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Significant racial disparities in prostate cancer incidence and mortality have been reported between African American Men (AAM) who are at increased risk for prostate cancer, and European American Men (EAM). In most of the studies carried out on prostate cancer, this population is underrepresented. With the advancement of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), several genetic predictor models of prostate cancer risk have been elaborated, as well as numerous studies that identify both germline and somatic mutations with clinical utility. Despite significant advances, the AAM population continues to be underrepresented in genomic studies, which can limit their generalizability and potentially widen disparities. Here we outline racial disparities in currently available genomic applications that are used to estimate the risk of individuals developing prostate cancer and to identify personalized oncology treatment strategies. While the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer are different between AAM and EAM. the biological features and differences of prostate tumors in AAM and EAM are still being described. Samples from AAM remain to be unrepresented in different studies. This disparity impacts the available genomic data on prostate cancer. As a result, the disparity can limit the predictive utility of the genomic applications that have been developed and may lead to widening disparities. More studies with substantially higher recruitment and engagement of African American patients are necessary to overcome this disparity.

Therapy with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has dramatically changed the natural history of Crohn’s disease (CD). However, these drugs are not without adverse events, and up to 40% of patients could lose efficacy in the long term. We aimed to identify reliable markers of response to anti-TNF drugs in patients with CD. A consecutive cohort of 113 anti-TNF naive patients with CD was stratified according to clinical response as short-term remission (STR) or non-STR (NSTR) at 12 weeks of treatment. We compared the protein expression profiles of plasma samples in a subset of patients from both groups prior to anti-TNF therapy by SWATH proteomics. We identified 18 differentially expressed proteins (p ≤ 0.01, fold change ≥ 2.4) involved in the organization of the cytoskeleton and cell junction, hemostasis/platelet function, carbohydrate metabolism, and immune response as candidate biomarkers of STR. Among them, vinculin was one of the most deregulated proteins (p < 0.001), whose differential expression was confirmed by ELISA (p = 0.054). In the multivariate analysis, plasma vinculin levels along with basal CD Activity Index, corticosteroids induction, and bowel resection were factors predicting NSTR.

Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk ofCase-control retrospective study including patients admitted due to a UC flare from January 2000 to September 2018. Porpensity score matching (PSM) was performed to minimise selection bias taking into account the small number of cases compared to controls.339 patients were included; CDI in 35 (10.3%) patients. After PSM, 35 (33.33%) cases and 70 (66.67%) controls were analysed. Patients with CDI presented higher rates of readmission (52.9% vs. 21.4%,CDI is a prevalent situation in hospitalised UC patients related to higher mortality within the first 3 months after the infection, need for therapy intensification within the first year and readmission. Our results underline the importance of CDI detection in patients with a flare of UC.

En la actualidad existe un claro aumento de estrategias artísticas que amplían y desarrollan el tándem arte-educación difuminando así los muros que se han construido a lo largo de la historia entre ambos ámbitos. Hablamos de procesos capaces de implicar a las personas en su contexto para generar nuevas formas de repensar los espacios como lugares de oportunidad desde los cuales reflexionar, actuar y crear redes de cuidado. En el presente artículo se expondrá el proceso de creación y los resultados del Proyecto ‘Lugares Fértiles’, una investigación artística que produjo una serie de encuentros interdisciplinares de experimentación artística y reflexión socioambiental. El proyecto facilitó el encuentro entre artistas, educadores y personas interesadas en los procesos de creación artística vinculados al medioambiente urbano, los cuales nos reunimos para compartir la experiencia de ocupar un solar urbano abandonado a través de la intervención e interacción artística y el pensamiento ecológico.

The processes of artistic creation reveal new ways of doing and rethinking the territory. Currently there is a wide repertoire of artistic proposals that indicate that artistic production is a competent strategy to develop reflexive, critical and creative abilities for citizens to live in harmony with the environment. In this article I will explain the process of creation and the results of the Project ‘Fertile Places’, a project realized during the Arteducation Residence in Carmen Thyssen Museum of Malaga, 2018. ‘Fertile Places’ is a art-research that generated a series of transdisciplinary encounters of artistic experimentation and socioenvironmental reflection. The project proposed to share the experience of revitalizing an abandoned urban site with artistic intervention and ecological thinking, facilitating collaborative practices among artists, educators, people interested in the urban natural environment and users of the area.

La distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) es la miopatía más común en niños, de herencia recesiva ligada al cromosoma X y causada por mutaciones en el gen DMD (Xp21.2). Se caracteriza por atrofia y debilidad muscular progresiva, con consecuentes complicaciones musculoesqueléticas, respiratorias y cardíacas, entre otras. Considerando la alta prevalenciade esta condición (prevalencia mundial 0.5 por cada 10 000 hombres) (1,2) y la importancia del manejo multidisciplinar para el diagnóstico oportuno y el manejo adecuado de los pacientes, se realiza un consenso interdisciplinario de expertos para proponer recomendaciones para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes colombianos con DMD

Background and aims Crohn’s disease [CD] can develop penetrating complications at any time during the disease course. Enterocutaneous fistulae [ECF] are disease-related complications with an important impact on quality of life. Our aim was to describe the outcomes of this complication, including its medical and/or surgical management and their temporal trends. The primary endpoint was fistula closure, defined as the absence of drainage, with no new abscess or surgery, over the preceding 6 months. Methods Clinical information from all adult patients with CD and at least one ECF—excluding perianal fistulae—were identified from the prospectively-maintained ENEIDA registry. All additional information regarding treatment for this complication was retrospectively reviewed. Results A total of 301 ECF in 286 patients [January 1970-September 2020] were analysed out of 30 088 records. These lesions were mostly located in the ileum [67%] and they had a median of one external opening [range 1-10]. After a median follow-up of 146 months (interquartile range [IQR], 69-233), 69% of patients underwent surgery. Fistula closure was achieved in 84%, mostly after surgery, and fistula recurrence was uncommon [13%]. Spontaneous and low-output fistulae were associated with higher closure rates (hazard ratio [HR] 1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.93, p = 0.001, and HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.07-2.06, p = 0.03, respectively); this was obtained more frequently with medical therapy since biologics have been available. Conclusions ECF complicating CD are rare but entail a high burden of medical and surgical resources. Closure rates are high, usually after surgery, and fistula recurrence is uncommon. A significant proportion of patients receiving medical therapy can achieve fistula closure.

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la propuesta de un modelo de creación de valor en la universidad pública, a través del resultado del acercamiento a la revisión teórica de la gestión de inductores de valor y la palanca de crecimiento, sustentado en una adecuada planeación financiera y un eficiente control de la gestión financiera, que utilice los inductores de valor, y que permitan la eficacia y eficiencia en el proceso de la educación superior pública. Para tal fin, fue necesario indagar las fuentes de recursos propios y describir la evolución del presupuesto de ingresos y gastos, de igual forma, analizar la liquidez y el capital de trabajo, con relación al manejo de los ingresos con recursos propios, para luego comparar el comportamiento de la productividad de los activos fijos sobre la liquidez y el capital de trabajo, orientados hacia la creación de valor en la universidad pública.

