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Candidates for fundamental physical laws rarely, if ever, employ higher than second time derivatives. Easwaran (2014) sketches an enticing story that purports to explain away this puzzling fact and thereby provides indirect evidence for a particular set of metaphysical theses used in the explanation. I object to both the scope and coherence of Easwaran's account, before going on to defend an alternative, more metaphysically deflationary explanation: in interacting Lagrangian field theories, it is either impossible or very hard to incorporate higher than second time derivatives without rendering the vacuum state unstable. The so-called Ostrogradski instability represents a powerful constraint on the construction of new field theories and supplies a novel, largely overlooked example of non-causal explanation in physics.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides insight into the designing methods of furnaces in a bid to assist future furnace designers to focus on and achieve the objective, i.e. fuel efficient, low cost design. A new furnace is a major investment, with a typical design life of 20 years and an operating life of probably twice that, so decisions made during the design stage will have implications for the furnace owner(s) for decades. Cost of fuel, amount of capital, and even the region where the furnace will be used are factors to be kept in mind during the designing stage. This chapter limits the discussion to the process design of furnaces and how the furnace is integrated with the rest of the process. Wide ranges of chemical and physical processes are undertaken in furnaces and it is impossible to cover them all. In any case it is important to undertake a thorough analysis of the physical and chemical processes to understand the ideal rates of heating and cooling to achieve the ideal or optimum product. To achieve a cost-effective design process, it is critically important that the conceptual design is undertaken thoroughly. Time, intellectual effort, and especially critical thinking spent on this part of the design process are repaid many times over by cost savings later. In reality, design usually involves a number of iterations where the preliminary design is changed as a consequence of feedback from the results of the preliminary efforts, and/or the designers become aware of other possibilities.

Composing the programs for the education of specialists in the field of environmental protection requires clear ideas about the concepts, place of basic disciplines and the main issues of the future specialty. Peculiarities of methodological aspects of description of levels and assessment of quality of education in terminology of competences and learning outcomes are considered. They consist in the predominance of competencies, that have a physical meaning and ensure the filling of the "core" of the educational program with physical principles, methods and models. The study of polluting processes in natural objects requires knowledge of the physics of aerodisperse systems in connection with the solution of aerosol emissions into the atmosphere, knowledge of the physics of the dispersible silt-covered upcasts into the aquatic environment, knowledge and understanding of physical phenomena of heat and mass transfer processes in soil, as in the granular system, knowledge of the physics of external radiation, including sound, heat, electromagnetic, in particular, ionizing radiation, and their impact on the environment. Peculiarities of the educational system of training specialists in the field of environmental protection take into account the tasks of systemic radioecology, among which the tasks of radiation monitoring are especially important. The conceptual approach to the study of radioecology is proposed not as a whole, mixing the laws of physics, chemistry and, for example, biology, but by individual branches, and systematically.

When several multistable displays are viewed simultaneously, their perception is synchronized, as they tend to be in the same perceptual state. Here, we investigated the possibility that perception may reflect embedded statistical knowledge of physical interaction between objects for specific combinations of displays and layouts. We used a novel display with two ambiguously rotating gears and an ambiguous walker-on-a-ball display. Both stimuli produce a physically congruent perception when an interaction is possible (i.e., gears counterrotate, and the ball rolls under the walker’s feet). Next, we gradually manipulated the stimuli to either introduce abrupt changes to the potential physical interaction between objects or keep it constant despite changes in the visual stimulus. We characterized the data using four different models that assumed (1) independence of perception of the stimulus, (2) dependence on the stimulus’s properties, (3) dependence on physical configuration alone, and (4) an interaction between stimulus properties and a physical configuration. We observed that for the ambiguous gears, the perception was correlated with the stimulus changes rather than with the possibility of physical interaction. The perception of walker-on-a-ball was independent of the stimulus but depended instead on whether participants responded about a relative motion of two objects (perception was biased towards physically congruent motion) or the absolute motion of the walker alone (perception was independent of the rotation of the ball). None of the two experiments supported the idea of embedded knowledge of physical interaction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.3758/s13414-021-02383-1.

Consciousness exists, or so it seems to us most of the time. However, consciousness is unlike your car-keys or your cell-phone in that it is not located at a specific point in space and time. The applicability of physical laws like gravity seem moot at best when it comes to consciousness. What is desirable is an explanation of consciousness that allows it to exist and be part of the very same reality as the car-key or the cell-phone, a ‘philosophy of immanence’ as Gilles Deleuze would put it. I prefer a view that construes consciousness as causally-efficacious (having material effects upon one’s body in real time) and metaphysically separate from the brain. In essence, to say that the mind is metaphysically separate from the brain is to deny the proposition that there is nothing more to our subjective experience of mind than the mere activity of the physical brain. This paper looks at a view proposed by John Searle and tries to show that there are empirical problems with a consciousness that is causally inefficacious (unable to cause material changes) and metaphysically identical (not separate from the brain).

