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1. Global patterns and environmental drivers of forest functional composition

Author

Bouchard, E., Searle, E.B., Drapeau, P., Liang, J., Gamarra, J.G.P., Abegg, M., Alberti, G., Zambrano, A.A., Alvarez‐Davila, E., Alves, L.F., Avitabile, V., Aymard, G., Bastin, J.‐F., Birnbaum, P., Bongers, F., Bouriaud, O., Brancalion, P., Broadbent, E., Bussotti, F., Gatti, R.C., Češljar, G., Chisholm, C., Cienciala, E., Clark, C. J., Corral‐Rivas, J.J., Crowther, T.W., Dayanandan, S., Decuyper, M., de Gasper, A.L., de‐Miguel, S., Derroire, G., DeVries, B., Djordjević, I., Van Do, T., Dolezal, J., Fayle, T.M., Fridman, J., Frizzera, L., Gianelle, D., Hemp, A., Hérault, B., Herold, M., Imai, N., Jagodziński, A.M., Jaroszewicz, B., Jucker, T., Kepfer‐Rojas, S., Keppel, G., Khan, M.L., Kim, H..S., Korjus, H., Kraxner, Fl., Laarmann, D., Lewis, S., Lu, H., Maitner, B.S., Marcon, E., Marshall, A.R., Mukul, S.A., Nabuurs, G.‐J., Nava‐Miranda, M.G., Parfenova, E.I., Park, M., Peri, P.L., Pfautsch, S., Phillips, O.L., Piedade, M.T.F., Piotto, D., Poulsen, J.R., Poulsen, A.D., Pretzsch, H., Reich, P.B., Rodeghiero, M., Rolim, S., Rovero, F., Saikia, P., Salas‐Eljatib, C., Schall, P., Shchepashchenko, D., Schöngart, J., Šebeň, V., Sist, P., Slik, F., Souza, A.F., Stereńczak, K., Svoboda, M., Tchebakova, N.M., ter Steege, H., Tikhonova, E.V., Usoltsev, V.A., Valladares, F., Viana, H., Vibrans, A.C., Wang, H.‐F.., Westerlund, B., Wiser, S.K., Wittmann, F., Wortel, V., Zawiła‐Niedźwiecki, T., Zhou, M., Zhu, Z.‐X., Zo‐Bi, I.C., Paquette, A., Bouchard, E., Searle, E.B., Drapeau, P., Liang, J., Gamarra, J.G.P., Abegg, M., Alberti, G., Zambrano, A.A., Alvarez‐Davila, E., Alves, L.F., Avitabile, V., Aymard, G., Bastin, J.‐F., Birnbaum, P., Bongers, F., Bouriaud, O., Brancalion, P., Broadbent, E., Bussotti, F., Gatti, R.C., Češljar, G., Chisholm, C., Cienciala, E., Clark, C. J., Corral‐Rivas, J.J., Crowther, T.W., Dayanandan, S., Decuyper, M., de Gasper, A.L., de‐Miguel, S., Derroire, G., DeVries, B., Djordjević, I., Van Do, T., Dolezal, J., Fayle, T.M., Fridman, J., Frizzera, L., Gianelle, D., Hemp, A., Hérault, B., Herold, M., Imai, N., Jagodziński, A.M., Jaroszewicz, B., Jucker, T., Kepfer‐Rojas, S., Keppel, G., Khan, M.L., Kim, H..S., Korjus, H., Kraxner, Fl., Laarmann, D., Lewis, S., Lu, H., Maitner, B.S., Marcon, E., Marshall, A.R., Mukul, S.A., Nabuurs, G.‐J., Nava‐Miranda, M.G., Parfenova, E.I., Park, M., Peri, P.L., Pfautsch, S., Phillips, O.L., Piedade, M.T.F., Piotto, D., Poulsen, J.R., Poulsen, A.D., Pretzsch, H., Reich, P.B., Rodeghiero, M., Rolim, S., Rovero, F., Saikia, P., Salas‐Eljatib, C., Schall, P., Shchepashchenko, D., Schöngart, J., Šebeň, V., Sist, P., Slik, F., Souza, A.F., Stereńczak, K., Svoboda, M., Tchebakova, N.M., ter Steege, H., Tikhonova, E.V., Usoltsev, V.A., Valladares, F., Viana, H., Vibrans, A.C., Wang, H.‐F.., Westerlund, B., Wiser, S.K., Wittmann, F., Wortel, V., Zawiła‐Niedźwiecki, T., Zhou, M., Zhu, Z.‐X., Zo‐Bi, I.C., and Paquette, A.

Abstract

Aim To determine the relationships between the functional trait composition of forest communities and environmental gradients across scales and biomes and the role of species relative abundances in these relationships. Location Global. Time period Recent. Major taxa studied Trees. Methods We integrated species abundance records from worldwide forest inventories and associated functional traits (wood density, specific leaf area and seed mass) to obtain a data set of 99,953 to 149,285 plots (depending on the trait) spanning all forested continents. We computed community-weighted and unweighted means of trait values for each plot and related them to three broad environmental gradients and their interactions (energy availability, precipitation and soil properties) at two scales (global and biomes). Results Our models explained up to 60% of the variance in trait distribution. At global scale, the energy gradient had the strongest influence on traits. However, within-biome models revealed different relationships among biomes. Notably, the functional composition of tropical forests was more influenced by precipitation and soil properties than energy availability, whereas temperate forests showed the opposite pattern. Depending on the trait studied, response to gradients was more variable and proportionally weaker in boreal forests. Community unweighted means were better predicted than weighted means for almost all models. Main conclusions Worldwide, trees require a large amount of energy (following latitude) to produce dense wood and seeds, while leaves with large surface to weight ratios are concentrated in temperate forests. However, patterns of functional composition within-biome differ from global patterns due to biome specificities such as the presence of conifers or unique combinations of climatic and soil properties. We recommend assessing the sensitivity of tree functional traits to environmental changes in their geographic context. Furthermore, at a given site, th

Published
2024
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2. Biased-corrected richness estimates for the Amazonian tree flora

