4 results on '"Physical constrain"'
Search Results
2. Challenges for a sustainable food production system on board of the international space station: A technical review
- Author
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Youssef Rouphael, Stefania De Pascale, Biagio Morrone, Giovanna Marta Fusco, Petronia Carillo, Carillo, P., Morrone, B., Fusco, G. M., De Pascale, S., Rouphael, Y., Carillo, Petronia, Morrone, Biagio, Fusco, GIOVANNA MARTA, De Pascale, Stefania, and Rouphael, Youssef
- Subjects
Computer science ,bio- regenerative life support systems (BLSS) ,physical constrains ,Space (commercial competition) ,01 natural sciences ,Space exploration ,Candidate crop ,lcsh:Agriculture ,03 medical and health sciences ,Solar energy ,0103 physical sciences ,International Space Station ,Physical constrain ,Photovoltaic cell module ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Life support system ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,business.industry ,Space farming ,lcsh:S ,Light-emitting diodes (LED) ,Nutrient delivery system ,On board ,VEGGIE ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Agriculture ,Life support ,Bio-regenerative life support systems (BLSS) ,Microgravity ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
The possibility of prolonging space missions—and consequently the permanence of humans in space—depends on the possibility of providing them with an adequate supply of fresh foods to meet their nutritional requirements. This would allow space travelers to mitigate health risks associated with exposure to space radiation, microgravity and psychological stress. In this review, we attempt to critically summarize existing studies with the aim of suggesting possible solutions to overcome the challenges to develop a bio-regenerative life support system (BLSS) that can contribute to life support, supplying food and O2, while removing CO2 on the International Space Station (ISS). We describe the physical constraints and energy requirements for ISS farming in relation to space and energy resources, the problems related to lighting systems and criteria for selecting plants suitable for farming in space and microgravity. Clearly, the dimensions of a growth hardware that can be placed on ISS do not allow to produce enough fresh food to supplement the stored, packaged diet of astronauts; however, experimentation on ISS is pivotal for implementing plant growth systems and paves the way for the next long-duration space missions, including those in cis-lunar space and to the lunar surface.
- Published
- 2020
3. The Vascular Side of Chronic Bed Rest: When a Therapeutic Approach Becomes Deleterious
- Author
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Massimo Venturelli, Emine Kirmizi, Giuseppe Lippi, Anna Pedrinolla, Ettore Muti, Roberta Magliozzi, Matteo Gelati, Fabio Esposito, Stefania Rossi, Massimiliano Calabrese, Stefano Longo, Emiliano Cè, Elisa Danese, Alessandro L. Colosio, Silvia Pogliaghi, and Federico Schena
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Exacerbation ,medicine.medical_treatment ,lcsh:Medicine ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Bed rest ,Article ,Microcirculation ,Nitric oxide ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Therapeutic approach ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Endothelial dysfunction ,Inflammatory profile ,Vascular function ,bed-rest ,physical constrain ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Skeletal muscle ,General Medicine ,Blood flow ,medicine.disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Cardiology ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The interplay between chronic constraint and advanced aging on blood flow, shear-rate, vascular function, nitric oxide (NO)-bioavailability, microcirculation, and vascular inflammation factors is still a matter of debate. Ninety-eight individuals (Young, n = 28, 23 ± 3 yrs; Old, n = 36, 85 ± 7 yrs; Bedridden, n = 34, 88 ± 6 yrs) were included in the study. The bedridden group included old individuals chronically confined to bed (3.8 ± 2.3 yrs). A blood sample was collected and analyzed for plasma nitrate, and vascular inflammatory markers. Hyperemic response (∆peak) during the single passive leg movement (sPLM) test was used to measure vascular function. Skeletal muscle total hemoglobin was measured at the vastus lateralis during the sPLM test, by means of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Bedridden subjects revealed a depletion of plasma nitrates compared with Old (−23.8%) and Young (−31.1%). Blood flow was lower in the Bedridden in comparison to Old (−20.1%) and Young (−31.7%). Bedridden presented lower sPLM ∆peak compared Old (−72.5%) and the Young (−83.3%). ∆peak of NIRS total hemoglobin was lower in the Bedridden compared to that in the Young (−133%). All vascular inflammatory markers except IL-6 were significantly worse in the Bedridden compared to Old and Young. No differences were found between the Old and Young in inflammatory markers. Results of this study confirm that chronic physical constraint induces an exacerbation of vascular disfunction and differential regulation of vascular-related inflammatory markers. The mechanisms involved in these negative adaptations seems to be associated with endothelial dysfunction and consequent diminished NO-bioavailability likely caused by the reduced shear-rate consequential to long-term reduction of physical activity.
- Published
- 2020
4. The Vascular Side of Chronic Bed Rest: When a Therapeutic Approach Becomes Deleterious.
- Author
-
Pedrinolla, Anna, Colosio, Alessandro L., Magliozzi, Roberta, Danese, Elisa, Kirmizi, Emine, Rossi, Stefania, Pogliaghi, Silvia, Calabrese, Massimiliano, Gelati, Matteo, Muti, Ettore, Cè, Emiliano, Longo, Stefano, Esposito, Fabio, Lippi, Giuseppe, Schena, Federico, and Venturelli, Massimo
- Subjects
- *
BED rest , *NEAR infrared spectroscopy , *BLOOD flow , *SKELETAL muscle , *ENDOTHELIUM diseases - Abstract
The interplay between chronic constraint and advanced aging on blood flow, shear-rate, vascular function, nitric oxide (NO)-bioavailability, microcirculation, and vascular inflammation factors is still a matter of debate. Ninety-eight individuals (Young, n = 28, 23 ± 3 yrs; Old, n = 36, 85 ± 7 yrs; Bedridden, n = 34, 88 ± 6 yrs) were included in the study. The bedridden group included old individuals chronically confined to bed (3.8 ± 2.3 yrs). A blood sample was collected and analyzed for plasma nitrate, and vascular inflammatory markers. Hyperemic response (∆peak) during the single passive leg movement (sPLM) test was used to measure vascular function. Skeletal muscle total hemoglobin was measured at the vastus lateralis during the sPLM test, by means of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Bedridden subjects revealed a depletion of plasma nitrates compared with Old (−23.8%) and Young (−31.1%). Blood flow was lower in the Bedridden in comparison to Old (−20.1%) and Young (−31.7%). Bedridden presented lower sPLM ∆peak compared Old (−72.5%) and the Young (−83.3%). ∆peak of NIRS total hemoglobin was lower in the Bedridden compared to that in the Young (−133%). All vascular inflammatory markers except IL-6 were significantly worse in the Bedridden compared to Old and Young. No differences were found between the Old and Young in inflammatory markers. Results of this study confirm that chronic physical constraint induces an exacerbation of vascular disfunction and differential regulation of vascular-related inflammatory markers. The mechanisms involved in these negative adaptations seems to be associated with endothelial dysfunction and consequent diminished NO-bioavailability likely caused by the reduced shear-rate consequential to long-term reduction of physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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