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Application of two coformers, l-tartaric acid (TA) and ascorbic acid (AA) was evaluated on the solubility of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ.HCl). Solid dispersions were prepared using the solvent evaporation method. Drug solubility was evaluated in bio-relevant media and the results were compared to the physical mixtures (PM) of the drug + coformer, and the pure drug. Physicochemical characterisation of the developed products was characterised using Fourier transformation-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and X-ray powder diffractometry (XPRD). Physical mixtures of PGZ-AA (PM) were able to enhance drug solubility to the same extent as the solvent evaporation method (PGZ-AA). This indicates that the preparation process has little effect on drug solubility. Up to 7-fold enhancement was observed for drug solubility in distilled water and buffer pH 1.2. Physical mixtures seem more feasible method to significantly enhance drug solubility without the need to use toxic solvents and time-consuming evaporation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the economy develops and living standards improve, overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent. Currently, weight-loss medications are primarily administered orally or intravenously, which can result in poor targeting, low bioavailability, frequent administration, and high toxicity and side effects. The study aimed to address these challenges by preparing polylactic acidpolyethylene glycol staple fibers that carry the browning drug pioglitazone hydrochloride using electrostatic spinning and freeze-cutting techniques. Animal experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of these fibers. Additionally, the study investigated the expression of uncoupling protein genes in rats exposed to different water temperatures by measuring changes in serum urea nitrogen and mRNA expression levels of skeletal muscle uncoupling protein genes. The physiological and genetic effects of low-temperature swimming exercise on changes in energy metabolism in rats were also analyzed at both the individual and molecular levels. The results revealed that serum urea nitrogen remained more stable in hypothermic swimming rats compared to rats in the swimming group. Furthermore, the study observed an induced up-regulation of uncoupling proteins in the skeletal muscle of Wistar rats in response to external temperature stimulation, and the expression of mRNA for skeletal muscle uncoupling proteins significantly increased as the temperature decreased. And the prepared short nanofibers also had a significant promotive effect on uncoupling protein gene, COX7A1, while suppressing the expression of lipogenic gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly effective high‐performance thin‐layer chromatographic methodology has been developed and validated for the concurrent measurement of teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate and pioglitazone hydrochloride in tablet offering excellent sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. The methodology involved using aluminum plates layered with silica gel 60F254 were used, and the solvent system consisted of a mixture of chloroform, methanol, and ammonia (8:1:0.5 v/v/v). The analysis involved scanning of the plate at a wavelength of 229 nm and analyzing the resulting densitograms. The linear correlation was established over a range of concentrations 250–3000 ng/band for teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate and 187.5–2250 ng/band for pioglitazone hydrochloride. The method displayed detection limits of 21.29 ng/band for teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate and 25.97 ng/band for pioglitazone hydrochloride. The quantification limits were 64.52 ng/band for teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate and 78.71 ng/band for pioglitazone hydrochloride. The results of precision parameters showed that the % relative standard deviation of peak area was consistently below 2%, indicating high precision. The accuracy of the method was demonstrated to be between 96% and 103%. Proposed method was found to be superior and capable of overcoming the shortcomings of previously reported methods for the assessment of both the drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work reports an ultra-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) method for the quantitative determination of pioglitazone HCl (PGZ) in pharmaceutical dosage form. The chromatographic separation was performed on C18, BEH (50 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column using isocratic elution. The optimized mobile phase consists of phosphate buffer (pH:6) as a solvent-A and 55:45 v/v mixture of acetonitrile as solvent-B. Flow rate was 0.4 ml/min with UV detection at (λmax) 225 nm and the injection volume was set at 2 μL with retention time 1 min. The developed RP-UPLC method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines with respect to system suitability, specificity, precision, accuracy, linearity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This work aimed to design and optimize the gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) by employing dual principles, i.e., floating and osmotic for pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGH). PGH is commonly prescribed for chronic type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Method: Floating osmotic drug delivery system (FODDS)–based tablet was prepared to employ a 32-full factorial design to investigate the influence of HPMC-K4M and NaHCO3 on floating lag time and in vitro drug release. Furthermore, graphical optimization was carried out to get the optimal combination based on desirability. The excipients-drug interaction was performed by using DSC and FTIR studies. Results: The optimized bath (OF-O) showed floating lag time (s) = 35.55 ± 2.5 and in vitro drug release (%) = 93.27 ± 2.2. The OF-O showed prolonged release of PGH over 8 h in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2). The in vivo estimation of buoyancy in human volunteers in fasted and fed conditions revealed that tablets stayed buoyant in gastric fluid for 8 h. The study concluded that the developed formulation could enhance gastric retention and provide prolonged delivery of PGH. Conclusion: The implementation of dual principles further widens the scope of gastro-retentive drug delivery (GRDDS) for prolonging the drug release in the gastric cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background A combination of pioglitazone hydrochloride with teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate is used to treat type-2 diabetes. Several chromatographic techniques have been described in the literature for determination of each of these medications separately. But these procedures used organic solvents that could be dangerous for humans and animals, not to mention harmful to the environment. It is vital to substitute or reduce the use of these neurotoxic and teratogenic solvents in the chromatographic analysis of these anti-diabetic medications to ensure the safety of life and safeguard the environment. The chromatographic technique used for sample analysis should have characteristics like robustness, eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and user-friendliness following the recently developed idea of white analytical chemistry. Teneligliptin and pioglitazone have not yet been simultaneously estimated using a chromatographic method that has been documented in the literature. Methods A white analytical chemistry-assisted RP-HPLC method has been developed to fill this gap, using economical and eco-friendly solvents. The design of the experiment approach was used during the development of the RP-HPLC method to reduce organic waste and guarantee that the procedure complied with all applicable regulations. Response surface models were built using the full factorial design approach, and the analytical design space was investigated. This method allowed for the identification of an optimal chromatographic condition within the method's operational design region, allowing reliable RP-HPLC analysis of pioglitazone and teneligliptin. Results The developed RP-HPLC technique underwent validation and was used effectively to assess these drugs in their fixed-dose combinations. Assessments were made of the suggested and published RP-HPLC techniques' validation status, process greenness, cost, and analysis time. For a thorough examination, this review included white analytical chemistry-based RGB models and different green analytical chemistry-based tools. Conclusion In allowing the simultaneous estimate of teneligliptin and pioglitazone, the devised approach demonstrated robustness, eco-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness.

