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The aim of the present work was to evaluate and analyze the growth and mineral nutrition response of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) seedlings, an economically important forest species. We analyzed the salinity effects on the kinetics of growth, development, and absorption of nutrients of plants cultivated under controlled conditions on a solid organic substrate. Pinus pinea plants were able to tolerate 25 mM NaCl concentration without reduced growth compared to the non-saline control. However, the salt concentration of 50 mM significantly affected the seedling growth after two weeks of treatment. Root growth activity was decreased more than the aerial parts at applied NaCl concentrations. On the other hand, seedlings restricted the transport of Na+ ions to the aerial parts and were strongly selective in favour of K+ ions. The presence of NaCl in the culture medium decreased the absorption rate and the export of K+ and Na+ ions to the aerial parts. This was reflected in the accumulation way of these two ions in the whole plant. Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar e analisar a resposta de crescimento e nutrição mineral de mudas de pinheiro-manso (Pinus pinea L.), uma espécie florestal economicamente importante. Analisamos os efeitos da salinidade na cinética de crescimento, desenvolvimento e absorção de nutrientes de plantas cultivadas sob condições controladas em substrato orgânico sólido. As plantas de P. pinea foram capazes de tolerar a concentração de 25 mM de NaCl sem redução do crescimento em comparação com o controle não salino. No entanto, a concentração de sal de 50 mM afetou significativamente o crescimento das plântulas após duas semanas de tratamento. A atividade de crescimento das raízes foi mais reduzida do que as partes aéreas nas concentrações de NaCl aplicadas. Por outro lado, as plântulas restringiram o transporte de íons Na+ para a parte aérea e foram fortemente seletivas em favor dos íons K+. A presença de NaCl no meio de cultura diminuiu a taxa de absorção e a exportação de íons K+ e Na+ para as partes aéreas. Isso se refletiu na forma de acúmulo desses dois íons em toda a planta.

The use of wood and residual biomass from forestry works is a CO2 emission-neutral source of energy that also contributes to reducing the risk of spreading forest fires, especially under Mediterranean climate. The forest stands of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) occupies about 0.7 million hectares in the Mediterranean basin. In this study, the commercial quality of the pellets manufactured from different types of cutting residues (needles and thin branches, medium branches and bark), as well as wood from trunks and thick branches, was assessed. It was concluded that with the exclusive use of residual biomass it is not possible to obtain pellets of high commercial quality, useful for residential or industrial use. However, the highest quality pellets could be obtained by combining them with stone pine debarked wood, but in a certain proportion that differs depending on the type of residue (around 15% for bark, 30% for medium branches and less than 15% for needles and thin branches). It is recommended to take advantage of both the thick wood (trunk + thick branches) and a proportion of medium branches and bark, while in the case of needles and thinnest branches it would be more convenient to leave them in the forest for their incorporation into the soil, given their high nutrients concentration and their low quality for energetic use. The results found support a greater valorization of the biomass obtained in the stone pine fellings. In the future it will be necessary to study which is the most appropriate logistics of the silvicultural works to be able to conveniently apply the results of this study.

The knowledge of the effects of fire on soil properties is of particular concern in Mediterranean areas, where the effects of vegetation type are still scarce also. This research aimed: to assess the properties of burnt soils under different vegetation types; to highlight the soil abiotic properties driving the soil microbial biomass and activity under each vegetation type; to compare the biological response in unburnt and burnt soils under the same vegetation type, and between unburnt and burnt soils under different vegetation types. The soils were collected at a Mediterranean area where a large wildfire caused a 50% loss of the previous vegetation types (holm oak: HO, pine: P, black locust: BL, and herbs: H), and were characterized by abiotic (pH, water, and organic matter contents; N concentrations; and C/N ratios) and biotic (microbial and fungal biomasses, microbial respiration, soil metabolic quotient, and hydrolase and dehydrogenase activities) properties. The biological response was evaluated by the Integrative Biological Responses (IBR) index. Before the fire, organic matter and N contents were significantly higher in P than H soils. After the fire, significant increases of pH, organic matter, C/N ratio, microbial biomass and respiration, and hydrolase and dehydrogenase activities were observed in all the soils, especially under HO. In conclusion, the post-fire soil conditions were less favorable for microorganisms, as the IBR index decreased when compared to the pre-fire conditions.

Mediterranean stone pine reforestations are common characteristics of the Italian Tyrrhenian coast, which mostly maintain uniform and monolayered stand structures. However, improving structural diversity is an effective climate change adaptation strategy in forest management. The aim of this study was to implement a methodology which allows distinct reforested areas such as a single green infrastructure to be managed according to the surrounding land use and the characteristics of the forest stands. 240 hectares of Mediterranean stone pine forests located along a 16 km strip of the Lazio coast (Central Italy) were mapped. Twelve attributes describing the pine stands and showing possible constraints for future management decisions were associated to each forest patch. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to group the pinewood patches according to their similarity level and five different groups were identified. For each group, different silvicultural methods were proposed to guide the compositional and structural evolution of the stands, in order to make them suitable for providing services required locally and increasing overall diversity at landscape scale. The results of the study highlight how coastal land uses can offer effective inputs to differentiate the management of forest systems and therefore achieve greater variety and resilience in the landscape over time. This approach is particularly useful in the case of very homogeneous stands such as the stone pine reforestations under study.

O pinhão mediterrâneo, semente do pinheiro manso (Pinus pinea L.), é um dos frutos de casca rija mais valorizados no mundo. Em Portugal as áreas arborizadas com esta espécie sofreram um aumento de 12 % entre os Inventários IFN5 e IFN6, potenciado pelo elevado valor de mercado do pinhão. Apesar da produção de pinhão se concentrar maioritariamente a Sul do Tejo ela estende-se a todo o país. Embora seja uma espécie adaptada a climas mediterrânicos, recomendada pela carta ecológica de Pina Manique e Albuquerque para a Terra Quente Transmontana (TQT), somente nas últimas décadas se instalaram na região povoamentos com alguma escala que resultaram, em parte, dos vários Quadros Comunitários de Apoio. Atualmente, a área ocupada por esta espécie na TQT é superior a 150 ha. Os povoamentos foram instalados bastante densos com o objetivo lenho/pinhão, sem recurso a enxertia. Muitos destes povoamentos estão a ser reconvertidos para a produção de pinha após 20 anos, encontrando-se na fase de arranque da produção. Por este facto, é fundamental avaliar a qualidade do pinhão produzido na região uma vez que os estudos existentes nesta matéria não englobam esta origem. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em avaliar as características morfométricas do pinhão branco produzido na safra 2019/20 na TQT e a sua caracterização química e compará-lo com outras origens. As pinhas foram colhidas numa área de 40 ha de pinheiro manso com cerca de 25 anos, localizado no território entre Suçães e Lilela (limite dos Concelhos Mirandela/Valpaços), no inverno 2019/20, no âmbito do projeto PDR2020 GO_FTA+siv. Foi aplicada uma amostragem aleatória na totalidade do povoamento tendo sido selecionadas 20 parcelas de 500m² e recolhidas 4 pinhas/árvore para análise laboratorial. As pinhas foram secas em estufa a 40ºC para retirar os pinhões. Em média foram necessárias cerca de 3,6 pinhas para obter 1 kg de pinha. O rendimento em miolo de pinhão foi de 2,1%. Os pinhões foram quebrados manualmente, pinha a pinha, para obtenção do miolo. Dos pinhões obtidos retiraram-se 3 amostras compósitas aleatórias para análise físicoquímica. Ao avaliar os parâmetros de cor pelo Sistema CIELab obtiveram-se valores médios de luminosidade (L*) iguais a 72,4±2,9; do parâmetro a* de 2,3±0,3; e do parâmetro b* de 20,9±0,4, mostrando a predominância da cor amarela. Relativamente ao croma ou intensidade de cor (C*) e à tonalidade (h), os valores médios obtidos foram de 21,0±0,4 e 83,8±0,8, respetivamente. A análise centesimal dos pinhões mostrou a seguinte composição: água 4,1±0,4%, cinzas 5,05±0,03% e gordura 51,1±0,2%, tendo sido estimado um valor de proteína + hidratos de carbono de aproximadamente 39,8%, correspondendo a um valor energético de 619 kcal/100 g. Os ácidos oleico (C18:1n9c) e linoleico (C18:2n6c) foram os ácidos gordos insaturados maioritários (35,6±0,2 e 50,6±0,3%, respetivamente), representando mais de 85% dos ácidos gordos totais. De entre os ácidos gordos saturados, destacou-se o ácido palmítico (C16:0) (6,5±0,2%). De entre os minerais, o potássio e o magnésio foram os maioritários (1110±32 e 514±23 mg/100 g parte edível). O manganês, ferro, cálcio, zinco e cobre também foram detetados em quantidades significativas. Estes resultados são semelhantes a valores publicados para sementes do Pinus pinea colhidas em outras zonas de Portugal e no estrangeiro. Projeto PDR2020-101-031671 - GO_FTA “Florestação de Terras Agrícolas com + valor”, financiado pelo FEADER e pelo Estado Português, no âmbito da Ação 1.1 “Grupos Operacionais” integrado na Medida 1. «Inovação» do PDR2020- Programa de Desenvolvimento Rural. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Agroforestry by-products have gained rising attention in recent years as they represent inexpensive and abundant raw materials that are a source of added-value chemicals, e.g., for food and pharmaceutical applications, as well as for bioenergy generation. Pinus pinaster Ait. bark extracts are consumed worldwide for their cardiovascular benefits, whilst the health potential of Pinus pinea L. bark has not yet been deeply exploited. Therefore, this study highlights the chemical characterisation of Portuguese P. pinaster Ait. and P. pinea L. bark polar extracts, via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-MSn) analysis, and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Quinic acid, an A-type procyanidin dimer isomer, protocatechuic acid, and quercetin were identified for the first time as P. pinea L. bark components. Moreover, this bark demonstrated a higher total content of identified polar compounds than P. pinaster Ait. bark, with quinic acid being the most abundant compound identified. Regarding antioxidant activity, the pine bark polar extracts exhibited strong reducing power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging effects compared to natural antioxidants. Moreover, the bactericidal actions of pine bark extracts were shown against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at a 3.13–25 mg mL−1 range. Globally, these promising insights can boost the sustainable exploitation of P. pinea L. bark, as already occurs with P. pinaster Ait. bark, for the food and biomedical fields.

