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Biochar and phosphate fertilizer are commonly employed for the mitigation of soil cadmium (Cd) contamination. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of research regarding the mechanism behind their joint implementation. In this study, a combination of corn straw biochar (0 (C0), 5 (C5), and 10 (C10) g kg−1) and calcium superphosphate (0 (P0), 0.1 (P1), 0.2 (P2), 0.5 (P5), and 1.0 (P10) g kg−1) was applied in pot experiments, and the effects of the combined application on Cd bioavailability and its uptake by cabbage were investigated in Cd-contaminated soils. The results demonstrated that the combined treatment of applying biochar and Ca(H2PO2)2 yielded a significant decrease in the uptake of Cd by cabbage in alkaline soil, in contrast to the individual treatments of biochar or Ca(H2PO2)2. Compared to the CK treatment (C0P0), the Cd content in the shoots decreased by 46.26% and in the roots decreased by 24.81%, while the biomass of the cabbage demonstrated a noteworthy increase in C5P10 treatment. Compared to the CK treatment, the content of available phosphate (AP) in the soil increased by 17.57 mg kg−1, residual Cd increased by 22.02%, the exchangeable Cd decreased by 45.86%, and carbonate-bound Cd decreased by 20.55% in the C5P10 treatment. Therefore, it is advisable to use a combination of 5 g kg−1 biochar and 1 g kg−1 Ca(H2PO2)2 for the restoration of soil contaminated with Cd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pb soil pollution poses a serious health risk to both the environment and humans. Immobilization is the most common strategy for remediation of heavy metal polluted soil. In this study, municipal sewage sludge was used as an amendment for rehabilitation of Pb-contaminated soils, for agricultural use, near a lead-acid battery factory. The passivation effect was further improved by the addition of phosphate fertilizer. It was found that the leachable Pb content in soils was decreased from 49.6 mg kg−1 to 16.1–36.6 mg kg−1 after remediation of sludge for 45 d at applied dosage of municipal sewage sludge of 4–16 wt%, and further decreased to 14.3–34.3 mg kg−1 upon extension of the remediation period to 180 d. The addition of phosphate fertilizer greatly enhanced the Pb immobilization, with leachable Pb content decreased to 2.0–23.6 mg kg−1 with increasing dosage of phosphate fertilizer in range of 0.8–16 wt% after 180 d remediation. Plant assays showed that the bioavailability of Pb was significantly reduced by the soil remediation, with the content of absorbed Pb in mung bean roots decreased by as much as 87.0%. The decrease in mobility and biotoxicity of the soil Pb is mainly attributed to the speciation transformation of carbonate, Fe-Mn oxides and organic matter bound Pb to residue Pb under the synergism of reduction effect of sludge and acid dissolution and precipitation effect of phosphate fertilizer. This study suggests a new method for remediation of Pb-contaminated soil and utilization of municipal sewage sludge resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils is a common issue, posing health risks as it enters the human body through the food chain. Commonly used phosphate fertilizers (PFs) not only provide essential phosphorus (P) nutrients to crops but also serve as P-containing materials for immobilizing heavy metals (HMs) like Cd in soils. Therefore, understanding the passivation effects of PFs on soil Cd and their potential influencing factors is crucial for mitigating soil Cd pollution. In this study, the impact of multi-crop applications (75 mg P kg−1, 150 mg P kg−1) of four kinds of PFs on reducing soil Cd toxicity and decreasing Cd accumulation in spinach was investigated. The results indicated that under the low application rate (75.0 mg P kg−1), all PFs could passivate Cd, and CMP demonstrated the most effective passivation of Cd. However, under the high application rate (150 mg P kg−1), the immobilization effect diminished or even activated Cd. Among the different types of PFs, CMP application alleviated soil acidification and significantly reduced soil-available Cd, showing the best performance in promoting spinach growth and Cd inhibition. These results suggest that PF application in Cd-contaminated soils affects spinach growth and Cd accumulation, with soil pH, available phosphorus (AP), and Cd dynamics being crucial; moreover, low-P, micronutrient-rich, alkaline PFs like CMP optimize spinach yields and minimize Cd uptake, and excessive application of soluble PFs decreases pH, increases Cd mobility, and poses health risks, suggesting a need for balanced fertilizer use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive fertilizer application increases the risk of eutrophication and agricultural non-point source pollution (ANPS) in rivers near farmland. However, the processes and mechanisms of runoff and phosphorus losses, particularly in the interflow, under various fertilizer treatments and rainfall scenarios are not well understood. This study used orthogonal experimental methods to investigate the combined effects of fertilization schemes and rainfall intensity on multi-form phosphorus runoff losses and to establish statistical relationships and regression models between phosphorus losses and environmental factors in surface runoff and interflow. The results indicated that (1) the optimized fertilization scheme, compared with conventional fertilization, enhanced pak choi (Brassica rapa) growth while reducing phosphorus runoff losses. By reducing phosphorus fertilization by 35.7%, total phosphorus losses decreased by 29.3%, 34.2%, and 29.8% under light, moderate, and heavy rainfall, respectively. (2) Different fertilizer applications and rainfall intensities had varying effects on phosphorus losses through different pathways. Fertilizer application was the primary factor affecting phosphorus losses in surface runoff, while rainfall intensity mainly influenced phosphorus losses through interflow. (3) Surface runoff was the dominant pathway for phosphorus losses from farmland (>92.0%), with particulate phosphorus (>89.4%) being the predominant form. However, under high-intensity and long-duration rainfall, interflow became a significant pathway for phosphorus losses. This study highlights the importance of optimized fertilization in reducing phosphorus losses and improving fertilizer efficiency in agricultural fields. The findings will help develop strategies to mitigate ANPS and soil nutrient losses in the North China Plain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilizer recommendations for phosphorus (P) are generally based on the soil content of plant available P and the amount of P exported by the harvested crop. In countries of the former Soviet Union (SU), a widespread method is the Machigin extraction. The relationships between soil P contents extracted with this and other European methods are not well established. Here, we compare the Machigin soil P extraction method with the Calcium Ammonium Lactate P(CAL) procedure that is commonly used in Central Europe. Both methods were tested with 94 soil samples originating from Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, and Germany. Overall, the P amount extracted with the CAL method was 2.8 times higher than that extracted with the Machigin