Immunity in cancer patients is modified both by the cancer itself and by oncospecific treatments. Whether a patient's adaptive immunity is impaired depends on their levels of naive lymphocytes and other cell populations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, cancer patients are at greater risk of progressing to severe forms of the disease and have higher mortality rates than individuals without cancer, particularly while they are receiving cancer-specific therapies. An individual's protection against infection, their response to vaccines, and even the tests that determine the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2, depend on lymphocyte populations, meriting their study.Estimate blood concentrations of lymphocytes involved in the immune response to new pathogens in cancer patients.We carried out an analytical study of 218 cancer patients; 124 women and 94 men, 26-93 years of age, who were treated at the National Oncology and Radiobiology Institute in Havana, Cuba, March-June, 2020. Patients were divided into five groups: (1) those with controlled disease who were not undergoing cancer-specific treatment; (2) those undergoing debulking surgery; (3) patients undergoing chemotherapy; (4) patients undergoing radiation therapy and (5) patients currently battling infection. We evaluated the following peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations via flow cytometry: B lymphocytes (total, naive, transitional, memory, plasmablasts and plasma cells); T lymphocytes (total, helper, cytotoxic and their respective naive, activated, central memory and effector memory subsets); and total, secretory and cytotoxic natural killer cells and T natural killer cells. We also estimated neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios. Lymphocyte concentrations were associated with controlled disease and standard cancer therapy. For variables that did not fall within a normal distribution, ranges were set by medians and 2.5-97.5 percentiles. The two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test was used to measure the effect of sex and to compare lymphocyte populations. We calculated odds ratios to estimate lymphopenia risk.All cancer patients had lower values of naive helper and cytotoxic T lymphocyte populations, naive B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells than normal reference medians. Naive helper T cells were the most affected subpopulation. Memory B cells, plasmablasts, plasma cells, activated T helper cells, and cytotoxic central memory T cells were increased. Patients undergoing treatment had lower levels of naive lymphocytes than untreated patients, particularly during radiation therapy. The risk of B lymphopenia was higher in patients in treatment. The odds ratio for B lymphopenia was 8.0 in patients who underwent surgery, 12.9 in those undergoing chemotherapy, and 13.9 in patients in radiotherapy.Cancer and conventional cancer therapies significantly affect peripheral blood B lymphocyte levels, particularly transitional T helper lymphocytes, reducing the immune system's ability to trigger primary immune responses against new antigens.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the most significantinfectious disease threats to the health and conservation of free-ranging and captive wild carnivores. CDV vaccination using recombinant canarypox-based vaccines has been recommended for maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) after the failure of modified live vaccines that induced disease in vaccinated animals. Here, we report a CDV outbreak in a captive population of maned wolves that were previously vaccinated. Five juveniles and one adult from a group of seven maned wolves housed in an outdoor exhibit died in April&ndash, May 2013 in a zoo in the Metropolitan Region, Chile. Clinical signs ranged from lethargy to digestive and respiratory signs. Diagnosis of CDV was confirmed by histopathology, antibody assays, and viral molecular detection and characterization. The phylogenetic analyses of the nucleotide sequence of the H gene of the CDV genome identified in the two positive samples suggest a close relation with the lineage Europe 1, commonly found in South America and Chile. CDV infections in maned wolves have not been previously characterized. To the authors&rsquo, best knowledge, this is the first report of the clinical presentation of CDV in a canine species previously immunized with a recombinant vaccine.

En la cosmovisión de una sociedad capitalista y antropocéntrica el paisaje es tanto territorio a poseer como imagen consumible, por lo tanto alberga códigos y huellas de nuestra actividad sobre él. Bajo este prisma, el paisaje se transforma en la ventana que nos muestra las relaciones que hemos tenido y tenemos sobre él, es un indicador real que nos alerta de los cambios fruto de nuestras acciones. Así mismo, es una herida abierta que habla de pasados, presente y futuros. El paisaje, por esta misma razón, es a su vez susceptible de transformarse en un territorio fértil para las prácticas artísticas de conciencia ecológica y nos sirve como escenario pedagógico desde el cual reflexionar.

Analiza el nuevo marco que envuelve la labor de fiscalización de la Administración Tributaria. Nuestras observaciones, respecto de la fiscalización parcial electrónica, intentan ser un aporte para la mejora y corrección, en su caso, de algunos aspectos de dicho procedimiento que aún no ha sido aplicado en el Perú.

