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A known polyoxygenated briarane, briaexcavatolide P (1), was isolated from a Formosan octocoral Briareum stechei. Moreover, the same species B. stechei, collected from Okinawan waters, yielded three chlorine-containing briaranes, including two new compounds, briastecholides B (2) and C (3) as well as a known analogue, briarenol R (4). The structures of 1–4 were established using spectroscopic methods. In addition, briarane 1 demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in lipo-polysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells by suppressing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein.

Four new hydroperoxyfurancembranoids, briaviodiols B–E (1–4), were obtained from an octocoral identified as Briareum violaceum. The structures of cembranoids 1–4 were established by using spectroscopic methods and comparing the spectroscopic data with those of known related analogues. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 were found to exhibit significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by inhibiting the expression of iNOS protein.

In this review, 170 natural substances, including steroid, diterpenoid, sesquiterpenoid, peptide, prostaglandin, base, chlorolipid, bicyclolactone, amide, piperazine, polyketide, glycerol, benzoic acid, glycyrrhetyl amino acid, hexitol, pentanoic acid, aminoethyl ester, octadecanone, alkaloid, and a 53-kD allergenic component from octocorals belonging to genus Dendronephthya, were listed. Some of these compounds displayed potential bioactivities.

Three new furanocembranoids&mdash, briaviodiol F (1) and briaviotriols A (2) and B (3)&mdash, along with a known analogue, briaviodiol A (4), were obtained from a cultured-type octocoral Briareum violaceum. The structures of cembranoids 1&ndash, 3 were elucidated by using spectroscopic methods. In vitro study demonstrated that compounds 2 and 4 exerted inhibition effects on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) release from RAW 264.7, a macrophage cell line that originated from a mouse monocyte macrophage, stimulated with lipopolysaccharides.

The electron field emission (EFE) process for ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films was tremendously enhanced by Fe-coating and post-annealing processes. The extent of enhancement changes with the granular structure of the UNCD films and the post-annealing conditions (temperature and atmosphere). The best EFE properties are obtained by post-annealing the films at 900 °C in an H 2 environment for 5 min. The EFE behavior of the films can be turned on at E 0 = 1.28 V/μm, attaining a large EFE current density of 772 μA/cm 2 at an applied field of 8.8 V/μm. Microstructural analysis indicates that the mechanism for the improvement in the EFE process is the formation of graphene-like phase (a-few-layer graphite) with good crystallinity, surrounding the Fe (or Fe 3 C) nanoclusters. Presumably, the nanographites were formed via the reaction of Fe-clusters with diamond films, viz. the Fe-clusters dissolved the carbons in the diamond grains and the re-precipitated them on the surface of the other side of clusters, a process similar to the growth of carbon nanotubes via Fe clusters as catalyst.

A thin layer of iron coating and subsequent post-annealing (Fe-coating/post-annealing) is seen to significantly enhance the electron field emission (EFE) properties of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films. The best EFE properties, with a turn on field (E0) of 1.98 V/μm and current density (Je) of 705 μA/cm2 at 7.5 V/μm, are obtained for the films, which were Fe-coated/post-annealed at 900 °C in H2 atmosphere. The mechanism behind the enhanced EFE properties of Fe coated/post-annealed UNCD films are explained by the microstructural analysis which shows formation of nanographitic phase surrounding the Fe (or Fe3C) nanoparticles. The role of the nanographitic phase in improving the emission sites of Fe coated/post-annealed UNCD films is clearly revealed by the current imaging tunneling spectroscopy (CITS) images. The CITS images clearly show significant increase in emission sites in Fe-coated/post-annealed UNCD films than the as-deposited one. Enhanced emission sites are mostly seen around the boundaries of the Fe (or Fe3C) nanoparticles which were formed due to the Fe-coating/post-annealing processes. Moreover, the Fe-coating/post-annealing processes enhance the EFE properties of UNCD films more than that on the microcrystalline diamond films. The authentic factor, resulting in such a phenomenon, is attributed to the unique granular structure of the UNCD films. The nano-sized and uniformly distributed grains of UNCD films, resulted in markedly smaller and densely populated Fe-clusters, which, in turn, induced more finer and higher populated nano-graphite clusters.