method. However, using results from all analyzed individual soil samples, the relation between P(CAL) and P(Machigin) showed large scatter and an R2 of only 0.364. Differing relations between P(CAL) and P(Machigin) were observed for soils with pH >7 and <7. However, these are overshadowed by differences between the three geographic groups of the soil samples. The estimated soil P fertility classes for the Machigin extraction were mostly higher than for the German (CAL) procedure, resulting in lower fertilizer recommendations for the Machigin method. To improve the accuracy of conversion between both methods, evaluation of laboratory proficiency tests (i.e. analysis of the same soil samples in different laboratories with the same methods) of the Machigin method should be useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lushan Yunwu tea quality is limited by soil acidity and sterility. This article examined a 3-year localization experiment at 1100 m altitude to demonstrate the sustainable management of conditioners, calcium magnesium phosphate (P), rapeseed cake (C), and combination application (P + C) by one-time application on the soil-tea system in Mount Lushan. The study found that conditioners (P, C, P + C) reduced soil acidification and maintained a pH of 4.75–5.34, ideal for tea tree development for 3 years. Phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC), nitrogen activation coefficient (NAC), and organic matter (OM) content were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the first year after conditioner treatment, with P + C being the best. After P + C, PAC, NAC, and OM rose by 31.25%, 47.70%, and 10.06 g kg−1 compared to CK. In comparison to the CK, tea's hundred-bud weight (BW), free amino acids (AA), tea polyphenols (TPC), and chlorophyll (Chl) content of P + C treatment got 29.98%, 14.41%, 22.49%, and 28.85% increase compared to that of the CK, respectively. In the second year, the three treatments of P, C and P + C still had significant moderating effects on the physicochemical properties of the soil and the quality indexes of the tea leaves. The PAC of the soil under the three treatments increased by 0.06%, 0.07% and 0.18%, respectively, as compared to the control.P + C increased BW, AA, TPC and Chl of tea for 2 years. Three conditioners had 2-year regulatory impacts on soil fertility indicators, tea output, and quality. C and P + C both increased soil OM by 18.59% and 21.78% compared to CK in the third year, outperforming P treatment. Redundancy analysis revealed that the primary physicochemical factors influencing tea output and quality were soil OM and pH, with available phosphorus, urease, acid phosphatase, and available nitrogen following closely afterwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This experiment aimed to investigate the yield and quality of high erucic acid rape under different nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer interactions, in order to identify nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application treatments that were suitable for stable yield and quality improvement of high erucic acid rape varieties. [Methods] This experiment using high erucic acid rape‘Mianyou 309'as the material, set up 4 nitrogen fertilizer levels (N0:0 kg·hm-2, N1:60 kg·hm-2, N2:120 kg·hm-2, N3:180 kg·hm-2) and 4 phosphorus fertilizer levels (P0:0 kg·hm-2, P1:45 kg·hm-2, P2:90 kg·hm-2, P3:120 kg·hm-2), totaling 16 treatments. This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus interactions on the yield and quality of high erucic acid rape. [Results] The application amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer affected the number of pods, seeds per pod and thousand seed weight per plant, thereby affecting the yield of rape. The yield reached its maximum value under N3P2 treatment in 2020 and 2021, with a maximum value of 2 848.7 kg·hm-2 in 2020, an increase of 206.5% compared with the minimum value of 929.4 kg·hm-2. The maximum value in 2021 was 2 908.3 kg·hm-2, which was 213.6% higher than the minimum value of 927.4 kg·hm-2. Under N3P2 treatment, the measured yield of rape oil in 2020 and 2021 reached the maximum of 1 144.0 and 1 353.1 kg·hm-2, and the maximum erucic acid yield was 582.5 and 685.8 kg·hm-2, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected the oil content of high erucic acid rape, with the highest oil content (41%-42%) under N2 conditions for two years. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers significantly affected the content of erucic acid, reaching the maximum value under N2P2 treatment for two years, with a maximum value of 55.0%. [Conclusions] Reasonable application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers could significantly improve the yield and quality of rape, achieving the goal of increasing yield and income.‘Mianyou 309', as a rape processed with erucic acid, could achieve higher yield and better quality by applying nitrogen 180 kg·hm-2 and phosphorus 90 kg·hm-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present aimed to study the effects of phosphate (P) fertilizer levels (0, 40, and 80 kg P ha-1 ) on the growth and productivity of the Spanish and Turkish faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars, carried out in 2021-2022 at the Kirkuk, Iraq. The results showed that 80 kg P ha-1 significantly influenced the growth and yield traits of faba bean, i.e., branches plant-1, pod length, pods plant-1, seeds plant-1, seeds’ weight pod-1, one-seed weight, 100-seed weight, seed yield plant-1, and seed yield ha-1 . The Turkish faba bean cultivar performed better than the Spanish cultivar for yield-related traits. Interaction between phosphorus fertilizer levels and cultivars influenced all studied traits substantially, except days to 50% flowering and plant height. Correlation analysis showed that seed yield was significantly and positively correlated with branches plant-1, pod length, pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, seeds plant-1, seed weight pod-1, one-seed weight, 100-seed weight, and seed yield plant-1 . Regression analysis indicated a strong relationship between seed yield and its components under phosphorus fertilizer levels. Turkish cultivar responded better to phosphorus fertilizer and performed superbly compared to Spanish cultivar. Therefore, the faba bean Turkish cultivar with 80 kg P ha-1 fertilization could be recommendable for getting higher faba-bean seed yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inorganic Chemicals Industry is the property of Editorial Office of Inorganic Chemicals Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil cadmium (Cd) contamination poses a serious threat to ecosystems, and the application of phosphorus fertilizers can reduce Cd toxicity. However, the specific effects of different phosphorus fertilizers on the subcellular distribution and chemical morphology of Cd in eggplant grown in calcareous Cd-contaminated soil remain unclear. This study examined the impact of various types and levels of phosphate fertilizers on the subcellular distribution and chemical morphology of cadmium in eggplant seedlings using a two-factor analysis. The investigation was conducted via a pot experiment utilizing a two-factor analysis. The application of 0.35 g kg−1 dicalcium phosphate significantly decreased