstrated across the board when compared against 2-PAM Cl. The ED 50 values of MMB4 DMS was consistently lower than that of the other oximes against all three OPs. Furthermore, based on those ED 50 s, the TI trend of the various oximes against both GB and VX was MMB4 DMS > HLö-7 DMS > 2-PAM Cl, while against PHO, MMB4 DMS > 2-PAM Cl > HLö-7 DMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of five selected pesticide compounds in a brackish model groundwater solution was examined using a bench scale direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) system. It was found that the rejection rate of the pesticides in DCMD is mainly influenced by its properties. Compounds with low hydrophobic characteristics and low vapour pressure showed a high rejection rate (70-99%), whereas compounds with a high vapour pressure or high hydrophobicity (LogD) showed a reduced rejection (30-50%) at a water recovery of 75%. The influence of groundwater feed solution contents such as the presence of organics (humic acid) and inorganic ions (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl− and SO42−) as well as feed temperature (40, 55 and 70 °C) on the rejection of the pesticides in DCMD operation was also evaluated. The results showed that the presence of inorganic ions and organics in the feed solution influences the pesticides rejection in DCMD operation to a minor degree. In contrast, reduced rejection of pesticides with high vapour pressure was observed. A rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) was carried out to study the removal of any remaining substances in the permeate by adsorption onto granular activated carbon (GAC). RSSCT showed promising performance of GAC as a post-treatment option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) concentrations in maize and estimate the health risk to consumers, a total of 55 samples were collected from Yushu, one of the most important maize production areas. The concentrations of the eleven detected OPs in maize were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with flame photometric detector (GC-FPD). The results showed that OPs concentrations of all maize were not higher than maximum residue limit (MRL), 67.3% of samples below MRL and only in 32.7% of samples was not found OPs. The mean concentrations obtained for the eleven OPs in μg kg-1were as follows: omethoate (0.8), quinalphos (0.8), phorate (0.7), dimethoate (0.7), parathion-methyl (0.6), isocarbophos (0.6), diazinon (0.5), fenitrothion (0.5), and malathion (0.5), with parathion (0.5) and fenthion (0.3). Phorate (16.4%), dimethoate (16.4%) and quinalphos (16.4%) had the highest frequency in the eleven OPs. 29.1% samples contained two or more kinds of OPs, while 38.2% samples detected one kind of OPs. The target hazard quotients (THQ) values were all less than one and the total acute hazard index (aHI) values for adults and children were 0.051 and 0.121, respectively indicating that consumer may not pose significant chronic and acute health risk through maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phorate is a highly toxic agricultural pesticide currently in use throughout the world. Like many other organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, the primary mechanism of the acute toxicity of phorate is acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition mediated by its bioactivated oxon metabolite. AChE reactivation is a critical aspect in the treatment of acute OP intoxication. Unfortunately, very little is currently known about the capacity of various oximes to rescue phorate oxon (PHO)-inhibited AChE. To help fill this knowledge gap, we evaluated the kinetics of inhibition, reactivation, and aging of PHO using recombinant AChE derived from three species (rat, guinea pig and human) commonly utilized to study the toxicity of OP compounds and five oximes that are currently fielded (or have been deemed extremely promising) as anti-OP therapies by various nations around the globe: 2-PAM Cl, HI-6 DMS, obidoxime Cl 2 , MMB4-DMS, and HLö7 DMS. The inhibition rate constants ( k i ) for PHO were calculated for AChE derived from each species and found to be low (i.e., 4.8 × 10 3 to 1.4 × 10 4 M − 1 min − 1 ) compared to many other OPs. Obidoxime Cl 2 was the most effective reactivator tested. The aging rate of PHO-inhibited AChE was very slow (limited aging was observed out to 48 h) for all three species. Conclusions: (1) Obidoxime Cl 2 was the most effective reactivator tested. (2) 2-PAM Cl, showed limited effectiveness in reactivating PHO-inhibited AChE, suggesting that it may have limited usefulness in the clinical management of acute PHO intoxication. (3) The therapeutic window for oxime administration following exposure to phorate (or PHO) is not limited by aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, experimental (UV-visible, Fourier transform infrared [FTIR], 1H-NMR and scanning electron microscope) and computational (UV-visible, FTIR, 1H-NMR, HOMO-LUMO, steric and geometric parameters) analyses of acephate, glyphosate, monocrotophos and phorate were performed for the first time. Computational studies were performed at the HF/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. It was found that experimental values of UV-visible, FTIR, 1H-NMR and geometric data were in very good agreement with the computational ones. The current study may assist future studies, like spectral analysis, pesticide(s) detection, surface behaviour and decomposition analysis of top selling titled pesticides of world market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]