[EN] This article exposes ecofeminism as a necessary current for the transformation of sustainable societies. An active model that unites artistic practices becomes a tool capable of visualizing the roots of the socio-environmental crisis and providing the keys to awareness. Briefly shows how the characteristics of the companies are shown based on the principles of ecofeminism, the body is used as a symbol, as a territory to exploreb and as a common material with the visibility and denounce the imbalance panorama. It uses the body as an instrument with which to redefine the discourses of power and claim their identity, autonomy and freedom. From their artistic practice they try to revert on the imaginary and the conscience and, at the same time, on the alternatives of action for the transformation. The artists presented in this article, from critical,poetic and political thought, to the direct attack on the collective imagination. From the art it makes us reflect on the past, the present and the future of the relationship between humanity and nature in terms of respect, feminism, [ES] El presente artículo expone el ecofeminismo como una corriente necesaria para la transformación hacia sociedades sostenibles, un modelo activo que unido a las prácticas artísticas se convierte en una herramienta capaz de visibilizar las raíces de la crisis socioambiental y proporcionar claves imprescindibles para la toma de conciencia. De forma breve se muestra cómo algunas propuestas artísticas basadas en los principios del ecofeminismo utilizan el cuerpo como símbolo, como territorio a explorar y como material común con el que visibilizar y denunciar la estructura defectuosa sobre la que se ha construido una sociedad patriarcal, capitalista y antropocéntrica. Ellas utilizan el cuerpo como instrumento con el que redefinir los discursos de poder y reivindicar su identidad, autonomía y libertad. Desde su práctica artística pretenden revertir sobre el imaginario y la conciencia y a su vez proponen alternativas de acción para la transformación. Las artistas que se presentan en este artículo trabajan desde el pensamiento crítico, poético y político para atacar directamente al imaginario colectivo. Desde el arte nos hacen reflexionar sobre el pasado, el presente y el futuro de la relación entre la humanidad y la naturaleza en términos de respeto, feminismo y ecología.

Caustic ingestion represents a serious social-medical problem due to the devastating and irreversible consequences it can produce in the upper digestive tract. In Ibero-America, there are no published reliable data on the incidence or prevalence of caustic-induced injuries, and most of the available information on clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is based on retrospective clinical series and, indeed, its clinical management is often based primarily on expert opinion. Re cently as an initiative of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) and with the cooperation of the Spanish Society for Pediatric Gastroente rology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SEGHNP), we have designed a Clinical Practice Guideline that include a series of statements and recommendations aimed at optimizing patient medical care which is based on the systematic review of evidence. Two (2) successive papers focused on the evaluation of physiopathological and clinical-endoscopic diagnostic features of caustic esophagitis in children (1st. Paper) and, on the other hand, the most relevant therapeutic considerations (2nd. Paper). We expect this guideline to become a useful tool for the physician in the difficult decision-making process when assessing patients after caustic ingestion.

Caustic ingestion represents a serious social-medical problem due to the devastating and irreversible consequences it can produce in the upper digestive tract. In Ibero-America, there are no published reliable data on the incidence or prevalence of caustic-induced injuries, and most of the available information on clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is based on retrospective clinical series and, indeed, its clinical management is often based primarily on expert opinion. Re cently as an initiative of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) and with the cooperation of the Spanish Society for Pediatric Gastroente rology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SEGHNP), we have designed a Clinical Practice Guideline that include a series of statements and recommendations aimed at optimizing patient medical care which is based on the systematic review of evidence. Two (2) separate papers focused on the evaluation of physiopathological and clinical-endoscopic diagnostic features of caustic esophagitis in children (1st. Paper) and, on the other hand, the most relevant therapeutic considerations (2nd. Paper). We expect this guideline to become a useful tool for the physician in the difficult decision-making process when assessing patients after caustic ingestion.

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Canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccination using commercial vaccines has been recommended as a useful preventive tool in zoological collections worldwide for the past 30 yr. Zoological facilities have not conducted studies to assess the effectiveness and safety of the multivalent Recombitek C6 and C8 in nondomestic carnivores. They are the only CDV recombinant vaccines available in Latin America. Seventeen clinically healthy red foxes born in Buin Zoo were divided into three groups and administered 1 ml of Recombitek C6 vaccine. Group A consisted of three animals of 9 mo of age without previous vaccination (WPV) that received a single dose. Group B consisted of four animals of 10 mo of age WPV; they received a series of three doses with a 21-day interval between doses. Group C consisted of eight animals1 yr of age that had received a previous vaccination1 yr ago; they received a single-dose booster vaccination. Titers for antibodies against CDV were measured by a serum neutralization test. All animals remained clinically healthy throughout the study period and without clinical signs of disease. Only two foxes (group C) did not show any increase in the antibody titer to the vaccine. All animals of groups A and B seroconverted at 21 days after the first vaccination. Only two animals (both from group B) showed an adequate antibody protective response (titers100) after 180 days. Absence of adverse reactions in red foxes included in this study supports the safety and apparently nondeleterious effect of CDV recombinant vaccine reported in other nondomestic carnivores. Low antibody response and lack of persistence in the serological response 6 mo after vaccination with a single dose suggested limited protective benefits in this species. Additional research is needed to confirm the antibody titer response to multiple vaccinations in this species.