the Cd content in the subcellular distribution and induced notable alterations in the chemical morphology of Cd in eggplant roots. Specifically, the ethanol-extracted Cd state decreased by 65.45%, and the sodium chloride-extracted Cd state decreased by 64.65%. Conversely, Cd extracted by deionized water, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, and the residue state increased by 6.20%, 4.01%, 20.87%, and 17.85%, respectively. The application of 0.35 g kg−1 dicalcium phosphate resulted in the most significant reduction in Cd content in eggplant and modification of subcellular Cd distribution and chemical morphology in roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study synthesized and modified a semi-interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel from polyacrylamide, N,N′-dimethylacrylamide, and maleic acid in a potassium hydroxide solution. The chemical composition, interior morphology, thermal properties, mechanical characteristics, and swelling behaviors of the initial hydrogel (SH) and modified hydrogel (SB) in water, salt solutions, and buffer solutions were investigated. Hydrogels were used as phosphate fertilizer (PF) carriers and applied in farming techniques by evaluating their impact on soil properties and the growth of mustard greens. Fourier-transform infrared spectra confirmed the chemical composition of SH, SB, and PF-adsorbed hydrogels. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that modification increased the largest pore size from 817 to 1513 µm for SH and SB hydrogels, respectively. After modification, the hydrogels had positive changes in the swelling ratio, swelling kinetics, thermal properties, mechanical and rheological properties, PF absorption, and PF release. The modification also increased the maximum amount of PF loaded into the hydrogel from 710.8 mg/g to 770.9 mg/g, while the maximum % release of PF slightly increased from 84.42% to 85.80%. In addition, to evaluate the PF release mechanism and the factors that influence this process, four kinetic models were applied to confirm the best-fit model, which included zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer–Peppas. In addition, after six cycles of absorption and release in the soil, the hydrogels retained their original shapes, causing no alkalinization or acidification. At the same time, the moisture content was higher as SB was used. Finally, modifying the hydrogel increased the mustard greens' lifespan from 20 to 32 days. These results showed the potential applications of modified semi–IPN hydrogel materials in cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Alternative materials can be used to reduce reliance on mining for P-based fertilizers. In this sense, the pyrolysis process of bovine bones produces the “bone char”, which can be used as a source of P. This study aimed to characterize bone char and conduct a comparative analysis with both soluble (triple superphosphate) and non-soluble (Bayóvar phosphate rock) phosphate fertilizers, specifically examining its behavior in soil and uptake by plants. Bone char characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive (SEM-EDS). The XRD analyses have shown the presence of hydroxyapatite in the bone char, bands assigned to P-O stretching from phosphate have been observed in ATR-FTIR, and Ca, P, C, and O elements were identified in the materials by EDS analyses. Solubility from fertilizer extractants was higher for bone char compared to Bayóvar, and both sources showed lower solubility compared to triple superphosphate. Cumulative amount of P released from bone char was higher than Bayóvar and lower than triple superphosphate. Amount of total dry matter, total shoot P uptake, and total shoot Ca uptake were higher for triple superphosphate compared to bone char and Bayóvar. Release profile of P from bone char strongly suggests this material can be used as a slow-release P source, with intermediate solubility between soluble and non-soluble commercialized sources.

Studying the fate of phosphorus (P) around the soil-fertilizer interface is crucial for developing efficient fertilizers. Here, a method is developed to map P dissolution from granules into flooded soil with due attention to avoid oxidation artifacts during monitoring. The method of diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) technique was used in soil incubated under flooded conditions; the P concentration in the DGT was visualized with colorimetry. The diffusion zone around the granule was monitored by repeatedly deploying DGTs with precipitated Zr oxide-based binding gels on the soil surface for 24 h in an anaerobic chamber. The soil surface was opened at various periods after flooding (1–42 days) and after removing the water and a 1 cm upper soil layer, thereby leaving a soil layer with a fixed depth above the embedded fertilizer. The method was developed after testing the effects of DGT deployment time, the placement of DGT (below or above the granule), the fertilizer granule depth (1 cm or 0.4 cm) below the soil surface where the gel was deployed, and the mass of fertilizer granule. The final method was tested in three different P-deficient soils (acid, neutral, calcareous) incubated with granular soluble P fertilizer (triple superphosphate, TSP) under flooded conditions. In the highly P-sorbing acid soil, no diffusion zones were observed. In the other two soils with a lower P sorption capacity, the P diffusion zones in the gels were immediately observed after 1 d of incubation, highlighting the influence of soil properties on the fate of fertilizer P under flooded conditions. The technique developed here allows for a simple, non-destructive assessment of P behavior under flooded conditions and, hence, can be a valuable tool for improving P fertilizer formulations adapted to flooded soils and providing insights into the potential availability of fertilizer-P for plant uptake.

Biochar and phosphate fertilizer are commonly employed for the mitigation of soil cadmium (Cd) contamination. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of research regarding the mechanism behind their joint implementation. In this study, a combination of corn straw biochar (0 (C0), 5 (C5), and 10 (C10) g kg−1) and calcium superphosphate (0 (P0), 0.1 (P1), 0.2 (P2), 0.5 (P5), and 1.0 (P10) g kg−1) was applied in pot experiments, and the effects of the combined application on Cd bioavailability and its uptake by cabbage were investigated in Cd-contaminated soils. The results demonstrated that the combined treatment of applying biochar and Ca(H2PO2)2 yielded a significant decrease in the uptake of Cd by cabbage in alkaline soil, in contrast to the individual treatments of biochar or Ca(H2PO2)2. Compared to the CK treatment (C0P0), the Cd content in the shoots decreased by 46.26% and in the roots decreased by 24.81%, while the biomass of the cabbage demonstrated a noteworthy increase in C5P10 treatment. Compared to the CK treatment, the content of available phosphate (AP) in the soil increased by 17.57 mg kg−1, residual Cd increased by 22.02%, the exchangeable Cd decreased by 45.86%, and carbonate-bound Cd decreased by 20.55% in the C5P10 treatment. Therefore, it is advisable to use a combination of 5 g kg−1 biochar and 1 g kg−1 Ca(H2PO2)2 for the restoration of soil contaminated with Cd.