As florestas desempenham um papel fundamental no fornecimento de serviços à sociedade, proporcionando benefícios nos três pilares da sustentabilidade: ambiental, social e económico; aliando a geração de renda e emprego, bem-estar dos indivíduos e preservação dos recursos naturais. A floresta portuguesa tem um impacto significativo nas contas nacionais. Contudo, apresenta características particulares que podem ser um entrave à sustentabilidade económica e social das zonas rurais. São exemplo disso a pequena dimensão da propriedade rural, sobretudo no Norte e Centro do país, associada a dificuldade no ordenamento fundiário, a baixa rentabilidade, pouca atratividade do investimento e o longo prazo para retorno económico ao produtor florestal. Em muitos casos, esses problemas podem ser superados com a implementação de novas estratégias de gestão nessas propriedades, aplicando uma silvicultura multifuncional onde a produção de longo-prazo se suplementa com produções complementares de curto-prazo, permitindo que a atividade principal da propriedade rural seja complementada com a produção de outros bens e serviços, melhorando a sua rentabilidade e atratividade do investimento. Nesta perspetiva, no âmbito do projeto PDR2020 GO FTA+Siv, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho que tem por objetivo analisar a viabilidade económica de um povoamento de 40 ha de pinheiro-manso (Pinus pinea L.), com cerca de 25 anos de idade, instalado para produção de lenho/fruto e mais tarde reconvertido para produção de pinha no território entre Suçães e Lilela (limite dos Concelhos Mirandela/Valpaços), em plena Terra Quente Transmontana, com base na gestão multifuncional da floresta. Para avaliar a sua viabilidade económica, foram calculados os seguintes indicadores económicos dentro do horizonte de planeamento de 50 anos: Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e Período de Retorno (PR). Essa análise foi feita com base em três modelos silviculturais: (a) atividade de colheita de pinhas fundamentado na produção real de pinhas (medições de campo); (b) atividade de colheita de pinhas fundamentado na produção esperada de pinhas – estimada com base no modelo de produção proposto pela UNAC; e (c) atividade de colheita de pinhas fundamentado na produção real de pinhas (como o modelo “a”) complementada com a produção de mel e recolha de cogumelos silvestres. Além disso, foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade com simulações onde se fez variar os preços de mercado (venda) da pinha e da madeira do pinheiro-manso, bem como os custos da mão-de-obra não familiar. Os resultados mostraram que os 3 modelos silviculturais apresentaram viabilidade económica. O cenário que apresentou maior atratividade económica foi o que incluiu, para além da atividade de colheita da pinha, a produção de mel e apanha de cogumelos silvestres (c). A produção e colheita de produtos complementares da floresta – o mel e os cogumelos silvestres – juntamente com a atividade principal do povoamento – a apanha de pinha – revelaram-se uma via economicamente atrativa para um investimento de exploração de pinheiro-manso. Nesse caso, mesmo com a produção de pinha muito abaixo do esperado, as colheitas de mel e cogumelos mostraram ser alternativas de renda muito viáveis para o produtor. A análise de sensibilidade mostrou que o preço no mercado das pinhas e o custo com mão-de-obra para apanha das pinhas foram os fatores que mais influenciaram a viabilidade e interesse económico nas simulações. Projeto PDR2020-101-031671- GO_FTA “Florestação de Terras Agrícolas com + valor”, financiado pelo FEADER e pelo Estado Português - “Grupos Operacionais” integrado na Medida 1. «Inovação» do PDR2020- Programa de Desenvolvimento Rural do Continente. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Mediterranean trees and shrubs form intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs) in tree rings as a sign of their plasticity in wood formation in response to intraseasonal variations of environmental conditions. Different species show a different aptitude to form IADFs, due to their diverse ability to cope with climate stressors, since the occurrence of IADFs may affect plant hydraulics. Dendroecology and quantitative wood anatomy were used to characterise IADFs in Pinus pinea and Arbutus unedo co-occurring at a Mediterranean site in Italy. The relations between climate parameters (i.e. temperature and precipitation) and intra-annual tree-ring traits (i. e. IADF frequency and conduit size) were analysed to highlight the main triggers for IADF formation and their functional role.Data showed that both species are characterised by a high plastic response to climate and formed a high frequency of L-IADFs (occurrence of earlywoodlike conduits in latewood). The two species, although forming the same type of IADFs, showed different sensitivity to environmental factors. Pinus pinea showed a high dependence of tracheid size on temperature, while Arbutus unedo was more sensitive to precipitation in spring and autumn. Arbutus unedo promptly developed more than one IADF per year in response to rainfall events following drought periods.The overall results were useful to compare the aptitude of the two species in forming IADFs and to highlight the factors priming their formation. This is useful to understand wood growth reactions to environmental drivers and to evaluate the adaptive capabilities in these two species, and thus to predict forest reactions after climate changes.

5 Pág. Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos​​, The epitopes of the major allergen of pine nut, Pin p 1, were analyzed using a peptide library and sera from patients with clinical allergy to pine nut in order to deepen into the allergenic characteristics of Pin p 1. Analyses of epitope similarities and epitopes location in a 3D-model were also performed. Results showed that three main regions of Pin p 1 containing 5 epitopes were recognized by patient sera IgE. The epitopes of Pin p 1 had important similarities with epitopes of allergenic 2S albumins from peanut (Ara h 2 and 6) and Brazil nut (Ber e 1). The epitopes of Pin p 1 were found in α-helices and coils in the 3D protein structure. Interestingly, all epitopes were found to be well-exposed in the protein surface, which suggests facile access for IgE-binding to the structure of Pin p 1 which is known to be highly resistant., This work was supported by a grant from the research program Talento Investigador of the Community of Madrid (Regional Ministry of Science, Universities, and Innovation, Madrid, Spain), and a grant from Strategic Health Action (AES 2020), Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (to B.C) (Grant number: PI20/00351). B.C. is senior researcher in the research program Talento Investigador of the Community of Madrid (number: 2019-T1/BIO-12690). The funding sources had no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to submit the article for publication.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Mediterranean trees have patterns of cambial activity with one or more pauses per year, leading to intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs) in tree rings. We analysed xylogenesis (January 2015–January 2016) in Pinus pinea L. and Arbutus unedo L., co-occurring at a site on Mt. Vesuvius (southern Italy), to identify the cambial productivity and timing of IADF formation. METHODS: Dendrochronological methods and quantitative wood anatomy were applied and enabled IADF identification and classification. KEY RESULTS: We showed that cambium in P. pinea was productive throughout the calendar year. From January to March 2015, post-cambial (enlarging) earlywood-like tracheids were observed, which were similar to transition tracheids. The beginning of the tree ring was therefore not marked by a sharp boundary between latewood of the previous year and the new xylem produced. True earlywood tracheids were formed in April. L-IADFs were formed in autumn, with earlywood-like cells in latewood. In A. unedo, a double pause in cell production was observed, in summer and winter, leading to L-IADFs in autumn as well. Moreover, the formation of more than one IADF was observed in A. unedo. CONCLUSIONS: Despite having completely different wood formation models and different life strategies, the production of earlywood, latewood and IADF cells was strongly controlled by climatic factors in the two species. Such cambial production patterns need to be taken into account in dendroecological studies to interpret climatic signals in wood from Mediterranean trees.

