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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality across the globe. Although serum biomarkers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19–9 (CA-199) have been prevalently used as biomarkers in various cancers, they are neither very sensitive nor highly specific. Repeated tissue biopsies at different times of the disease can be uncomfortable for cancer patients. Additionally, the existence of tumor heterogeneity and the results of local biopsy provide limited information about the overall tumor biology. Against this backdrop, it is necessary to look for reliable and noninvasive biomarkers of CRC. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which depart from a primary tumor, enter the bloodstream, and imitate metastasis, have a great potential for precision medicine in patients with CRC. Various efficient CTC isolation platforms have been developed to capture and identify CTCs. The count of CTCs, as well as their biological characteristics and genomic heterogeneity, can be used for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response in CRC. This study reviewed the existing CTC isolation techniques and their applications in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CRC. The study also presented their limitations and provided future research directions.

Aptamers, which are called chemical antibodies for their high affinity and specificity to targets, have great potential as analytical tools to detect pesticides. In this work, a DNA aptamer for thiamethoxam was isolated by an improved SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) strategy, in which the ssDNA library was fixed on streptavidin-agarose beads through a short biotin labeled complementary strand. After 13 rounds of selection, the random ssDNA pool was successfully enriched. Three sequences were chosen as aptamer candidates through sequencing and analysis and were transformed into fluorescent probes to evaluate their interactions with thiamethoxam. A fluorescent turn-on aptasensor for thiamethoxam based on the best aptamer (FAM-Thi13) and a short quenching strand were further designed and showed a quantitative linear range from 10 to 1000 nM with a detection limit of 1.23 nM for thiamethoxam. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics were used to investigate the binding site of the main probe of the aptasensor (FAM-Thi13) and thiamethoxam. Satisfactory results were also obtained in quantifying thiamethoxam in environmental water samples by the developed fluorescent aptasensor.

The isolation of specific and sensitive circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is significant for applying them in cancer diagnosis and monitoring. In this work, dual aptamer-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofiber-based microfluidic devices were fabricated to achieve the highly efficient capture and specific release of epithelial and mesenchymal CTCs of ovarian cancer. Dual aptamer targeting epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) and N-cadherin proteins to improve the capture sensitivity, bovine serum albumin (BSA) to guarantee the capture purity and the nanofibers to increase the capture efficiency via synchronously and effectively capturing the epithelial and mesenchymal CTCs with good capture specificity and sensitivity from blood samples were used. We used the target cells including the ovarian cancer A2780 cells (N-cadherin-high, EpCAM-low) and OVCAR-3 cells (EpCAM-high, N-cadherin-low) to test the devices, which exhibited good capture efficiency (91% for A2780 cells, 89% for OVCAR-3 cells), release efficiency (95% for A2780 cells, 88% for OVCAR-3 cells), and sensitivity for rare cells (92% for A2780 cells, 88% for OVCAR-3 cells). Finally, the clinical blood samples of ovarian cancer patients were detected by the PLGA nanofiber-based microfluidic device, and 1 to 13 CTCs were successfully confirmed to be captured with the help of immunofluorescence staining identification. The results exhibited that the dual aptamer-modified PLGA nanofiber-based microfluidic device used as a tool for CTC capture has the potential for clinical application to guide the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of ovarian cancer patients.

Numerous studies have shown compelling evidence that incorporation of an inversion of polarity site (IPS) in G-rich sequences can affect the topological and structural characteristics of G-quadruplexes (G4s). Herein, the influence of IPS on the formation of a previously studied intramolecular parallel G4 of d(G3 TG3 TG3 TG3 ) (TTT) and its stacked higher-order structures is explored. Insertion of 3'-3' or 5'-5' IPS did not change the parallel folding pattern of TTT. However, both the species and position of the IPS in TTT have a significant impact on the G4 stability and end-stacking through the alteration of G4-G4 interfaces properties. The data demonstrate that one base flip in each terminal G-tetrad can stabilize parallel G4s and facilitate intermolecular packing of monomeric G4s. Such modifications can also enhance the fluorescence and enzymatic performances by promoting interactions between parallel G4s with N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM) and hemin, respectively.