Purpose The MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories are widely used to study early language and communicative development. We recently developed a Spanish version for children with Down syndrome (the CDI-Down) adapted to their particular profile of linguistic and communicative development. The principal aims of this study are to assess the concurrent validity and test–retest reliability of the vocabulary section of this adaptation. Method Validation for productive vocabulary (Study 1) was achieved by correlating CDI-Down scores on expressive vocabulary and measures on the basis of spontaneous speech samples ( n = 29). Validation for receptive vocabulary (Study 2) was achieved by correlating CDI-Down scores on receptive vocabulary and measures derived from language items of the Brunet-Lézine Scale (Josse, 1997; n = 70). Reliability (Study 3) was measured with a subset of parents who completed the same inventory 4 months after the original sampling ( n = 26). Results CDI-Down expressive and receptive vocabulary scores showed a significant positive relationship with their comparison measures, thereby demonstrating convergent validity. A significant positive relationship was also found between test–retest measures for productive and receptive vocabularies, thus supporting the reliability of the adaptation. Conclusion The results demonstrate that the CDI-Down is a valid and reliable tool that could be useful for parents, teachers, clinicians, and researchers.

La ingestión de cáusticos representa un grave problema médico-social por las consecuencias devastadoras e irreversibles que puede producir en el tracto digestivo superior. En Iberoamérica no se han publicado datos fidedignos sobre la incidencia o la prevalencia de lesiones inducidas por cáusticos. La información disponible sobre la presentación clínica, diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico se basa en series retrospectivas de casos y, de hecho, su manejo clínico se sustenta en muchos casos fundamentalmente en la opinión de expertos. Recientemente como una iniciativa de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SLAGHNP) y con la colaboración de colegas de la Sociedad Española de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SEGHNP), hemos diseñado una Guía de Práctica Clínica (GPC) la cual incluye una serie de enunciados y recomendaciones dirigidos a optimizar la atención a los pacientes y que se basan en la revisión sistemática de la evidencia. En dos (2) manuscritos sucesivos nos hemos enfocado primero, en los aspectos fisiopatológicos y de diagnóstico clínico-endoscópico de la esofagitis cáustica en niños (1ª. Parte) y en segundo lugar, en los aspectos más relevantes del tratamiento (2ª. Parte). Esperamos esta guía se convierta en una herramienta útil para el clínico en el difícil proceso de toma de decisiones a la hora de evaluar un paciente posterior a la ingesta de una sustancia cáustica.

Purpose Joint attention is considered a prerequisite for language development. Although language is one of the most impaired domains in Down syndrome (DS), few studies have examined the relationship between caregiver behavior during episodes of joint attention and vocabulary development in these children. Consequently, our primary aim was to analyze the behaviors of caregivers of children with DS and of children with typical development (TD) in the early stages of vocabulary development. A second objective was to examine the kind of words that caregivers use to refer to the object that is the focus of attention. We also consider the concurrent relationship between joint attention and vocabulary development in both groups of children. Method We studied 28 children with DS and 28 children with TD, individually matched on mental age and gender, and their respective caregivers. The mean mental age for children with DS and children with TD was around 12 months. The mean chronological age of caregivers of children with DS and children with TD was around 35 years. Each child and his or her caregiver were video-recorded during a free-play session involving different objects. Results Although the total time engaged in joint attention was greater among caregivers of children with DS, caregivers of both groups of children were more likely to direct than follow their child’s attentional focus. The caregivers of children with DS used a greater number of appropriate terms to refer to the object of attention. We found no significant correlation in either group of children between vocabulary development and joint attention behaviors. Conclusions The results may be due to the fact that the children studied are still very young in developmental terms and have yet to develop all the skills required for joint attention. At this early stage, directing the child’s attention would promote the development of joint attention. A possible explanation for the lack of a correlation between vocabulary development and joint attention is that children may use an associative mechanism in the early stages of lexical learning, and hence the learning of new words is a slow process.