The use of aluminium (Al) salts, particularly alum, in coagulation is a widespread and conventional treatment method for eliminating pollutants, including phosphorus (P) which can cause eutrophication, from wastewater. However, a significant challenge of this process is the substantial amount of sludge generated, necessitating proper disposal. Historically, land disposal has been a common practice, but it poses potential issues for plant life on these lands. Despite the associated drawbacks, sludge contains elevated concentrations of vital plant nutrients like P and nitrogen, presenting an opportunity for beneficial use in agriculture. Given the imminent scarcity of P fertilizers due to the eventual depletion of high-grade P ores, this review explores the potential advantages and challenges of utilizing Al sludge as a P source for plants and proposes measures for its beneficial application. One primary concern with land application of Al sludge is its high levels of soluble Al, known to be toxic to plants, particularly in acidic soils. Another issue arises from the elevated Al concentration is P fixation and subsequently reducing P uptake by plants. To address these issues, soil treatment options such as lime, gypsum, and organic matter can be employed. Additionally, modifying the coagulation process by substituting part of the Al salts with cationic organic polymers proves effective in reducing the Al content of the sludge. The gradual release of P from sludge into the soil over time proves beneficial for plants with extended growth periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Minerals & Processing / Huagong Kuangwu yu Jiagong is the property of Industrial Minerals & Processing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】In order to understand the effects of different phosphorus fertilizer application rates on soil physical and chemical properties and bacterial community structure in cotton field, the relationship between soil bacterial community and soil physical and chemical properties was investigated by field positioning experiments with different phosphorus additions for six consecutive years.【Method】Five treatments were tested by field localization experiments with different phosphate gradients: 0 kg/hm2 （P0), 75 kg/hm2 （P1), 150 kg/hm2 （P2), 300 kg/hm2 （P3) and 450 kg/hm2 （P4), and the nitrogen and potassium fertilizer application amounts were the same for each treatment. The physical and chemical indexes of soil moisture content, temperature, bulk density, pH, conductivity and organic matter at the cotton bell stage were determined, and the bacterial diversity and structural composition of soil layers with different phosphorus application levels of 0-20 cm were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology.【Result】Phosphorus application could reduce pH and conductivity content. Different phosphorus treatments had no great effect on soil bulk density and soil moisture content. Different phosphorus application levels had significant effects on soil organic matter content and temperature, reaching the highest at P2. In the bacterial community structure, 2 dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria and Actinomycetes, 3 dominant bacterial classes were γ-Proteobacteria, α-Proteobacteria and β-Proteobacteria, 2 dominant bacterial orders were Pseudomonas and Rhizobia, 2 dominant bacterial families were Pseudomonas and Bradyrhizobia, and 4 dominant bacteria genera were Sinobium, Bradyrhizobium, Streptomyces and Glycopolyspora. The number of OTU and Chao1 index processed by P2 were 4702 and 6217.79 respectively, both of which were the highest. The results indicated that phosphorus addition could increase the richness and diversity of soil bacterial community. The relative abundances of 3 phyla（Actinomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Pontomyces) and 2 genera（Bradyrhizobium and Streptomyces) with phosphorus solubility increased significantly with the application of phosphorus fertilizer. The results of RDA analysis showed that soil pH, conductivity, organic matter and bulk density were positively correlated with Actinobacteria and negatively correlated with Proteobacteria.【Conclusion】Compared with non-application of phosphorus fertilizer, the application of phosphorus fertilizer can significantly increase soil temperature, organic matter and the relative abundance of dominant bacterial groups（Planctomycetes, β-Proteobacteria, Bradyrhizobium and Streptomyces), and reduce soil pH and conductivity. Among them, the soil temperature, organic matter and α diversity of P2 treatment are significantly increased, and the electrical conductivity is significantly decreased, which can effectively improve the soil ecological environment and soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhiza has a potential to colonize plant roots towards increasing plant uptake of phosphorous and other nutrients for plant growth. This study investigated comparative influence of Mycorrhiza and Phosphorus on the growth of Bombax costatum seeds from different provenances with a view to improving the growth of the species was investigated. B. costatum seeds were collected from four provenances (Aponmu, Oluwa, Ibadan and Oyo). Seeds from each provenance were sown and at the two-leaf stage after germination, seedlings from each source were transplanted into polythene pots containing mycorrhiza inoculum soil. The inoculation was done at rate of 20 g of mycorrhiza to 2 kg of potting soil. The single super phosphate fertilizer was applied at 0 mg/l (control), 25 mg/l, 50 mg/l, 75 mg/l and 100 mg/l. Seedling height (cm), collar diameter (cm), number of leaves and leaf area (cm2) were assessed fortnightly for 12 weeks. The experimental design was 2 x 4 x 5 factorial arranged in Completely Randomized Design and replicated four times. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results show that there were significant differences (p<0.05) among mycorrhiza inoculum, phosphate fertilizer and provenances on the growth of B. costatum. The treatment with 75 mg/l phosphorus fertilizer had the highest height and leaf area of 20.0 cm and 110.7 cm2 while the lowest values 14.4 cm and 88.8 cm2 were observed for the treatment with 0 mg/l. Growth of B. costatum was enhanced by mycorrhiza inoculum and application of phosphate fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the passivation effect of different phosphate fertilizers and their application amounts on the soil contaminated by heavy metals, the paddy soil contaminated by heavy metals a- round a mining area in Tongling, Anhui was selected for indoor cultivation experiments. The passiva- tion characteristics of soil heavy metals cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) with time changes of 4 kinds of phosphorus fertilizers (diammonium hydrogen phosphate DAP, potassium dihydrogen phosphate MPP, tricalcium phosphate TCP and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer CMP) and 5 kinds of phosphorus application rates were studied. The results showed that the four kinds of phosphorus fertilizers increased soil pH to different degrees, and the order of increase was DAP, CMP, TCP, MPP. All four kinds of phosphorus fertilizers can passivate Cd and Pb in soil to a certain extent, and the overall passivation effect increases with the increase of time and phosphorus application amounts, The passivation efficiencies of DAP, MPP, TCP and CMP to Cd reached 42. 77%, 41.74%, 30.37% and 28. 31%, respectively, and the passivation efficiencies to Pb reached 48.55%, 60.57%, 37.58% and 35.03%, respectively. The passivation effect of phosphate fertilizer on Cd and Pb is mainly the transformation of weak acid extraction state and reducible state to residue state; water-soluble phosphate fertilizers have the risk of activation on Cu and Zn in compound polluted soil, while citric acid-soluble phosphate fertilizers are at the same phosphorus application level. The passivation effect of Pb and Cd in polluted soil is poorer than that of water-soluble phosphate fertilizer. Therefore, phosphate fertilizer is suitable for the remediation of Pb and Cd polluted soil, and has good stability, but the remediation effect of Cu and Zn polluted soil is poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction and processing of the phosphate rocks has produced a massive amount of waste and posed a significant environmental concern. The majority of wastes generated in the fertiliser industry are overburden or waste rocks from mining, and phosphate tailings (PTs) or phosphogyp-sum from the beneficiation process. Phosphate rock mining and beneficiation expose heavy metals and radionuclides into the environment, which are harmful to living things. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration levels of heavy metals and radionuclides activity in the phosphate tailings at Minjingu mines in northen of Tanzania. Heavy metals content and radionu-clide activity concentration were determined using energy dispersive X-ray fluoresence spectroscopy (ED-XRF) and high pure garmin energy detector (HPGe), respectively. The concentra-tion of heavy metals investigated ranges: Cu - 12.9-27.3 mg·kg-1, Fe - 7944.2-19052.2) mg·kg-1, Mn - 410.9-474) mg·kg-1, Ni - 1.9-13.2) mg·kg-1, Al - 3597-13129.2) mg·kg-1, Zn - 195.2-281.7) mg·kg-1, Pb - 0.7-4.5) mg·kg-1 and As - 2.7-11.3) mg·kg-1. The result revealed that, the concentration level of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Ni, As, and Pb) are below the permissible level while concentration level for Zn has high concentration compared to permissible level limit. However, the activity concentration of radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were ranging from 311 to 7,606 Bqkg-1, 207 to 654 Bqkg-1 and 131 to 762 Bqkg-1, respectively. The reported results of activity concentration of radionuclides are found to be higher compared to the recommended world value. The study results will be used as a guide for decision making in addressing problems observed in phosphate tailings, including radiation safety standards for workers and environmental systems in phosphate mines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet potato yields in Brazil are well below the crop’s potential due to inadequate soil fertility and fertilization management. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of phosphate fertilizer on sweet potato yield and nutrition under field conditions. Five rates of P2O5 (0, 100, 200, 400 and 600 kg ha-1) were evaluated in areas of Humic Cambisol, in two cropping seasons. The maximum technical efficiency (38.5 t ha-1) occurred with a rate of 380 kg ha-1 of P2O5, and the economic optimum rate with 121 kg ha-1 of P2O5, corresponding to the marketable yield of 33.3 t ha-1. The sweet potato’s response to the phosphate fertilizer application in Humic Cambisol decreases or ceases if the available P level is higher than 13 mg dm-3, corresponding to the marketable yield of 37.7 t ha-1. The increase in the P2O5rates in the soil resulted in a negative correlation between P and Fe, P and B, P and Cu, and P and Zn in the shoot, and a negative correlation between P and K in the shoot, storage root and whole plant.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils is a common issue, posing health risks as it enters the human body through the food chain. Commonly used phosphate fertilizers (PFs) not only provide essential phosphorus (P) nutrients to crops but also serve as P-containing materials for immobilizing heavy metals (HMs) like Cd in soils. Therefore, understanding the passivation effects of PFs on soil Cd and their potential influencing factors is crucial for mitigating soil Cd pollution. In this study, the impact of multi-crop applications (75 mg P kg−1, 150 mg P kg−1) of four kinds of PFs on reducing soil Cd toxicity and decreasing Cd accumulation in spinach was investigated. The results indicated that under the low application rate (75.0 mg P kg−1), all PFs could passivate Cd, and CMP demonstrated the most effective passivation of Cd. However, under the high application rate (150 mg P kg−1), the immobilization effect diminished or even activated Cd. Among the different types of PFs, CMP application alleviated soil acidification and significantly reduced soil-available Cd, showing the best performance in promoting spinach growth and Cd inhibition. These results suggest that PF application in Cd-contaminated soils affects spinach growth and Cd accumulation, with soil pH, available phosphorus (AP), and Cd dynamics being crucial; moreover, low-P, micronutrient-rich, alkaline PFs like CMP optimize spinach yields and minimize Cd uptake, and excessive application of soluble PFs decreases pH, increases Cd mobility, and poses health risks, suggesting a need for balanced fertilizer use.

Excessive fertilizer application increases the risk of eutrophication and agricultural non-point source pollution (ANPS) in rivers near farmland. However, the processes and mechanisms of runoff and phosphorus losses, particularly in the interflow, under various fertilizer treatments and rainfall scenarios are not well understood. This study used orthogonal experimental methods to investigate the combined effects of fertilization schemes and rainfall intensity on multi-form phosphorus runoff losses and to establish statistical relationships and regression models between phosphorus losses and environmental factors in surface runoff and interflow. The results indicated that (1) the optimized fertilization scheme, compared with conventional fertilization, enhanced pak choi (Brassica rapa) growth while reducing phosphorus runoff losses. By reducing phosphorus fertilization by 35.7%, total phosphorus losses decreased by 29.3%, 34.2%, and 29.8% under light, moderate, and heavy rainfall, respectively. (2) Different fertilizer applications and rainfall intensities had varying effects on phosphorus losses through different pathways. Fertilizer application was the primary factor affecting phosphorus losses in surface runoff, while rainfall intensity mainly influenced phosphorus losses through interflow. (3) Surface runoff was the dominant pathway for phosphorus losses from farmland (>92.0%), with particulate phosphorus (>89.4%) being the predominant form. However, under high-intensity and long-duration rainfall, interflow became a significant pathway for phosphorus losses. This study highlights the importance of optimized fertilization in reducing phosphorus losses and improving fertilizer efficiency in agricultural fields. The findings will help develop strategies to mitigate ANPS and soil nutrient losses in the North China Plain.

Soil cadmium (Cd) contamination affects human health, and the application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer can inhibit the toxic effects of Cd; however, the effects of different P fertilizers on Cd accumulation in calcareous soils are unknown. To address this point, this paper used a pot experiment with four P fertilizer types (monoammonium phosphate (MAP), superphosphate (SSP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), and dicalcium phosphate (DCP)) and four P fertilizer levels (0, 0.15, 0.25, and 0.35 g kg−1, P per kg of soil). The effects of P application on the biomass of eggplant, Cd content, bioconcentration factors, translocation factor, yield quality, and soil Cd morphology changes in a Cd-contaminated environment were explored. Applying 0.35 g kg−1 of DCP significantly increased eggplant biomass while reducing Cd accumulation, concentration, and transport within eggplants under Cd contamination. The P fertilizer changed the distribution of soil Cd morphology. A redundancy analysis identified Cd content in the residual and Fe/Mn oxides-bound states as the primary factors influencing Cd levels in plants. In summary, the application of 0.35 g kg−1 DCP proved most efficient in mitigating Cd accumulation in eggplants under Cd-induced stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop yield and quality are often limited by the amount of phosphate fertilizer added to infertile soils, a key limiting factor for sustainable development in modern agriculture. The polyphosphate kinase (ppk) gene -expressing transgenic rice with a single-copy line (ETRS) is constructed to improve phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency for phosphorus resource conservation. To investigate the potential mechanisms of the increased biomass in ETRS in low phosphate culture, ETRS was cultivated in a low inorganic phosphate (Pi) culture medium (15 μmol/L Pi, LP) and a normal Pi culture medium (300 μmol/L Pi, CP), respectively. After 89 d of cultivation in different concentrations of phosphate culture media, the total phosphorus, polyphosphate (polyP), biomass, photosynthetic rate, nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) contents, related enzyme activities, and related gene expression levels were analyzed. The results showed that ETRS had a high polyP amount to promote the photosynthetic rate in LP, and its biomass was almost the same as the wild type (WT) in CP. The NSC content of ETRS in LP was higher than that of WT in LP, but slightly lower than that of WT in CP. PolyP notably promoted the sucrose phosphate synthase activities of ETRS and significantly down-regulated the expression levels of sucrose transporter genes (OsSUT3 and OsSUT4), resulting in inhibiting the transport of sucrose from shoot to root in ETRS. It was concluded that polyP can stimulate the synthesis of NSCs in LP, which improved the growth of ETRS and triggered the biological activities of ETRS to save phosphate fertilizer. Our study provides a new way to improve the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer in rice production.