The explanation of energy conservation on the cosmic scale requires an understanding of two sets of processes. (1) The set of processes by which electromagnetic energy, the energy of photons in the free state or in the confined state, is gained or is diminished. (2) The set of processes by which the vacuum, i.e., aether, is generated or is lost—processes by which it emerges/expands and by which it suffers contraction and vanishment. At the heart of the explanation is a straightforward definition of energy at the fundamental level: Any process in which there is a quantitative change in the units of aether (the discretized medium that permeates all space) constitutes, in and of itself, a manifestation of energy. The workings of the long-overlooked mechanism are revealed. Cosmic-scale energy conservation is maintained by balancing the relevant processes of two distinct realms—the physical and the subphysical. The physical realm achieves balance by means of a harmony between processes of photon energy gain and energy loss. The subphysical realm achieves balance through the harmony between aether emergence and aether consumption/vanishment. Needless to say, the implications for cosmology are profound.

Enabling constraints are bottom up causes which create the possibility of the existence of a system. Disabling constraints reduce the degrees of freedom and narrow the choices of the system which are structural, functional, meaningful relations that assign executive roles to the component parts. In this paper, we discuss causality as enabling and disabling constraints in order to critique the absurdity of transitivity in causal relations. If downward causation is viewed as causation by constraints, we argue that it will not face the absurdity of self-causation which is incurred because of the transitivity principle. In the process of self-organization, organizationally new structures are created from the lower level subcomponents of the system. Such self-organizing systems can be broadly considered as sui-generis and transcend the transitivity principle by causally influencing its subcomponents. These higher level systemic constraints that causally influence the components in a self-organizing system without violating any physical laws via causal constraints are termed as Downward Causation.

Funder: Foundational Questions Institute; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009566, A hodological law causes the evolution of the universe to tend to follow particular types of path. I give simple illustrations in toy models and discuss how Kolmogorov complexity characterises the extent to which hodological laws explain, rather than merely describe, data.

The article is devoted to the question of the functional specificity of the mental (psyche, subjective) during the informational activity of neural networks of the brain, which have a physiological (by and large, physical) nature. The understanding of such specificity of the mental is based on the awareness of the inability of physical laws to support the biological and/or social expediency of the brain's informational activity, which it actually carries out. It is also shown that such an idea of the mental, taking into account the features that are revealed here due to its functional and, hence, causal inclusion in the processing of information in the brain, should change the conceptual foundations of psychology and make its practical applications more understandable. It was found that the key aspect of psychic activity is the ability of living beings to evaluate anything subjectively, that is, qualitatively (not quantitatively, like a computer). Therefore, subjective assessment is interpreted as an information processing operator in the brain, which ensures the integration of information for the purpose of creating biologically/socially appropriate mental models of the future relations of a living being with the surrounding reality. These mentally active models of the future (goals, plans, ideas) "orchestrate" (determine) the motor acts of a living being based on past experience integrated with subjective assessments in order to change the "world for the better". The functional specificity of the human psyche is also revealed, for which two new terms are introduced, namely, mono-valued psyche and multi-valued psyche. This makes it possible to describe the "mechanism" of human freedom, which unfolds, "contrary" to classical physical ideas, on the background of physical laws and through the activity of the brain. The introduced concepts make it possible to characterize a mentally active person as a living being that most effectively demonstrates causality-from-within as a factor of informational resistance to physical entropy., Стаття присвячена питанню функціональної специфіки психічного (психіки, суб’єктивного) під час інформаційної активності нейронних мереж мозку. Розуміння такої специфіки психічного фундується на усвідомленні нездатності фізичних законів підтримувати біологічну та/або соціальну доцільність інформаційної активності мозку, яку він реально здійснює. Показано також, що таке уявлення про психічне, враховуючи ті особливості, які виявляються тут завдяки його функціональному, та, звідси, каузальному (причинному) включенню у переробку інформації в мозку, має змінити концептуальні засади психології та зробити більш зрозумілими її практичні застосування. Виявлено, що ключовим аспектом дії психічного є фактор здатності живих істот оцінювати будь-що суб’єктивно, тобто якісно (не кількісно, як комп’ютер). Тому, суб’єктивна оцінка інтерпретується як оператор переробки інформації у мозку, що забезпечує інтеграцію інформації заради створення біологічно/соціально доцільних психічних моделей майбутніх відносин живої істоти з оточуючою реальністю. Ці, психічно діючі моделі майбутнього (цілі, плани, уявлення, психічні образи) «оркеструють» (управляють, детермінують, «диригують») моторні акти живої істоти на основі інтегрованого суб’єктивними оцінками минулого досвіду, аби змінювати «світ на краще»[1]. Виявлено також функціональна специфіка саме людської психіки, для чого вводяться два нових терміна, а саме, моно-ціннісна психіка, та мультиціннісна психіка. Це дає змогу описати «механізм» людської свободи, що розгортається, «всупереч» класичним фізичним уявленням, на тлі фізичних законів та через активність мозку. Введені поняття дозволяють характеризувати психічно активну людину як живу істоту, що найбільш ефективно демонструє причинність-зсередини-себе як фактор протистояння ентропії за допомогою інформації. [1] Сенс словосполучення «на краще» у цьому контексті є дещо двозначним та трохи іронічним. Адже що є добрим для буття однієї живої істоти не завжди є добрим для іншої. Тож ці іронія та розуміння егоцентризму та упередженості цього «на краще» зустрінеться ще не раз у подальшому тексті.