It is generally acknowledged that G-quadruplexes (G4s) acquire peroxidase activity upon interaction with hemin. Hemin has been demonstrated to bind selectively to the 3′-terminal G-tetrad of parallel G4s via end-stacking; however, the relationships between different terminal G-tetrads and the catalytic functions of G4/hemin DNAzymes are not fully understood. Herein, the oligonucleotide d(AGGGGA) and its three analogues, d(AGBrGBrGGA), d(AGBrGGGBrA) and d(AGBrGGBrGA) (GBr indicates 8-bromo-2′-deoxyguanosine), were designed. These oligonucleotides form three parallel G4s and one antiparallel G4 without loop regions. The scaffolds had terminal G-tetrads that were either anti-deoxyguanosines (anti-dGs) or syn-deoxyguanosines (syn-dGs) at different proportions. The results showed that the parallel G4 DNAzymes exhibited 2 to 5-fold higher peroxidase activities than the antiparallel G4 DNAzyme, which is due to the absence of the 3′-terminal G-tetrad in the antiparallel G4. Furthermore, the 3′-terminal G-tetrad consisting of four anti-dGs in parallel G4s was more energetically favorable and thus more preferable for hemin stacking compared with that consisting of four syn-dGs. We further investigated the influence of 3′ and 5′ deoxyadenosine (dA) caps on the enzymatic performance by adding 3′-3′ or 5′-5′ phosphodiester bonds to AG4A. Our data demonstrated that 3′ dA caps are versatile residues in promoting the interaction of G4s with hemin. Thus, by increasing the number of 3′ dA caps, the DNAzyme of 3′A5′-5′GG3′-3′GG5′-5′A3′ with two 5′-terminal G-tetrads can exhibit significantly high catalytic activity, which is comparable to that of 5′A3′-3′GG5′-5′GG3′-3′A5′ with two 3′-terminal G-tetrads. This study may provide insights into the catalytic mechanism of G4-based DNAzymes and strategies for promoting their catalytic activities., Investigation of the peroxidase activities of G4/hemin DNAzymes using designed terminal G-tetrads by eliminating the steric effect of loop regions.

Here, ferric oxide-loaded metal-organic framework (FeTCPP/Fe2O3 MOF) nanorice was designed and constructed by the liquid diffusion method. The introduction of iron metal nodes and the loading of Fe2O3 can effectively catalyze the Fenton reaction to produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and overcome the hypoxic environment of tumor tissue by generating oxygen. The monodispersity and porosity of the porphyrin photosensitizers in the MOF structure exposed more active sites, which promoted energy exchange between porphyrin molecules and oxygen molecules for photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment. Therefore, the generated hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen (1O2) can synergistically act on tumor cells to achieve the purpose of improving tumor therapy. Then the erythrocyte membrane was camouflaged to enhance blood circulation and tissue residence time in the body, and finally, the targeted molecule AS1411 aptamer was modified to achieve the high enrichment of MOF photosensitizers on a tumor domain. As a result, the MOF nanorice camouflaged by the erythrocyte membrane can effectively reduce side effects and improve the therapeutic effect of PDT and chemo-dynamic therapy (CDT). The study not only improved the efficacy of PDT and CDT in essence from the MOF nanorice but also used the camouflage method to further concentrate FeTCPP/Fe2O3 on the tumor sites, achieving the goal of multiple gains. These results will provide theoretical and practical directions for the development of tumor-targeted MOF nanomaterials.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are an important part of liquid biopsy as they represent a potentially rich source of information for cancer diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis, and treatment guidance. It has been proved that the nanotopography interaction between cells and the surface of CTC detection platforms can significantly improve the capture efficiency of CTCs, whereas many mature nanostructure substrates have been developed based on chemistry materials. In this work, a natural biointerface with unique biological properties is fabricated for efficient isolation and nondestructive release of CTCs from blood samples using the cancer cell membranes. The cell membrane interfaces are proved to have a good antiadhesion property for nonspecific cells because of their own electronegativity. A natural surface nanostructure is provided by the cancer cell membrane to nicely match with the surface nanotopography of CTCs. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a linker and DNA aptamer against the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) as a specific affinity molecule are then introduced onto the cell membrane interfaces to achieve the highly efficient and specific capture of CTCs. Finally, the captured target cells can be intactly released from the substrate using the complementary DNA sequence with controlling the incubation time. This study provides a smart strategy in the development of a natural biological interface for the isolation and release of CTCs with high purity.