As áreas arborizadas com pinheiro manso (Pinus pinea L.) tem aumentado nos últimos anos devido ao rendimento do pinhão sendo necessário realizar estudos de caracterização da cultura para poder aplicar uma gestão adequada e maximizar a sua produtividade. Neste trabalho pretende-se cacterizar a produção de pinhão desta nova cultura na região de Mirandela. O trabalho foi realizado numa área de pinheiro manso com 40 hectares e cerca de 20 anos de idade. Foram colhidas aleatoriamente 37 pinhas pertencentes a 18 árvores. As pinhas foram avaliadas em termos de peso, dimensão e sanidade. Após a secagem das pinhas em estufa a 40°C, efetuou-se a contagem do número de pinhões por pinha. De cada pinha foi retirada uma amostra de 12 pinhões de forma aleatória para avaliar a sua sanidade e peso com e sem casca. Os resultados apontam para um número médio de 79 pinhões por pinha com 48% de viabilidade e uma taxa de ataque atribuída ao Leptoglossus occidentalis de cerca de 3%. Avaliou-se também o peso de 100 pinhões com casca e sem casca tendo-se obtido um aproveitamento em polpa de 27%. Em média são necessário 173 pinhões para obter 100g de pinhões sem casca e 620 pinhões para obter 100g de pinhão descascado. Assim, serão necessárias aproximadamente 16 pinhas para se obter 100g de pinhão descascado. Na região 1 kg de pinha corresponde a cerca de 3,6 pinhas o que está dentro dos valores referidos como padrão para a região Sul. Esta primeira análise de produtividade na região é bastante promissora para a expansão da cultura desta espécie na Terra Quente Transmontana. Financiado pelo FEADER e pelo Estado Português, no âmbito da Ação 1.1 “Grupos Operacionais” integrado na Medida 1. Inovação do PDR 2020. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Environmental conditions affect the individuals’ quality of life as well as physical, psychological and social well-being. Green areas play a key role in improving well-being perceived by the citizens in urban contexts. The direct and indirect experience with nature helps to reduce psychophysical stress, induces positive emotions, and facilitates renewal of cognitive resources. An example of this is represented by Pinus pinea L. (Italian stone pine) forests located within or around urban areas. These pinewoods were originally diffused in Mediterranean region to produce wood, pine kernels for alimentary purposes and - in coastal areas - to protect dunes and agricultural territories. However, land use change and coastal urbanization modified their principal functions: while productive function has been gradually reduced, they become important elements of the urban landscape contributing to human well-being with a wide range of cultural services. With increasing interest in the use of urban green space to promote human health, it is interesting to analyze if and to what extent different natural settings, as well as restoration components influence well-being by disentangling the effect on physical and psychological benefits. The aim of this paper is to explore the effect of experience variables and restoration components on individuals’ physical and psychological well- being. A quantile regression approach was used for data analysis. This approach allows us to understand what happens throughout the entire distribution of psychological and physical well-being reported by visitors of pinewoods and, in particular, at its extremes. Our results show that the effect of the selected covariates is different both throughout the distribution of the dependent variable and between psychological and physical subjective well-being.

Mediterranean plantations are the most suitable areas to assess vegetation dynamics and competitive interactions between native and exotic woody species. Our research was carried out in a coastal pine plantation (Sicily) where renaturalization by native species (Pistacia lentiscus L. and Olea europaea var. sylvestris) and invasion by Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L.Wendl. simultaneously occur. The regeneration pattern of woody species in the pine understory was evaluated in six experimental plots along a stand density gradient, from 200 to approximately 700 pines per hectare. Both pine stand density and regeneration by native species had a significant negative relationship with Acacia natural regeneration. Olea regeneration was positively correlated with stand density, while Pistacia showed a non-significant relationship. Saplings of both native species were mostly less than 1 m high, whereas approximately 70% of Acacia individuals were higher than 1 m. We found that 400 pines per hectare should be considered a minimum stand density to keep Acacia under control, while favouring the establishment of native species in the understory. The successful control of Acacia requires an integrated management strategy, including different forest interventions according to stand density: thinning, control measures against Acacia, and renaturalization actions.

O pinheiro manso constitui, atualmente, uma das espécies florestais mais interessantes, assumindo um papel preponderante na economia das explorações agroflorestais mediterrânicas, sendo uma das fileiras emergentes mais relevantes do sector produtivo primário. O pinheiro manso é uma espécie florestal com uma cada vez maior importância na economia regional e nacional, o que originou a ideia de estudar a viabilidade de um investimento nesta fileira. O objectivo deste projeto na fileira da pinha/pinhão é melhorar a sua competitividade, abrangendo todas as vertentes de exploração de um recurso florestal - económica, social e ambiental. Para alcançar o objectivo proposto, será introduzida a informação relevante de base para a elaboração da viabilidade de um investimento de uma empresa/negócio e da respetiva avaliação financeira, com explicitação e enquadramento dos respetivos conceitos. Para efeitos de aplicação técnica e prática da matéria objecto de estudo, foi realizado um estudo económico e financeiro, que envolve a elaboração dos mapas financeiros relevantes e respetiva análise, finalizando com a avaliação financeira do projeto e a devida conclusão sobre a viabilidade económica e financeira do mesmo. Embora a viabilidade financeira de um projeto seja crucial para assegurar a rendibilidade dos promotores, este não pode ser entendido como objectivo único deste projeto em particular já que se pretende enfatizar a importância do pinheiro e da pinha como sistema multifuncional com benefícios para a valorização económica e ecológica, desempenhando um papel contra a desertificação que afeta a região mediterrânica promovendo a proteção e regeneração dos solos, da fauna e da flora, determinante no ordenamento do território, e na preservação do ambiente valorizando a paisagem e a diversidade biológica.

Scopo di questa ricerca è stato quello di costituire una rete dendroecologica delle pinete di pino domestico (Pinus pinea L.) nel sud Italia, in Calabria e in Sicilia in particolare. Il metodo dendroecologico, unitamente all’analisi multivariata, si è dimostrato un valido strumento per la caratterizzazione dei rapporti crescita-clima di queste pinete, riuscendo a cogliere fedelmente la variabilità del clima e l’effetto che essa ha sulla crescita di questa specie. In particolare questo metodo ha messo a fuoco direttamente i fattori climatici che guidano la crescita, ponendoli al centro delle distinzioni fra popolamenti indagati. Il segnale climatico ottenuto, mostra come la crescita delle pinete sia direttamente influenzata dalle precipitazioni suddivise in tre distinti periodi della stagione vegetativa: quello invernale, quello estivo e quello autunnale e l’influenza che queste hanno in particolare nella produzione del legno primaverile e di legno tardivo. Un altro risultato ottenuto mostra come negli ultimi decenni sia aumentata la produttività delle pinete siciliane e calabresi studiate, nella quale però possono influire le condizioni stazionali e della fase dinamica di tali rimboschimenti. Rispetto a quanto riportato per diversi popolamenti dell’Italia centrale (faggete/cerrete), in cui la produttività declina a partire dagli anni 80-90, le pinete studiate sono interessate, seppur con oscillazioni, da un aumento di produttività fino agli anni recenti. In particolare, l’aumento delle precipitazioni invernali sostengono una maggior produzione di legno primaverile, mentre il legno tardivo è in generale calo dovuto alla diminuzione delle precipitazioni dei mesi di settembre-ottobre. Le Differenze fra siti sono legate più al mesoclima locale (oceanicità, piovosità, piogge occulte, ristagno idrico) che alla quota. In futuro sarà sicuramente di primaria importanza espandere la Rete Dendroecologica intensificando i campionamenti nelle aree ancora non studiate in modo da fornire una migliore continuità ed omogeneità di campionamento. Il sud del Mediterraneo, infatti, meriterà ulteriori approfondimenti, inoltre, sarà interessante estendere le considerazioni prodotte per il pino domestico anche ad altre specie arboree, a scala regionale ed interregionale in modo da produrre un’analisi maggiormente rappresentativa. In questo scenario si potrà valutare l’effetto dei cambiamenti climatici in atto sulla produttività delle foreste in base ad una conoscenza dettagliata del rapporto clima-accrescimento. L’informazione geografica legata alla produttività potrà essere di aiuto nella pianificazione gestionale delle risorse forestali, fornendo indicazioni utili ad una rimodulazione degli interventi selvicolturali adottati fino ad oggi anche nell’ottica di un miglioramento e potenziamento della resilienza degli ecosistemi forestali al cambiamento climatico. The purpose of this research was to establish a tree-ring network of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) forests in southern Italy, in Calabria and Sicily in particular. Dendroecological method, together with multivariate analysis, proved to be a valuable tool for the characterization of growth-climate relationships, capturing climate variability and the effect it has on the species growth. In particular, this method has focused directly on climate factor driving growth, placing it at the center of the distinctions between populations investigated. Climate signal, shows how pine forests is directly influenced by precipitation into three distinct periods of the growing season: the winter season, the summer and autumn season, and the influence that these have in particular in the early-wood and late-wood production. Our results shows that productivity of both Calabrian and Sicilian stone pine forests has increased in recent decades, in which however the site conditions evolutionary dynamics influenced these pine reforestations. As opposed to what is reported for several central Italian populations (beech / turkey oak), where productivity declines from 80-90’s, the studied pine forests are affected, although with fluctuations, by an increase in productivity until recent years . In particular, the increase in winter precipitation claim a majority early wood production, while the late wood is in general decline due to lower rainfall in September-October. Differences between sites are linked more to the local mesoclimate (oceanity, rainfall, fog, water logging) than altitude. In the future it will be of primary importance to expand the Tree-Ring Network intensifying sampling areas in order to provide better continuity and sample homogeneity. The south of the Mediterranean area will deserve further study and it will also be interesting to extend these considerations to other tree species, at regional and national scale, so as to produce a more representative analysis. In this scenario we will evaluate the effect of climate changes on forests productivity on the basis of a detailed understanding of the climate-growth relationship. Geographical information, linked to productivity, will be an helpful tool in the forest resources management, providing useful guidance to a reorganization of forestry action adopted to date, in order to improve the forest ecosystems resilience to climate change. Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze e tecnologie per la gestione forestale e ambientale

Environmental conditions affect the individuals’ quality of life as well as physical, psychological and social well-being. Green areas play a key role in improving well-being perceived by the citizens in urban contexts. The direct and indirect experience with nature helps to reduce psychophysical stress, induces positive emotions, and facilitates renewal of cognitive resources. An example of this is represented by Pinus pinea L. (Italian stone pine) forests located within or around urban areas. These pinewoods were originally diffused in Mediterranean region to produce wood, pine kernels for alimentary purposes and - in coastal areas - to protect dunes and agricultural territories. However, land use change and coastal urbanization modified their principal functions: while productive function has been gradually reduced, they become important elements of the urban landscape contributing to human well-being with a wide range of cultural services. With increasing interest in the use of urban green space to promote human health, it is interesting to analyze if and to what extent different natural settings, as well as restoration components influence well-being by disentangling the effect on physical and psychological benefits. The aim of this paper is to explore the effect of experience variables and restoration components on individuals’ physical and psychological wellbeing. A quantile regression approach was used for data analysis. This approach allows us to understand what happens throughout the entire distribution of psychological and physical well-being reported by visitors of pinewoods and, in particular, at its extremes. Our results show that the effect of the selected covariates is different both throughout the distribution of the dependent variable and between psychological and physical subjective well-being.