La ingestión de cáusticos representa un grave problema médico-social por las consecuencias devastadoras e irreversibles que puede producir en el tracto digestivo superior. En Iberoamérica no se han publicado datos fidedignos sobre la incidencia o la prevalencia de lesiones inducidas por cáusticos. La información disponible sobre la presentación clínica, diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico se basa en series retrospectivas de casos y, de hecho, su manejo clínico se sustenta en muchos casos fundamentalmente en la opinión de expertos. Recientemente como una iniciativa de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SLAGHNP) y con la colaboración de colegas de la Sociedad Española de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SEGHNP), hemos diseñado una Guía de Práctica Clínica (GPC) la cual incluye una serie de enunciados y recomendaciones dirigidos a optimizar la atención a los pacientes y que se basan en la revisión sistemática de la evidencia y la valoración de los beneficios y riesgos de las opciones asistenciales alternativas. En dos (2) manuscritos sucesivos nos hemos enfocado primero, en los aspectos fisiopatológicos y de diagnóstico clínico-endoscópico de la esofagitis cáustica en niños (1ª. Parte) y en segundo lugar, en los aspectos más relevantes del tratamiento (2ª. Parte). Esperamos esta guía se convierta en una herramienta útil para el clínico en el difícil proceso de toma de decisiones a la hora de evaluar un paciente posterior a la ingesta de una sustancia cáustica.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccination using commercial vaccines has been recommended as a useful preventive tool in zoological collections worldwide for the past 30 yr. Zoological facilities have not conducted studies to assess the effectiveness and safety of the multivalent Recombitek C6 and C8 in nondomestic carnivores. They are the only CDV recombinant vaccines available in Latin America. Seventeen clinically healthy red foxes born in Buin Zoo were divided into three groups and administered 1 ml of Recombitek C6 vaccine. Group A consisted of three animals of 9 mo of age without previous vaccination (WPV) that received a single dose. Group B consisted of four animals of 10 mo of age WPV; they received a series of three doses with a 21-day interval between doses. Group C consisted of eight animals > 1 yr of age that had received a previous vaccination > 1 yr ago; they received a single-dose booster vaccination. Titers for antibodies against CDV were measured by a serum neutralization test. All animals remained clinically healthy throughout the study period and without clinical signs of disease. Only two foxes (group C) did not show any increase in the antibody titer to the vaccine. All animals of groups A and B seroconverted at 21 days after the first vaccination. Only two animals (both from group B) showed an adequate antibody protective response (titers >100) after 180 days. Absence of adverse reactions in red foxes included in this study supports the safety and apparently nondeleterious effect of CDV recombinant vaccine reported in other nondomestic carnivores. Low antibody response and lack of persistence in the serological response 6 mo after vaccination with a single dose suggested limited protective benefits in this species. Additional research is needed to confirm the antibody titer response to multiple vaccinations in this species.

Navegamos en una crisis titánica que afecta a todos los ámbitos que conforman la vida, una crisis que está destruyendo el planeta y sus ecosistemas y con ello a nosotros mismos. Desde mi perspectiva y sentimiento como artista, comprendo el arte como un instrumento de cambio de la situación desequilibrada que tenemos con la Tierra. El presente artículo trata sobre la necesidad de despertar una conciencia sobre el medioambiente para comenzar a realizar la transformación sociocultural que necesitamos y evitar, en la medida de lo posible, el naufragio al que nos dirigimos. En esta investigación se proponen las miradas y estrategias de ciertas prácticas artísticas comprometidas con el entorno y su sociedad como dispositivos de conexión con una conciencia ecológica. Una gran variedad de artistas desde los años sesenta hasta la actualidad han representado, denunciado o revisado la relación del ser humano con su entorno, activando nuevas formas de mirar y actuar sobre el espacio. La creatividad de la acción artística es capaz de hacer de puente conector entre individuo y Naturaleza. Este trabajo pretende visibilizar la habilidad transformadora interior y exterior de ciertas prácticas artísticas que, lanzando semillas en todas direcciones y lugares, son capaces de generar nuevos caminos hacia la sostenibilidad.