Author

ter Steege, H., Prado, P.I., Lima, R.A.F., Pos, E., de Souza Coelho, L., de Andrade Lima Filho, D., Salomão, R.P., Amaral, I.L., de Almeida Matos, F.D., Castilho, C.V., Phillips, O.L., Guevara, J.E., de Jesus Veiga Carim, M., Cárdenas López, D., Magnusson, W.E., Wittmann, F., Martins, M.P., Sabatier, D., Irume, M.V., da Silva Guimarães, J.R., Molino, J.-F., Bánki, O.S., Piedade, M.T.F., Pitman, N.C.A., Ramos, J.F., Monteagudo Mendoza, A., Venticinque, E.M., Luize, B.G., Núñez Vargas, P., Silva, T.S.F., de Leão Novo, E.M.M., Reis, N.F.C., Terborgh, J., Manzatto, A.G., Casula, K.R., Honorio Coronado, E.N., Montero, J.C., Duque, A., Costa, F.R.C., Castaño Arboleda, N., Schöngart, J., Zartman, C.E., Killeen, T.J., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Vasquez, R., Mostacedo, B., Demarchi, L.O., Feldpausch, T.R., Engel, J., Petronelli, P., Baraloto, C., Assis, R.L., Castellanos, H., Simon, M.F., de Medeiros, M.B., Quaresma, A., Laurance, S.G.W., Rincón, L.M., Andrade, A., Sousa, T.R., Camargo, J.L., Schietti, J., Laurance, W.F., de Queiroz, H.L., Nascimento, H.E.M., Lopes, M.A., de Sousa Farias, E., Magalhães, J.L.L., Brienen, R., Aymard C, G.A., Revilla, J.D.C., Vieira, I.C.G., Cintra, B.B.L., Stevenson, P.R., Feitosa, Y.O., Duivenvoorden, J.F., Mogollón, H.F., Araujo-Murakami, A., Ferreira, L.V., Lozada, J.R., Comiskey, J.A., de Toledo, J.J., Damasco, G., Dávila, N., Lopes, A., García-Villacorta, R., Draper, F., Vicentini, A., Cornejo Valverde, F., Lloyd, J., Gomes, V.H.F., Neill, D., Alonso, A., Dallmeier, F., de Souza, F.C., Gribel, R., Arroyo, L., Carvalho, F.A., de Aguiar, D.P.P., do Amaral, D.D., Pansonato, M.P., Feeley, K.J., Berenguer, E., Fine, P.V.A., Guedes, M.C., Barlow, J., Ferreira, J., Villa, B., Peñuela Mora, M.C., Jimenez, E.M., Licona, J.C., Cerón, C., Thomas, R., Maas, P., Silveira, M., Henkel, T.W., Stropp, J., Paredes, M.R., Dexter, K.G., Daly, D., Baker, T.R., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Milliken, W., Pennington, T., Tello, J.S., Pena, J.L.M., Peres, C.A., Klitgaard, B., Fuentes, A., Silman, M.R., Di Fiore, A., von Hildebrand, P., Chave, J., van Andel, T.R., Hilário, R.R., Phillips, J.F., Rivas-Torres, G., Noronha, J.C., Prieto, A., Gonzales, T., de Sá Carpanedo, R., Gonzales, G.P.G., Gómez, R.Z., de Jesus Rodrigues, D., Zent, E.L., Ruschel, A.R., Vos, V.A., Fonty, É., Junqueira, A.B., Doza, H.P.D., Hoffman, B., Zent, S., Barbosa, E.M., Malhi, Y., de Matos Bonates, L.C., de Andrade Miranda, I.P., Silva, N., Barbosa, F.R., Vela, C.I.A., Pinto, L.F.M., Rudas, A., Albuquerque, B.W., Umaña, M.N., Carrero Márquez, Y.A., van der Heijden, G., Young, K.R., Tirado, M., Correa, D.F., Sierra, R., Costa, J.B.P., Rocha, M., Vilanova Torre, E., Wang, O., Oliveira, A.A., Kalamandeen, M., Vriesendorp, C., Ramirez-Angulo, H., Holmgren, M., Nascimento, M.T., Galbraith, D., Flores, B.M., Scudeller, V.V., Cano, A., Ahuite Reategui, M.A., Mesones, I., Baider, C., Mendoza, C., Zagt, R., Urrego Giraldo, L.E., Ferreira, C., Villarroel, D., Linares-Palomino, R., Farfan-Rios, W., Casas, L.F., Cárdenas, S., Balslev, H., Torres-Lezama, A., Alexiades, M.N., Garcia-Cabrera, K., Valenzuela Gamarra, L., Valderrama Sandoval, E.H., Ramirez Arevalo, F., Hernandez, L., Sampaio, A.F., Pansini, S., Palacios Cuenca, W., de Oliveira, E.A., Pauletto, D., Levesley, A., Melgaço, K., Pickavance, G., ter Steege, H., Prado, P.I., Lima, R.A.F., Pos, E., de Souza Coelho, L., de Andrade Lima Filho, D., Salomão, R.P., Amaral, I.L., de Almeida Matos, F.D., Castilho, C.V., Phillips, O.L., Guevara, J.E., de Jesus Veiga Carim, M., Cárdenas López, D., Magnusson, W.E., Wittmann, F., Martins, M.P., Sabatier, D., Irume, M.V., da Silva Guimarães, J.R., Molino, J.-F., Bánki, O.S., Piedade, M.T.F., Pitman, N.C.A., Ramos, J.F., Monteagudo Mendoza, A., Venticinque, E.M., Luize, B.G., Núñez Vargas, P., Silva, T.S.F., de Leão Novo, E.M.M., Reis, N.F.C., Terborgh, J., Manzatto, A.G., Casula, K.R., Honorio Coronado, E.N., Montero, J.C., Duque, A., Costa, F.R.C., Castaño Arboleda, N., Schöngart, J., Zartman, C.E., Killeen, T.J., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Vasquez, R., Mostacedo, B., Demarchi, L.O., Feldpausch, T.R., Engel, J., Petronelli, P., Baraloto, C., Assis, R.L., Castellanos, H., Simon, M.F., de Medeiros, M.B., Quaresma, A., Laurance, S.G.W., Rincón, L.M., Andrade, A., Sousa, T.R., Camargo, J.L., Schietti, J., Laurance, W.F., de Queiroz, H.L., Nascimento, H.E.M., Lopes, M.A., de Sousa Farias, E., Magalhães, J.L.L., Brienen, R., Aymard C, G.A., Revilla, J.D.C., Vieira, I.C.G., Cintra, B.B.L., Stevenson, P.R., Feitosa, Y.O., Duivenvoorden, J.F., Mogollón, H.F., Araujo-Murakami, A., Ferreira, L.V., Lozada, J.R., Comiskey, J.A., de Toledo, J.J., Damasco, G., Dávila, N., Lopes, A., García-Villacorta, R., Draper, F., Vicentini, A., Cornejo Valverde, F., Lloyd, J., Gomes, V.H.F., Neill, D., Alonso, A., Dallmeier, F., de Souza, F.C., Gribel, R., Arroyo, L., Carvalho, F.A., de Aguiar, D.P.P., do Amaral, D.D., Pansonato, M.P., Feeley, K.J., Berenguer, E., Fine, P.V.A., Guedes, M.C., Barlow, J., Ferreira, J., Villa, B., Peñuela Mora, M.C., Jimenez, E.M., Licona, J.C., Cerón, C., Thomas, R., Maas, P., Silveira, M., Henkel, T.W., Stropp, J., Paredes, M.R., Dexter, K.G., Daly, D., Baker, T.R., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Milliken, W., Pennington, T., Tello, J.S., Pena, J.L.M., Peres, C.A., Klitgaard, B., Fuentes, A., Silman, M.R., Di Fiore, A., von Hildebrand, P., Chave, J., van Andel, T.R., Hilário, R.R., Phillips, J.F., Rivas-Torres, G., Noronha, J.C., Prieto, A., Gonzales, T., de Sá Carpanedo, R., Gonzales, G.P.G., Gómez, R.Z., de Jesus Rodrigues, D., Zent, E.L., Ruschel, A.R., Vos, V.A., Fonty, É., Junqueira, A.B., Doza, H.P.D., Hoffman, B., Zent, S., Barbosa, E.M., Malhi, Y., de Matos Bonates, L.C., de Andrade Miranda, I.P., Silva, N., Barbosa, F.R., Vela, C.I.A., Pinto, L.F.M., Rudas, A., Albuquerque, B.W., Umaña, M.N., Carrero Márquez, Y.A., van der Heijden, G., Young, K.R., Tirado, M., Correa, D.F., Sierra, R., Costa, J.B.P., Rocha, M., Vilanova Torre, E., Wang, O., Oliveira, A.A., Kalamandeen, M., Vriesendorp, C., Ramirez-Angulo, H., Holmgren, M., Nascimento, M.T., Galbraith, D., Flores, B.M., Scudeller, V.V., Cano, A., Ahuite Reategui, M.A., Mesones, I., Baider, C., Mendoza, C., Zagt, R., Urrego Giraldo, L.E., Ferreira, C., Villarroel, D., Linares-Palomino, R., Farfan-Rios, W., Casas, L.F., Cárdenas, S., Balslev, H., Torres-Lezama, A., Alexiades, M.N., Garcia-Cabrera, K., Valenzuela Gamarra, L., Valderrama Sandoval, E.H., Ramirez Arevalo, F., Hernandez, L., Sampaio, A.F., Pansini, S., Palacios Cuenca, W., de Oliveira, E.A., Pauletto, D., Levesley, A., Melgaço, K., and Pickavance, G.

Abstract

Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, but the estimated species richness is very much debated. Here, we apply an ensemble of parametric estimators and a novel technique that includes conspecific spatial aggregation to an extended database of forest plots with up-to-date taxonomy. We show that the species abundance distribution of Amazonia is best approximated by a logseries with aggregated individuals, where aggregation increases with rarity. By averaging several methods to estimate total richness, we confirm that over 15,000 tree species are expected to occur in Amazonia. We also show that using ten times the number of plots would result in an increase to just ~50% of those 15,000 estimated species. To get a more complete sample of all tree species, rigorous field campaigns may be needed but the number of trees in Amazonia will remain an estimate for years to come. © 2020, The Author(s).

Published
2020

3. Central Amazonian floodplain forests: tree adaptations in a pulsing system

Author

Parolin, P., De Simone, O., Haase, K., Waldhoff, D., Rottenberger, S., Kuhn, U., Kesselmeier, J., Kleiss, B., Schmidt, W., Piedade, M.T.F., and Junk, W.J.