As florestas são uma fonte importante de recursos naturais, desempenhando um papel fulcral na sustentabilidade ambiental. A sua gestão quer territorial quer económica, conduz a uma maximização da produção, sem alteração da qualidade da matéria-prima. Portugal apresenta mais de um terço do seu território coberto por floresta, apresentando uma possibilidade de aplicação de sistemas de gestão, territorial e económica que maximizem a sua produção. Os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) são modelos da realidade em que é possível integrar toda a informação disponível sobre um assunto tendo por base um campo comum a todos as variáveis, a localização geográfica. Os SIG podem contribuir de diversas formas para um maior desenvolvimento das rotinas e ferramentas de planeamento e gestão florestal. A sua integração com modelos quantitativos para planeamento e gestão de florestas é uma mais-valia nesta área. Nesta dissertação apresentam-se modelos geoestatísticos, com recurso a Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, de apoio e suporte à produção de pinha em Pinheiro-manso (Pinus pinea L.). Procurando estimar as áreas com melhor propensão à produção, a partir de dados amostrais. Estes foram previamente estudados tendo sido selecionadas quatro variáveis: largura da copa, área basal, altura da árvore e produção de pinha. A geoestatística aplicada, inclui modelos de correlação espacial: kriging, onde são atribuídos pesos às amostras a partir de uma análise espacial baseada no variograma experimental. Foi utilizada a extensão Geostatistical Analyst do ArcGis da ESRI, para realizar 96 krigings para as quatro variáveis em estudo, com diferentes parametrizações, destes foram selecionados 8 krigings. Com base nos critérios de adequação dos modelos e da análise de resultados da predição dos erros - cross validation. O resultado deste estudo é apresentado através de mapas de previsão para a produção de pinha em Pinheiro manso, em que foram analisadas áreas com maior e menor probabilidade de produção tendo-se realizado análises de comparação de variáveis. Através da interseção de todas as variáveis com a produção, podemos concluir que os concelhos com maiores áreas de probabilidade de produção de pinha em Pinheiro manso, da área de estudo, são Alcácer do Sal, Montemor-o-Novo, Vendas Novas, Coruche e Chamusca. Com a realização de um cruzamento de dados entre os resultados obtidos dos krigings, e a Carta de Uso e Ocupação do Solo de Portugal Continental para 2007 (COS2007), realizaram-se mapas de previsão para a expansão do Pinheiro manso. Nas áreas de expansão conseguimos atingir aumentos mínimos na ordem dos 11% e máximo na ordem dos 61%. No total consegue-se atingir aproximadamente 128 mil ha para área de expansão do Pinheiro manso. Superando, os valores esperados pelos Planos Regionais de Ordenamento Florestal, abrangidos pela área da amostra em estudo, em que é esperado um incremento de cerca de 130 mil hectares de área de Pinheiro manso para 2030. produção tendo-se realizado análises de comparação de variáveis. Através da interseção de todas as variáveis com a produção, podemos concluir que os concelhos com maiores áreas de probabilidade de produção de pinha em Pinheiro manso, da área de estudo, são Alcácer do Sal, Montemor-o-Novo, Vendas Novas, Coruche e Chamusca. Com a realização de um cruzamento de dados entre os resultados obtidos dos krigings, e a Carta de Uso e Ocupação do Solo de Portugal Continental para 2007 (COS2007), realizaram-se mapas de previsão para a expansão do Pinheiro manso. Nas áreas de expansão conseguimos atingir aumentos mínimos na ordem dos 11% e máximo na ordem dos 61%. No total consegue-se atingir aproximadamente 128 mil ha para área de expansão do Pinheiro manso. Superando, os valores esperados pelos Planos Regionais de Ordenamento Florestal, abrangidos pela área da amostra em estudo, em que é esperado um incremento de cerca de 130 mil hectares de área de Pinheiro manso para 2030.

Raziskali smo anomalije v rasti branik pinije (Pinus pinea L.) in alepskega bora (Pinus halepensis Mill.) iz kraja Guardamar del Segura v JV Španiji. Iz 6 dreves (po 3 za vsako vrsto bora) smo odvzeli kolute na različnih višinah v deblu, jih gladko obdelali, ter na vsakem analizirali ter datirali branike vzdolž 8-ih različnih radijev. Za analizo smo uporabili programa TSAP in ARSTAN. Nesklenjenih branik je bilo več kot popolnoma izpadlih. Izpad je bil večji pri alepskem boru kot pri piniji. Kazalnik moč signala podpopulacije SSS (subsample signal strength) je pokazal, da za zanesljivost rezultatov analize zadostuje merjenje širin branik vzdolž enega ali dveh radijev na prsni višini v drevesu, če je branike mogoče pravilno datirati. Primerjava kronologije statističnih ostankov (ARSTAN residual) raziskanih dreves z referenčnima kronologijama alepskega bora in pinije iz istega območja kaže, da je bilo naše datiranje nastanka popolnih, nesklenjenih in manjkajočih branik pravilno. Zaporedja širin branik s pravilno določenimi, nesklenjenimi ali izpadlimi branikami so enako uporabna za študij odziva rasti na klimatske dejavnike kot zaporedja brez izpadlih branik. Pri drevesih, kjer predvidevamo veliko izpadlih branik, priporočamo odvzem večjega števila vzorcev pri več drevesih, ali več vzorcev po višini v deblu pri istem drevesu. Glede na specifične lastnosti dreves na posameznih rastiščih, ne moremo podati splošnega napotka za potrebno število vzorcev za dendrokronološke raziskave. Anomalies in tree-rings of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) from Guardamar del Segura in SE Spain were researched. We took discs of wood from different heights in the stems of 6 trees (3 trees of each species), smoothed them, and on each section along 8 radii analysed and dated tree-rings. TSAP and ARSTAN programme were used for analyses. The number of discontinuous tree-rings was higher than the number of missing rings. The number of missing rings was higher in Aleppo pine than in stone pine. Calculated SSS (sub sample signal strength) showed that it is enough to measure tree-ring widths along one or two radii at breast height of a tree if we can date the tree-rings correctly. Comparison between ARSTAN residual chronologies of researched trees with reference chronologies of stone pine and Aleppo pine from the same site confirmed that we correctly dated normal, missing and discontinuous rings. The tree-ring width series with located discontinuous or missing rings proved to be equally useful to study the response of trees to climate as the tree-ring series without such anomalies. In the trees where we expect high level of missing rings we recommend to increase number of sampled trees or to take samples of wood at several heights in the stem of the same tree. Due to particular characteristics of trees from different sites, we can not suggest any common guidelines for necessary number of cores (samples) of wood for dendrochronological analyses.

El patrimonio forestal del sur de España se encuentra amenazado por el cambio global. En ese contexto, destaca la importancia de evaluar la vulnerabilidad de las masas forestales y sus respuestas al clima. En este trabajo se estudió una cronología de Pinus pinea en Huelva, con el fin de estudiar cómo varía su productividad en relación con el clima. Las precipitaciones invernales y primaverales resultaron favorables para el crecimiento mientras las altas temperaturas en primavera fueron negativas. Los valores del incremento en área basimétrica revelaron una tendencia negativa a partir de los años ’70 coincidiendo con un aumento en las condiciones de estrés hídrico. Los años de crecimiento mínimos coincidieron con los años de mínima disponibilidad hídrica. Este declive en el crecimiento puede indicar la vulnerabilidad de estas masas ante el cambio global. En las últimas décadas, se observó una correlación decreciente con las precipitaciones en junio y las temperaturas primaverales, y creciente con las temperaturas en invierno. La variabilidad de las relaciones clima-crecimiento puede indicar un proceso de adaptación a las nuevas condiciones climáticas en la fenología de la actividad cambial.