Four types of quadruplex supramolecules containing G-quadruplex (G4)-I-motif interfaces were assembled under slightly acidic conditions, which can interact with hemin to form I-motif-linked G4/hemin DNAzymes. Our data demonstrated that some I-motif-linked DNAzymes are highly acid-dependent due to the stabilization of hemiprotonated cytosine-cytosine (C˙CH+) pairs for the G4 units.

Analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can provide significant clinical information for tumors, which has proven to be helpful for cancer diagnosis, prognosis monitoring, treatment efficacy, and personalized therapy. However, CTCs are an extremely rare cell population, which challenges the isolation of CTCs from patient blood. Over the last few decades, many strategies for CTC detection have been developed based on the physical and biological properties of CTCs. Among them, nanostructured interfaces have been widely applied as CTC detection platforms to overcome the current limitations associated with CTC capture. Furthermore, aptamers have attracted significant attention in the detection of CTCs due to their advantages, including good affinity, low cost, easy modification, excellent stability, and low immunogenicity. In addition, effective and nondestructive release of CTCs can be achieved by aptamer-mediated methods that are used under mild conditions. Herein, we review some progress in the detection and release of CTCs through aptamer-functionalized nanostructured interfaces.

The success of complex tissue and internal organ reconstruction relies principally on the fabrication of a 3D vascular network, which guarantees the delivery of oxygen and nutrients in addition to the disposal of waste. In this study, a rapidly forming cell-encapsulated double network (DN) hydrogel is constructed by an ultrasonically activated silk fibroin network and bioorthogonal-mediated polyethylene glycol network. This DN hydrogel can be solidified within 10 s, and its mechanical property gradually increases to ∼20 kPa after 30 min. This work also demonstrates that coencapsulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) into the DN hydrogel can facilitate the formation of more mature vessels and complete the capillary network in comparison with the hydrogels encapsulated with a single cell type both

Gellan gum hydrogel holds great potential in tissue engineering, but the high phase transition temperature greatly inhibits the applications in biomedical field. In this study, gellan gum was modified with methacrylic anhydride, and then the phase transition temperature was reduced. The functionalized gellan gum together with type I collagen was gelled by ion/photo dual-cross-linking for fabricating bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-encapsulating hydrogel for vascularization. After the ratio between gellan gum and collagen was optimized, the hydrogel with proper pore size and mechanical properties was prepared. The WST assay demonstrated that the hydrogel could offer excellent microenvironment for cell survival and proliferation. Finally, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction suggests that the hydrogel could promote BMSCs to differentiate into endothelial cells. Together, this work provides a general strategy for fabricating BMSCs-encapsulating hydrogel in one step, which has the potential for 3D-printing live cell scaffold for study of vasculogenic differentiation.

The method for detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is considered as a promising cancer liquid biopsy technique. However, due to the rarity and heterogeneity, it is still a challenging task to capture CTC with high purity and viability from blood for the following enumeration and molecular analysis. Herein, we fabricated a hydrogel-chitosan nanofiber substrate to effectively capture the target cancer cells, assisted by the poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (pCBMA) hydrogel and the anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (anti-EpCAM) antibody. The pCBMA hydrogel layer was fabricated by free radical polymerization to provide an antifouling surface, which could help to reduce the non-specific capture of blood cells to improve the capture purity of CTC. Then, chitosan nanofibers were introduced onto the hydrogel layer to provide a nanostructured surface to improve the capture efficiency. Finally, the capture yield of artificial blood samples on the anti-EpCAM modified hydrogel-nanofiber substrate was up to 79.9%, revealing the potential application of the hydrogel-nanofiber substrate on efficient and sensitive capture of rare circulating tumor cells.