Although many effective methods for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) have been proposed, there is no universal method that can solve all PDEs. Therefore, solving partial differential equations has always been a difficult problem in mathematics, such as deep neural network (DNN). In recent years, a method of embedding some basic physical laws into traditional neural networks has been proposed to reveal the dynamic behavior of equations directly from space-time data [i.e., physics-informed neural network (PINN)]. Based on the above, an improved deep learning method to recover the new soliton solution of Huxley equation has been proposed in this paper. As far as we know, this is the first time that we have used an improved method to study the numerical solution of the Huxley equation. In order to illustrate the advantages of the improved method, we use the same network depth, the same hidden layer and neurons contained in the hidden layer, and the same training sample points. We analyze the dynamic behavior and error of Huxley’s exact solution and the new soliton solution and give vivid graphs and detailed analysis. Numerical results show that the improved algorithm can use fewer sample points to reconstruct the exact solution of the Huxley equation with faster convergence speed and better simulation effect.

From the Conant-Ashby theorem about the "good regulator" is possible to derive a corollary about the origin of life (OOL). This corollary introduces the concept of "good constructor." Thenit is shown as nature, seen as a material system ruled by the laws of physics, cannot be a "good constructor" of the basic machinery necessary for a living cell. As a consequence OOL needs intelligent design.

Background Many traditional biological concepts continue to be debated by biologists, scientists and philosophers of science. The specific objective of this brief reflection is to offer an alternative vision to the definition of life taking as a starting point the traits common to all living beings. Results and Conclusions Thus, I define life as a process that takes place in highly organized organic structures and is characterized by being preprogrammed, interactive, adaptative and evolutionary. If life is the process, living beings are the system in which this process takes place. I also wonder whether viruses can be considered living things or not. Taking as a starting point my definition of life and, of course, on what others have thought about it, I am in favor of considering viruses as living beings. I base this conclusion on the fact that viruses satisfy all the vital characteristics common to all living things and on the role they have played in the evolution of species. Finally, I argue that if there were life elsewhere in the universe, it would be very similar to what we know on this planet because the laws of physics and the composition of matter are universal and because of the principle of the inexorability of life.

Increasing requirements for the accuracy of measurements have led to the need to revise the existing International System of Units (SI). The important element of the SI-2019 reform is “the establishment of the SI base units through seven defining constants, the numerical values of which are fixed”. The approach to the establishment of the measurement units has fundamentally changed. If earlier a definition was given of how the unit is realized, now only the exact numerical values of the fundamental constants are fixed, and their values are expressed in the corresponding SI units. Measurement units are determined on the basis of known physical laws, which include certain fundamental constants. The article analyzes the changes in SI-2019 related to electrical measurements, and also discusses the prospects for the development of accurate electrical measurements.

Modeling is one of the most powerful means of research, including complex dynamic systems. Modeling makes it possible to perform computational experiments with systems at the design stage, as well as to study systems with which real experiments are unprofitable due to danger or high cost. At the same time, due to its proximity in form to physical modeling, this research method is available to a wide range of users. Depending on the system behavior in the time space lagless to distinguish between inertial and dynamic system. Physically due to inertial systems that often occur in engineering and construction surveying accumulate energy coming from input values. Therefore, it is proposed to consider the dynamic system as a "Black Box". This method first determines the still unknown transfer characteristic of the system only through a number of parameters of the input values and reaction values. Various computer studies of dynamic models, according to Volterra's theory in the time range, as well as various models in the frequency range have shown that these models can not solve the problem. These models give high-quality models in the mathematical sense, but contradict without exception the physical laws of deformation processes contained in the geodetic field of observation. In practice, a modified discrete model is often used, which without violating the physical laws of the nonlinear Volterra model has approximately equivalent accuracy. In this paper, it is proposed to consider the deformation state of the soil dam of Khmelnitsky NPP as a state of a dynamic system. The use of such a model in mathematical terms is highly effective. Compliance with the physical laws of deformation processes is one of the priorities in addressing the simulation. Particular attention should be paid to this fact.