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Mediterranean trees are expected to be exposed to an increased aridity in the near future. The lack of genetic variability of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) could limit the adaptation potential of the species to more severe droughts. However, information on intra-specific variability in adaptive traits that might confer potential drought tolerance is scant for stone pine. In this study, we explored the adaptation potential of stone pine to water deficit through variability of key functional traits. In particular, inter-clonal variation in whole plant performance in response to water deficit was studied. The role of inter-clonal variation in functional traits and phenotypic plasticity as determinants of whole plant performance under water deficit were also assessed. Relative growth rate (RGR) and key morphological and physiological traits were studied in ramets of 20 different clones of stone pine from a wide range of populations in the Iberian Peninsula. The plants were grown in climatic chamber under controlled environmental conditions and were submitted to an experimental water deficit of 20 days. The results showed significant inter-clonal variation in total dry mass, RGR, biomass partitioning specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), net photosynthetic rate (An), stomatal conductance (gs) and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi). Significant phenotypic plasticity in response to drought was found for An, gs and WUEi but it did not differ among clones. The clones could be clustered into different groups according to the variability of the studied traits in a principal components analysis. LAR, SLA and net photosynthetic rates explained most of the variation. A combination of traits (high LAR and low WUEi) agreeing with a water spending strategy rather than with a water saving strategy seemed to underlie enhanced RGR under water deficit. Stone pine showed high phenotypic plasticity and significant intra-specific variation in functional traits in response to water deficit. The pattern of variation found in morphological and physiological traits might allow adaptation to short term water deficit in this species. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Pinija (Pinus pinea L.) je mediteranska vrsta drveća. Raširena je na cijelom području Sredozemlja. U Hrvatskoj je prirodno rasprostranjena na otoku Mljetu u području Saplunare. Zbog ekonomske, ekološke, pejzažne, nutritivne i zdravstvene vrijednosti mogućnosti korištenja sjemena pinije su velike. U šumarstvu se koristi za pošumljavanje degradiranih staništa mediteranskog krškog područja Hrvatske, a zbog široke kišobranaste krošnje i vrlo dekorativnog izgleda, interesantna je kao hortikulturna vrsta. Nutritivna i zdravstvena vrijednost sjemena proizlazi iz kemijskog sastava. Bogato je proteinima, vitaminima A, B, C, D, E, od minerala željezom, magnezijem, fosforom i cinkom, nezasićenim masnim kiselinama i polifenolnim spojevima. Ispitana je kvaliteta sjemena (klijavost sjemena, masa 1000 sjemenki, sadržaj vlage), kemijski sastav i antioksidativna svojstva unutarnje sjemenske ljuske i sjemena (količina ukupnog sumpora, dušika, sirovog proteina, fosfora, kalija, kalcija, magnezija, bakra, cinka, željeza, mangana i ukupnih polifenola). Fiziološka, kemijska i antioksidativna svojstva ispitana su na svježem sjemenu (3 provenijencije) i na dugoročno uskladištenom sjemenu (1 provenijencija). Svježe sjeme je sabrano 2009. godine, a uskladišteno sjeme je sabrano 1995. godine na području Uprave šuma Podružnice Split –prema tome kako je napisano stječe se dojam da je samo ovo posljednje sjeme iz 1995 sabirano u UŠP Split. I da li je to sjeme sabrano 1995 pa analizirano narednih godina navedenim u tablici 3 ili je sabirano u svim onim godinama. Klijavost svježeg sjemena bila je viša od standardom propisane. Provenijencija Mljet imala je nisku energiju klijavosti i najviše učešće šturog sjemena. Uzrok tome je starost stabala. Učešće svježeg neisklijalog sjemena ukazuje na dormantnost sjemena, a iznosilo je prosječno 9 %. Kod sjemena pinije radi se o tipu mehaničke dormantnosti. Provenijencija Dubrovnik imala je najviše učešće svježeg neisklijalog sjemena. Zdravstveno stanje sjemena svih istraživanih provenijencija bilo je dobro (Tablica 2.). Klijavost uskladištenog sjemena provenijencije Zadar u razdoblju od 1995. do 2010. godine, iznosila je prosječno 74 %. (Tablica 3.). Značajna količina dušika i sumpora predstavlja pokretačku snagu rasta embrija. Ukupna količina dušika, sumpora, sirovih proteina i fosfora u sjemenu je visoka dok je u sjemenskoj ljusci niska. Visoke vrijednosti sirovih proteina ukazuju na to je sjeme pinije bogat izvor proteina (Tablica 4.). Sjemenke su bogate mineralima. Najzastupljeniji element je kalij, a slijede ga fosfor i magnezij. Ostali elementi zastupljeni su ovim slijedom: kalcij, željezo, mangan, cink i bakar. Nije uočena bitna razlika u mineralnom sastavu unutarnje ljuske i sjemena. Provenijencija Mljet (prirodna sastojina) ima najveću količinu svih ispitivanih minerala osim fosfora jer je sastojina stara (Tablica 5). Istražen je udio ukupnih polifenola i antioksidacijski kapacitet unutarnje sjemenske ljuske i sjemena pinije. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata za udio ukupnih polifenola vidljivo je da istražene provenijencije sadrže različite udjele ukupnih polifenola. Koncentracija ukupnih polifenolnih spojeva dva puta je viša u unutarnjoj sjemenskoj ljusci nego u sjemenu pinije (Slika 3.). Antiokisdacijski kapacitet tj. ORAC vrijednosti značajno su veće u uzorcima unutarnje sjemenske ljuske nego u sjemenu (Slika 4.). Između vrijednosti ukupnih polifenola i antioksidacijskog kapaciteta određena je i linearna korelacija s visokim koeficijentom determinacije, što ukazuje da su polifenolni spojevi odgovorni za antioksidacijsku aktivnost sjemena (Slika 5.). Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja su u skladu s literaturnim podacima istraživanja provedenim u drugim mediteranskim zemljama. Upotreba sjemena pinije u Hrvatskoj je zanemariva stoga bi bilo potrebno intenzivirati njegovu proizvodnju. Fizička, fiziološka, nutritivna i zdravstvena svojstva sjemena pinije ukazuju na potrebu osnivanja multifunkcionalnih sjemenskih plantaža za proizvodnju sjemena.

Pinija (Pinus pinea L.) je mediteranska vrsta drveća. Raširena je na cijelom području Sredozemlja. U Hrvatskoj je prirodno rasprostranjena na otoku Mljetu u području Saplunare. Zbog ekonomske, ekološke, pejzažne, nutritivne i zdravstvene vrijednosti mogućnosti korištenja sjemena pinije su velike. U šumarstvu se koristi za pošumljavanje degradiranih staništa mediteranskog krškog područja Hrvatske, a zbog široke kišobranaste krošnje i vrlo dekorativnog izgleda, interesantna je kao hortikulturna vrsta. Nutritivna i zdravstvena vrijednost sjemena proizlazi iz kemijskog sastava. Bogato je proteinima, vitaminima A,B,C, D, E, od minerala željezom, magnezijem, fosforom i cinkom, nezasićenim masnim kiselinama i polifenolnim spojevima. Ispitana je kvaliteta sjemena (klijavost sjemena, masa 1000 sjemenki, sadržaj vlage), kemijski sastav i antioksidativna svojstva unutarnje sjemenske ljuske i sjemena (količina ukupnog sumpora, dušika, sirovog proteina, fosfora, kalija, kalcija, magnezija, bakra, cinka, željeza, mangana i ukupnih polifenola). Fiziološka, kemijska i antioksidativna svojstva ispitana su na svježem sjemenu (3 provenijencije) i na dugoročno uskladištenom sjemenu (1 provenijencija).Sjeme je sabrano na području UŠP Split, svježe sjeme je sabrano 2009. godine, a uskladišteno sjeme je sabrano 1995. godine. Klijavost svježeg sjemena bila je viša od standardom propisane. Provenijencija Mljet imala je nisku energiju klijavosti i najviše učešće šturog sjemena. Uzrok tomu je starost stabala. Učešće svježeg neisklijalog sjemena ukazuje na dormantnost sjemena, a iznosilo je prosječno 9 %. Kod sjemena pinije radi se o tipu mehaničke dormantnosti. Provenijencija Dubrovnik imala je najviše učešće svježeg neisklijalog sjemena. Zdravstveno stanje sjemena svih istraživanih provenijencija bilo je dobro (Tablica 2). Klijavost uskladištenog sjemena provenijencije Zadar u razdoblju od 1995. do 2010. godine, iznosila je prosječno 74 %. (Tablica 3). Značajna količina dušika i sumpora predstavlja pokretačku snagu rasta embrija. Ukupna količina dušika, sumpora, sirovih proteina i fosfora u sjemenu je visoka, dok je u sjemenskoj ljusci niska. Visoke vrijednosti sirovih proteina ukazuju na to da je sjeme pinije bogat izvor proteina (Tablica 4.). Sjemenke su bogate mineralima. Najzastupljeniji element je kalij, a slijede ga fosfor i magnezij. Ostali elementi zastupljeni su ovim slijedom: kalcij, željezo, mangan, cink i bakar. Nije uočena bitna razlika u mineralnom sastavu unutarnje ljuske i sjemena. Provenijencija Mljet (prirodna sastojina) ima najveću količinu svih ispitivanih minerala osim fosfora, jer je sastojina stara (Tablica 5). Istražen je udio ukupnih polifenola i antioksidacijski kapacitet unutarnje sjemenske ljuske i sjemena pinije. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata za udio ukupnih polifenola vidljivo je da istražene provenijencije sadrže različite udjele ukupnih polifenola. Koncentracija ukupnih polifenolnih spojeva dva puta je viša u unutarnjoj sjemenskoj ljusci nego u sjemenu pinije (Slika 3.). Antiokisdacijski kapacitet tj. ORAC vrijednosti značajno su veće u uzorcima unutarnje sjemenske ljuske nego u sjemenu (Slika 4). Između vrijednosti ukupnih polifenola i antioksidacijskog kapaciteta određena je i linearna korelacija s visokim koeficijentom determinacije, što ukazuje da su polifenolni spojevi odgovorni za antioksidacijsku aktivnost sjemena (Slika 5). Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja su u skladu s literaturnim podacima istraživanja provedenim u drugim mediteranskim zemljama. Uporaba sjemena pinije u Hrvatskoj je zanemariva, stoga bi bilo potrebno intenzivirati njegovu proizvodnju. Fizička, fiziološka, nutritivna i zdravstvena svojstva sjemena pinije ukazuju na potrebu osnivanja multifunkcionalnih sjemenskih plantaža za proizvodnju sjemena., The stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) is typically Mediterranean tree species found along the Mediterranean basin. In Croatia the stone pine is natively distributed on the island of Mljet, the locality Saplunara. The use of these seeds is extensive in the trade, the ecology, the landscape as well as in the nutrition. In the forestry it is used for the reforestation of degraded stands of the Mediterranean Karst region in Croatia. The umbrella shaped crown gives it very decorative form interesting in horticulture. The chemical composition is the reason for nutritive and health values. The seeds are rich in proteins, vitamins A, B, C, D and E, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, unsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols. In this research qualitative properties of seed (germination capacity, 1000 seed weight, moisture content), the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of seed coat and the seed (amount of total sulphur, total nitrogen and crude protein, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, iron, manganese and total polyphenols) were investigated. Physiological, chemical and antioxidant properties were investigated on fresh seed (3 provenances) and stored seed (1 provenance). Fresh seed was collected in 2009 and stored seed was collected in 1995 on the area of Forest Enterprise Split. The germination capacity was higher than the standard value. The provenance Mljet had low germination energy and the highest percentage of empty seed. The reason for this was the age of trees. The percentage of fresh ungerminated seed has shown seed dormancy, and the average was 9%. It was the type of mechanical dormancy. The provenance Dubrovnik had the highest percentage of fresh ungerminated seed. The seed health of all investigated provenance was good (Table 2). The average of germination capacity of stored seed provenance Zadar in the period from 1995 to 2010 was 74% (Table 3). Significant amount of nitrogen and sulphur gives the embryo the power to growth. The total amount of nitrogen, sulphur, crude protein and phosphorus was higher in the seed than in the seed coat. The high amount of crude protein shows that the stone pine seed is good source of proteins (Table 4). Stone pine seeds are rich in minerals, the most abundant element was potassium than phosphorus and magnesium. The other element abundance was as follows: calcium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper. Provenance Mljet (natural stand) had the highest amount of all investigated elements except phosphorus because it was an old stand (Table 5). There is no significant difference of mineral composition in the seed and in the seed coat. The amount of total polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity were investigated in the seed and in the seed coat. From the obtained results of total polyphenols it could be seen that seed from different provenances had different amount of polyphenols. The concentrations of total polyphenols were two times higher in the seed coat that in the seed (Figure 3). Antioxidant capacity i.e. ORAC values were significantly higher in the seed coat than in the seed (Figure 4). The linear correlation with high coefficient of determination was found between total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity (Figure 5). Total polyphenols are responsible for antioxidant activity. Research results are in good agreement with the reported values in other Mediterranean countries. The use of stone pine seed in Croatia is negligible therefore its production should be increased. Physical, physiological, nutritive and health properties of stone pine seed indicates that the foundation of multifunctional seed orchards would be necessary for seed production.