Subjects
Amazon River region -- Environmental aspects, Floodplains -- Environmental aspects, Forests and forestry -- Environmental aspects, Biological sciences, Environmental aspects
Abstract

Amazonian floodplain forests are characterized by an annual flood pulse with changes of the water table that exceed 10 meters. Seedlings and adult trees are waterlogged or submerged for continuous periods lasting up to seven months per year. The monomodal flood pulse of the rivers causes drastic changes in the bioavailability of nutrients, oxygen levels, and concentrations of phytotoxins. The aquatic phase occurs during a period in which temperature and light conditions are optimal for plant growth and development, implying the need for adaptations. Not only do trees persist in a dormant state, they grow vigorously during most of the year, including the aquatic period. The regularity of flooding may have enhanced the evolution of specific traits, which partially are well known from floodplain trees in other tropical and in temperate regions. Different kinds of adaptations are found at the level of structural, physiological, and phenological traits. Combinations of adaptations regarding seed germination, seedling development, and traits of roots, shoots, and leaves result in a variety of growth strategies among trees. These lead to specific species distributions and zonations along the flooding gradient and within Amazonian floodplain systems (nutrient-rich white-water varzea and nutrient-poor black-water igapo). As florestas alagaveis da Amazonia estao sujeitas a uma inundacao anual que pode ultrapassar 10 metros. Plantulas e arvores adultas ficam parcialmente ou completamente submersas por periodos de ate sete meses por ano. O pulso monomodal de inundacao dos rios gera alteracoes drasticas na biodisponibilidade de nutrientes, na concentracao de oxigenio e de phytotoxinas. A fase aquatica ocorre em um periodo do ano em que as condicoes de luz e temperatura sao ideais para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, implicando em uma necessidade das plantas a se adaptarem. As especies arboreas nao apenas sobrevivem em um estado de dormencia, mas crescem vigorosamente durante quase todo o ano, inclusive na fase aquatica. Inundacoes previsiveis e regulares podem ter aumentado a evolucao de caracteristicas especificas, que parcialmente ja sao conhecidas em outras especies de areas alagaveis em regioes tropicais e temperadas. Diferentes tipos de adaptacoes sao encontradas a nivel estrutural, fisiologico e fenologico. A combinacao de adaptacoes levando em consideracao a germinacao das sementes, o desenvolvimento das plantulas, e a estrutura das raizes, caules e folhas resulta em uma variedade de estrategias de crescimento entre as especies. Isto leva a distribuicoes especificas das especies, zonacoes ao longo do gradiente de inundacao e dentro dos sistemas amazonicos (a varzea, com aguas ricas em nutrientes, e o igapo, com aguas pobres em nutrientes)., I. Abstract/Resumo II. Introduction III. Effects of Flooding A. Seed Germination and Early Establishment B. Tree Growth and Periodicity C. Leaf Anatomy, Morphology, and Physiology IV. Adaptations of Trees from [...]

Published
2004

5. Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests

Author

Ter Steege, H., Henkel, T.W., Helal, N., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Huth, A., Groeneveld, J., Sabatier, D., Coelho, L.S., Filho, D.A.L., Salomão, R.P., Amaral, I.L., Matos, F.D.A., Castilho, C.V., Phillips, O.L., Guevara, J.E., Carim, M.J.V., Cárdenas López, D., Magnusson, W.E., Wittmann, F., Irume, M.V., Martins, M.P., Guimarães, J.R.D.S., Molino, J.-F., Bánki, O.S., Piedade, M.T.F., Pitman, N.C.A., Mendoza, A.M., Ramos, J.F., Luize, B.G., Moraes de Leão Novo, E.M., Núñez Vargas, P., Silva, T.S.F., Venticinque, E.M., Manzatto, A.G., Reis, N.F.C., Terborgh, J., Casula, K.R., Honorio Coronado, E.N., Montero, J.C., Feldpausch, T.R., Duque, A., Costa, F.R.C., Arboleda, N.C., Schöngart, J., Killeen, T.J., Vasquez, R., Mostacedo, B., Demarchi, L.O., Assis, R.L., Baraloto, C., Engel, J., Petronelli, P., Castellanos, H., de Medeiros, M.B., Quaresma, A., Simon, M.F., Andrade, A., Camargo, J.L., Laurance, S.G.W., Laurance, W.F., Rincón, L.M., Schietti, J., Sousa, T.R., de Sousa Farias, E., Lopes, M.A., Magalhães, J.L.L., Mendonça Nascimento, H.E., Lima de Queiroz, H., Aymard C, G.A., Brienen, R., Revilla, J.D.C., Vieira, I.C.G., Cintra, B.B.L., Stevenson, P.R., Feitosa, Y.O., Duivenvoorden, J.F., Mogollón, H.F., Araujo-Murakami, A., Ferreira, L.V., Lozada, J.R., Comiskey, J.A., de Toledo, J.J., Damasco, G., Dávila, N., Draper, F., García-Villacorta, R., Lopes, A., Vicentini, A., Alonso, A., Dallmeier, F., Gomes, V.H.F., Lloyd, J., Neill, D., de Aguiar, D.P.P., Arroyo, L., Carvalho, F.A., de Souza, F.C., do Amaral, D.D., Feeley, K.J., Gribel, R., Pansonato, M.P., Barlow, J., Berenguer, E., Ferreira, J., Fine, P.V.A., Guedes, M.C., Jimenez, E.M., Licona, J.C., Peñuela Mora, M.C., Villa, B., Cerón, C., Maas, P., Silveira, M., Stropp, J., Thomas, R., Baker, T.R., Daly, D., Dexter, K.G., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Milliken, W., Pennington, T., Ríos Paredes, M., Fuentes, A., Klitgaard, B., Pena, J.L.M., Peres, C.A., Silman, M.R., Tello, J.S., Chave, J., Cornejo Valverde, F., Di Fiore, A., Hilário, R.R., Phillips, J.F., Rivas-Torres, G., van Andel, T.R., von Hildebrand, P., Noronha, J.C., Barbosa, E.M., Barbosa, F.R., de Matos Bonates, L.C., Carpanedo, R.S., Dávila Doza, H.P., Fonty, É., GómeZárate Z, R., Gonzales, T., Gallardo Gonzales, G.P., Hoffman, B., Junqueira, A.B., Malhi, Y., Miranda, I.P.A., Pinto, L.F.M., Prieto, A., Rodrigues, D.J., Rudas, A., Ruschel, A.R., Silva, N., Vela, C.I.A., Vos, V.A., Zent, E.L., Zent, S., Weiss Albuquerque, B., Cano, A., Carrero Márquez, Y.A., Correa, D.F., Costa, J.B.P., Flores, B.M., Galbraith, D., Holmgren, M., Kalamandeen, M., Nascimento, M.T., Oliveira, A.A., Ramirez-Angulo, H., Rocha, M., Scudeller, V.V., Sierra, R., Tirado, M., Umaña Medina, M.N., van der Heijden, G., Vilanova Torre, E., Vriesendorp, C., Wang, O., Young, K.R., Ahuite Reategui, M.A., Baider, C., Balslev, H., Cárdenas, S., Casas, L.F., Farfan-Rios, W., Ferreira, C., Linares-Palomino, R., Mendoza, C., Mesones, I., Torres-Lezama, A., Giraldo, L.E.U., Villarroel, D., Zagt, R., Alexiades, M.N., de Oliveira, E.A., Garcia-Cabrera, K., Hernandez, L., Palacios Cuenca, W., Pansini, S., Pauletto, D., Ramirez Arevalo, F., Sampaio, A.F., Sandoval, E.H.V., Valenzuela Gamarra, L., Levesley, A., Pickavance, G., Melgaço, K., Ter Steege, H., Henkel, T.W., Helal, N., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Huth, A., Groeneveld, J., Sabatier, D., Coelho, L.S., Filho, D.A.L., Salomão, R.P., Amaral, I.L., Matos, F.D.A., Castilho, C.V., Phillips, O.L., Guevara, J.E., Carim, M.J.V., Cárdenas López, D., Magnusson, W.E., Wittmann, F., Irume, M.V., Martins, M.P., Guimarães, J.R.D.S., Molino, J.-F., Bánki, O.S., Piedade, M.T.F., Pitman, N.C.A., Mendoza, A.M., Ramos, J.F., Luize, B.G., Moraes de Leão Novo, E.M., Núñez Vargas, P., Silva, T.S.F., Venticinque, E.M., Manzatto, A.G., Reis, N.F.C., Terborgh, J., Casula, K.R., Honorio Coronado, E.N., Montero, J.C., Feldpausch, T.R., Duque, A., Costa, F.R.C., Arboleda, N.C., Schöngart, J., Killeen, T.J., Vasquez, R., Mostacedo, B., Demarchi, L.O., Assis, R.L., Baraloto, C., Engel, J., Petronelli, P., Castellanos, H., de Medeiros, M.B., Quaresma, A., Simon, M.F., Andrade, A., Camargo, J.L., Laurance, S.G.W., Laurance, W.F., Rincón, L.M., Schietti, J., Sousa, T.R., de Sousa Farias, E., Lopes, M.A., Magalhães, J.L.L., Mendonça Nascimento, H.E., Lima de Queiroz, H., Aymard C, G.A., Brienen, R., Revilla, J.D.C., Vieira, I.C.G., Cintra, B.B.L., Stevenson, P.R., Feitosa, Y.O., Duivenvoorden, J.F., Mogollón, H.F., Araujo-Murakami, A., Ferreira, L.V., Lozada, J.R., Comiskey, J.A., de Toledo, J.J., Damasco, G., Dávila, N., Draper, F., García-Villacorta, R., Lopes, A., Vicentini, A., Alonso, A., Dallmeier, F., Gomes, V.H.F., Lloyd, J., Neill, D., de Aguiar, D.P.P., Arroyo, L., Carvalho, F.A., de Souza, F.C., do Amaral, D.D., Feeley, K.J., Gribel, R., Pansonato, M.P., Barlow, J., Berenguer, E., Ferreira, J., Fine, P.V.A., Guedes, M.C., Jimenez, E.M., Licona, J.C., Peñuela Mora, M.C., Villa, B., Cerón, C., Maas, P., Silveira, M., Stropp, J., Thomas, R., Baker, T.R., Daly, D., Dexter, K.G., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Milliken, W., Pennington, T., Ríos Paredes, M., Fuentes, A., Klitgaard, B., Pena, J.L.M., Peres, C.A., Silman, M.R., Tello, J.S., Chave, J., Cornejo Valverde, F., Di Fiore, A., Hilário, R.R., Phillips, J.F., Rivas-Torres, G., van Andel, T.R., von Hildebrand, P., Noronha, J.C., Barbosa, E.M., Barbosa, F.R., de Matos Bonates, L.C., Carpanedo, R.S., Dávila Doza, H.P., Fonty, É., GómeZárate Z, R., Gonzales, T., Gallardo Gonzales, G.P., Hoffman, B., Junqueira, A.B., Malhi, Y., Miranda, I.P.A., Pinto, L.F.M., Prieto, A., Rodrigues, D.J., Rudas, A., Ruschel, A.R., Silva, N., Vela, C.I.A., Vos, V.A., Zent, E.L., Zent, S., Weiss Albuquerque, B., Cano, A., Carrero Márquez, Y.A., Correa, D.F., Costa, J.B.P., Flores, B.M., Galbraith, D., Holmgren, M., Kalamandeen, M., Nascimento, M.T., Oliveira, A.A., Ramirez-Angulo, H., Rocha, M., Scudeller, V.V., Sierra, R., Tirado, M., Umaña Medina, M.N., van der Heijden, G., Vilanova Torre, E., Vriesendorp, C., Wang, O., Young, K.R., Ahuite Reategui, M.A., Baider, C., Balslev, H., Cárdenas, S., Casas, L.F., Farfan-Rios, W., Ferreira, C., Linares-Palomino, R., Mendoza, C., Mesones, I., Torres-Lezama, A., Giraldo, L.E.U., Villarroel, D., Zagt, R., Alexiades, M.N., de Oliveira, E.A., Garcia-Cabrera, K., Hernandez, L., Palacios Cuenca, W., Pansini, S., Pauletto, D., Ramirez Arevalo, F., Sampaio, A.F., Sandoval, E.H.V., Valenzuela Gamarra, L., Levesley, A., Pickavance, G., and Melgaço, K.