Soil cadmium (Cd) contamination poses a serious threat to ecosystems, and the application of phosphorus fertilizers can reduce Cd toxicity. However, the specific effects of different phosphorus fertilizers on the subcellular distribution and chemical morphology of Cd in eggplant grown in calcareous Cd-contaminated soil remain unclear. This study examined the impact of various types and levels of phosphate fertilizers on the subcellular distribution and chemical morphology of cadmium in eggplant seedlings using a two-factor analysis. The investigation was conducted via a pot experiment utilizing a two-factor analysis. The application of 0.35 g kg−1 dicalcium phosphate significantly decreased the Cd content in the subcellular distribution and induced notable alterations in the chemical morphology of Cd in eggplant roots. Specifically, the ethanol-extracted Cd state decreased by 65.45%, and the sodium chloride-extracted Cd state decreased by 64.65%. Conversely, Cd extracted by deionized water, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, and the residue state increased by 6.20%, 4.01%, 20.87%, and 17.85%, respectively. The application of 0.35 g kg−1 dicalcium phosphate resulted in the most significant reduction in Cd content in eggplant and modification of subcellular Cd distribution and chemical morphology in roots.

The application of phosphate fertilizer is an important source of anthropogenic fluoride in agricultural soil. However, relatively few studies have examined the fluoride content of phosphate fertilizers, and that has limited our understanding of the phosphate fertilizer contribution to soil fluoride accumulation and distribution. To examine this problem, we first quantified the total fluoride (TF) and water-soluble fluoride (WF) contents of six of the most commonly used commercial phosphate fertilizers in China (potassium dihydrogen phosphate (MKP), calcium superphosphate (SSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), ternary compound fertilizer (NPK), and water-soluble macroelement fertilizer (WSF)). After calculating the [P2O5]/TF ratio for each of those fertilizers, we used those ratios and the average P2O5 application per crop of five typical crops grown in China (apples, greenhouse vegetables, wheat, corn, and rice) to estimate the annual fluoride accumulations in their soils after application of each type of phosphate fertilizer. Among the six fertilizer types, SSP, DAP, and NPK had much higher total fluoride and water-soluble fluoride contents than MKP, MAP, and WSF had. During crop production, the risk of fluoride accumulation was lower with MKP, MAP, and WSF (high [P2O5]/TF ratios) and higher with SSP, DAP, and NPK (low [P2O5]/TF ratios), especially in cash crops (fruit and greenhouse vegetables), which traditionally have unreasonably high P2O5 applications. Based on our findings, we proposed steps that should be taken to help effectively mitigate fluoride accumulation in China's agricultural soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of co-existing impurities in phosphogypsum limit its large-scale and high-value utilization. This paper summarizes the common contents of major impurity components (silicon and phosphorus) and trace impurity components (fluorine, iron, aluminum, and carbon) in phosphogypsum and discusses the harm of impurity components to the comprehensive utilization of harmless phosphogypsum chemical resources. The occurrence status of impurity components in phosphogypsum and the research progress of various impurity removal technologies are summarized, and the effects of these impurity removal technologies on different contents of impurity components are evaluated. On this basis, the goal of improving the whiteness of phosphogypsum samples and the development of technology for further removal of impurities in phosphogypsum to improve the purity of the main content of calcium sulfate are speculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to clarify the effect of phosphorus fertilizer on the senescence and yield of Tartary buckwheat under low-nitrogen treatment. A two-year field experiment to investigate the characteristics was conducted on Tartary buckwheat (Qianku 5) under four phosphorus fertilizer application rates, 0(CK), 40(LP), 80(MP), and 120 kg·ha−1 (HP), in the absence of nitrogen treatment. Compared with CK, MP treatment increased the plant height, node number of main stem, branch number of main stem, root-morphology items, root activity, enzyme activity related to root nitrogen metabolism, leaf chlorophyll content, and antioxidant enzyme activity by an average of 27.82%, 36.00%, 31.76%, 70.63%, 103.16%, 45.63%, 19.42%, and 45.48%, respectively. MP treatment significantly decreased the malondialdehyde content by 23.54% compared with that of CK. Among all treatments, the HP treatment had the highest content. The grain number per plant, grain weight per plant, and yield under MP treatment were 1.54, 1.65, and 1.53 times those of CK, respectively. In summary, the appropriate phosphate fertilizer treatment (80 kg·ha−1) can delay senescence, promote the growth, and increase the yield of Tartary buckwheat at low nitrogen levels. Such treatment is recommended for use in production to jointly achieve the high yield and high nitrogen conservation of Tartary buckwheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the effects of different application rates of phosphate fertilizer on soil characteristics of different planting patterns of spring wheat peas, and to discuss the optimal phosphorus application rates of wheat-pea intercropping, wheat sole cropping, and pea sole cropping, in this study, taking spring wheat of local cultivar and Zhongwan 11 as the research objects, three planting methods including intercropping of wheat and pea(SI), sole cropping of spring wheat(SS), and sole cropping of pea (PS) were set, and five phosphate application levels of 0 kg/ha (P0), 45 kg/ha(P1), 90 kg/ha(P2), 135 kg/ha (P3), and 180 kg/ha (P4) were set. At 85 days after sowing, the activities of five soil enzymes including sucrase, β-glucosidase, urease, glutaminase, and phosphatase, and the contents of six soil nutrients including total nitrogen, alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, organic matter, and organic carbon were measured. The results showed that compared with P0, soil sucrase activity in the P2 treatment under SI and PS planting patterns was significantly increased by 32.48% and 89.35%, respectively. Compared with P0, soil β-glucosidase activity in the P3 treatment under SS and SI planting patterns was significantly increased by 35.57% and 12.87%, respectively. Compared with the SS and PS planting patterns, SI significantly increased soil β-glucosidase activity under low phosphorus conditions (P0 and P1). The intercropping and application of phosphate fertilizer increased the urease activity in soil. Compared with the level of P0, the level of P2 significantly increased the activities of soil glutaminase under the SI and PS planting patterns by 32.34% and 24.09%, respectively. Phosphorus application increased the soil phosphatase activity of the three planting patterns, and the value of SI under P1 and P2 treatments was significantly higher than that of SS and PS. Suitable phosphorus application rate could increase soil alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen and organic carbon content, and the soil available phosphorus content of SS and SI increased with the increase of phosphorus application rate. In summary, suitable phosphorus application rate (90-135 kg/ha) and intercropping could increase soil enzyme activity and soil nutrient content [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can enhance plant growth and phosphorus (P) solubilization, it also has been reported to reduce the negative effects of overused agricultural fertilizer in farmland and protect the soil environment. However, the mechanism behind this interaction has not been fully elucidated. Results In this study, we screened out Pseudomonas moraviensis, Bacillus safensis, and Falsibacillus pallidus which can both solubilize P efficiently and produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from sandy fluvo-aquic soils. The yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under PSB inoculation significantly increased up to 14.42% (P