Bu çalışma, ülkemizde doğal olarak bulunan 5 çam türünden biri olan, Fıstıkçamı (Pinus pinea L.) populasyonlarındaki genetik varyasyonun ortaya koyulması amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Başta Ege ve Akdeniz olmak üzere Marmara Karadeniz bölgelerinde yayılışını yapan Fıstık çamının doğal meşcerelerinden seçilen 10 populasyondan elde edilen karışık tohum örnekleri, izoenzim analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışılan enzim sistemleri LAP ve GOT olup, materyal olarak kuru tohumun haploid (♀, n) olan endosperm dokusu kullanılmıştır. Her populasyon için 80 adet tohumun endospermi kullanılmıştır. Denemeye sokulan endosperm dokusundan (♀, n) ekstrakte edilen çözülebilen enzim karışımları, “nişasta jeli zonal elektroforez” yardımıyla ayrılmış, histokimyasal boyama yöntemleri ile boyanarak enzimler (protein) bantlar halinde (zimogram) görünür hale getirilmiştir. Böylece, elde edilen izoenzim bantlarından hareketle allel frekansları % olarak hesaplanmış ve allel frekanslarına bağlı olarak da genetik mesafe belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, LAP enzim sisteminde LAP-A ve LAP-B olmak üzere 2 aktif zonda (2 enzim gen lokusunda) 5 allel, GOT enzim sisteminde ise GOT-A, GOT-B ve GOT-C olmak üzere 3 enzim gen lokusunda 9 allel tipi tespit edilmiştir. Başka bir ifade ile 2 enzim sistemi ile çalışma sonucunda 5 enzim gen lokusunda toplam 14 allel tipi belirlenmiştir. Genel olarak GOT- sisteminde A2 ve C4 allelleri başat gözükmekte ve frekansları sıra ile 0.763-1.00 ve 0.38-1.00 arasında varyasyon göstermektedir. LAP- sisteminde ise A1 ve B2 allelleri başat olarak gözükmekte ve frekansları sıra ile 0.91-1.00 ve 0.85-1.00 arasında farklılık belirlenmiştir. Hesaplanan genetik mesafeler 0.02 ile 0.20 arasında değişiklik göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, populasyonlar arasındaki farklılık ve benzerlikler ortaya konmuştur. This research was conducted to determine the genetic variations of pinus pinea populations, one of the five pinus types endemic to our country. The mixed seed samples, picked from 10 different populations, were subjected to isoenzyme analysis. LAP and GOT are the the studied enyzme systems; haploid (♀, n) endosperm tissue of a dry seed used as test material. 80 seed endosperm’s used for each population. The dissolvable enyzme blend that had been extracted from endosperm tissues, divided with the help of “starch gel regional electrophoresis”, painted with histochemical paints, enyzmes (protein) became visible as strips (zimogram).Thus, based on the enyzme strips we obtained, allele frequencies are calculated as percantage (%) and genetic distance is determined depending on allele frequency. As the result of the research, five allele types were located in two active zones (two enzyme gene locuses) in the LAP enzyme system; those zones being LAP-A and LAP-B, nine allele types were located in three enzyme gene locuses in the GOT enzyme system, those zones being GOT-A, GOT-B and GOT-C. In other words, after working on two enzyme systems, a total of 14 allele types were determined in five enzyme gene locuses. Generally, in GOT- system; A2 and C4 allele’s appear to be dominant and their frequency, in order, changes between 0.763-1.00 and 0.38-1.00. In LAP- system; A1 and B2 allele’s appear to be dominant and their frequency, in order, changes from 0.91-1.00 and 0.85-1.00. Calculated genetic distance differs between 0.02 to 0.20. To sum up, the similarities and the differences between populations had put forth.

Bu çalışmada; Artvin Merkez Seyitler Köyünde fıstıkçamı (Pinus pinea L.) ile yapılan ağaçlandırma çalışmasının toprakların bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla birbirine komşu olan Fıstık çamı ağaçlandırma sahası ve Meşe baltalığı sahasının her birinde üç tekrarlı olmak üzere toplam 6 deneme alanı alınmıştır. Her bir deneme alanında bulunan üç örnekleme noktasından ve iki derinlik kademesinden (0-10 ve 10-30 cm) bozulmuş ve bozulmamış toprak örnekleri alınmıştır. Alınan toprak örnekleri üzerinde tekstür, pH, organik madde, hacim ağırlığı, tane yoğunluğu, gözeneklilik, kök miktarı, ince kısım, iskelet kısmı ve geçirgenlik belirlenmiştir. Ağaçlandırma çalışmalarının toprak özelliklerine etkisi varyans analizi ile test edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda yapılan ağaçlandırma çalışmasının 0-10 cm derinlik kademesinde toprağın tekstür, hacim ağırlığı, tane yoğunluğu, ince kısım ve iskelet miktarını; 10-30 cm derinlik kademesinde ise tekstür, tane yoğunluğu, iskelet miktarı, ince kısım ve organik madde miktarlarını değiştirdiği görülmüştür. In this study; the effects of Pinus pinea afforestation on some soil properties were investigated in Seyitler Village, Artvin. For this purpose, Total six plots were arranged with three replications in each afforestrated land and its adjacent quercus coppice. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken at two depth ( 0–10 cm and 10-30 cm) in three sample points in each plot. Soil texture, pH, organic matter, bulk density, particle density, total porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, root ratio, percentage of soil particle >2 mm and percentage of soil particle

In an uneven-aged stand, the stone pine natural regeneration process was studied. Seed dispersal was abundant only under pine canopies. Rate and amount of germinations depended on meteorological conditions and on the presence of shrub cover. Seedling survival during the first two years was depressed by shrub cover, but summer droughts had an overwhelming effect. The presence of such interactions between pine seedling and understorey species populations suggest that past management practices of the pinewood (shrub and tree cutting, game management) affected the probabilities of stone pine seedling recruitment : social, economical and technical evolution of these practices probably changed forest micro-environmental conditions and, consequently, reduced the abundance of stone pine natural regeneration., Nous avons étudié quelques aspects de la régénération naturelle du Pin pignon dans une pinède sur la côte de la mer Tyrrhénienne en Toscane. La production de graine est généralement bonne. Environ 90 % des graines tombent sous le feuillage des arbres-mères. Le couvert arbustif d’un côté permet la germination de nombreuses plantules, mais de l’autre, empêche leur survie. La sécheresse au cours de l’été réduit fortement la survie des plantules pendant les deux premières années. A partir des années 40, l’évolution de l’étage arbustif, qui était auparavant éliminé, peut avoir modifié les conditions de la pinède, ce qui a sûrement altéré les possibilités d’implantation et survie des plantules de Pin pignon., Masetti Chiara, Mencuccini Maurizio. Régénération naturelle de Pin pignon (Pinus pinea L.) dans la Pineta Granducale di Alberese. (Parco Naturale della Maremma, Toscana, Italie). In: Ecologia mediterranea, tome 17,1991. pp. 103-118.