The sudden appearance of the enormously threatening COVID19 virus with its subsequent more infectious mutations challenged the very foundations of practically all countries around the world. It also prompted me to broaden the scope of reflecting on the age-old problem of "life and death". Amidst our growing knowledge of living entities it soon became clear that the cell is the smallest living entity -- exceeding the largest macromolecule by about 1 000 times. By the end of the 18th century viruses were discovered and they appeared to be entities intermediate between nonliving and living entities. From a philosophical perspective it opened the way to many intriguing questions directed at the boundaries of our knowledge. One question is how do we describe the diversity of things, properties and processes which we experience in our daily lives. Already in Greek culture we encounter theoretical approaches that opted for the exploration of just one mode of explanation. It gave rise to two opposing monistic orientations: panmechanism and panvitalism. Underlying this opposition there lurks a straightforward basic question, namely What is a plant? We argue that without prior knowledge of the difference between material things, plants and animals it would not even be possible to commence studying plants. The hypothetical transition from material configurations to truly living entities over a vast period of time is problematic because the long timespan, in fact, conceals an unsolved problem, namely the abrupt moment of transition -- the change from one moment to the next from nonliving to being alive. Assuming the simultaneous appearance of protein and DNA caused new unsolved problems. Attention is also given to elements of the question concerning what is matter, indicative of the unavoidable foundation of living entities. After some brief reflections on the various realms found in nature, elements of our earlier remarks about mechanistic and organistic approaches are connected to some problematic modern views. Simpson is correct in his criticism of the expression "molecular biology" because molecules, as such, are not alive. Von Bertalanffy expands on this issue with his remark that these processes are different in a living, sick or dead dog;but the laws of physics do not differentiate, being indifferent to whether or not dogs are alive or dead. That the physical substrate of living things contains its own distinct problems, steered our analysis into a slightly different direction. Finally, contemplating the multifaceted nature of the process of dying is followed up by looking at some constitutional issues and some implications for human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe is the property of Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap & Kuns and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper concerns the existence of global weak solutions à la Leray for compressible Navier–Stokes equations with a pressure law which depends on the density and on time and space variables t and x. The assumptions on the pressure contain only locally Lipschitz assumption with respect to the density variable and some hypothesis with respect to the extra time and space variables. It may be seen as a first step to consider heat-conducting Navier–Stokes equations with physical laws such as the truncated virial assumption. The paper focuses on the construction of approximate solutions through a new regularized and fixed point procedure and on the weak stability process taking advantage of the new method introduced by the two first authors with a careful study of an appropriate regularized quantity linked to the pressure.

When objects move, their motion is governed by the laws of physics. We investigated whether multiple objects that move while correctly obeying aspects of Newtonian physics are easier to track than those that do not accurately obey the laws of physics. Participants were asked to track multiple objects that either did or did not take on the correct angles and/or speeds after collisions with each other. We found an advantage for tracking when objects obeyed realistic physics, such that people were more accurate when objects reflected from each other at proper angles and when objects varied in speed after collisions (as opposed to always maintaining the same speed). This advantage was independent of a variety of low-level factors that would be expected to affect object tracking, such as object spacing. However, we also found that performance was not affected when objects' speed changed randomly after each collision (so long as it varied), nor when the reflection angles were jittered moderately after collisions. We conclude that perceptual noise seriously limits many aspects of object trajectory estimation, but nevertheless people are sensitive to at least a subset of the Newtonian laws of physics under demanding attentional tracking conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The aim of this paper is to argue that naturalism is consistent with free will. Many philosophers claim that if determinism is true, and thus we are not really free agents, then we are not morally responsible. This „problem of free will” would then seem to be particularly pressing for naturalism, since naturalism considers human beings to be arrangements of matter, and therefore many scholars expect it to be consistent with determinism. Several scientific writers who have touched on the subject, including Francis Crick and E.O. Wilson, have tried to explain the phenomenology of free will (our feeling that we are free agents) on biological terms, while arguing that the human brain is so complex that the predictability of individual human action is practically impossible. Such solutions fail, however, because determinism and predictability are not the same thing. Chaotic phenomena, for example, may be unpredictable, but they are still deterministic. So the most these interesting scientific proposals can show is that free will is an illusion. But if free will is an illusion, so is moral responsibility. This paper will also explain why appeals to quantum indeterminism, which underlies presumably deterministic science, are not much help either. Nor can the problem be dismissed as Hobbes, Hume, Schlick and others have tried to do, by pointing to a linguistic confusion between the practical inevitability of natural law and the compulsion of social laws, nor by some further „linguistic analysis”. This paper develops Gary Watson’s suggestion that the question of free will is rather whether our actions can be determined by the self. The self, it will be seen, turns out tobe (largely) the brain, and the brain does indeed determine the individual’s actions. Even though the laws of physics and chemistry apply in the brain, and even though all sorts of external influences leave their imprint on the brain, each brain is sui generis and has its own set of emergent „laws” that pit the organism as an independent entity vis-a-vis the world. This is enough independence from the world, in any event, to justify the conclusion that the brain (the self) does determine its own actions, and thus that, under normal circumstances, the individual is morally responsible. The most important of the reasons discussed in the paper is the existence of „strong emergence” in brain processes. The first level of emergence is the well-known fact that the components of a brain process (e.g., electrical pulses sent by the retina to the brain) do not guarantee a particular experience. The stronger level of emergence is that the brain networks affect the individual components of the networks (e.g., synaptic weights). Thus a neural state is emergent in the sense that the weights of the synaptic connections that constitute it are not sufficient to determine it, and also emergent in the sense that those weights are also partially dependent on the neural state itself.