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of phosphorus (P) dose application effects on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield, mineral nutrients concentration and soil C (C) and nitrogen (N) concentration. From 1998to date, the same soil plots (200 m2) have been fertilized regularly with the same P fertilizer doses, namely 0 (PO), 50 (P50), 100 (P100), 200 (P200) kg P2O5 ha−1 as triple superphosphate (TSP). For the current study, fertilization was done 1 week before seed planting in 2013. Wheat yield increased with increasing P dose applications under long-term field conditions. Compared to the control treatment, 50, 100 and 200 P2O5 ha−1 application significantly increased wheat yield by 60%, 85% and 138%, respectively. Agronomic efficiency decreased with P-level increases. Indigenous root infection results and number of spore count decreased due to increasing P fertilizer application. With increasing fertilizer doses, soil organic C and N increased as well. It was concluded that since plants grow better with high P doses application, it may have a positive impact on organic matter (OM) remaining in the soil and increased soil C and N concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present review systematizes and summarizes the results of research on utilization processes of fluorosilicic acid solutions as large-tonnage toxic by-products of phosphate fertilizers, phosphoric acid and elemental phosphorus production. Considering the marked decline in the world's fluorspar reserves, fluorosilicic acid is emerging as the main alternative source of fluoride for the chemical industry. The main ways of H2SiF6 processing are highlighted with obtaining of commercially demanded products: hexafluoridosilicates of metals and ammonium, metal fluorides, anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, hydrochloric acid, amorphous silicon dioxide, aluminosilicates and titanosilicates catalysts, and enriched isotopes of silicon. Examples of H2SiF6 use as a main reagent for drinking water fluoridation municipal programs, in processes of surface modification and removal of trialkylsilyl protection in reactions of organic synthesis are also discussed. Known examples of H2SiF6 use as a raw material and reagent in industrial technologies and laboratory tests largely conform to principles of green chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop yield and quality are often limited by the amount of phosphate fertilizer added to infertile soils, a key limiting factor for sustainable development in modern agriculture. The polyphosphate kinase (ppk) gene -expressing transgenic rice with a single-copy line (ETRS) is constructed to improve phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency for phosphorus resource conservation. To investigate the potential mechanisms of the increased biomass in ETRS in low phosphate culture, ETRS was cultivated in a low inorganic phosphate (Pi) culture medium (15 μmol/L Pi, LP) and a normal Pi culture medium (300 μmol/L Pi, CP), respectively. After 89 d of cultivation in different concentrations of phosphate culture media, the total phosphorus, polyphosphate (polyP), biomass, photosynthetic rate, nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) contents, related enzyme activities, and related gene expression levels were analyzed. The results showed that ETRS had a high polyP amount to promote the photosynthetic rate in LP, and its biomass was almost the same as the wild type (WT) in CP. The NSC content of ETRS in LP was higher than that of WT in LP, but slightly lower than that of WT in CP. PolyP notably promoted the sucrose phosphate synthase activities of ETRS and significantly down-regulated the expression levels of sucrose transporter genes (OsSUT3 and OsSUT4), resulting in inhibiting the transport of sucrose from shoot to root in ETRS. It was concluded that polyP can stimulate the synthesis of NSCs in LP, which improved the growth of ETRS and triggered the biological activities of ETRS to save phosphate fertilizer. Our study provides a new way to improve the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer in rice production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste slag has low nutrient content, so it has insufficient nutrient cycling and transformation in the soil ecosystem. There are few studies on the application of oligotrophic phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and phosphate (P) fertilizer to improve the properties of waste slags. In this study, three oligotrophic bacterial strains with P solubilizing activity, namely, Bacillus subtilis 2C (7.23 μg/mL), Bacillus subtilis 6C (4.07 μg/mL), and Bacillus safensis 2N (5.05 μg/mL), were isolated from waste slags. In the pot experiment, compared with no application of P fertilizer, inoculation of Bacillus subtilis 2C with a 50% recommended dose of P fertilizer significantly increased the available phosphorus (AP), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) in slag by 33.16%, 76.70%, and 233.33%, respectively. The N, P uptake and fresh weight of Lolium multiflorum Lam. were significantly improved by 114.15%, 139.02%, and 100%, respectively. The analysis of the bacterial community showed that the application of P fertilizer decreased the diversity and richness of the bacterial community, and with the addition of phosphorus fertilizer and Bacillus subtilis 2C, the bacterial community in the slag developed towards eutrophication. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the TP content in the slag was significantly correlated with the bacterial community (P = 0.001, < 0.01), followed by the TN content. This study on different P fertilizer application methods can provide some basic ideas for improving the performance of waste slag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term soil mining with extensive cultivation practices and traditional breeding methods have declined the flavor and nutritional value of tomatoes. Apart from important mineral nutrients (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), fungi known as arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) can considerably improve the quality of agricultural production through higher phosphate uptake. Using hydroponically cultured commercially available tomato cultivars, we investigated the possible effects of mycorrhizae in improving the nutritional quality of tomato fruit. Funneliformis mosseae (syn. Glomus mosseae)-inoculated tomato plants were grown on a 1:1 mixture of peat and vermiculite, and different phosphorus levels were applied. RNAseq and metabolites were studied to confirm the relative gene expression and metabolites in fruit tissues. The results showed that AM inoculation with low phosphorus can significantly improve important fruit-quality traits such as free amino acids, lycopene (47.9%), and β-carotene (29.6%) without compromising the yield. Further, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing the nutritional and ripening potential of fruits produced by mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Notably, carotenoids and sugars (BRIX values) were found to be higher in mycorrhized plants in contrast to non-mycorrhized plants. Therefore, the current study suggests mycorrhization as a promising approach for the production of high-quality tomato fruit for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted on the Loess Plateau in 2021 and 2022, with three planting densities (600,000 plants/ha, 900,000 plants/ha, and 1200,000 plants/ha) and four phosphorus (P) levels (0 kg/ha, 15 kg/ha, 75 kg/ha and 135 kg/ha) designed to study the effects of planting density and phosphate fertilizer management on the growth and resource utilization of common buckwheat. Results showed that optimizing P application (75 kg/ha) and planting density (900,000 plants/ha) effectively improved the resource use efficiency and yield of common buckwheat, as a result of significantly improving photosynthetic capacity and dry matter accumulation. The ability of the buckwheat population to absorb soil moisture and nutrients, as well as intercept IPAR, was maximized through the modification of planting density, thereby further promoting photosynthesis and productivity. The integration of combining moderate planting density with P fertilizer increased yield by boosting buckwheat growth and enhancing resource use efficiency based on the optimization of crop productivity without additional P input. In conclusion, future agriculture should focus on the SPAD value, 1000-grain weight, and illuminance of buckwheat population to effectively increase grain yield. This cultivation system of combining planting density and P application would be a promising alternative agricultural practice. Implementing a planting density of 900,000 plants/ha and a P application rate of 75 kg/ha provide opportunities to improve productivity and sustainability on the Loess Plateau in agriculture.