Apresenta-se um sistema de 4 equações de biomassa acima do solo para Pinus pinea L. ao nível da árvore individual que permitem, a partir de dados recolhidos em inventários florestais convencionais, estimar a biomassa total e das componentes: agulhas, ramos, lenho e casca. Foram abatidas 40 árvores na região sul de Portugal e as suas componentes pesadas integralmente. No tratamento estatístico utilizou-se o método do ajustamento simultâneo que tem a vantagem de assegurar a compatibilidade entre os valores preditos pelas equações parciais, com o valor obtido para a biomassa total acima do solo que corresponde ao somatório daquelas 4 equações. Os resultados do ajustamento para a biomassa de casca (R²aj.=0,83) e lenho (R²aj.=0,95) foram melhores do que para os ramos (R²aj.=0,79) e agulhas (R²aj.=0,71). A proporção de copa em relação à biomassa total da árvore é elevada, independentemente das características do povoamento. Porém, parece ser exacerbada nos povoamentos esparsos e pela desramação artificial efectuada nos povoamentos geridos, que tem como objectivo favorecer a expansão das copas para produção de pinha. A pior qualidade do ajustamento das componentes da copa poderá ser resultado da variabilidade de condições de gestão dos povoamentos de onde foram selecionadas as árvores. We present a system of alometric biomass equations for aboveground compartments for Pinus pinea L. that allows biomass estimation with information from conventional forest inventories. We harvested 40 trees located in south of Portugal and separated and weighed all the aboveground components: needles, stem bark, branches and stem. The equations were simultaneously fitted using seemingly unrelated regression. This method allows the compatibility of the partial allometric equations with the equation for total biomass aboveground that corresponds to the sum of those 4 equations. The models were better for stem (R²adj.=0.85) and bark (R²adj.=0.83) and worst for branches (R²adj.=0.79) and needles (R²adj.=0.71). Crown biomass was always high compared with aboveground biomass, independently on stand characteristics. However it may be exacerbated by artificial pruning that is carried out to increase crown expansion for pine nut production. The different stand management circumstances from where trees harvested were selected may explain the worst fitting for crown components. On présente un système de 4 équations de biomasse au-dessus du sol, au niveau de l'arbre individuel du pin pignon (Pinus pinea). Les équations permettent, à partir de données recueillies sur des inventaires forestiers conventionnels, d'estimer la biomasse totale et la biomasse des composants: aiguilles, branches, bois et écorce. On a abattu 40 arbres dans la région sud du Portugal et leurs composants ont été totalement pesés. Dans le traitement statistique, on a utilisé la méthode d'ajustement simultané, dont l'avantage est d'assurer la compatibilité entre les valeurs prédites par les équations partielles, avec la valeur obtenue pour la biomasse totale au-dessus du sol qui correspond à la somme de ces 4 équations. Les résultats de l'ajustement concernant la biomasse de l'écorce (R²aj.=0.83) et du bois (R²aj.=0,95) ont été meilleurs que ceux concernant les branches (R²aj.=0.79) et les aiguilles (R²aj.=0.71). La proportion de la cime comparativement à la biomasse totale de l'arbre est élevée, indépendamment des caractéristiques du peuplement. Néanmoins, elle semble être exacerbée dans les peuplements dispersés e par l’ébranchage artificiel effectué dans les peuplements gérés, dont le but est de favoriser l'expansion des cimes pour la production de la pomme de pin. La dégradation de la qualité de l'ajustement des composants de la cime peut être le résultat de la variabilité de conditions de gestion des peuplements d'où on a sélectionné les arbres.

Obiettivo generale del presente programma di ricerca, svolto in stretta integrazione fra le unità coinvolte, è quello di indagare sulla qualità del legname proveniente da due boschi di pino marittimo e di roverella percorsi da incendio. Per le fustaie di pino marittimo l’indagine è stata rivolta principalmente alle caratteristiche del legno ritraibili dal popolamento dopo uno e due anni successivi al passaggio del fuoco. Per il ceduo di roverella è stata condotta un’indagine sulla caratterizzazione tecnologica del legname ritraibile dalle matricine e dai polloni nonché sulle diverse destinazioni d’uso ed idoneità dei materiali. MIUR-PRIN-COFIN 2005 (Programmi di Ricerca Scientifica di rilevante interesse Nazionale)

The relicts of stone pine forests on marly or even gypsiferous slopes with high pH values induced the hypothesis of a possible genetic adaptation to this site types, marginal for a species normally growing on siliceous sandy plains. Actually, the forest reproductive materials from selected seed stands on those slopes are used preferably for forestations on analogous sites. In 1998, a multi-site comparative test was established with plant lots obtained from seven selected seed stands and two non-selected seed sources. At least up to the age of eight years, the saplings did not show any significant differentiation among basic materials in outplanting success, survival, vegetative phase change, height or diameter growth, whereas a common, strong phenotypic plasticity among test sites was observed. Hence there seems to be no reason for managing separately seed lots and plants of the same provenance and certify category (e.g. selected reproductive material) instead of mixing them., La presencia de masas relícticas de pino piñonero sobre cuestas margosas de elevado pH, dentro de la región de procedencia Meseta Norte ha dado lugar a un manejo separado de su material forestal de reproducción por una posible adaptación diferenciada que le conferiría un especial interés para la restauración forestal de estaciones análogas, definiéndose para tal fin unos rodales selectos en las mejores masas sobre cuesta. En 1998, se instaló en esta región un ensayo comparativo de materiales forestales de reproducción de esta región de procedencia de Pinus pinea en varios sitios de ensayo. Tras ocho años, se estudia el comportamiento de los distintos lotes de planta obtenidos de semilla de siete rodales selectos y se compara con dos fuentes de semilla testigo, analizando el arraigo y la supervivencia inicial, el cambio de fase juvenil-adulto y el crecimiento en altura y en diámetro. Contrasta la gran plasticidad fenotípica observada entre sitios de ensayo frente a la diferenciación casi nula entre rodales de origen, al menos en esta fase inicial de establecimiento de la masa. Estos resultados no apoyan el manejo por separado de los materiales de reproducción de una misma categoría, justificándose la mezcla y el manejo común de los lotes de semilla cosechados en los diferentes rodales selectos de la misma región de procedencia.

Though stone pine is currently a genuine forest tree of Mediterranean ecosystems, its use as grafted orchards crop for its edible pine nuts is potentially feasible. Therefore, genetic improvement of the species has been undertaken by several Spanish forest administrations, establishing in the Nineties experimental clonal orchards by grafting scions from plus trees, selected for their outstanding cone yield in pine forests of the main Spanish provenance regions. This paper analyses the coming into production of four clonal trials located at the National Forest Breeding Centre «Puerta de Hierro», Madrid. The four different-aged orchards showed a strong, synchronized masting habit. Estimations are given for the degree of genetic determination of cone production and for clonal improvement values. Due to the presence of strong size-yield correlations and spatial autocorrelations, genetic parameters were estimated by an individual tree cone-yield model adjusted for environmental tree size differences and for correlations between nearest neighbours (NN). The degree of genetic determination H2, estimated in less than 20% without adjustments, reached 30-38% adjusting for environmental size variation and 45-73% after spatial adjustment, with parallel increments in clonal improvement values and expected genetic gain. The results allow rogueing the four clone banks, progressing in the domestication of the stone pine as nut crop., El potencial uso del pino piñonero como cultivo frutal injertado para la producción de piñón justifica su mejora genética clonal (selección varietal), estableciéndose en los años noventa diversos bancos clonales partiendo de la prospección de árboles sobresalientes en las principales regiones de procedencia españolas. Este trabajo estudia y compara la entrada en producción de cuatro bancos clonales situados en Madrid. Aunque de diferentes edades, muestran un carácter vecero sincronizado entre ellos. Para evitar sesgos ambientales en la estimación del grado de determinación genética de la productividad individual de piña y de los valores de mejora clonales, se ajustaron como covariables las diferencias ambientales de tamaño de árbol y las autocorrelaciones espaciales entre árboles vecinos, que juntos aportaron un coeficiente de determinación mucho mayor que las diferencias entre clones. El grado de determinación genética H2 de la producción individual de piña, estimado en menos de 20% sin ajustar por estas variables ambientales, subió hasta un 30-38% al incluir en el modelo la variación ambiental del tamaño de árbol, hasta un 45-73% tras el ajuste espacial iterativo, incrementándose en paralelo la estimación de los valores de mejora clonal y de la ganancia genética esperada. Estos resultados permiten depurar las colecciones para avanzar en la domesticación de la especie.