Abstract

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such “monodominant” forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors.

Published
2019

6. The productivity of the C4 grass Echinochloa polystachya on the Amazon floodplain

Author

Piedade, M.T.F., Junk, W.J., and Long, S.P.

Subjects
Amazon River region -- Natural history, Photosynthesis research -- South America, Grasses -- Research, Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry) -- Research, Savannas -- Environmental aspects, Floodplain ecology -- Physiological aspects, Biological sciences, Environmental issues
Published
1991

8. Amazonia and global change

Author

Melack, J.M., Novo, E.M.L.M., Forsberg, B.R., Piedade, M.T.F., Maurice, Laurence, Keller, M. (ed.), Bustamante, M. (ed.), Gash, J. (ed.), and Silva Dias, P. (ed.)

Subjects
COUVERT VEGETAL, ESPECE COMMERCIALE, FONCTIONNEMENT DE L'ECOSYSTEME, TELEDETECTION SPATIALE, CARBONE, EXPLOITATION DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES, PLAINE INONDABLE, CYCLE BIOGEOCHIMIQUE, VARIATION TEMPORELLE, METHANE, REGIME HDROLOGIQUE, VARIATION SPATIALE, SEDIMENTATION CONTINENTALE, POISSON
Published
2009

9. Nitrogen balance of floodplain forest of the Amazon River: the role of nitrogen fixation

Author

Junk, W.J., Piedade, M.T.F., Wittmann, F., Schöngart, J., Parolin, P., Kern, J., Kreibich, H., Koschorreck, Matthias, Darwich, A., Junk, W.J., Piedade, M.T.F., Wittmann, F., Schöngart, J., Parolin, P., Kern, J., Kreibich, H., Koschorreck, Matthias, and Darwich, A.

Abstract

The high biomass production in the várzea depends on a high supply of nitrogen, one of the most important macronutrients. There are three main paths for nitrogen to reach the floodplain. Nitrogen derives firstly from the water of the Amazon River when it inundates the floodplain during rising water, secondly from atmospheric deposition, and thirdly from biological N2 fixation (Kern and Darwich 1997). Atmospheric N2 is fixed in various ecotopes, primarily on high elevational ranges of the floodplain. At an elevational range of 22-25 m a.s.l. the forest under study is located on a ridge on Marchantaria Island. It is influenced by the water level of the Camaleão Lake, leading to an average inundation period between 4.7 and 7.6 months per year. In this most advanced successional stage of phytocoenoses, pathways of nitrogen input and output were studied next to Lake Camaleão on Marchantaria Island (Kreibich et al. 2006). This island is not affected hydrochemically by non-inundated upland (terra firme). Interpretation of the results are therefore restricted to exclusive white-water habitats of the central Amazon floodplain.