Physics-based models of dynamical systems are often used to study engineering and environmental systems. Despite their extensive use, these models have several well-known limitations due to simplified representations of the physical processes being modeled or challenges in selecting appropriate parameters. While-state-of-the-art machine learning models can sometimes outperform physics-based models given ample amount of training data, they can produce results that are physically inconsistent. This paper proposes a physics-guided recurrent neural network model (PGRNN) that combines RNNs and physics-based models to leverage their complementary strengths and improves the modeling of physical processes. Specifically, we show that a PGRNN can improve prediction accuracy over that of physics-based models, while generating outputs consistent with physical laws. An important aspect of our PGRNN approach lies in its ability to incorporate the knowledge encoded in physics-based models. This allows training the PGRNN model using very few true observed data while also ensuring high prediction accuracy. Although we present and evaluate this methodology in the context of modeling the dynamics of temperature in lakes, it is applicable more widely to a range of scientific and engineering disciplines where physics-based (also known as mechanistic) models are used, e.g., climate science, materials science, computational chemistry, and biomedicine., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1810.13075

The second law of thermodynamics is one of the most important physical laws that has been extracted by different formulations. In this paper, a new approach to study different formulations of the second law is extracted based on the energy components of the system as well as introducing the independent and dependent energy components concepts. Also, two main formulations of classical thermodynamics, and also entropy from the perspective of general physics are discussed based on the energy components of the system for constant applied energy to the system in different conditions. Kelvin-Plank and Clausius formulations, as two main classical formulations, are all assertions about impossible processes. Considering the energy structure equation of the system, as an equation to formulate the performed process using activated energy components, it is shown that different formulations of the second law of thermodynamics represent the same concept in the perspective of the energy structure. Finally, a new general formulation to the second law, based on the energy structure of the system is extracted, and the equivalence as the other formulations is shown. The presented formulation is extracted based on the dependent and independent activated energy components, and in fact, shows all possible paths in the considered energy applying to the system.

Robotics is currently not only a cutting-edge research area, but is potentially disruptive to all domains of our lives—for better and worse. While legislation is struggling to keep pace with the development of these new artifacts, our intellectual limitations and physical laws seem to present the only hard demarcation lines, when it comes to state-of-the-art R&D. To better understand the possible implications, the paper at hand critically investigates underlying processes and structures of robotics in the context of Heidegger’s and Nishitani’s accounts of science and technology. Furthermore, the analysis draws on Bauman’s theory of modernity in an attempt to assess the potential risk of large-scale robot integration. The paper will highlight undergirding mechanisms and severe challenges imposed upon our socio-cultural lifeworlds by massive robotic integration. Admittedly, presenting a mainly melancholic account, it will, however, also explore the possibility of robotics forcing us to reassess our position and to solve problems, which we seem unable to tackle without facing existential crises.

Familiar laws of physics are applied to study human relations, modelled by their world lines (worldlines, WLs) combined with social networks. We focus upon the simplest, basic element of any society: a married couple, stable due to the dynamic balance between attraction and repulsion. By building worldlines/worldsheets, we arrive at a two-level coordinate systems: one describing the behaviour of a string-like binary system (here, a married couple), the other one, external, corresponding to the motion of this couple in the medium, in which the worldline is embedded, sweeping there a string-like sheet or brane. The approach is illustrated by simple examples (semi-quantitative toy models) of worldlines/sheets, open to further extension, perfections and generalization. World lines (WLs) are combined with social networks (SN). Our innovation is in the application of basic physical laws, attraction and repulsion to human behaviour. Simple illustrative examples with empirical inputs taken from intuition and/or observation are appended. This is an initial attempt, open to unlimited applications., Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures

Neural networks with physical governing equations as constraints have recently created a new trend in machine learning research. In this context, a review of related research is first presented and discussed. The potential offered by such physics-informed deep learning models for computations in geomechanics is demonstrated by application to one-dimensional (1D) consolidation. The governing equation for 1D problems is applied as a constraint in the deep learning model. The deep learning model relies on automatic differentiation for applying the governing equation as a constraint, based on the mathematical approximations established by the neural network. The total loss is measured as a combination of the training loss (based on analytical and model predicted solutions) and the constraint loss (a requirement to satisfy the governing equation). Two classes of problems are considered: forward and inverse problems. The forward problems demonstrate the performance of a physically constrained neural network model in predicting solutions for 1D consolidation problems. Inverse problems show prediction of the coefficient of consolidation. Terzaghi’s problem, with varying boundary conditions, is used as a numerical example and the deep learning model shows a remarkable performance in both the forward and inverse problems. While the application demonstrated here is a simple 1D consolidation problem, such a deep learning model integrated with a physical law has significant implications for use in, such as, faster real-time numerical prediction for digital twins, numerical model reproducibility and constitutive model parameter optimization.