A quadruplex-integrated assembly method is proposed for the organization and regulation of various nanoscale architectures. In this method, two types of one-dimensional DNA nanostructures formed by two well-designed GC-rich single strands assemble into two-dimensional (2D) DNA nanostructures based on the self-assembly of dimeric G-quadruplex and I-motif structures. Subsequently, a C-rich strand and two biotin-modified G-rich strands primordially form a notched double helix in LiCl solution (pH 8). However, a linear "DNA-protein" nanostructure linked by I-motif structures and biotin-streptavidin interaction can be formed when hydrogen ions and streptavidin are sequentially titrated. Furthermore, the linear "DNA-protein" nanostructure is assembled into 2D nanomaterials connected by K+-stabilized G-quadruplexes formed from terminal G-rich repeats of the two G-rich strands. Interestingly, the 2D nanohybrids form two-lined "DNA-protein" nanostructures if the terminal G-rich repeats in one of the biotin-modified G-rich strands are removed. Our results indicate that quadruplex DNAs are promising building blocks in the fabrication of nanomaterials and that the assembly of quadruplex DNAs has potential applications in the directional arrangement of macromolecules.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been considered as a significant biomarker for cancer metastasis and relapse. Effective detection of CTCs will play an important role in early cancer diagnosis, prognosis, progress monitoring, and personalized therapy. In this work, we developed a polystyrene (PS) nanosphere substrate to capture CTCs from whole blood samples. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), as an antifouling molecule, and folic acid, as a recognizing agent, were modified onto the surface of PS nanospheres via self-polymerization of dopamine. 8 HeLa cells could be captured when 10 cells were spiked into 1 mL of the whole blood sample. Then, the captured target cells were further proliferated through an in situ culture strategy on the polystyrene (PS) nanosphere substrate, and nearly 80 HeLa cells were obtained from 1 captured cell after 7 days of in situ culture, revealing the potential application for CTC isolation and proliferation.

The majority of current methods of isolating circulating tumor cells (CTCs) rely on a biomarker. However, the isolation efficiency may be compromised due to the heterogeneity of CTCs. In this work, a simple and broad-spectrum method is established to efficiently isolate the heterogeneous CTCs from patient blood samples using tannic acid (TA)-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The TA-functionalized MNPs (MNPs-TA) inhibit the nonspecific adhesion of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and enhance cancer cell capture, resulting from the unique interaction between TA and glycocalyx on cancer cells. The MNPs-TA was demonstrated to effectively capture seven kinds of cancer cells (HeLa, PC-3, T24, MAD-MB-231, MCF-7, HT1080, A549) from artificial samples (62.3-93.7%). Moreover, this epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-independent CTC isolation method was also tested using clinical blood samples from patients with different cancers (21 patients), which may provide a universal tool to detect CTCs in the clinic.

Tympanic membrane (TM) perforation leads to persistent otitis media, conductive deafness, and affects life quality. Ointment medication may not be sufficient to treat TM perforation (TMP) due to the lack of an underlying tissue matrix and thus requiring a scaffold-based application. The engineering of scaffold biointerface close to the matrix via tissue-specific decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is crucial in instructing cell behaviour and regulating cell-material interaction in the bioengineering domain. Herein, polycaprolactone (PCL) and TM-dECM (from Sprague–Dawley rats) were combined in a different ratio in nanofibrous form using an electrospinning process and crosslinked via tannic acid. The histological and biochemical assays demonstrated that chemical and enzymatic decellularization steps removed cellular/immunogenic contents while retaining collagen and glycosaminoglycan. The morphological, physicochemical, thermomechanical, contact angle, and surface chemical studies demonstrated that the tannin crosslinked PCL/dECM nanofibers fine-tune biophysical and biochemical properties. The multifaceted crosslinked nanofibers hold the tunable distribution of dECM moieties, assembled into a spool-shaped membrane, and could easily insert into perforated sites. The dECM decorated fibers provide a preferable biomimetic matrix for L929 fibroblast adhesion, proliferation, matrix adsorption, and f-actin saturation, which could be crucial for bioengineering. Overall, dECM patterning, surface hydrophilicity, interconnected microporosities, and multifaceted nanofibrous biosystem modulate cell–scaffold performance and could open opportunities to reconstruct TMP in a biomimetic fashion.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) acquire mesenchymal markers (e.g., N-cadherin) and lose epithelial markers (e.g., epithelial cell adhesion molecule, EpCAM) during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and are therefore ideal biomarkers of tumor metastasis. However, it is still a challenge to efficiently capture and detect circulating tumor cells with different phenotypes simultaneously. In this work, to obtain aptamers targeting N-cadherin in the native conformation on live cells, we established stable N-cadherin overexpressing cells (N-cadherin cells) and used these cells to identify a panel of N-cadherin-specific aptamers through the cell-SELEX approach. Two aptamer candidates obtained after 12 rounds of selection showed a low equilibrium dissociation constant in the nanomolar range, indicating high binding affinity. The truncated aptamer candidate NC3S showed the highest binding affinity to N-cadherin cells with a low Kd value of 20.08 nM. The SYL3C aptamer was reported to target cancer cell surface biomarker EpCAM. Then, we synthesized two kinds of aptamer-modified magnetic nanoparticles (SYL3C-MNPs and NC3S-MNPs). Both SYL3C and NC3S aptamers possess excellent capture specificity and efficiency for the target cells. The aptamer-MNP cocktail exhibits a considerable capture efficiency and sensitivity for rare cancer cells of epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes. Furthermore, no CTCs were found in blood samples from healthy donors, while CTCs were successfully isolated by using the aptamer-MNP cocktail for 15 out of 16 samples collected from patients. In summary, the two kinds of aptamer-modified MNPs could be utilized as a promising tool for capturing CTCs from clinical samples.