Published
2011

10. An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

Author

Slik, J.W.F., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Álvarez Loayza, P., Alvese, L.F., Ashton, P., Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, M.L., Bellingham, P.J., Berg, E. van den, Bernacci, L., Conceição Bispo, P.da, Blanc, Lilian, Bohning-Gaese, K., Boeckx, P., Bongers, F., Boyle, B., Bradford, M., Brearley, F.Q., Hockemba, M.B.-N., Bunyavejchewin, S., Matos, D.C.L., Castillo-Santiago, M., Catharino, E.L.M., Chai, S.L., Chen, Y., Colwell, R.K., Robin, C.L., Clark, C., Clark, D.B., Clark, D.A., Culmsee, H., Damas, K., Dattaraja, H.S., Dauby, G., Davidar, P., DeWalt, S.J., Doucet, J.L., Duque, A., Durigan, G., Eichhorn, K.A.O., Eisenlohr, P.V., Eler, E., Ewango, C.E.N., Farwig, N., Feeley, K.J., Ferreira, L., Field, R., Oliveira Filho, A.T. de, Fletcher, C., Forshed, O., Franco, G., Fredriksson, G., Gillespie, T., Gillet, J.F., Amarnath, Giriraj, Griffith, D.M., Grogan, J., Gunatilleke, N., Harris, D., Harrison, R., Hector, A., Homeier, J., Imai, N., Itoh, A., Jansen, P.A., Joly, C.A., Jong, B.H.J. de, Kartawinata, K., Kearsley, E., Kelly, D.L., Kenfack, D., Kessler, M., Kitayama, K., Kooyman, R., Larney, E., Laumonier, Y., Laurance, S.G.W., Laurance, W.F., Lawes, M.J., Amaral, I.L.do, Letcher, S.G., Lindsell, J., Lu, X., Mansor, A., Marjokorpi, A., Martin, E.H., Meilby, H., Melo, F.P.L., Metcalfea, D.J., Medjibe, V.P., Metzger, J.P., Millet, J., Mohandass, D., Montero, J.C., Morisson Valeriano, M. de, Mugerwa, B., Nagamasu, H., Nilus, R., Onrizal, S.O.G., Page, N., Parolin, P., Parren, M., Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, E., Permana, A., Piedade, M.T.F., Pitman, N.C.A., Poorter, L., Poulsen, A.D., Poulsen, J., Powers, J., Prasad, R.C., Puyravaud, J.-P., Razafimahaimodison, J.C., Reitsma, J., Santos, J.R. dos, Spironello, W.R., Romero Saltos, H., Rovero, F., Rozak, A.H., Ruokolainen, K., Rutishauser, E., Saiter, F., Saner, P., Santos, B.A., Santos, F., Sarker, S.K., Satdichanh, M., Schmitt, C.B., Schongart, J., Schulze, M., Suganuma, M.S., Sheil, Douglas, Silva Pinheiro, E.da, Sist, P., Stevart, T., Sukumar, R., Sun, I.-F., Sunderland, Terry C.H., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, E., Tabarelli, M., Tang, J., Targhetta, N., Theilade, I., Thomas, D.W., Tchouto, P., Hurtado, J., Valencia, R., Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. van, Van Do, T., Vásquez, R., Verbeeck, H., Adekunle, V., Vieira, S.A., Webb, C.O., Whitfeld, T., Wich, S.A., Williams, J., Wittmann, F., Woll, H., Yang, X., Yao, C.Y.A., Yap, S.L., Yoneda, T., Zahawi, R.A., Zakaria, R., Zang, R., Assis, R.L. de, Luize, B.G., Venticinque, E.M., Slik, J.W.F., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Álvarez Loayza, P., Alvese, L.F., Ashton, P., Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, M.L., Bellingham, P.J., Berg, E. van den, Bernacci, L., Conceição Bispo, P.da, Blanc, Lilian, Bohning-Gaese, K., Boeckx, P., Bongers, F., Boyle, B., Bradford, M., Brearley, F.Q., Hockemba, M.B.-N., Bunyavejchewin, S., Matos, D.C.L., Castillo-Santiago, M., Catharino, E.L.M., Chai, S.L., Chen, Y., Colwell, R.K., Robin, C.L., Clark, C., Clark, D.B., Clark, D.A., Culmsee, H., Damas, K., Dattaraja, H.S., Dauby, G., Davidar, P., DeWalt, S.J., Doucet, J.L., Duque, A., Durigan, G., Eichhorn, K.A.O., Eisenlohr, P.V., Eler, E., Ewango, C.E.N., Farwig, N., Feeley, K.J., Ferreira, L., Field, R., Oliveira Filho, A.T. de, Fletcher, C., Forshed, O., Franco, G., Fredriksson, G., Gillespie, T., Gillet, J.F., Amarnath, Giriraj, Griffith, D.M., Grogan, J., Gunatilleke, N., Harris, D., Harrison, R., Hector, A., Homeier, J., Imai, N., Itoh, A., Jansen, P.A., Joly, C.A., Jong, B.H.J. de, Kartawinata, K., Kearsley, E., Kelly, D.L., Kenfack, D., Kessler, M., Kitayama, K., Kooyman, R., Larney, E., Laumonier, Y., Laurance, S.G.W., Laurance, W.F., Lawes, M.J., Amaral, I.L.do, Letcher, S.G., Lindsell, J., Lu, X., Mansor, A., Marjokorpi, A., Martin, E.H., Meilby, H., Melo, F.P.L., Metcalfea, D.J., Medjibe, V.P., Metzger, J.P., Millet, J., Mohandass, D., Montero, J.C., Morisson Valeriano, M. de, Mugerwa, B., Nagamasu, H., Nilus, R., Onrizal, S.O.G., Page, N., Parolin, P., Parren, M., Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, E., Permana, A., Piedade, M.T.F., Pitman, N.C.A., Poorter, L., Poulsen, A.D., Poulsen, J., Powers, J., Prasad, R.C., Puyravaud, J.-P., Razafimahaimodison, J.C., Reitsma, J., Santos, J.R. dos, Spironello, W.R., Romero Saltos, H., Rovero, F., Rozak, A.H., Ruokolainen, K., Rutishauser, E., Saiter, F., Saner, P., Santos, B.A., Santos, F., Sarker, S.K., Satdichanh, M., Schmitt, C.B., Schongart, J., Schulze, M., Suganuma, M.S., Sheil, Douglas, Silva Pinheiro, E.da, Sist, P., Stevart, T., Sukumar, R., Sun, I.-F., Sunderland, Terry C.H., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, E., Tabarelli, M., Tang, J., Targhetta, N., Theilade, I., Thomas, D.W., Tchouto, P., Hurtado, J., Valencia, R., Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. van, Van Do, T., Vásquez, R., Verbeeck, H., Adekunle, V., Vieira, S.A., Webb, C.O., Whitfeld, T., Wich, S.A., Williams, J., Wittmann, F., Woll, H., Yang, X., Yao, C.Y.A., Yap, S.L., Yoneda, T., Zahawi, R.A., Zakaria, R., Zang, R., Assis, R.L. de, Luize, B.G., and Venticinque, E.M.