The generation of unintended residuals when producing intended outputs is the key factor behind our serious problems with pollution. The way this joint production is modelled is therefore of crucial importance for our understanding and empirical efforts to change economic activities in order to reduce harmful residuals. Estimation of efficiency and productivity when producing both intended and unintended outputs has emerged as an important research strand. The most popular models in the field are based on weak disposability of the two types of outputs together and null-jointness introduced by Shephard. The purpose of the paper is to show that these model types are built on some questionable assumptions. An alternative model based on the production theory of Frisch introduces technical jointness for the case when the unintended output is unavoidable. The materials balance based on physical laws tells us that when material inputs are used unintended outputs are unavoidable. The modelling of joint production must therefore reflect this. The production of the two types of outputs occurs simultaneously. It is the maximisation of intended outputs for given inputs that engineers are striving at to achieve. The production functions for intended and unintended outputs are linked through common use of inputs. However, separate functions for the two types of output can be estimated because the intended outputs are independent of the unintended ones and vice versa, facilitating calculating separate efficiency and productivity measures using non-parametric DEA methods.

The algorithm of artificial neural network (ANN) has been defined as a supervised learning and heuristic algorithms. In training an ANN model, big data is necessary to use as training data to obtain perfectly accurate predicted data. However, big data really have no clear definition. Therefore, adding new training data to re-train an ANN model, by which can improve the predicted accuracy. This action of re-training this ANN model with added new training data is repeated to approach the laws of physics that is accessed to the principle of induction e.g., empirical formulas. However, accessing the principle of induction is limited. If the deduction is found using an ANN model, then approach of this ANN model with added new training data is also performed repeatedly to access the principle of deduction e.g., theory formulas. However, accessing the principle of deduction is also limited. It means the law cannot be easily deduced for an ANN model. Therefore, the algorithm of an ANN is not the canonical classical methods. On the other hand, the algorithm of an ANN does not belong to mathematical induction and deduction.

This account comprises personal reflections on the field of nanosystems primarily designed for the delivery of biologically active agents. It emphasises the colloidal nature of nanoparticles obeying the same physical laws that dictate the behaviour of disperse systems. Research reveals not only intrinsic complexities but a variety of possible trajectories in vivo and ex vivo, issues of stability, interactions and behaviour in a range of often constrained environments. Such are the variations in the chemical and physical nature of the nanosystems and the active agents they carry, their putative “targets” and the many biological systems and models in which they are employed, it is not possible to generalise. Stochastic events may exclude precise prediction or extrapolation of outcomes, but embracing and studying complexity lead to new insights, often aided by consideration of analogies in cognate areas. This is part of the process of illumination. Unexpected results provide the true essence and excitement of scientific endeavour. Simplification is perhaps its antithesis.

The research purpose is invention (construction) of a formal logical inference of the Law of Conservation of Energy within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma from a precisely defined assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For realizing this aim, the following work has been done: 1) a two-valued algebraic system of formal axiology has been defined precisely and applied to proper-philosophy of physics, namely, to an almost unknown (not-recognized) formal-axiological aspect of the physical law of conservation of energy; 2) the formal axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma has been defined precisely and applied to proper-physics for realizing the above-indicated purpose. Thus, a discrete mathematical model of relationship between philosophy of physics and universal epistemology united with formal axiology has been constructed. Results: 1) By accurate computing relevant compositions of evaluation-functions within the discrete mathematical model, it is demonstrated that a formal-axiological analog of the great conservation law of proper physics is a formal-axiological law of two-valued algebra of metaphysics. (A precise algorithmic definition of the unhabitual (not-well-known) notion “formal-axiological law of algebra of metaphysics” is given.) 2) The hitherto never published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of investigation presented in this article is a formal logical inference of the law of conservation of energy within the formal axiomatic theory Sigma from conjunction of the formal-axiological analog of the law of conservation of energy and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge.