G-Quadruplexes (G4s) assembled from tandem G-rich repeat sequences exhibit significant biological functions and applications, which may well depend on their structural features, such as the planar arrangement of G-tetrads and flexibility of loop regions. It has been found that cytosine-intercalated G-repeat sequences also assemble to be quadruplex structures, involving the formation of nonplanar GCGC-tetrads. Herein, to investigate the effect of GCGC-tetrads on structural properties of G4s, some previously studied quadruplexes with or without GCGC-tetrads were selected, and were used to interact with various developed G4 ligands. Our data show that stacked G-tetrads in quadruplexes are important for the π-π stacking interactions, thus promoting the combination with end-stacking ligands, such as porphyrins or planar small molecules. This is confirmed by the observation that the quadruplex formed by d(GGGCT4 GGGC) with two internal G-tetrads and two external GCGC-tetrads can bind to planar ligands in the presence of specific G4-stabilizing cations, including K+ and Pb2+ , and can realize the sensitive detection of Pb2+ . However, the quadruplex composed of two external G-tetrads and two internal GCGC-tetrads formed by d(GCGGT3 GCGG) facilitates the binding of nonplanar ligands, such as triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes, owing to the structural flexibility induced by internal GCGC-tetrads. This work provides new insights into the interaction between DNA quadruplexes and specific ligands, which is beneficial to the development of quadruplex-based biosensors and the design of anticancer drugs.

Herein, we developed an inexpensive titanium dioxide (TiO

Extreme rarity and inherent heterogeneity of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) result in a tremendous challenge for the CTC isolation from patient blood samples with high efficiency and purity. Current CTC isolation approaches mainly rely on the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), which may significantly reduce the ability to capture CTCs when the expression of EpCAM is lost or down-regulated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Here, a rapid and highly efficient method is developed to isolate and identify heterogeneous CTCs with high efficiency from patient blood samples using the fluorescent-magnetic nanoparticles (F-MNPs). A dual-antibody interface targeting EpCAM and N-cadherin is fabricated onto the F-MNPs to capture epithelial CTCs as well as mesenchymal CTCs from whole blood samples. The poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) brushes of excellent antifouling properties are employed to decrease nonspecific cell adhesion. Moreover, the F-MNPs provide a prompt identification strategy for heterogeneous CTCs (F-MNPs+, Hoechst 33342+, and CD45-) that can directly identify CTCs in a gentle one-step processing within 1 h after isolation from patient blood samples. This has been demonstrated through artificial samples as well as patient samples in details.

To develop a novel light-up probe and DNAzyme, we selected aptamers for N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM), a common fluorogenic analogue of coenzyme hemin, by a modified affinity chromatography-based systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Two truncated aptamers Nm1 and Nm2 with low micromolar dissociation constants (0.75 and 13.27 μM) were obtained after 11 rounds of selection and the final minimized 39-mer aptamer Nm2.1 showed 24-fold fluorescence enhancement for NMM at saturated concentration. Study of the interactions between aptamers and other porphyrin compounds by circular dichroism (CD) and absorption spectroscopy showed that Nm1 mainly assembled as a stem-loop structure, which exhibited a catalytic activity for the metal insertion reaction of mesoporphyrin IX with 3.3-fold rate enhancement. In contrast, the G-rich Nm2 and Nm2.1 were likely to form G-quadruplexes in the presence of alkali metal cations (K+ and Na+), which displayed excellent peroxidase activity exhibiting 19-fold higher catalytic efficiency than hemin alone. The selected aptamers could therefore be used as novel light-up fluorescent probes and DNAzymes by pairing with porphyrin compounds that have potential to construct sensors for various applications.