Background: A combination of pioglitazone hydrochloride with teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate is used to treat type-2 diabetes. Several chromatographic techniques have been described in the literature for determination of each of these medications separately. But these procedures used organic solvents that could be dangerous for humans and animals, not to mention harmful to the environment. It is vital to substitute or reduce the use of these neurotoxic and teratogenic solvents in the chromatographic analysis of these anti-diabetic medications to ensure the safety of life and safeguard the environment. The chromatographic technique used for sample analysis should have characteristics like robustness, eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and user-friendliness following the recently developed idea of white analytical chemistry. Teneligliptin and pioglitazone have not yet been simultaneously estimated using a chromatographic method that has been documented in the literature. Methods: A white analytical chemistry-assisted RP-HPLC method has been developed to fill this gap, using economical and eco-friendly solvents. The design of the experiment approach was used during the development of the RP-HPLC method to reduce organic waste and guarantee that the procedure complied with all applicable regulations. Response surface models were built using the full factorial design approach, and the analytical design space was investigated. This method allowed for the identification of an optimal chromatographic condition within the method's operational design region, allowing reliable RP-HPLC analysis of pioglitazone and teneligliptin. Results: The developed RP-HPLC technique underwent validation and was used effectively to assess these drugs in their fixed-dose combinations. Assessments were made of the suggested and published RP-HPLC techniques' validation status, process greenness, cost, and analysis time. For a thorough examination, this review included white analytical chemistry-based RGB models and different green analytical chemistry-based tools. Conclusion: In allowing the simultaneous estimate of teneligliptin and pioglitazone, the devised approach demonstrated robustness, eco-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coamorphous salt in a 1:1 ratio prepared by ball milling from Fluvastatin sodium (FLV) and Pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ·HCl) can be selectively formed by neat grinding (NG). Furthermore, the salt–cocrystal continuum was preferably formed by employing liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) using ethanol (EtOH). Attempts to prepare the coamorphous salt starting from the salt–cocrystal continuum by NG were unsuccessful. Interestingly, through ball milling by NG or LAG, a great diversity of solid forms (PGZ·HCl-FLV 1:1) could be accessed: NG and hexane (coamorphous); ethyl acetate (physical mixture); EtOH (salt–cocrystal continuum); and water (which presents two Tg, indicating immiscibility of the components). An exploration was performed at different drug-to-drug ratios by NG. By differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the presence of two endothermic events was observed in this screening: incongruous melting point (solidus) and excess of one of the components (liquidus), except in the 1:1 solid form. From these results, eutectic behavior was observed. Through the construction of a binary phase diagram, it was determined that the 1:1 molar ratio gives rise to the formation of the most stable coamorphous composition. Dissolution profile studies of these solid forms were carried out, specifically on pure FLV and the solid forms of PGZ⋅HCl-FLV (1:2; 1:4; and 1:6), together with the coamorphous 1:1 salt. By itself, pure FLV presented the highest Kint (13.6270 ± 0.8127 mg/cm2⋅min). On the other hand, the coamorphous 1:1 showed a very low Kint (0.0220 ± 0.0014 mg/cm2·min), indicating very fast recrystallization by the FLV, which avoids observing a sudden release of this drug in the solution. This same behavior was observed in the eutectic composition 1:2. In the other solid forms, the value of Kint increases along with the %w of FLV. From the mechanochemical point of view, ball milling by NG or LAG became an important synthetic tool since it allows obtaining a great variety of solid forms to explore the solid-state reactivity of the drug–drug solid-form PGZ HCl-FLV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bladder cancer is the single most prevalent urinary tract malignancy in humans with a higher risk in diabetic patients. Pioglitazone is among the conventional antidiabetic drugs. The present study thus seeks to investigate the association between the administration of pioglitazone and the incidence of bladder cancer in type II diabetic patients through a meta-analysis and systematic analysis. Materials and Methods: International databases including Web of Science, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engine were explored. To integrate the results of studies odds ratio (OR), risk ratio (RR) or hazard ratio (HR) logarithm was extracted from each study, and the I2 index or the Cochran's Q test were conducted to examine the heterogeneities across studies. Data analysis was carried out in STATA version14 considering a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The 15 examined studies had investigated a total of 5,353,528 patients (1,536,723 patients in case groups and 3,816,805 patients in control groups). The relative risk of bladder cancer was [RR: 1.20 (95% CI: 1.09-1.32)] in pioglitazone users. Bladder cancer risk in pioglitazone users was higher by [RR: 1.14 (95% CI: 1.03-1.25)] compared to those who had never taken pioglitazone, [RR: 1.32 (95% CI: 1.02-1.70] compared to sulfonylurea users, and [RR: 1.57 (95% CI: 1.23-2)] compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) users. Moreover, the relative risk between pioglitazone consumption and bladder cancer was reported to be [RR: 1.27 (95% CI: 0.96-1.68)] in patients with a follow-up shorter than five years and [RR: 1.24 (95% CI: 1.09-1.41)] is patients with a follow-up of five years or longer. On the other hand, the relative risk between pioglitazone consumption and bladder cancer was [RR: 1 (95% CI: 0.69-1.45)] in 50-59 age group, [RR: 1.20 (95% CI: 1.04-1.38)] in the 60-69 age group, and [RR: 1.33 (95% CI: 1.14-1.56)] in the 70-79 age group. Conclusion: Patients who receive pioglitazone had a 20% higher risk of bladder cancer compared to those who had not taken pioglitazone or prescribed other medication such as sulfonylurea and DPP-4s. Registration: This study has been compiled based on the PRISMA checklist, and its protocol was registered on the PROSPERO website (ID: CRD42023391151). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bladder cancer is the single most prevalent urinary tract malignancy in humans with a higher risk in diabetic patients. Pioglitazone is among the conventional antidiabetic drugs. The present study thus seeks to investigate the association between the administration of pioglitazone and the incidence of bladder cancer in type II diabetic patients through a meta-analysis and systematic analysis. Materials and Methods: International databases including Web of Science, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engine were explored. To integrate the results of studies odds ratio (OR), risk ratio (RR) or hazard ratio (HR) logarithm was extracted from each study, and the I2 index or the Cochran’s Q test were conducted to examine the heterogeneities across studies. Data analysis was carried out in STATA version14 considering a significance level of p