The Fe-coating and H2-annealed processes markedly increased the conductivity and enhanced the surface electron field emission (s-EFE) properties for the diamond films. The enhancement on the s-EFE properties for the diamond films is presumably owing to the formation of nano-graphite clusters on the surface of the films via the Fe-to-diamond interaction. However, the extent of enhancement varied with the granular structure of the diamond films. For the microcrystalline (MCD) films, the s-EFE process can be turned on at (E0)MCD = 1.9 V/μm, achieving a large s-EFE current density of (Je)MCD = 315 μA/cm2 at an applied field of 8.8 V/μm. These s-EFE properties are markedly better than those for Fe-coated/annealed ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films with (E0)UNCD = 2.0 V/μm and (Je)UNCD = 120 μA/cm2. The transmission electron microscopy showed that the nano-graphite clusters formed an interconnected network for MCD films that facilitated the electron transport more markedly, as compared with the isolated nano-graphitic clusters formed at the surface of the UNCD films. Therefore, the Fe-coating/annealing processes improved the s-EFE properties for the MCD films more markedly than that for the UNCD films. The understanding on the distribution of the nano-clusters is of critical importance in elucidating the authentic factor that influences the s-EFE properties of the diamond films. Such an understanding is possible only through the 3D-tomographic investigations.

In this study, we grew a microcrystalline diamond film on a textured Si substrate (MCD/textured Si) and demonstrated the improved electron field emission (EFE) properties of the film. We used a simple wet chemical etching method to fabricate the textured Si substrate and then grew the MCD film by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Although the Raman spectroscopy profile of the MCD film was essentially unchanged, the surface morphology of the MCD film was altered markedly owing to the utilization of the textured substrate as a template. Hillocks of nanodiamond aggregates, rather than large grain granular structures, were formed for the MCD/textured Si films. The turn-on field for the EFE of the MCD/textured Si film was as small as 3.2 V/µm, with a current density as large as 751 µA/cm2 (at an applied field of 8.8 V/µm). The enhanced EFE properties of the thus-obtained MCD/textured Si film, along with the simplicity and cost-effectivity of the substrate texturing process, renders the MCD/textured Si film a good candidate for application as an electron field emitter.

The interaction between Fe-coatings and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films during annealing was investigated in detail using transmission electron microscopy. The thin Fe-coating first formed nanosized Fe-clusters and then catalytically dissociated the diamond, re-precipitating carbon to form nanosized graphite clusters. These clusters formed conducting networks that facilitated electron transport and greatly improved the electron field emission (EFE) properties of the UNCD films. The extent of enhancement varied markedly with annealing temperature and atmosphere. For H2-annealed films, EFE behavior was optimized by annealing at 900 °C. EFE was turned on at (E0)H2 = 1.2 V/μm, attaining EFE current density of (Je)H2 = 772.0 μA/cm2 at an applied field of 8.8 V/mm. These characteristics were superior to those of UNCD films NH3-annealed at 850 °C. The inferior EFE properties for the NH3-annealed samples were attributed to reaction of NH3 with the hydrocarbon phase that encapsulated the nanosized diamon...

The electron field emission (EFE) properties of microcrystalline diamond (MCD) films are significantly enhanced due to the Fe coating and post-annealing processes. The 900 °C post-annealed Fe coated diamond films exhibit the best EFE properties, with a turn on field (E0) of 3.42 V/μm and attain EFE current density (Je) of 170 μA/cm2 at 7.5 V/μm. Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS) in current imaging tunnelling spectroscopy mode clearly shows the increased number density of emission sites in Fe-coated and post-annealed MCD films than the as-prepared ones. Emission is seen from the boundaries of the Fe (or Fe3C) nanoparticles formed during the annealing process. In STS measurement, the normalized conductance dI/dVI/V versus V curves indicate nearly metallic band gap, at the boundaries of Fe (or Fe3C) nanoparticles. Microstructural analysis indicates that the mechanism for improved EFE properties is due to the formation of nanographite that surrounds the Fe (or Fe3C) nanoparticles.

The electron field emission (EFE) properties of diamond films were markedly improved by Fe-coating and postannealing processes. Transmission electron microscopy examination indicated that the possible mechanism of enhancing the EFE behavior is the reaction of the Fe layer with diamond and the reprecipitation of the dissolved carbon species to form nanographite. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the Fe coating first formed Fe particles at 700 °C and then reacted with diamond, forming iron carbide (Fe3C) at 800 °C. The dissolution and reprecipitation processes occurred simultaneously during the postannealing process at higher temperatures (800–950 °C), which leads to the formation of amorphous carbon when the postannealing temperature is low (800–850 °C) and to that of nanographite when the postannealing temperature is high (900–950 °C). The 900 °C-postannealed diamond films exhibit the best EFE properties, which can be turned on at a field of E 0=2.8 V/µm, and attain an EFE current density of J e=21.4 µA/cm2 at 8 V/µm.