G-quadruplex (G4)/hemin DNAzymes have been extensively applied in bioanalysis and molecular devices. However, their catalytic activity is still much lower than that of proteinous enzymes. The G4/hemin DNAzyme activity is correlated with the G4 conformations and the solution conditions. However, little is known about the effect of the flanking sequences on the activity, though they are important parts of G4s. Here, we report sequences containing d(CCC), flanked on both ends of the G4-core sequences remarkably enhance their DNAzyme activity. By using circular dichroism and UV-visible spectroscopy, the d(CCC) flanking sequences were demonstrated to improve the hemin binding affinity to G4s instead of increasing the parallel G4 formation, which might explain the enhanced DNAzyme activity. Meanwhile, the increased hemin binding ability promoted the degradation of hemin within the DNAzyme by H2O2. Furthermore, the DNAzyme with d(CCC) flanking sequences showed strong tolerance to pH value changes, which makes it more suitable for applications requiring wide pH conditions. The results highlight the influence of the flanking sequences on the DNAzyme activity and provide insightful information for the design of highly active DNAzymes.

Herein, we developed an inexpensive titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofiber substrate for efficient and selective capture of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from mimic patients’ samples. The TiO2 nanofiber substrates were fabricated by electrospinning in combination with the calcination process. The surface of nanofiber substrates was modified with the anti-adhesion molecule, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the nucleolin aptamer AS1411, wherein, aptamer AS1411 specifically binds to the nucleolin protein overexpressed on the membrane surface of cancer cells. The formed TiO2 nanofiber substrates exhibited high efficacy and specificity to capture nucleolin positive cells through synergistic topographic interactions. Using the rare number of cell capture experiments, the capture efficiency of up to 75 % was achieved on the surface of the nanofiber substrate for rare number target cells spiked in the white blood cells (WBCs) from 1 mL whole blood samples. In conclusion, this study highlighted the potential of the TiO2-BSA-biotin-AS1411 nanofiber substrate as a highly efficient platform to realize the selective and specific capture of rare CTCs in the clinical settings.

A novel bispecific α-Gal liposome was constructed by self-assembling AS1411 aptamers into the α-Gal containing liposomes. The α-Gal liposomes were prepared using cell membranes of red blood cells from rabbit, which are composed of cholesterol, phospholipids, and α-Gal glycolipids. AS1411 is a DNA aptamer with high specificity and affinity for nucleolin and could integrate into liposomes by the modification of cholesterol. The bispecific α-Gal liposomes surface-functionalized by α-Gal and AS1411 aptamer could recognize anti-Gal antibodies and nucleolin overexpressed by tumor cells simultaneously, followed by activating the immune system to attack the tumor cells, resulting in the lysis of the tumor cells by antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Under simulated tumor environment, the lysis rate of MCF-7 cells treated by the AS1411 modified α-Gal liposomes drastically increased compared to the liposomes without AS1411 aptamer. This study suggests that the AS1411 modified α-Gal liposomes can recognize nucleolin-overexpressing tumor cells selectively, subsequently improve the effect of the immunotherapy with high specificity. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1176-1183, 2019.

A probability density function (PDF) method is proposed for investigating the structure of the reconstructed attractor of R – R intervals. By constructing the PDF of distance between two points in the reconstructed phase space of R – R intervals of normal sinus rhythm (NSR) and atrial fibrillation (AF), it is found that the distributions of PDF of NSR and AF R – R intervals have significant differences. By taking advantage of their differences, a characteristic parameter k n , which represents the sum of n points slope in filtered PDF curve, is put forward to detect both 400 segments of NSR and AF R – R intervals from the MIT-BIH Atrial Fibrillation database. Parameters such as number of R – R intervals, number of embedding dimensions and slope are optimized for the best detection performance. Results demonstrate that the new algorithm has a fast response speed with R – R intervals as short as 40, and shows a sensitivity of 0.978, and a specificity of 0.990 in the best detecting performance.