The laws of gravity are important for understanding the foundations of the material world at all its levels, from elementary particles to the entire Universe. Therefore, their study allows you to better understand the problems of natural science for all levels of the material world. The greatest opportunities for studying the laws of gravity are associated with the solar system, where the masses of space objects and the laws of their motion are well known. However, the determination of their fields on the basis of traditional theories of gravity still leads to abstract equations that do not give concrete results; therefore, they have a level of hypotheses. A number of initial scientific propositions based on abstract mathematical dependencies have controversial meanings. In particular, schemes of the gravitational interaction of the fields of 2 physical bodies belong to them. Elimination of this disadvantage is the main goal of the work performed. Its main difference and scientific novelty is the substantiation of the spatial wave system of the gravitational interaction of fields on the example of the Sun, the Earth and the planets closest to it, as well as the possibility of testing this system during experimental measurements. The solution to this problem is an urgent and important scientific and applied problem since it develops knowledge about the gravitational field and the material world in general. The performed work is based on the methods of deduction and induction in the research of the material world based on the application of the well-known reliable laws of physics and the general principles of the development of the theory of knowledge. Other research methods are still unknown since the work performed is associated with new scientific discoveries, the search for which is difficult to formalize by technique methods. The results of the study consist in the analysis of secondary waves on the based structural diagram of the superposition of primary gravitational waves between two objects such as the Earth and the Moon, which made it possible to reveal the trail of the shock wave cone behind the orbit of the Moon’s motion. A similar picture can be obtained for the Sun-Venus pair. In this case, the shock wave cone arising behind the orbit of the motion of Venus can intersect the orbit of the Earth’s motion in 2 places: at the entrance to the cone and at the exit from it. It is possible to register a burst of gravitational waves from this cone using the LIGO, VIRGO, KAGRA observatories. Conclusions: To carry out the experiment, it is necessary to perform calculations of the cone of the shock wave of Venus when it moves around the Sun and the position of the points of entry of the Earth into and out of this cone. The solution to this problem is possible in modern conditions with joint work of physicists and astronomers.

The work refers to the foundations of the material world, in particular—to the field of quantum physics associated with the initial level—his fundamental physical constants and elementary particles. The study of the initial levels of structuring of this formation is necessary for a better understanding of the foundations of the structure Universe. Therefore, the solution of these problems is an urgent and important task, to which the works of many scientists of the world are devoted, from ancient times to the present. However, these tasks have not yet been fully resolved. Their solution is the main goal and scientific novelty of the work performed. For this, research methods were used based on the general principles of deduction and movement from simple initial systems to more complex ones, which are substantiated by reliable physical laws. The research results are the choice and substantiation of the initial (zero) level of the material world and a system of fundamental physical constants and physical quantities found on their basis, which precede the 1st level—elementary particles. The problems of determining the wave parameters of the gravitational field and the unified of gravitational and electromagnetic fields of the Universe were solved only as a result of the transition to the zero level of the material world.

Two-dimensional model of high-temperature synthesis of chemical compounds and alloys in a dynamic thermal explosion mode when a powder compact is heated in a steel cylindrical mold by an induction heat source are proposed. The complex of chemical reactions is described by a total reaction with effective formal kinetic parameters. The kinetic law takes into account strong retardation of the reaction by the layer of the synthesized product that prevents the interaction of the reagents. The model makes it possible to investigate the macroscopic physical laws of the synthesis of a composite with a change in the heating rate and reactor dimensions. It is made a comparison of the results obtained for a constant heat conductivity coefficient and a temperature-dependent heat conductivity coefficient. It is revealed that taking into account the temperature dependence of the heat conductivity coefficient can lead to a numerical change in the ignition delay time and to a qualitatively different temperature distribution in the reactor bulk.

A new mathematics, the constructive one, characterizes a singular limit as undecidable. Hence, a singular limit between two theories actually represents a difference between two different kinds of mathematics. This particular situation suggests a mathematical definition of the notion of incommensurability. As a consequence of the resulting incommensurabilities among many couples of theories the foundations of physical theories are pluralist, not only in both epistemological and ontological senses, but also in mathematical sense. Hence since longtime the history of physics is developing along a plurilinear path., 20 pages

Determination of the structural foundations and parameters of the Universe is an important urgent task since it enables us to understand and explain the structure and basic parameters of the material world. Herewith, it is necessary to be aware of modern problems of physics and possible ways to solve them. Among such problems, hypotheses concerning dark matter and the energy of the Universe occupy an important place. However, the determination of their on the basis of modern theories still leads to abstract equations that do not give concrete results; therefore, they have a level of hypotheses. A number of initial scientific propositions based on this abstract of mathematical dependencies have controversial meanings. Elimination of this disadvantage is the main goal of the work performed. Its main difference and scientific novelty are the justification of the energy parameters of the gravitational field of the Universe, the magnitude of which can replace its dark energy and dark mass. The solution to this problem is justified by strict physical dependencies, which are obtained on the basis of fundamental physical constants. It is an urgent and important scientific and applied problem, since it develops knowledge about the gravitational field and the material world in general. The performed work is based on the methods of deduction and induction in the research of the material world based on the application of the well-known reliable laws of physics and the general principles of the development of the theory of knowledge. Other research methods are still unknown, since the work performed is associated with new scientific discoveries, the search for which is difficult to formalize by technique methods. The results of the study consist of the analysis of wave, force and energy parameters of the relict gravitational field of the Universe. The calculated value of this energy is 1.58 × 1070 J. This energy is enough to cover the amount of dark energy and mass in the Universe, which casts doubt on their existence. Conclusions: This paper can supplement previously performed research on the dark mass and energy of the Universe, which requires further for their reconciliation.