Ball-milling using neat grinding (NG) or liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) by varying the polarity of the solvents allowed access to various drug–drug solid forms of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ·HCl) and rosuvastatin calcium (RSV). Using NG, the coamorphous form was formed from the reaction of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ·HCl) and rosuvastatin calcium (RSV) in a 2:1 molar ratio. The formation of the expected coamorphous salt could not be corroborated by FT-IR, but DSC data showed that it was indeed a single-phase amorphous mixture. By varying the molar ratios of the reactants, either keeping PGZ·HCl constant and varying RSV or vice versa, another coamorphous form was obtained when a 1:1 molar ratio was employed. In the case of the other outcomes, it was observed that they were a mixture of solid forms coexisting simultaneously with the coamorphous forms (1:1 or 2:1) together with the drug that was in excess. When RSV was in excess, it was in an amorphous form. In the case of PGZ·HCl, it was found in a semicrystalline form. The intrinsic dissolution rates (IDRs) of the solid forms of PGZ·HCl-RSV in stoichiometric ratios (1:1, 2:1, 1:4, 6:1, and 1:10) were evaluated. Interestingly, a synchronized release of both drugs in the dissolution medium was observed. In the case of the release of RSV, there were no improvements in the dissolution profiles, because the acidic media caused the formation of degradation products, limiting any probable modification in the dissolution processes. However, the coamorphous 2:1 form exhibited an improvement of 1.03 times with respect to pure PGZ·HCl. It is proposed that the modification of the dissolution process of the coamorphous 2:1 form was limited by changes in the pH of the media as RSV consumes protons from the media due to degradation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel flow injection‐chemiluminescence (FI–CL) approach is proposed for the assay of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PG‐HCl) based on its enhancing influence on the tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)–silver(III) complex (Ru(bipy)32+‐DPA) CL system in sulfuric acid medium. The possible CL reaction mechanism is discussed with CL and ultraviolet (UV) spectra. The optimum experimental conditions were found as: Ru(bipy)32+, 5.0 × 10−5 M; sulfuric acid, 1.0 × 10−3 M; diperiodatoargentate(III) (DPA), 1.0 × 10−4 M; potassium hydroxide, 1.0 × 10−3 M; flow rate 4.0 ml min−1 for each flow stream and sample loop volume, 180 μl. The CL intensity of PG‐HCl was linear in the range of 1.0 × 10−3 to 5.0 mg L−1 (R2 = 0.9998, n = 10) with limit of detection [LOD, signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N) = 3] of 2.2 × 10−4 mg L−1, limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N = 10) of 6.7 × 10−4 mg L−1, relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.0 to 3.3% and sampling rate of 106 h−1. The methodology was satisfactorily used to quantify PG‐HCl in pharmaceutical tablets with recoveries ranging from 93.17 to 102.77 and RSD from 1.9 to 2.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Currently, the Bilayer tablets, Tablet in tablet and Inlay tablets composed of Glimepiride (GMP) and Pioglitazone (PGH) as immediate release part, and Metformin (MFH) as sustained-release part are available for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In these products, there is a possibility of the incomplete release of immediate release part (GMP and PGH) due to their entrapment into high viscosity gel barrier of MFH sustained-release part when drug product comes in contact with media. Therefore, the present study was aimed to deliver the above combination drugs in the form of hard gelatin capsules (as unit dosage form) containing MFH sustained-release (MFH-SR) pellets and immediate release pellets of PGH and GMP (PG-IR). Results The MFH-SR and GP-IR pellets, prepared by extrusion and spheronization technique, were optimized based on the drug content and % cumulative drug release. The MFH-SR pellets formulation (batch A6) has shown maximum drug content, and sustained-release of MFH similar to marketed glucophage tablet while, the GP-IR pellets formulation (batch B5) has displayed maximum drug contents and immediate release of GMP and PGH; thus, these batches were considered for further characterizations. The optimized MFH-SR and GP-IR formulations have shown particle sizes of 0.23 ± 0.0010 mm and 0.35 ± 0.0018 mm, respectively. Besides, the formulations exhibited good micromeritics properties. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rabbits has demonstrated comparable bioavailability of the drugs from pellets and the marketed formulations following oral administration. Further, the pellets were found to be stable for 6 months at 40 ± 2 °C/75% ± 5%RH. Conclusions The study results revealed that the multiparticulate systems with varied release profiles could be a promising approach to overcome drug release issues associated with the unit dosage forms.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ) and l-carnosine (LC) supplementation on the growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant status, and meat shelf life of yellow-feathered broiler chickens. Five hundred broiler chickens were randomly assigned into 4 experimental diets using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 PGZ supplemental levels (0 and 15 mg/kg) and 2 LC supplemental levels (0 and 400 mg/kg) in basal diets for 28 d. The feed-to-gain ratio decreased whereas the average daily gain increased with PGZ supplementation. Greater dressing percentages, contents of intramuscular fat (IMF) in breast and thigh muscles, C18:3n-6, C18:1n-9 and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) percentages of thigh muscle were observed with PGZ addition. Additionally, significant synergistic effects between PGZ and LC on the C18:1n-9 and MUFA contents were found. Supplementation with LC decreased drip loss, cooking loss and total volatile basic nitrogen, and increased the redness (a∗) value, the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in thigh muscles. Moreover, the malondialdehyde content decreased when diets were supplemented with LC, and there was a synergistic effect between PGZ and LC. Additionally, the mRNA abundance of lipogenesis-related genes, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), PPARγ co-activator 1α and fatty acid-binding protein 3, increased with PGZ supplementation, and relevant antioxidation genes, such as nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 and superoxide dismutase 1, were enhanced with LC supplementation. In conclusion, the results indicated that the supplementation of PGZ and LC could improve the growth performance, antioxidant ability, IMF content, and meat shelf life of yellow-feathered broiler chickens.