ResumenEste articulo se centra en la comprension del contraste semantico ser/estar con adjetivos presente en la lengua espanola que marca la distincion entre propiedades permanentes y transitorias. Se realizaron dos estudios complementarios, con ninos (4 a 12 anos) y adultos hablantes de espanol. En el primero se estudia el momento en que se logra la comprension madura de ser/estar con adjetivos, marcando rasgos permanentes o transitorios, mientras que en el segundo se examina si dicha distincion facilita la resolucion de una tarea de categorizacion de objetos. Los resultados de ambos estudios mostraron que la comprension del contraste semantico presente en los verbos ser y estar con adjetivos no se produce hasta edades bastante tardias (preadolescentes). La discusion plantea la importancia de estos resultados para las polemicas sobre la relacion entre lenguaje y cognicion. Se concluye que, en el caso de la distincion ser/estar en espanol, dicha interaccion solo se pone de manifiesto en edades tardias del...

ResumenEl objetivo del presente trabajo es ofrecer los primeros datos normativos en espanol sobre el desarrollo del vocabulario, tanto en comprension, como en produccion oral y gestual, en ninos con sindrome de Down (SD). Participaron 230 ninos con SD de entre 8 y 29 meses de edad mental divididos en 11 grupos. Para medir el vocabulario se empleo el Inventario de Desarrollo Comunicativo MacArthur-Bates (CDI) adaptado al perfil evolutivo de los ninos con SD. La comprension del vocabulario fue superior a la produccion oral. En ambos casos, se aprecio un aumento progresivo, mas gradual en la comprension y mas pronunciado en la produccion oral. La tendencia encontrada en la produccion gestual era diferente. Al principio, los gestos van aumentando lentamente, a partir de la edad de 20–21 meses se mantienen en un nivel similar y en los ultimos grupos de edad comienzan a disminuir. Este descenso parece ir asociado al aumento de la produccion oral. Se discute la relevancia de los datos normativos ofrecidos para l...

Background Our main purpose was to compare the lexical development of Spanish children with Down syndrome (DS) and children with typical development (TD) to investigate the relationship between cognitive and vocabulary development in comprehension and oral and gestural production.Method Participants were 186 children with DS and 186 children with TD, with a mental age (MA) of 8–29 months and matched on gender and MA. Information about vocabulary was obtained using a new Spanish adaptation of the MacArthur–Bates CDI for children with DS.Results No significant differences in oral production were found. Lexical comprehension and gestural production of children with DS were superior. Similar to children with TD, gestural production in children with DS decreased as oral production increased.Conclusion Our study provides evidence to support that lexical comprehension and gesture production are strengths in children with DS. With respect to oral production, our results do not support a specific dissociat...

Eosinophilic esophagitis is an underdiagnosed disease that should be suspected in all patients with dysphagia and food impaction. Although these are the leading symptoms, the clinical and endoscopic spectrum is highly varied. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of endoscopy-related complications in this disorder. Precautions should be maximized in endoscopic examinations to avoid iatrogenic damage. We describe the case of a young patient with esophageal stricture and dysphagia who suffered a perforation following a biopsy.

Data from 3 children (2 male, 1 female) acquiring Spanish are explored for the development of linguistic person in an inflectional language. Contrastive use of person, tense, and number and the presence of overt subjects and overt objects are examined. Recent claims that person emerges before tense and number and that the latter license overt subjects are not supported. Each of the 3 children follows a different route in the development of person, tense, and number. The data challenge any theory positing uniformity across children, proposing a maturational sequence of innately endowed categories for person, tense, and number, or claiming that Universal Grammar links the emergence of any of these with the presence of overt subjects.