Extreme gravitational collapse is explored by utilizing two fundamental properties and one reasonable assumption, which together lead logically to an end-state gravitating structure. This structure, called a Terminal state neutron star, manifests nature’s ultimate density of mass and possesses the ultimate electromagnetic barrier. It is then shown how this structure is central to the remarkable mechanism whereby the density is prevented from going higher. A simple process assures that such density is not exceeded—regardless of the quantity of additional mass. As an example, the discourse focuses on the expected progression and outcome when a compact star of —far more mass than can be accommodated by the basic Terminal state structure—undergoes total gravitational collapse. An examination of what happens to the considerable excess mass leads the discussion to the principle of mass extinction by the process of aether deprivation and its profound implications for black-hole physics and the current revolution in cosmology.

We have a much better understanding of the dynamics and ontology of physics than we do of consciousness. I consider ways in which intrinsically mental aspects of fundamental ontology might induce modifications of the known laws of physics, or whether they could be relevant to accounting for consciousness if no such modifications exist. I suggest that our current knowledge of physics should make us sceptical of hypothetical modifications of the known rules, and that without such modifications it's hard to imagine how intrinsically mental aspects could play a useful explanatory role.

Physics based algorithms are inspired from physical phenomenon in nature but not from biological organisms. They were created by mimicking certain laws of physics and chemistry. The disadvantages of these algorithms was taken care of by their improved versions some of which gives best result on one application and fails on the another. Literatures show that there were little references of usage of these algorithms in the field of manufacturing. So in future research works should be carried out to bring out the prospects of these algorithms in the field of manufacturing.

This article investigates several physics-informed and hybrid machine learning strategies that incorporate physics knowledge in experimental data-driven deep-learning models for predicting the bond quality and porosity of fused filament fabrication (FFF) parts. Three types of strategies are explored to incorporate physics constraints and multi-physics FFF simulation results into a deep neural network (DNN), thus ensuring consistency with physical laws: (1) incorporate physics constraints within the loss function of the DNN, (2) use physics model outputs as additional inputs to the DNN model, and (3) pre-train a DNN model with physics model input-output and then update it with experimental data. These strategies help to enforce a physically consistent relationship between bond quality and tensile strength, thus making porosity predictions physically meaningful. Eight different combinations of the above strategies are investigated. The results show how the combination of multiple strategies produces accurate machine learning models even with limited experimental data.

The article contains a systematic presentation of the results of the expansion of the special theory of relativity by additionally taking into account mass and speed in the category of content, that is, the quality of the substance contained in the body and the quality of motion, as well as the volume (space of form) and time, that is, their quantity. The interrelationships of mass, energy and speed, that play the role of physical laws, are established, and their philosophical interpretation is given from the standpoint of complementarity is given. The relativistic law of conservation of energy has been derived in the aspect of complementarity of form and content, as a reflection of changes in space (volume) and time.

The purpose of this paper is to present a logical, consistent and understandable alternative formulation of physical laws of motion. This paper gives also a different view and understanding of physical laws of motion. This new point of view gives a deeper understanding about our universe. The central idea of this formulation is the concept of momentum and its conservation. This idea is emphasized in this paper. It is shown that Newton's laws of motion are given as a consequence of the law of conservation of momentum.

Two of the most difficult problems in the foundations of physics are (1) what gives rise to the arrow of time and (2) what the ontology of quantum mechanics is. I propose a unified 'Humean' solution to the two problems. Humeanism allows us to incorporate the Past Hypothesis and the Statistical Postulate into the best system, which we then use to simplify the quantum state of the universe. This enables us to confer the nomological status to the quantum state in a way that adds no significant complexity to the best system and solves the "supervenient-kind problem" facing the original version of the Past Hypothesis. We call the resultant theory the Humean unification. It provides a unified explanation of time asymmetry and quantum entanglement. On this theory, what gives rise to time's arrow is also responsible for quantum phenomena. The new theory has a separable mosaic, a best system that is simple and non-vague, less tension between quantum mechanics and special relativity, and a higher degree of theoretical and dynamical unity. The Humean unification leads to new insights that can be useful to Humeans and non-Humeans alike., Forthcoming in No\^us. This is the penultimate version

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, fireballs are here discussed with, again, explanation on why fireballs obey to strict physical rules and demonstration that they are among other things the definitive explanation of the collapse of the Maya civilization in what was actually a sudden obliteration by a cluster of fireballs. Extractive development (what has been defined already by Acemoglu and Robinson) is what natural disasters come to rebalance ; extractive development leads to over-accumulation of typically weighty resources in a small area where they disrupt the crust and also represent particularly attractive beacons for fireballs. This is carefully demonstrated over a wide range of time with many examples.