In order to explore the optimal amount of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers for ‘Baodamai 20’, under the same other conditions, nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers were used as experimental factors, and three levels were set for a total of 9 treatments to carry out a reasonable combination of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. The results showed that when urea was applied in the range of 375-525 kg/hm², the yield increased with the increase of nitrogen application. If the amount of nitrogen fertilizer continued to increase, the yield would decrease; when superphosphate was applied at 450-600 kg/hm², the yield increased with the increase of phosphorus application, but the increase was not obvious. If the amount of phosphate fertilizer continued to increase, the yield would decrease; nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers could promote the increase of effective ears, grains per ear, and 1 000-grain weight, but the amount should not be excessive. The best nitrogen and phosphorus ratio of ‘Baodamai 20’ was urea 525 kg/hm² and superphosphate 450 kg/hm². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three phosphorus fertilizers（diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate and single superphosphate）on the growth and phosphorus uptake by seedling maize through hole application mixed with lignite on russet red soil. After 35 days of seedling emergence, the dry weight and phosphorus uptake of aboveground and underground part, root surface area, total root length and phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate were measured or calculated. The results showed that at the same dosage of N, P and K, there was no significant difference between the three treatments of phosphorus fertilizer and lignite, but all of them showed a significant increase compared with the treatment of phosphorus fertilizer alone. Single superphosphate mixed with lignite had the most significant positive effect, including 110% increase in dry weight of under ground part, 313% increase in phosphorus uptake of above ground part and 410% increase in under ground part, and 153% increase in phosphorus fertilizer utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-arid regions have low water availability, and water reuse in irrigation is an alternative to enable satisfactory agricultural yields in the Brazilian semi-arid region. To evaluate the effects of irrigation with sewage effluent and phosphate fertilization on upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. BRS 335), we irrigated the cotton plant only with well water (control) or irrigated it with a solution containing 50 and 100% effluent sewage, in soil with and without pre-planting phosphate fertilization. For plant growth analysis, we considered time as the third factor. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with six replicates, during two cotton cycles in the open field. Plant growth, yield, and fiber quality increased with the application of sewage effluent compared to the control. The control obtained cotton fiber yields of 740 and 741 kg ha−1 in the first and second cycles, using 50% sewage effluent outperformed 240 and 290% of the control and using 100% sewage effluent outperformed 235 and 300% of the control, respectively. Pre-planting phosphate fertilization failed in upland cotton cv. BRS 335. Irrigation using 100% sewage effluent promotes more significant plant growth, production, and quality of cotton fiber.

Background. Among the tasks set for agriculture is the development of new phosphorus fertilizers with increased bioenergetic efficiency, necessary for the development of cotton. Purpose: based on vegetation experiments, to compare the dynamics of cotton growth under the influence of traditional and new concentrated phosphate fertilizers, to identify the effectiveness of their use. Methodology. Agrotechnical studies were carried out according to the methodology of the Scientific Research Institute of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan in a comparative vegetative experiment. Originality. In view of the lack of knowledge of the object of study on neutral and slightly alkaline soils, a new approach to characterizing the effectiveness of fertilizers is proposed. Findings. Phenological observations indicate a positive effect of the test fertilizer on plant nutrition, the formation of vegetative and reproductive organs, in comparison with the control variant, on the quality and quantitative characteristics of the raw cotton crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of different depletion levels of ready water and different levels of phosphate fertilization on the water consumption of lettuce crop, yield coefficient and some characteristics of lettuce plant. The results showed that the highest water consumption was 386.8 mm at the 30% depletion level, and the lowest water consumption at the 80% depletion, reaching 292.8 mm. As for the phosphate fertilization, it had a very small effect on the water consumption. The beginning of growth and then increased in the average age of the plant to decline in the stage of maturity. It is also noted from the results that the different levels of depletion clearly affected the characteristics of the studied plant, as it reached the highest yield at the depletion level of 30% at 36.9 ton·h-1, while the lowest yield was at the depletion rate of 80% at 27.1 ton·h-1. As for the phosphate fertilization, it was huh. The other as a factor influencing significantly on the yield traits, as it gave the phosphate fertilization to zero level 32.8 ton·h-1 for the traits in a row, and the values were higher than them for the level of fertilization, while the phosphate fertilization level gave the highest value for the plant yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims In a field study, the effects of treatments of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) in soil, alone and in combination with phosphate fertilizer, were examined on the performance and endophytic microbiota of garden strawberry. Methods and results The root and leaf endophytic microbiota of garden strawberries grown in GBH-treated and untreated soil, with and without phosphate fertilizer, were analyzed. Next, bioinformatics analysis on the type of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase enzyme was conducted to assess the potential sensitivity of strawberry-associated bacteria and fungi to glyphosate, and to compare the results with field observations. GBH treatments altered the abundance and/or frequency of several operational taxonomic units (OTUs), especially those of root-associated fungi and bacteria. These changes were partly related to their sensitivity to glyphosate. Still, GBH treatments did not shape the overall community structure of strawberry microbiota or affect plant performance. Phosphate fertilizer increased the abundance of both glyphosate-resistant and glyphosate-sensitive bacterial OTUs, regardless of the GBH treatments. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that although the overall community structure of strawberry endophytic microbes is not affected by GBH use, some individual taxa are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Japan, little has been reported on cadmium (Cd) concentration in upland soils, and its relation to Cd concentration in crops and vegetables other than rice. Cd concentration in the surface soils and potato tubers of growers' fields in two main potato production areas in Japan with contrasting soil types (Andisols and Inceptisols) was investigated. Soil and tuber samples were obtained from 90 growers' fields with variable management histories. Total and Mehlich-3 soil Cd concentration were determined, and Cd concentration in the peeled potato tubers was also measured. A significant positive correlation was found between total Cd and phosphorous concentration in the soils reflecting the historical heavy application of phosphate fertilizer in both soil types. Although the total Cd concentration was much higher in Andisols, the Mehlich-3 Cd as well as tuber Cd concentration was lower in Andisols than in the Inceptisols, suggesting that Cd in Andisols may be specifically adsorbed by humic substances and amorphous clay minerals. The Cd concentration of the peeled potatoes in all samples was less than 100 μg kg−1 fresh weight below the threshold set by the Codex Alimentarius guidelines. The Cd concentration in the tubers tended to be higher when the soil phosphate retention index and base saturation were lower, and this tendency was stronger when both conditions are satisfied. Differences in soil properties and not the total soil Cd concentration were the dominant factor affecting potato tuber Cd accumulation. It is quite possible to reduce the amount of phosphate fertilizer appropriately to minimize the accumulation of Cd in both soil types as well as by increasing the soil base saturation to suppress the transfer of Cd from the soils to the potato tubers is especially important in the Inceptisols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]