In a recent commentary, Grinstead (2000) argues against Bates & Goodman's (1999) claims that the development of grammar is contingent on developments in the lexicon, and that, therefore, there is no need for an independent grammar domain. Citing data on the acquisition of negative commands in Catalan and Spanish, Grinstead argues that beyond grammatical elements that are linked with lexical items, there must also exist independently a computational component, which includes grammatical constraints. He argues further that these constraints are observed from the beginning of acquisition. The purpose of this note is, first, to challenge the evidence Grinstead brings to bear in support of this position and, second, to argue further that the acquisition of negative commands in Spanish is better understood in terms of item-based learning combined with low functional load.

This paper examines the earliest uses of verbal morphology in aninflectional language, Spanish . Stringent criteria are applied to data from two children to determine what inflections are used productively. Analyses reveal that there is little productive command of verbal morphology at early ages and that subjects begin with a single form per verb. When elements of the verb paradigm do begin to become productive, they do so in a very gradual, piecemeal fashion. Finally, what governs which aspects of the paradigm are learned early seems to be a complex interaction of the input with cognitive and linguistic complexity.

ResumenLas investigacionesrealizadas durante la ultima decada por los psicologos evolutivos encuadrados en el enfoque de procesamiento de la informacion han puesto de manifiesto el papel fundamental del conocimiento (base de conocimientos) en el desarrollo de la memoria infantil. Sin embargo, no parecen estar claros todavia ni el peso ni el modo en que el conocimiento influye en dicho desarrollo. En este articulo, se ha tratado de caracterizar tres hipotesis teoricas alternativas a este respecto: la “hipotesis lineal del conocimiento” (Bjorklund), la “hipotesis estrategica modificada” (Ornstein y Naus) y la “hipotesis del conocimiento modificada” o “hipotesis de la indisociabilidad” (Chi). Mientras para la primera de estas hipotesis recordar se reduce basicamente a conocer, para las dos segundas el conocimiento actua siempre en interaccion con otros elementos del procesamiento (particularmente, las estrategias de memoria). Tras caracterizar estas tres hipotesis, se han puesto a prueba empiricamente median...

Patients with refractory status epilepticus (RSE) have high morbidity and mortality rates, are hospitalised for longer periods of time, suffer greater neurological damage and progress to symptomatic epilepsy. Continuous electroencephalogram (cEEG) monitoring is a valuable aid in the early detection of RSE, especially in the case of non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). In this study we describe the clinical characteristics, treatment and use of cEEG in paediatric patients with RSE.A retrospective study was conducted at the Hospital Clinico de la Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile between November 2005 and March 2011 in patients aged between 1 month and 15 years diagnosed with RSE and cEEG. Demographic characteristics, baseline and final conditions, and therapy were recorded.A total of 15 patients, 12 of whom were males, with a mean age of 4 years (1.5 months-13 years) were identified. Eight patients had a history of epilepsy. The most frequent aetiologies were progressive symptomatic and acute symptomatic. Convulsive epileptic status (CSE) was present in 11 patients and NCSE in the other four. During the cEEG, six of the 11 patients with CSE later progressed to NCSE. The mean amount of time with RSE was 10.2 days. Of the 15 patients, 13 responded to anticonvulsive drugs and the main secondary complications were respiratory depression and hypotension. Patients with CSE tended to evolve in a more torpid manner than patients with NCSE. On discharge from hospital, 13 patients (86.6%) presented new neurological deficit or difficult-to-manage epilepsy, one still had RSE and one died (6%).The aggregate neurological morbidity and mortality rates of RSE were high. The use of cEEG monitoring should be considered for use in the management of such cases of status epilepticus.

The marine gastropod mollusk Trimusculus peruvianus collected on the coast of Central Chile yielded four new labdane metabolites. The structural elucidation of all compounds was accomplished by spectral analysis. One diterpenoid showed modest antimicrobial activity. Key words: Trimusculus peruvianus, labdanes, marine mollusk.

Eosinophilic esophagitis is an underdiagnosed disease that should be suspected in all patients with dysphagia and food impaction. Although these are the leading symptoms, the clinical and endoscopic spectrum is highly varied. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of endoscopy-related complications in this disorder. Precautions should be maximized in endoscopic examinations to avoid iatrogenic damage. We describe the case of a young patient with esophageal stricture and dysphagia who suffered a perforation following a biopsy.