Coamorphous salt in a 1:1 ratio prepared by ball milling from Fluvastatin sodium (FLV) and Pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ·HCl) can be selectively formed by neat grinding (NG). Furthermore, the salt–cocrystal continuum was preferably formed by employing liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) using ethanol (EtOH). Attempts to prepare the coamorphous salt starting from the salt–cocrystal continuum by NG were unsuccessful. Interestingly, through ball milling by NG or LAG, a great diversity of solid forms (PGZ·HCl-FLV 1:1) could be accessed: NG and hexane (coamorphous); ethyl acetate (physical mixture); EtOH (salt–cocrystal continuum); and water (which presents two Tg, indicating immiscibility of the components). An exploration was performed at different drug-to-drug ratios by NG. By differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the presence of two endothermic events was observed in this screening: incongruous melting point (solidus) and excess of one of the components (liquidus), except in the 1:1 solid form. From these results, eutectic behavior was observed. Through the construction of a binary phase diagram, it was determined that the 1:1 molar ratio gives rise to the formation of the most stable coamorphous composition. Dissolution profile studies of these solid forms were carried out, specifically on pure FLV and the solid forms of PGZ⋅HCl-FLV (1:2; 1:4; and 1:6), together with the coamorphous 1:1 salt. By itself, pure FLV presented the highest Kint (13.6270 ± 0.8127 mg/cm2⋅min). On the other hand, the coamorphous 1:1 showed a very low Kint (0.0220 ± 0.0014 mg/cm2·min), indicating very fast recrystallization by the FLV, which avoids observing a sudden release of this drug in the solution. This same behavior was observed in the eutectic composition 1:2. In the other solid forms, the value of Kint increases along with the %w of FLV. From the mechanochemical point of view, ball milling by NG or LAG became an important synthetic tool since it allows obtaining a great variety of solid forms to explore the solid-state reactivity of the drug–drug solid-form PGZ HCl-FLV.

Ball-milling using neat grinding (NG) or liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) by varying the polarity of the solvents allowed access to various drug–drug solid forms of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ·HCl) and rosuvastatin calcium (RSV). Using NG, the coamorphous form was formed from the reaction of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ·HCl) and rosuvastatin calcium (RSV) in a 2:1 molar ratio. The formation of the expected coamorphous salt could not be corroborated by FT-IR, but DSC data showed that it was indeed a single-phase amorphous mixture. By varying the molar ratios of the reactants, either keeping PGZ·HCl constant and varying RSV or vice versa, another coamorphous form was obtained when a 1:1 molar ratio was employed. In the case of the other outcomes, it was observed that they were a mixture of solid forms coexisting simultaneously with the coamorphous forms (1:1 or 2:1) together with the drug that was in excess. When RSV was in excess, it was in an amorphous form. In the case of PGZ·HCl, it was found in a semicrystalline form. The intrinsic dissolution rates (IDRs) of the solid forms of PGZ·HCl-RSV in stoichiometric ratios (1:1, 2:1, 1:4, 6:1, and 1:10) were evaluated. Interestingly, a synchronized release of both drugs in the dissolution medium was observed. In the case of the release of RSV, there were no improvements in the dissolution profiles, because the acidic media caused the formation of degradation products, limiting any probable modification in the dissolution processes. However, the coamorphous 2:1 form exhibited an improvement of 1.03 times with respect to pure PGZ·HCl. It is proposed that the modification of the dissolution process of the coamorphous 2:1 form was limited by changes in the pH of the media as RSV consumes protons from the media due to degradation processes.