In this study, the capacity of contingency tables and correspondence analysis (CA) to determine graphically what categories of edaphic variables vary with Site Index (SI) is analysed. The categories that show association with SI are those related to textural type and water holding capacity. Furthermore, 66 discriminant rules are tested for their ability to classify plots into SI classes using edaphic data. A discriminant rule for classifying observations into two SI classes according to elevation and soil texture (represented by the silt and clay content) is presented for stone pine (Pinus pinea L.). This model was chosen based on a cross-validation. The error rate was 29.4% for the best quality group and 21.7% for the lowest quality group., Site index en relation avec les variables du sol pour les peuplements de pin pignon (Pinus pinea L.) dans le sud-ouest de l'Espagne. On a étudié l'intérêt des tables de contingence et l'analyse de correspondance pour définir, d'une façon graphique, quelles sont les variables du sol les plus reliées aux caractéristiques des stations. Les variables qui sont corrélées avec SI (site index) sont celles qui sont en relation avec le type de texture et la capacité de rétention en eau. Différentes équations discriminantes basées sur des données édaphologiques ont été testées pour classer les parcelles selon la qualité de station. L'équation discriminante résultante pour le sud-ouest de l'Espagne est basé sur l'altitude et la teneur en limon et argile. L'erreur totale a été de 29,4 % dans le cas de la meilleure qualité et de 21,7 % dans le cas de la qualité la moins bonne.

In this study the phytosociological structures of Pinus pinea L. forests occuring in K. Maraş province in the eastern-mediterranean region have been investigated. The vegetation of the research area has been studied according to the Braun-Blanquet (1932) method and a Gastridio ventricosi-Pinetum pineae association has been recognised.

The influence of air pollution on the chemical composition of Pinus sp. needles was examined in polluted and control sites in and around the city of Palermo (Sicily). The chemical composition of needles indicated the extent of contamination of the trees, which were cytologically examined. Cell analysis was carried out on pine samples, including needles and pollens, from 15 different locations. Biostructural and spectrophotometric tests were performed. In particular, concentrations of toxic (Cd, Pb) and non-toxic metals (Fe,Cu, Zn) were determined, as well as injury caused by their accumulation in the needles. The more highly urbanised areas showed higher concentrations of metals (Pb, Cu. Zn, Fe); only the concentrations of Cd and Mn turned out to be constant in all the sites. Cell analysis revealed displasic cells and secondary metabolite accumulations in trees from polluted sites. These changes observed were most likely caused by the toxic effect of pollutants.

El programa de mejora genética de pino piñonero en Andalucía prevé experiencias de cultivo agronómico de injertos. En 1.992 se instala una parcela de ensayo para determinar la influencia del riego sobre la producción de piña, cuyos primeros resultados se presentan y analizan en el presente trabajo., The genetic improvement program on stone pine in Andalucía pfans experiences on agronomic growing of grafted pines. A testing plot is set up in 1.992 in order to stablish the irrigation influence on the cone yields; first results are presented and analysed in this paper.

A method for estimating the ratio of surface area to volume for dead needles was developed. The method is based on the simplification proposed by Brown (1970), but the requested values (surface area and perimeter) have been obtained, on micrometrical cross sections, through an image analyzer. The propopsed method gather the necessary conditions of accuracy and rate. The ratio of surface area to volume (σ) is closely related to the fire behaviour in the different forest fuels. Therefore, this physical characteristic has been determinated for fine dead fue particles that taje part, frecuently, in forest fires. The values obtained for Pinus pinaster Ait., P. pinea L. and P. halepensis Mill. are, respectively, 48.24, 57.80 and 79.93 cm-1. The results show variations among species. Nevertheless, differences due to sampling areas have not been founded., Se ha puesto a punto un método para la determinación de la relación superficie/volumen de las acículas muertas. El método se basa en la simplificación propuesta por Brown (1970), pero obteniendo los valores requeridos (superficie y perímetro de las secciones), en cortes micrométricos, mediante un analizador de imagen. El método propuesto aúna las condiciones de precisión y rapidez necesarios. La relación superficie/volumen (σ) está íntimamente relacionada con el comportamieneto del fuego en los diferentes tipos de combustible forestal. En consecuencia, esta característica física se determina para partículas de combustible fino muerto que intervienen, frecuentemente, en los incendios forestales. Los valores obtenidos para Pinus pinaster Ait., P. pinea L. y P. halepensis Mill. son, respectivamente, de 48,24, 57,80 y 79,93 cm-1. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto las variaciones existentes entre especies. Sin embargo, no se encuentran diferencias derivadas de los distintos lugares de muestreo.

International audience; Multivariate statistical analysis was used to define different developmental stages for stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) considering tree size and cone production, without site-specific information. * This was achieved in two steps. First, trees from permanent plots were classified using cluster analysis in five different stages. Second, discriminant analysis was applied to confirm the robustness of the groups generated by cluster analysis and to allow the assignment of new stone pine trees to one of the five development stages. Each development stage was associated with an average cone production. * A methodology for selecting candidates for plus trees was suggested. Trees belonging to the 90th quartile or higher for the number of cones per crop and for cone crop weight were identified throughout the three years of the study. * Trees were evaluated as potential candidates for plus trees using the following variables: the number of cones, cone crop weight and relative production capacity. The relative production capacity was defined as the cone crop weight per square meter of the crown area.

Four Pinus species have been studied : Pinus pinea L., Pinus pinea Soland., Pinus halepensis Mill., Pinus silvestris L., together with an oak species : Quercus pubescens Willd., all located in an ecologically relatively homogeneous zone. The analysis of ring-width variations and the investigation of relationships between ringwidth and the following couples of parameters : precipitation-mean tenperàture, precipitation-maximal temperature, precipitation-minimal terrperature , with the methods of orthogonalized regression, ARMA modeling and canonic regression, make it possible to characterize the growth factors for each of the five taxa and to show their affinities. The behaviour of Quercus pubescens Willd. on the one hand and of Pinus silvestris L. on the other hand towards climatic factors confirms for the first species its perfect adaptation to the Mediterranean climate, and for the second species seems to corroborate the existence of a "Mediterranean race"., Quatre espèces de pins : Pinus pinea L., Pinus pinea Soland., Pinus halepensis Mill, Pinus silvestris L. , et un chêne : Quercus pubescens Willd., tous situés dans une région relativement homogène d'un point de vue écologique , sont considérés. L'analyse des seules variations de l'épaisseur des cernes , puis la recherche des relations de cette épaisseur avec les couples de paramètres climatiques : précipitations et température moyenne, précipitations et température maximale, précipitations et température mcinimàle, au moyen des méthodes de régression orthogonalisée, de la modélisation ARMA et de la régression canonique, permettent la caractérisation des facteurs de la croissance de chacun des cinq taxons tout en dégageant leurs affinités. Le comportement de Quercus pubescens Willd. d'une part et de Pinus silvestris L. d'autre part vis-à-vis des facteurs climatiques corrobore pour l'un la parfaite adaptation de l'espèce au climat méditerranéen , semble suggérer pour l'autre l'existence d'une "race méditerranéenne"., Serre-Bachet F. Analyse dendroclimatologique comparée de quatre espèces de pins et du chêne pubescent dans la région de la Gardiole près de Rians (Var, France).. In: Ecologia mediterranea, tome 8 n°3, 1982. pp. 167-183.

Though stone pine is currently a genuine forest tree of Mediterranean ecosystems, its use as grafted orchards crop for its edible pine nuts is potentially feasible. Therefore, genetic improvement of the species has been undertaken by several Spanish forest administrations, establishing in the Nineties experimental clonal orchards by grafting scions from plus trees, selected for their outstanding cone yield in pine forests of the main Spanish provenance regions. This paper analyses the coming into production of four clonal trials located at the National Forest Breeding Centre «Puerta de Hierro», Madrid. The four different-aged orchards showed a strong, synchronized masting habit. Estimations are given for the degree of genetic determination of cone production and for clonal improvement values. Due to the presence of strong size-yield correlations and spatial autocorrelations, genetic parameters were estimated by an individual tree cone-yield model adjusted for environmental tree size differences and for correlations between nearest neighbours (NN). The degree of genetic determination H2, estimated in less than 20% without adjustments, reached 30-38% adjusting for environmental size variation and 45-73% after spatial adjustment, with parallel increments in clonal improvement values and expected genetic gain. The results allow rogueing the four clone banks, progressing in the domestication of the stone pine as nut crop. El potencial uso del pino piñonero como cultivo frutal injertado para la producción de piñón justifica su mejora genética clonal (selección varietal), estableciéndose en los años noventa diversos bancos clonales partiendo de la prospección de árboles sobresalientes en las principales regiones de procedencia españolas. Este trabajo estudia y compara la entrada en producción de cuatro bancos clonales situados en Madrid. Aunque de diferentes edades, muestran un carácter vecero sincronizado entre ellos. Para evitar sesgos ambientales en la estimación del grado de determinación genética de la productividad individual de piña y de los valores de mejora clonales, se ajustaron como covariables las diferencias ambientales de tamaño de árbol y las autocorrelaciones espaciales entre árboles vecinos, que juntos aportaron un coeficiente de determinación mucho mayor que las diferencias entre clones. El grado de determinación genética H2 de la producción individual de piña, estimado en menos de 20% sin ajustar por estas variables ambientales, subió hasta un 30-38% al incluir en el modelo la variación ambiental del tamaño de árbol, hasta un 45-73% tras el ajuste espacial iterativo, incrementándose en paralelo la estimación de los valores de mejora clonal y de la ganancia genética esperada. Estos resultados permiten depurar las colecciones para avanzar en la domesticación de la especie.