11. An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

Author

Slik, J.W.F., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Álvarez Loayza, P., Alvese, L.F., Ashton, P., Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, M.L., Bellingham, P.J., Berg, E. van den, Bernacci, L., Conceição Bispo, P.da, Blanc, Lilian, Bohning-Gaese, K., Boeckx, P., Bongers, F., Boyle, B., Bradford, M., Brearley, F.Q., Hockemba, M.B.-N., Bunyavejchewin, S., Matos, D.C.L., Castillo-Santiago, M., Catharino, E.L.M., Chai, S.L., Chen, Y., Colwell, R.K., Robin, C.L., Clark, C., Clark, D.B., Clark, D.A., Culmsee, H., Damas, K., Dattaraja, H.S., Dauby, G., Davidar, P., DeWalt, S.J., Doucet, J.L., Duque, A., Durigan, G., Eichhorn, K.A.O., Eisenlohr, P.V., Eler, E., Ewango, C.E.N., Farwig, N., Feeley, K.J., Ferreira, L., Field, R., Oliveira Filho, A.T. de, Fletcher, C., Forshed, O., Franco, G., Fredriksson, G., Gillespie, T., Gillet, J.F., Amarnath, Giriraj, Griffith, D.M., Grogan, J., Gunatilleke, N., Harris, D., Harrison, R., Hector, A., Homeier, J., Imai, N., Itoh, A., Jansen, P.A., Joly, C.A., Jong, B.H.J. de, Kartawinata, K., Kearsley, E., Kelly, D.L., Kenfack, D., Kessler, M., Kitayama, K., Kooyman, R., Larney, E., Laumonier, Y., Laurance, S.G.W., Laurance, W.F., Lawes, M.J., Amaral, I.L.do, Letcher, S.G., Lindsell, J., Lu, X., Mansor, A., Marjokorpi, A., Martin, E.H., Meilby, H., Melo, F.P.L., Metcalfea, D.J., Medjibe, V.P., Metzger, J.P., Millet, J., Mohandass, D., Montero, J.C., Morisson Valeriano, M. de, Mugerwa, B., Nagamasu, H., Nilus, R., Onrizal, S.O.G., Page, N., Parolin, P., Parren, M., Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, E., Permana, A., Piedade, M.T.F., Pitman, N.C.A., Poorter, L., Poulsen, A.D., Poulsen, J., Powers, J., Prasad, R.C., Puyravaud, J.-P., Razafimahaimodison, J.C., Reitsma, J., Santos, J.R. dos, Spironello, W.R., Romero Saltos, H., Rovero, F., Rozak, A.H., Ruokolainen, K., Rutishauser, E., Saiter, F., Saner, P., Santos, B.A., Santos, F., Sarker, S.K., Satdichanh, M., Schmitt, C.B., Schongart, J., Schulze, M., Suganuma, M.S., Sheil, Douglas, Silva Pinheiro, E.da, Sist, P., Stevart, T., Sukumar, R., Sun, I.-F., Sunderland, Terry C.H., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, E., Tabarelli, M., Tang, J., Targhetta, N., Theilade, I., Thomas, D.W., Tchouto, P., Hurtado, J., Valencia, R., Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. van, Van Do, T., Vásquez, R., Verbeeck, H., Adekunle, V., Vieira, S.A., Webb, C.O., Whitfeld, T., Wich, S.A., Williams, J., Wittmann, F., Woll, H., Yang, X., Yao, C.Y.A., Yap, S.L., Yoneda, T., Zahawi, R.A., Zakaria, R., Zang, R., Assis, R.L. de, Luize, B.G., Venticinque, E.M., Slik, J.W.F., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Álvarez Loayza, P., Alvese, L.F., Ashton, P., Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, M.L., Bellingham, P.J., Berg, E. van den, Bernacci, L., Conceição Bispo, P.da, Blanc, Lilian, Bohning-Gaese, K., Boeckx, P., Bongers, F., Boyle, B., Bradford, M., Brearley, F.Q., Hockemba, M.B.-N., Bunyavejchewin, S., Matos, D.C.L., Castillo-Santiago, M., Catharino, E.L.M., Chai, S.L., Chen, Y., Colwell, R.K., Robin, C.L., Clark, C., Clark, D.B., Clark, D.A., Culmsee, H., Damas, K., Dattaraja, H.S., Dauby, G., Davidar, P., DeWalt, S.J., Doucet, J.L., Duque, A., Durigan, G., Eichhorn, K.A.O., Eisenlohr, P.V., Eler, E., Ewango, C.E.N., Farwig, N., Feeley, K.J., Ferreira, L., Field, R., Oliveira Filho, A.T. de, Fletcher, C., Forshed, O., Franco, G., Fredriksson, G., Gillespie, T., Gillet, J.F., Amarnath, Giriraj, Griffith, D.M., Grogan, J., Gunatilleke, N., Harris, D., Harrison, R., Hector, A., Homeier, J., Imai, N., Itoh, A., Jansen, P.A., Joly, C.A., Jong, B.H.J. de, Kartawinata, K., Kearsley, E., Kelly, D.L., Kenfack, D., Kessler, M., Kitayama, K., Kooyman, R., Larney, E., Laumonier, Y., Laurance, S.G.W., Laurance, W.F., Lawes, M.J., Amaral, I.L.do, Letcher, S.G., Lindsell, J., Lu, X., Mansor, A., Marjokorpi, A., Martin, E.H., Meilby, H., Melo, F.P.L., Metcalfea, D.J., Medjibe, V.P., Metzger, J.P., Millet, J., Mohandass, D., Montero, J.C., Morisson Valeriano, M. de, Mugerwa, B., Nagamasu, H., Nilus, R., Onrizal, S.O.G., Page, N., Parolin, P., Parren, M., Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, E., Permana, A., Piedade, M.T.F., Pitman, N.C.A., Poorter, L., Poulsen, A.D., Poulsen, J., Powers, J., Prasad, R.C., Puyravaud, J.-P., Razafimahaimodison, J.C., Reitsma, J., Santos, J.R. dos, Spironello, W.R., Romero Saltos, H., Rovero, F., Rozak, A.H., Ruokolainen, K., Rutishauser, E., Saiter, F., Saner, P., Santos, B.A., Santos, F., Sarker, S.K., Satdichanh, M., Schmitt, C.B., Schongart, J., Schulze, M., Suganuma, M.S., Sheil, Douglas, Silva Pinheiro, E.da, Sist, P., Stevart, T., Sukumar, R., Sun, I.-F., Sunderland, Terry C.H., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, E., Tabarelli, M., Tang, J., Targhetta, N., Theilade, I., Thomas, D.W., Tchouto, P., Hurtado, J., Valencia, R., Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. van, Van Do, T., Vásquez, R., Verbeeck, H., Adekunle, V., Vieira, S.A., Webb, C.O., Whitfeld, T., Wich, S.A., Williams, J., Wittmann, F., Woll, H., Yang, X., Yao, C.Y.A., Yap, S.L., Yoneda, T., Zahawi, R.A., Zakaria, R., Zang, R., Assis, R.L. de, Luize, B.G., and Venticinque, E.M.

12. Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients

Author

Jingjing Liang, Javier G. P. Gamarra, Nicolas Picard, Mo Zhou, Bryan Pijanowski, Douglass F. Jacobs, Peter B. Reich, Thomas W. Crowther, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Sergio de-Miguel, Jingyun Fang, Christopher W. Woodall, Jens-Christian Svenning, Tommaso Jucker, Jean-Francois Bastin, Susan K. Wiser, Ferry Slik, Bruno Hérault, Giorgio Alberti, Gunnar Keppel, Geerten M. Hengeveld, Pierre L. Ibisch, Carlos A. Silva, Hans ter Steege, Pablo L. Peri, David A. Coomes, Eric B. Searle, Klaus von Gadow, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Akane O. Abbasi, Meinrad Abegg, Yves C. Adou Yao, Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez, Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano, Jan Altman, Esteban Alvarez-Dávila, Juan Gabriel Álvarez-González, Luciana F. Alves, Bienvenu H. K. Amani, Christian A. Amani, Christian Ammer, Bhely Angoboy Ilondea, Clara Antón-Fernández, Valerio Avitabile, Gerardo A. Aymard, Akomian F. Azihou, Johan A. Baard, Timothy R. Baker, Radomir Balazy, Meredith L. Bastian, Rodrigue Batumike, Marijn Bauters, Hans Beeckman, Nithanel Mikael Hendrik Benu, Robert Bitariho, Pascal Boeckx, Jan Bogaert, Frans Bongers, Olivier Bouriaud, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Susanne Brandl, Francis Q. Brearley, Jaime Briseno-Reyes, Eben N. Broadbent, Helge Bruelheide, Erwin Bulte, Ann Christine Catlin, Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, Ricardo G. César, Han Y. H. Chen, Chelsea Chisholm, Emil Cienciala, Gabriel D. Colletta, José Javier Corral-Rivas, Anibal Cuchietti, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Javid A. Dar, Selvadurai Dayanandan, Thales de Haulleville, Mathieu Decuyper, Sylvain Delabye, Géraldine Derroire, Ben DeVries, John Diisi, Tran Van Do, Jiri Dolezal, Aurélie Dourdain, Graham P. Durrheim, Nestor Laurier Engone Obiang, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Teresa J. Eyre, Tom M. Fayle, Lethicia Flavine N. Feunang, Leena Finér, Markus Fischer, Jonas Fridman, Lorenzo Frizzera, André L. de Gasper, Damiano Gianelle, Henry B. Glick, Maria Socorro Gonzalez-Elizondo, Lev Gorenstein, Richard Habonayo, Olivier J. Hardy, David J. Harris, Andrew Hector, Andreas Hemp, Martin Herold, Annika Hillers, Wannes Hubau, Thomas Ibanez, Nobuo Imai, Gerard Imani, Andrzej M. Jagodzinski, Stepan Janecek, Vivian Kvist Johannsen, Carlos A. Joly, Blaise Jumbam, Banoho L. P. R. Kabelong, Goytom Abraha Kahsay, Viktor Karminov, Kuswata Kartawinata, Justin N. Kassi, Elizabeth Kearsley, Deborah K. Kennard, Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas, Mohammed Latif Khan, John N. Kigomo, Hyun Seok Kim, Carine Klauberg, Yannick Klomberg, Henn Korjus, Subashree Kothandaraman, Florian Kraxner, Amit Kumar, Relawan Kuswandi, Mait Lang, Michael J. Lawes, Rodrigo V. Leite, Geoffrey Lentner, Simon L. Lewis, Moses B. Libalah, Janvier Lisingo, Pablito Marcelo López-Serrano, Huicui Lu, Natalia V. Lukina, Anne Mette Lykke, Vincent Maicher, Brian S. Maitner, Eric Marcon, Andrew R. Marshall, Emanuel H. Martin, Olga Martynenko, Faustin M. Mbayu, Musingo T. E. Mbuvi, Jorge A. Meave, Cory Merow, Stanislaw Miscicki, Vanessa S. Moreno, Albert Morera, Sharif A. Mukul, Jörg C. Müller, Agustinus Murdjoko, Maria Guadalupe Nava-Miranda, Litonga Elias Ndive, Victor J. Neldner, Radovan V. Nevenic, Louis N. Nforbelie, Michael L. Ngoh, Anny E. N’Guessan, Michael R. Ngugi, Alain S. K. Ngute, Emile Narcisse N. Njila, Melanie C. Nyako, Thomas O. Ochuodho, Jacek Oleksyn, Alain Paquette, Elena I. Parfenova, Minjee Park, Marc Parren, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Sebastian Pfautsch, Oliver L. Phillips, Maria T. F. Piedade, Daniel Piotto, Martina Pollastrini, Lourens Poorter, John R. Poulsen, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Hans Pretzsch, Mirco Rodeghiero, Samir G. Rolim, Francesco Rovero, Ervan Rutishauser, Khosro Sagheb-Talebi, Purabi Saikia, Moses Nsanyi Sainge, Christian Salas-Eljatib, Antonello Salis, Peter Schall, Dmitry Schepaschenko, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Bernhard Schmid, Jochen Schöngart, Vladimír Šebeň, Giacomo Sellan, Federico Selvi, Josep M. Serra-Diaz, Douglas Sheil, Anatoly Z. Shvidenko, Plinio Sist, Alexandre F. Souza, Krzysztof J. Stereńczak, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Somaiah Sundarapandian, Miroslav Svoboda, Mike D. Swaine, Natalia Targhetta, Nadja Tchebakova, Liam A. Trethowan, Robert Tropek, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Peter Mbanda Umunay, Vladimir A. Usoltsev, Gaia Vaglio Laurin, Riccardo Valentini, Fernando Valladares, Fons van der Plas, Daniel José Vega-Nieva, Hans Verbeeck, Helder Viana, Alexander C. Vibrans, Simone A. Vieira, Jason Vleminckx, Catherine E. Waite, Hua-Feng Wang, Eric Katembo Wasingya, Chemuku Wekesa, Bertil Westerlund, Florian Wittmann, Verginia Wortel, Tomasz Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Chunyu Zhang, Xiuhai Zhao, Jun Zhu, Xiao Zhu, Zhi-Xin Zhu, Irie C. Zo-Bi, Cang Hui, Liang, Jingjing, Gamarra, Javier GP, Picard, Nicolas, Zhou, Mo, Keppel, Gunnar, Hui, Cang, Liang J., Gamarra J.G.P., Picard N., Zhou M., Pijanowski B., Jacobs D.F., Reich P.B., Crowther T.W., Nabuurs G.-J., de-Miguel S., Fang J., Woodall C.W., Svenning J.-C., Jucker T., Bastin J.-F., Wiser S.K., Slik F., Herault B., Alberti G., Keppel G., Hengeveld G.M., Ibisch P.L., Silva C.A., ter Steege H., Peri P.L., Coomes D.A., Searle E.B., von Gadow K., Jaroszewicz B., Abbasi A.O., Abegg M., Yao Y.C.A., Aguirre-Gutierrez J., Zambrano A.M.A., Altman J., Alvarez-Davila E., Alvarez-Gonzalez J.G., Alves L.F., Amani B.H.K., Amani C.A., Ammer C., Ilondea B.A., Anton-Fernandez C., Avitabile V., Aymard G.A., Azihou A.F., Baard J.A., Baker T.R., Balazy R., Bastian M.L., Batumike R., Bauters M., Beeckman H., Benu N.M.H., Bitariho R., Boeckx P., Bogaert J., Bongers F., Bouriaud O., Brancalion P.H.S., Brandl S., Brearley F.Q., Briseno-Reyes J., Broadbent E.N., Bruelheide H., Bulte E., Catlin A.C., Cazzolla Gatti R., Cesar R.G., Chen H.Y.H., Chisholm C., Cienciala E., Colletta G.D., Corral-Rivas J.J., Cuchietti A., Cuni-Sanchez A., Dar J.A., Dayanandan S., de Haulleville T., Decuyper M., Delabye S., Derroire G., DeVries B., Diisi J., Do T.V., Dolezal J., Dourdain A., Durrheim G.P., Obiang N.L.E., Ewango C.E.N., Eyre T.J., Fayle T.M., Feunang L.F.N., Finer L., Fischer M., Fridman J., Frizzera L., de Gasper A.L., Gianelle D., Glick H.B., Gonzalez-Elizondo M.S., Gorenstein L., Habonayo R., Hardy O.J., Harris D.J., Hector A., Hemp A., Herold M., Hillers A., Hubau W., Ibanez T., Imai N., Imani G., Jagodzinski A.M., Janecek S., Johannsen V.K., Joly C.A., Jumbam B., Kabelong B.L.P.R., Kahsay G.A., Karminov V., Kartawinata K., Kassi J.N., Kearsley E., Kennard D.K., Kepfer-Rojas S., Khan M.L., Kigomo J.N., Kim H.S., Klauberg C., Klomberg Y., Korjus H., Kothandaraman S., Kraxner F., Kumar A., Kuswandi R., Lang M., Lawes M.J., Leite R.V., Lentner G., Lewis S.L., Libalah M.B., Lisingo J., Lopez-Serrano P.M., Lu H., Lukina N.V., Lykke A.M., Maicher V., Maitner B.S., Marcon E., Marshall A.R., Martin E.H., Martynenko O., Mbayu F.M., Mbuvi M.T.E., Meave J.A., Merow C., Miscicki S., Moreno V.S., Morera A., Mukul S.A., Muller J.C., Murdjoko A., Nava-Miranda M.G., Ndive L.E., Neldner V.J., Nevenic R.V., Nforbelie L.N., Ngoh M.L., N'Guessan A.E., Ngugi M.R., Ngute A.S.K., Njila E.N.N., Nyako M.C., Ochuodho T.O., Oleksyn J., Paquette A., Parfenova E.I., Park M., Parren M., Parthasarathy N., Pfautsch S., Phillips O.L., Piedade M.T.F., Piotto D., Pollastrini M., Poorter L., Poulsen J.R., Poulsen A.D., Pretzsch H., Rodeghiero M., Rolim S.G., Rovero F., Rutishauser E., Sagheb-Talebi K., Saikia P., Sainge M.N., Salas-Eljatib C., Salis A., Schall P., Schepaschenko D., Scherer-Lorenzen M., Schmid B., Schongart J., Seben V., Sellan G., Selvi F., Serra-Diaz J.M., Sheil D., Shvidenko A.Z., Sist P., Souza A.F., Sterenczak K.J., Sullivan M.J.P., Sundarapandian S., Svoboda M., Swaine M.D., Targhetta N., Tchebakova N., Trethowan L.A., Tropek R., Mukendi J.T., Umunay P.M., Usoltsev V.A., Vaglio Laurin G., Valentini R., Valladares F., van der Plas F., Vega-Nieva D.J., Verbeeck H., Viana H., Vibrans A.C., Vieira S.A., Vleminckx J., Waite C.E., Wang H.-F., Wasingya E.K., Wekesa C., Westerlund B., Wittmann F., Wortel V., Zawila-Niedzwiecki T., Zhang C., Zhao X., Zhu J., Zhu X., Zhu Z.-X., Zo-Bi I.C., Hui C., Purdue University [West Lafayette], Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Groupement d'Interêt Public Ecosystèmes Forestiers GIP ECOFOR (GIP ECOFOR ), Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and Stellenbosch University