A versatile surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) assay has been established that can realize rapid and sensitive determination of sildenafil (SIL) and pioglitazone hydrochloride (PIO) adulteration in healthcare products. Metal–organic frameworks-silver nanoparticles (MOFs-AgNPs) with SERS activity were successfully prepared via in situ synthesis AgNPs on the MOFs surface. By virtue of the adsorptivity of MOFs, the MOFs-AgNPs could effectively concentrate the drug molecules on the electromagnetic enhancement areas of AgNPs. Moreover, the MOFs-AgNPs substrate exhibited more sensitive SERS activity than classical AgNPs with linear range of 1.0 × 10–7–1.0 × 10–5 mol L−1 for SIL and 8.0 × 10–7–3.0 × 10–5 mol L−1 for PIO and limit of detection (LOD) of 4.8 × 10–8 mol L−1 for SIL and 1.4 × 10–7 mol L−1 for PIO. The designed method realized the determination of SIL and PIO in commercial tablets and healthcare products with recoveries of 93.8–108.0% and 93.0–104.0%, respectively, with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.7–4.1% and 2.2–4.2%, respectively. The present system displayed little interference effect on determination. This work provides a multifunctional route for the determination of other drugs via the SERS technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two simple, sensitive, accurate and precise UV-Spectrophotometric methods are proposed for the assay of alogliptin benzoate and pioglitazone hydrochloride in Bulk and Combined Tablet Dosage Form. The first method (Method A) involves simultaneous equation method, in which absorbance of both the drugs are measured at 224 and 268 nm, whereas in the second method (Method B) which is absorption ratio method, absorbance was measured at two wavelengths, 224 nm which is the λmax of alogliptin benzoate and 279 nm i.e. isobestic point of alogliptin benzoate and pioglitazone hydrochloride. For both the methods, alogliptin benzoate and pioglitazone hydrochloride follows Beer's law in the concentration range of 0.5-12 & 1.8-43.2 µg/ml, respectively. Correlation coefficients were found to be 0.9997 & 0.9998 for alogliptin benzoate and 0.9995 & 0.9999 for pioglitazone hydrochloride at 224 and 268 nm, respectively for Method A. For method B, correlation coefficients were 0.9997 & 0.9999 for alogliptin benzoate and 0.9995 & 0.9999 for pioglitazone hydrochloride at 224 and 279 nm, respectively. The % RSD of repeatability of measurement, intra-day and inter-day precision of the methods were found to be less than 2 for both the method A and B. LOD & LOQ of both the drugs for method A and B was calculated which proved the sensitivity of the method. The accuracy ranged between 97-102 for method A and B. No interference was observed from pharmaceutical excipients used in the formulation. Both methods are simple, sensitive, accurate and precise and have been applied to the simultaneous estimation of alogliptin benzoate and pioglitazone hydrochloride in combined tablet formulation and also suitable for routine quality control applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the effects of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ) and resveratrol (RES) on yellow-feathered broiler chickens. A total of 500 broiler chickens were randomly divided into four groups and fed a basic diet (control group) or a basic diet supplemented with 15 mg/kg PGZ, 400 mg/kg RES, or 15 mg/kg PGZ plus 400 mg/kg RES for 28 days. Compared with the control group, the PGZ and PGZ plus RES groups presented a significantly higher average daily gain and a decreased feed-to-gain ratio. Increases in the dressing percentage, semi-eviscerated yield, muscle intramuscular fat content, and C18:1n-9c, C18:3n-6, C20:3n-3, and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) percentages were found in the PGZ plus RES group. Moreover, the diet supplemented with RES or PGZ plus RES increased the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, and decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species of thigh muscle. Additionally, the mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, fatty acid-binding protein 3, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, and superoxide dismutase 1 was increased in the PGZ plus RES group. In conclusion, this study suggested that dietary supplementation of PGZ combined with RES improved the growth performance, the muscle intramuscular fat content, and antioxidant ability of yellow-feathered broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Intramuscular fat (IMF) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been thought to play a crucial role in improving meat quality. Considering the ability of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ) to deposit fat, and the anti‐stress capability of chromium methionine (CrMet), we combined these compounds to produce higher quality meat in poultry. A total of 3000 female chickens were divided into four groups (five replicates, each with 150 chickens): control, control plus15 mg·kg−1 PGZ, control plus 200 μg·kg−1 CrMet, and control plus15 mg·kg−1 PGZ plus 200 μg·kg−1 CrMet. The experiment lasted for 28 days. RESULTS: Compared to the control group and the PGZ group, the average daily gain (ADG) was significantly increased in the PGZ plus CrMet group, whereas the feed‐to‐gain ratio (F/G) was decreased from 0 to 14 days. Meanwhile, the redness value of breast muscle and IMF of thigh muscle increased in the PGZ plus CrMet group compared with the control group and these detections in the PGZ plus CrMet group exhibited highest value among the four groups. The cooking loss decreased in the breast muscle and thigh muscle after PGZ combined with CrMet in diets. The percentages of C16:1, C18:2n‐6 and PUFAs increased in the PGZ plus CrMet group. The mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) γ, PPAR coactivator 1 α, and fatty acid binding protein 3 was significantly enhanced with PGZ plus CrMet supplementation. CONCLUSION: Collectively, dietary supplementation with PGZ plus CrMet improved growth performance and meat quality by decreasing the cooking loss and increasing the IMF and PUFA levels. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Muscle fat content and fatty acid composition play an important role in poultry flavor and taste. To investigate the effects of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ) on growth performance and thigh muscle quality in yellow‐feathered chickens, 360 female chickens were randomly divided into three groups and treated with three doses of PGZ (0, 7.5, and 15 mg kg−1) for 28 days. Each group had six replicates of 20 chickens. RESULTS: The results showed that dietary supplementation with 15 mg kg−1 PGZ increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the average daily gain (ADG) from 0 to 14 days. Furthermore, the triglyceride (TG) level was decreased by 15 mg kg−1 PGZ, whereas the eviscerated yield was increased. The relative weight of the heart and kidneys showed a linear increase with dietary PGZ supplementation, and the drip loss of the thigh muscle was significantly decreased by 15 mg kg−1 PGZ supplementation. Moreover, a* value, intramuscular fat (IMF), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) showed a linear increase, and pH24 h and drip loss showed a quadratic influence with the levels of PGZ supplementation. In particular, the PUFA proportion was increased by 7.63% and 9.14% in the 7.5 mg kg−1 PGZ and 15 mg kg−1 PGZ groups, respectively. Additionally, 15 mg kg−1 of PGZ increased the total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX) activity. CONCLUSION: In summary, 15 mg kg−1 PGZ has substantial effects on growth performance and meat quality, particularly by decreasing drip loss and increasing IMF content, PUFA proportions, and antioxidant ability. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Site-selective binding between pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGH) and trypsin (TRP) was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that PGH could quench the intrinsic fluorescence of TRP strongly by a static quenching process. The microenvironment of tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr) residue was both changed, and the polarity of the hydrophobic environment in the TRP cavity was enhanced and the hydrophobicity was weakened. The results demonstrated that the interaction between PGH and TRP was taking place via hydrogen bond and hydrophobic force with 1:1 binding ratio. The binding constants Ka, the number of binding sites n, and thermodynamic parameters were obtained. The participation of amino acid residues and synchronous spectroscopy showed that the main site of the reaction between PGH and TRP was at the hydrophobic cavity. The binding rate of PGH to protein in 298 K was ~65–85% and for the combined model was W = –0.08684R2 + 0.1048R + 0.8503. This provides the theoretical basis for the dosage of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed to improve dissolution and bioavailability of developed stable amorphous solid dispersions (SDs) of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGH), a poorly water soluble drug. TGA showed compatibility with the polymers. The significant change in melting pattern of the PGH observed in the DSC thermograms supported by XRD patterns and SEM indicated change from crystalline to amorphous state. Prevention of recrystallization during storage suggested stability of formulation. Cremophor RH 40 based SD (solvent method) remarkably increased the dissolution within 15 min and was supported by dissolution parameters (Q15, IDR, RDR, % DE, f1, f2). In vivo test showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher AUC0-t and Cmax, which were about 4.46 and 4.84 times that of pure drug, respectively. Cremophor RH 40 was found to be a suitable carrier for SM for preparation of SDs of PH as evident from increased dissolution and bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of pioglitazone hydrochloride bound to tryptophan residues and tyrosine residues in bovine transferrin was investigated using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy at various temperatures (298, 310, and 318 K). From binding constants and thermodynamic parameters, it was shown that 1:1 stable compound was formed by the electrostatic force interaction of pioglitazone hydrochloride bound to tryptophan residues and tyrosine residues in bovine transferrin. The extent of binding between pioglitazone hydrochloride and tryptophan residues in bovine transferrin was more than that between pioglitazone hydrochloride and tyrosine residues in bovine transferrin. At 310 K, the fluorescence quenching ratio number of tyrosine residues and tryptophan residues in bovine transferrin were 47.52% and 54.19%, respectively, which indicated that the fluorescence contribution of tryptophan residues was greater. At 310 K, pioglitazone hydrochloride- tyrosine residues(in bovine transferrin) binding rate were 55.60-73.82%, and the combined model was W = -0.0315R² - 0.1520R + 0.7385. The value of Hill's coefficients was greater than 1, which suggested that there was a positive cooperativity between pioglitazone hydrochloride and subsequent ligands. The results of molecular docking were consistent with that of experimental calculatio [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer causes numerous deaths despite many treatment options. Capecitabine (CAP) is the standard chemotherapy regimen for colorectal cancer, and pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ) for diabetic disease treatment. However, free drugs do not induce effective apoptosis. This work aims to co-encapsulate CAP and PGZ and evaluate cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on HCT-119, HT-29 colorectal cancer cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). CAP, PGZ, and combination treatment nano-formulations were prepared by triblock (TB) (PCL-PEG-PCL) biodegradable copolymers to enhance drugs' bioavailability as anti-cancer agents. The Ultrasonic homogenization method was used for preparing nanoparticles. The physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles were studied using 1H NMR, FTIR, DLS, and FESEM techniques. The zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, drug release, and storage stability were studied. Also, cell viability and apoptosis were examined by using MTT, acridine orange (AO), and propidium iodide (PI), respectively. The smaller hydrodynamic size (236.1 nm), polydispersity index (0.159), and zeta potential (−20.8 mV) were observed in nanoparticles. Nanoparticles revealed a proper formulation and storage stability at 25 °C than 4 °C in 90 days. The synergistic effect was observed in (CAP-PGZ)-loaded TB nanoparticles in HUVEC, HCT-116, and HT-29 cells. In (AO/PI) staining, the high percentage of apoptotic cells in the (CAP-PGZ)-loaded TB nanoparticles in HUVEC, HCT-116, and HT-29 were calculated as 78 %, 71.66 %, and 69.31 %, respectively. The (CAP-PGZ)-loaded TB nanoparticles in this research offer an effective strategy for targeted combinational colorectal cancer therapy. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the effects of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ) and resveratrol (RES) on yellow-feathered broiler chickens. A total of 500 broiler chickens were randomly divided into four groups and fed a basic diet (control group) or a basic diet supplemented with 15 mg/kg PGZ, 400 mg/kg RES, or 15 mg/kg PGZ plus 400 mg/kg RES for 28 days. Compared with the control group, the PGZ and PGZ plus RES groups presented a significantly higher average daily gain and a decreased feed-to-gain ratio. Increases in the dressing percentage, semi-eviscerated yield, muscle intramuscular fat content, and C18:1n-9c, C18:3n-6, C20:3n-3, and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) percentages were found in the PGZ plus RES group. Moreover, the diet supplemented with RES or PGZ plus RES increased the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, and decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species of thigh muscle. Additionally, the mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, fatty acid-binding protein 3, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, and superoxide dismutase 1 was increased in the PGZ plus RES group. In conclusion, this study suggested that dietary supplementation of PGZ combined with RES improved the growth performance, the muscle intramuscular fat content, and antioxidant ability of yellow-feathered broiler chickens.