Subjects
Bos- en Landschapsecologie, WASS, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Forests, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Co-limitation, Ontwikkelingseconomie, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy, Trees, Soil, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Development Economics, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, Life Science, Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie, Bos- en Natuurbeleid, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, BIOS Plant Development Systems, Vegetatie, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, biogeography, biodiversity, Vegetation, Ecology, Biodiversity, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Latitudinal gradients, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Bioclimatic dominance, Biogeography, LATITUDE, Plantenecologie en Natuurbeheer, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Corporate Governance & Legal Services, Tree, Global LDG
Abstract

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers. The team collaboration and manuscript development are supported by the web-based team science platform: science-i.org, with the project number 202205GFB2. We thank the following initiatives, agencies, teams and individuals for data collection and other technical support: the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative (GFBI) for establishing the data standards and collaborative framework; United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program; University of Alaska Fairbanks; the SODEFOR, Ivory Coast; University Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB, Ivory Coast); the Queensland Herbarium and past Queensland Government Forestry and Natural Resource Management departments and staff for data collection for over seven decades; and the National Forestry Commission of Mexico (CONAFOR). We thank M. Baker (Carbon Tanzania), together with a team of field assistants (Valentine and Lawrence); all persons who made the Third Spanish Forest Inventory possible, especially the main coordinator, J. A. Villanueva (IFN3); the French National Forest Inventory (NFI campaigns (raw data 2005 and following annual surveys, were downloaded by GFBI at https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/spip.php?rubrique159; site accessed on 1 January 2015)); the Italian Forest Inventory (NFI campaigns raw data 2005 and following surveys were downloaded by GFBI at https://inventarioforestale.org/; site accessed on 27 April 2019); Swiss National Forest Inventory, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL and Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, Switzerland; the Swedish NFI, Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU; the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa (89967 and 109244) and the South African Research Chair Initiative; the Danish National Forestry, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, UCPH; Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel of Brazil (CAPES, grant number 88881.064976/2014-01); R. Ávila and S. van Tuylen, Instituto Nacional de Bosques (INAB), Guatemala, for facilitating Guatemalan data; the National Focal Center for Forest condition monitoring of Serbia (NFC), Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia; the Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems (Germany) for providing National Forest Inventory data; the FAO and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for undertaking the SAFE (Safe Access to Fuel and Energy) and CBIT-Forest projects; and the Amazon Forest Inventory Network (RAINFOR), the African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network (AfriTRON) and the ForestPlots.net initiative for their contributions from Amazonian and African forests. The Natural Forest plot data collected between January 2009 and March 2014 by the LUCAS programme for the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment are provided by the New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank https://nvs.landcareresearch.co.nz/. We thank the International Boreal Forest Research Association (IBFRA); the Forestry Corporation of New South Wales, Australia; the National Forest Directory of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development of the Argentine Republic (MAyDS) for the plot data of the Second National Forest Inventory (INBN2); the National Forestry Authority and Ministry of Water and Environment of Uganda for their National Biomass Survey (NBS) dataset; and the Sabah Biodiversity Council and the staff from Sabah Forest Research Centre. All TEAM data are provided by the Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) Network, a collaboration between Conservation International, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Smithsonian Institution and the Wildlife Conservation Society, and partially funded by these institutions, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and other donors, with thanks to all current and previous TEAM site manager and other collaborators that helped collect data. We thank the people of the Redidoti, Pierrekondre and Cassipora village who were instrumental in assisting with the collection of data and sharing local knowledge of their forest and the dedicated members of the field crew of Kabo 2012 census. We are also thankful to FAPESC, SFB, FAO and IMA/SC for supporting the IFFSC. This research was supported in part through computational resources provided by Information Technology at Purdue, West Lafayette, Indiana.This work is supported in part by the NASA grant number 12000401 ‘Multi-sensor biodiversity framework developed from bioacoustic and space based sensor platforms’ (J. Liang, B.P.); the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture McIntire Stennis projects 1017711 (J. Liang) and 1016676 (M.Z.); the US National Science Foundation Biological Integration Institutes grant NSF‐DBI‐2021898 (P.B.R.); the funding by H2020 VERIFY (contract 776810) and H2020 Resonate (contract 101000574) (G.-J.N.); the TEAM project in Uganda supported by the Moore foundation and Buffett Foundation through Conservation International (CI) and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS); the Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences (TREECHANGE, grant 6108- 00078B) and VILLUM FONDEN grant number 16549 (J.-C.S.); the Natural Environment Research Council of the UK (NERC) project NE/T011084/1 awarded to J.A.-G. and NE/S011811/1; ERC Advanced Grant 291585 (‘T-FORCES’) and a Royal Society-Wolfson Research Merit Award (O.L.P.); RAINFOR plots supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the UK Natural Environment Research Council, notably NERC Consortium Grants ‘AMAZONICA’ (NE/F005806/1), ‘TROBIT’ (NE/D005590/1) and ‘BIO-RED’ (NE/N012542/1); CIFOR’s Global Comparative Study on REDD+ funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the European Union, the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety and the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP-FTA) and donors to the CGIAR Fund; AfriTRON network plots funded by the local communities and NERC, ERC, European Union, Royal Society and Leverhume Trust; a grant from the Royal Society and the Natural Environment Research Council, UK (S.L.L.); National Science Foundation CIF21 DIBBs: EI: number 1724728 (A.C.C.); National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800374) and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2019BC083) (H.L.). UK NERC Independent Research Fellowship (grant code: NE/S01537X/1) (T.J.); a Serra-Húnter Fellowship provided by the Government of Catalonia (Spain) (S.d.-M.); the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, grant 442640/2018-8, CNPq/Prevfogo-Ibama number 33/2018) (C.A.S.); a grant from the Franklinia Foundation (D.A.C.); Russian Science Foundation project number 19-77-300-12 (R.V.); the Takenaka Scholarship Foundation (A.O.A.); the German Research Foundation (DFG), grant number Am 149/16-4 (C.A.); the Romania National Council for Higher Education Funding, CNFIS, project number CNFIS-FDI-2022-0259 (O.B.); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2019-05109 and STPGP506284) and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (36014) (H.Y.H.C.); the project SustES—Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797) (E.C.); Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del estado de Durango (2019-01-155) (J.J.C.-R.); Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, Government of India (file number PDF/2015/000447)— ‘Assessing the carbon sequestration potential of different forest types in Central India in response to climate change’ (J.A.D.); Investissement d’avenir grant of the ANR (CEBA: ANR-10-LABEX-0025) (G.D.); National Foundation for Science & Technology Development of Vietnam, 106-NN.06-2013.01 (T.V.D.); Queensland government, Department of Environment and Science (T.J.E.); a Czech Science Foundation Standard grant (19-14620S) (T.M.F.); European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007– 2013) under grant agreement number 265171 (L. Finer, M. Pollastrini, F. Selvi); grants from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (J.F.); CNPq productivity grant number 311303/2020-0 (A.L.d.G.); DFG grant HE 2719/11-1,2,3; HE 2719/14-1 (A. Hemp); European Union’s Horizon Europe research project OpenEarthMonitor grant number 101059548, CGIAR Fund INIT-32-MItigation and Transformation Initiative for GHG reductions of Agrifood systems RelaTed Emissions (MITIGATE+) (M.H.); General Directorate of the State Forests, Poland (1/07; OR-2717/3/11; OR.271.3.3.2017) and the National Centre for Research and Development, Poland (BIOSTRATEG1/267755/4/NCBR/2015) (A.M.J.); Czech Science Foundation 18-10781 S (S.J.); Danish of Ministry of Environment, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Forest Monitoring Program—NFI (V.K.J.); State of São Paulo Research Foundation/FAPESP as part of the BIOTA/FAPESP Program Project Functional Gradient-PELD/BIOTA-ECOFOR 2003/12595-7 & 2012/51872-5 (C.A.J.); Danish Council for Independent Research—social sciences—grant DFF 6109– 00296 (G.A.K.); Russian Science Foundation project 21-46-07002 for the plot data collected in the Krasnoyarsk region (V.K.); BOLFOR (D.K.K.); Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, Government of India (grant number BT/PR7928/ NDB/52/9/2006, dated 29 September 2006) (M.L.K.); grant from Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP), which was funded by World Bank (J.N.K.); Korea Forest Service (2018113A00-1820-BB01, 2013069A00-1819-AA03, and 2020185D10- 2022-AA02) and Seoul National University Big Data Institute through the Data Science Research Project 2016 (H.S.K.); the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, grant 442640/2018-8, CNPq/Prevfogo-Ibama number 33/2018) (C.K.); CSIR, New Delhi, government of India (grant number 38(1318)12/EMR-II, dated: 3 April 2012) (S.K.); Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, government of India (grant number BT/ PR12899/ NDB/39/506/2015 dated 20 June 2017) (A.K.); Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) #88887.463733/2019-00 (R.V.L.); National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800374) (H.L.); project of CEPF RAS ‘Methodological approaches to assessing the structural organization and functioning of forest ecosystems’ (AAAA-A18-118052590019-7) funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia (N.V.L.); Leverhulme Trust grant to Andrew Balmford, Simon Lewis and Jon Lovett (A.R.M.); Russian Science Foundation, project 19-77-30015 for European Russia data processing (O.M.); grant from Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP), which was funded by World Bank (M.T.E.M.); the National Centre for Research and Development, Poland (BIOSTRATEG1/267755/4/NCBR/2015) (S.M.); the Secretariat for Universities and of the Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia and the European Social Fund (A. Morera); Queensland government, Department of Environment and Science (V.J.N.); Pinnacle Group Cameroon PLC (L.N.N.); Queensland government, Department of Environment and Science (M.R.N.); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2018-05201) (A.P.); the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number 20-05-00540 (E.I.P.); European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement number 778322 (H.P.); Science and Engineering Research Board, New Delhi, government of India (grant number YSS/2015/000479, dated 12 January 2016) (P.S.); the Chilean Government research grants Fondecyt number 1191816 and FONDEF number ID19 10421 (C.S.-E.); the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Priority Program 1374 Biodiversity Exploratories (P.S.); European Space Agency projects IFBN (4000114425/15/NL/FF/gp) and CCI Biomass (4000123662/18/I-NB) (D. Schepaschenko); FunDivEUROPE, European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement number 265171 (M.S.-L.); APVV 20-0168 from the Slovak Research and Development Agency (V.S.); Manchester Metropolitan University’s Environmental Science Research Centre (G.S.); the project ‘LIFE+ ForBioSensing PL Comprehensive monitoring of stand dynamics in Białowieża Forest supported with remote sensing techniques’ which is co-funded by the EU Life Plus programme (contract number LIFE13 ENV/PL/000048) and the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Poland (contract number 485/2014/WN10/OP-NM-LF/D) (K.J.S.); Global Challenges Research Fund (QR allocation, MMU) (M.J.P.S.); Czech Science Foundation project 21-27454S (M.S.); the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number 20-05-00540 (N. Tchebakova); Botanical Research Fund, Coalbourn Trust, Bentham Moxon Trust, Emily Holmes scholarship (L.A.T.); the programmes of the current scientific research of the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (V.A.U.); FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology—Project UIDB/04033/2020. Inventário Florestal Nacional—ICNF (H. Viana); Grant from Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP), which was funded by World Bank (C.W.); grants from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (B.W.); ATTO project (grant number MCTI-FINEP 1759/10 and BMBF 01LB1001A, 01LK1602F) (F.W.); ReVaTene/ PReSeD-CI 2 is funded by the Education and Research Ministry of Côte d’Ivoire, as part of the Debt Reduction-Development Contracts (C2Ds) managed by IRD (I.C.Z.-B.); the National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF, grant 89967) (C.H.). The Tropical Plant Exploration Group 70 1 ha plots in Continental Cameroon Mountains are supported by Rufford Small Grant Foundation, UK and 4 ha in Sierra Leone are supported by the Global Challenge Research Fund through Manchester Metropolitan University, UK; the National Geographic Explorer Grant, NGS-53344R-18 (A.C.-S.); University of KwaZulu-Natal Research Office grant (M.J.L.); Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dirección General de Asuntos de Personal Académico, Grant PAPIIT IN-217620 (J.A.M.). Czech Science Foundation project 21-24186M (R.T., S. Delabye). Czech Science Foundation project 20-05840Y, the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (LTAUSA19137) and the long-term research development project of the Czech Academy of Sciences no. RVO 67985939 (J.A.). The American Society of Primatologists, the Duke University Graduate School, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the National Science Foundation (grant number 0452995) and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (grant number 7330) (M.B.). Research grants from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologico (CNPq, Brazil) (309764/2019; 311303/2020) (A.C.V., A.L.G.). The Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City (grant number CKJ-JYRC-2022-83) (H.-F.W.). The Ugandan NBS was supported with funds from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), the Austrian Development Agency (ADC) and FAO. FAO’s UN-REDD Program, together with the project on ‘Native Forests and Community’ Loan BIRF number 8493-AR UNDP ARG/15/004 and the National Program for the Protection of Native Forests under UNDP funded Argentina’s INBN2.

Published
2022

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