To investigate the effects of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ) and vitamin E (VE), 160 Duroc × Landrace × Large White pigs were randomly divided into a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of PGZ (0 or 15 mg/kg) and 2 levels of VE (0 or 325 mg/kg) for 28 days. Each group had 5 replicates with 8 pigs, half males and half females. Feeding PGZ increased intramuscular fat and VE supplementation decreased cooking loss ( P  < 0.05). Feeding VE increased total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 ( P  < 0.05). For 18:3n-3, the increase in C18:3n-3 due to VE was accentuated when combined with PGZ ( P  < 0.001). Additionally, VE tended to increase superoxide dismutase ( P  = 0.079) and glutathione peroxidase activity ( P  = 0.054). In summary, PGZ and VE had positive effects on pork quality by decreasing cooking loss and increasing intramuscular fat and antioxidant capacity, and may prove useful in improving the healthfulness of fatty acid profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New, simple, selective, and sensitive liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (LC-UV) methods have been developed and subsequently validated for simultaneous determination of linagliptin-empagliflozin combination and simultaneous determination of alogliptin benzoate-pioglitazone hydrochloride combination. Linearity was found to be acceptable over the concentration ranges of 2-50 μg mL-1, 4-100 μg mL-1, 0.5-25 μg mL-1, and 1-25 μg mL-1 for linagliptin (LNG), empagliflozin (EMG), alogliptin (ALG), and pioglitazone (PGN), respectively. All the methods were applied successfully to the analysis of the pharmaceutical dosage forms. The optimized methods were validated and proved to be robust and accurate for the quality control of the mentioned drugs in their different pharmaceutical dosage forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preferential solvation parameters ( δx 1,3 ) of pioglitazone hydrochloride in four binary solvent mixtures of {ethanol (1) + water (2)}, { N -methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) (1) + water (2)}, {propylene glycol (1) + water (2)} and { N , N -dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (1) + water (2)} were derived from their available solubility data by means of the inverse Kirkwood–Buff integrals method. The values of δx 1,3 vary non-linearly with the co-solvent (1) proportion in all the aqueous mixtures. The preferential solvation magnitude of pioglitazone hydrochloride by the co-solvent is highest in {ethanol (1) + water (2)} mixtures and lowest in {propylene glycol (1) + water (2)}. For the systems of (ethanol + water) and (NMP + water), the values of δx 1,3 are negative in water-rich mixtures and co-solvent-rich mixtures, but positive in intermediate compositions. However, for the {propylene glycol (1) + water (2)} and {DMSO (1) + water (2)} mixtures with composition 0.20 < x 1 < 1, the δx 1,3 values are positive indicating that pioglitazone hydrochloride is preferentially solvated by co-solvent. The positive δx 1,3 values could be explained based on the higher acidic behaviour of pioglitazone hydrochloride molecules interacting with the hydrogen acceptor groups present in co-solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To propose media for simulating the intragastric environment under reduced gastric acid secretion in the fasted state at three levels of simulation of the gastric environment and evaluate their usefulness in evaluating the intragastric dissolution of salts of weak bases. To evaluate the importance of bicarbonate buffer in biorelevant in vitro dissolution testing when using Level II biorelevant media simulating the environment in the fasted upper small intestine, regardless of gastric acid secretions. Methods Media for simulating the hypochlorhydric and achlorhydric conditions in stomach were proposed using phosphates, maleates and bicarbonates buffers. The impact of bicarbonates in Level II biorelevant media simulating the environment in upper small intestine was evaluated so that pH and bulk buffer capacity were maintained. Dissolution data were collected using two model compounds, pioglitazone hydrochloride and semifumarate cocrystal of Compound B, and the mini-paddle dissolution apparatus in biorelevant media and in human aspirates. Results Simulated gastric fluids proposed in this study were in line with pH, buffer capacity, pepsin content, total bile salt/lecithin content and osmolality of the fasted stomach under partial and under complete inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Fluids simulating the conditions under partial inhibition of acid secretion were useful in simulating concentrations of both model compounds in gastric aspirates. Bicarbonates in Level III biorelevant gastric media and in Level II biorelevant media simulating the composition in the upper intestinal lumen did not improve simulation of concentrations in human aspirates. Conclusions Level III biorelevant media for simulating the intragastric environment under hypochlorhydric conditions were proposed and their usefulness in the evaluation of concentrations of two model salts of weak bases in gastric aspirates was shown. Level II biorelevant media for simulating the environment in upper intestinal lumen led to underestimation of concentrations in aspirates, even when bicarbonate buffer was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Chromatographic approach was used for the simultaneous estimation of newly approved hypoglycemic combination in presence of metformin toxic impurities. • The method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical formulation. • Validated according to the ICH guidelines & compared to the official methods. • Analytical Greenness calculator, and GAPI systems were used to evaluate the greenness of the chromatographic method. • Molecular docking simulation of melamine was applied to study its toxicity. The quantity of impurities found in drug products determines the final product's safety. Impurities must thus be carefully monitored and managed throughout the drug development process. The objective of this study was to reveal a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for identifying and quantifying serious nephrotoxic and skin-irritating impurities. Cyanoguanidine (CYG) and melamine (MEL) are in pharmaceutical products containing metformin hydrochloride (MTF), a widely used oral antidiabetic drug, in combination with some commonly prescribed oral antidiabetic drugs, namely, pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGT) and glibenclamide (GBC). Additionally, this study aimed to determine the ternary combination of these antihyperglycemic agents in a tablet dosage form. The separation and quantification of impurities as well as antihyperglycemic drugs were performed on a VDSpher Pur 100 C18-E (250 mm 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column using gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1 M heptane sulfonic acid (pH 2.2) and acetonitrile. A flow rate of 1.5 mL/min was used to pump the mobile phase. A photodiode array detector (PDA) was used to monitor the ternary mixture with impurities at 225 nm. The retention times for CYG, MEL, MTF, PGT, and GBC were 1.749, 2.950, 3.640, 5.062, and 7.788 min, respectively. Molecular docking was also used to demonstrate how MEL toxicity could be shown by its attachment to several of albumin's known arachidonic acid binding sites. The green analytical procedure index (GAPI) and analytical greenness calculator reveal that the method is environmentally acceptable. The new method was tested in terms of its specificity, precision, as well as its accuracy, LOD, and LOQ. The results of the study were compared statistically to the results of the method that was reported. There was no significant difference in precision or accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel flow injection-chemiluminescence (FI-CL) approach is proposed for the assay of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PG-HCl) based on its enhancing influence on the tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-silver(III) complex (Ru(bipy) 3 2+ -DPA) CL system in sulfuric acid medium. The possible CL reaction mechanism is discussed with CL and ultraviolet (UV) spectra. The optimum experimental conditions were found as: Ru(bipy) 3 2+ , 5.0 × 10 -5  M; sulfuric acid, 1.0 × 10 -3  M; diperiodatoargentate(III) (DPA), 1.0 × 10 -4  M; potassium hydroxide, 1.0 × 10 -3  M; flow rate 4.0 ml min -1 for each flow stream and sample loop volume, 180 μl. The CL intensity of PG-HCl was linear in the range of 1.0 × 10 -3 to 5.0 mg L -1 (R 2  = 0.9998, n = 10) with limit of detection [LOD, signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) = 3] of 2.2 × 10 -4  mg L -1 , limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N = 10) of 6.7 × 10 -4  mg L -1 , relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.0 to 3.3% and sampling rate of 106 h -1 . The methodology was satisfactorily used to quantify PG-HCl in pharmaceutical tablets with recoveries ranging from 93.17 to 102.77 and RSD from 1.9 to 2.8%., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of pioglitazone hydrochloride as a promising anticancer agent and then to design and evaluate the colon-targeted delivery system. The role of pioglitazone hydrochloride as a promising anticancer agent was evaluated by in vitro cell line studies and in vivo 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. In order to deliver the drug at site of action, i.e. colon, drug embedded in matrices containing a release retarding polymer (HPMC K4M) and a polysaccharide (locust bean gum) were prepared. These matrix systems were further enteric coated with Eudragit®S100 to minimize the premature drug release in the upper segments of the GIT. In vitro dissolution studies were performed in absence and presence of rat caecal contents on selected batches and samples were analyzed using a validated RP-HPLC method. Hence, the studies led to the conclusion that successful site-specific delivery systems of pioglitazone hydrochloride were developed to improve its therapeutic efficacy in the management of colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the complementary mechanisms of action of metformin hydrochloride (MH) and pioglitazone hydrochloride (PG), combination therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus using the two drugs is highly desired; on the other hand, MH is not well absorbed in lower gastrointestinal tract and has a short half-life, therefore compromising the therapeutic effects. Herein, the present study was to develop gastro-floating bilayer matrix tablets in which the two drugs were incorporated into two separate layers, aiming at sustaining MH release with enhanced absorption and achieving immediate release of PG. The tablets of the optimized formulation floated on the test medium for more than 24 h with 5 min of floating lag time, and sustained MH release for 12 h via a diffusion-dependent manner; and complete release of PG within 5 min were achieved. Moreover, a steady plasma concentration of MH with a 1.5-fold increase in bioavailability, decreased C max and reduced T max was obtained, and the in vivo behavior of PG was similar to the marked product. Summarily, sustained MH release with improved absorption and immediate release of PG were obtained simultaneously using the gastro-floating bilayer tablet, allowing strengthened combination therapy for diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for simultaneous analysis of metformin hydrochloride (MET) and pioglitazone hydrochloride (PIO) in dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was performed on C8 column (Qualisil BDS 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mixture of methanol and water at 45:55 (v/v) containing 0.2% (w/v) n-heptanesulfonic acid (HSA) and 0.2% (v/v) triethyl amine (TEA) as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1 mL/min and eluents were detected at 265 nm. The described method shows linearity between 100-750 μg/mL for MET and 5-30 μg/mL for PIO with respective correlation coefficient (r²) values of 0.9996 and 0.9997. Drugs were subjected to acidic and basic hydrolysis, oxidative, photolytic, neutral and thermal degradations. This method revealed 14 degradation products and among these products D1, D3, D11, D12 and D14 were identified using impurity standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The solubility of pioglitazone hydrochloride in different binary solvents was investigated. [•] The results show that the two models agree well with the experimental data. [•] The thermodynamic functions of solution were obtained from these solubility data. [•] The dominant mechanisms of solvent action are enthalpy–entropy compensation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

New sensitive and selective HPTLC-densitometric method has been developed for the determination of pioglitazone hydrochloride. The proposed method depends on the interaction of the drug with ophthaldehyde (as spray reagent) and densitometric measurement (using UVP scanner) of the intensity of the produced pink color. Separation was achieved on HPTLC silica gel 60 aluminum sheets with chloroform-methanol (10:1 v/v) as mobile phase, and the RF value was 0.51 ± 0.01. The linearity of the method was studied in the range of 200-3000 ng per spot. Agood correlation coefficient (0.998) was obtained between the drug concentration and the corresponding optical intensities of the produced color. Limits of detection and quantification were found 65.06 and 197.16 ng per spot, respectively. The proposed method was applied successfully for the determination of pioglitazone HCl in pure form and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]