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Background Two concurrent malignancies present in a young person is an extremely rare condition. Diagnoses of gastric cancer primarily concern older patients. There are very few reports of concomitant Krukenberg tumor and germ-cell ovarian malignancy. Case A 19-year-old girl was admitted to the gynecologic oncology department with symptoms of advanced malignancy. Radiological imaging revealed disseminated neoplastic disease with bulky adnexal tumors. Cytoreductive surgery was performed, achieving no visible disease (T = 0 cm). The final pathology report confirmed metastatic mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) in both ovaries, originating from the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, the primary germ cell yolk sac tumor was found in the left ovary. Conclusion In cases of concomitant gastric and ovarian tumors, metastatic disease (Krukenberg tumor) should be considered in the differential diagnosis. This concerns even adolescent patients. In particular cases, including tumors with germ cell components, primary debulking surgery is crucial for prognosis.

The paper delves into the intricacies surrounding the ‘main subject matter’ requirement with a view to delineating its scope by reference to CJEU jurisprudence. Specifically, regard is had to the recent case of Andriciuc, its dictum and potential ramifications it may have for the judicial purview in the field of unfair terms control. Practice in recent years has brought to the fore the issue of indexation clauses as the focal point for doctrinal disputes. Comprehensive analyses of the main subject matter have also been carried out by Polish courts at all instances, including that in the Supreme Court, within the context of claims brought by consumers who entered into loans denominated in the Swiss Franc following the events of the so-called ‘Black Thursday’. The paper strives to decode the practical ramifications of the CJEU’s general doctrinal interpretations, offeringsuccinct corollaries pertaining to the compatibility with the EU standard, of the judicial interpretations of Poland’s courts with regard to the concept.

The question of compensation of loss of a chance is relatively rarely debated in the Polish doctrine of the law of tort. One reason for such a state of affairs may be the virtually unanimous opinion of both courts and academic comment-ators with regard to the permissibility of granting damages for loss of a chance of obtaining a benefit – loss of a chance, traditionally defined as potential harm, does not give rise to damages and falls beyond the scope of Article 361 § 2 of the Polish Civil Code. The paper attempts to show, by reference to the latest experiences of common law jurisdictions, that there exist rational bases for an extension of the notion of harm so that it encompasses loss of a chance where a potential acquisition of a benefit is contingent upon an action of a third party or force majeure, on which the victim has no bearing, subject to the caveat that the victim put an effort into generating the chance in question. In the course of the analysis an attempt will be made to demonstrate, with reference to a selec-tion of factual scenarios considered by Polish courts, that it would be possible to achieve fairer results (whilst avoiding placing unfair compensatory burdens upon the other party) to recognize liability for loss of a chance where the victim put a significant effort into making the chance viable, material, and where, based on ordinary life experience, materialization of such a chance may be considered a natural course of events.

It is trite law and a common cliché reiterated in the judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union that the economic situation of a consumer subjected to a purportedly unfair consumer contract clause is generally impertinent. This general tenet of the European regulation of unfair terms in consumer contractsis borne out particularly by Article 4(2) of Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts, under which assessment of the unfair nature of a term shall not encompass an inquiry into the adequacy of the price and remuneration, on the one hand, as against the services or goodssupplies in exchange, on the other, in so far as these terms are in plain intelligible language. Despite this seemingly bold orientation towards the formal side of the unfairness assessment, efforts have been made to inject into the judicial exercise of discretion a degree of consideration of the economic standing and interests of both the consumer and the trader involved in the particular dispute at hand. This has been done primarily by reference to the “significant imbalance” requirement pursuant to Article 3(1) of the Directive. The paper reviews an extensive crosssection of judgments handed down in Polish courts based upon the Polish transposition of the Unfair Terms Directive to show that the courts have on numerous occasions ventured outside the boundaries delineated by traditional legal analysis (even beyond the flexible bounds of purposive interpretation) to scrutinize the size and gravity of the economic burden the term under scrutiny is liable to impose upon the consumer relative to its economic strength on the market.

In a recent judgment in ERGO Poist’ovňa, a.s. v Alžbeta Barlíková, the Court of Justice of the European Union attempted to clarify the ambit of Article 11 of Council Directive of 18 December 1986 on the coordination of the laws of the Member States relating to self-employed commercial agents, that is the circumstances where a commercial agent’s right to remuneration may be extinguished should a negotiated transaction not be executed between the principal and the client. Notably, the Court held that in the event of even partial non-execution of a negotiated contract between the principal and the third party client, provided it happened due to no fault on the part of the principal, the agent’s right to commission is proportionately extinguished. The paper discusses the judgment in the light of previous CJEU case law and the Polish transposition of the said European standards with a view to finding any potential divergences between the two. The paper notes two problems. First, Polish law, as opposed to Slovak law, does not recognize an automatic termination of an insurance contract in the event of default on the part of the customer. Conversely, whether such an effect eventuates is left to contractual discretion of the parties. Second, Polish courts have been recently willing to substitute unjust enrichment for contractual liability even where, it appears, complainants have valid claims under Article 7614 of the Civil Code.

Technique of high-speed digital imaging (HSDI) is unique technology, allowing assessment of real vocal fold vibrations.The aim of the study is to present the usefulness of HSDI in the diagnosis of premenstrual dysphonia as a parameter of premenstrual syndrome (PMS).In study conducted by Department of Clinical Phonoaudiology and Logopedics at the Medical University of Białystok participated 21 women aged between 20-31 years old. HSDI technique with a digital High Speed HS camera was used for visualization of the larynx. The rigid endoscope with 90° optics was used for visualizing the vocal folds vibrations during phonation of "e" vowel, at the rate of 4000 frames per second. Playback of recorded sequence set at 15 frames per second, allowed to assess vocal folds vibrations in slow motion mode. Mucosal wave (MW), glottal closure (GTs), symmetry, regularity and synchrony of vocal fold vibration were analyzed. Kymography of the larynx was made for analyzing the value of the Open Quotient (OQ) in the assessment of degree of glottal insufficiency. Study was conducted in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and then repeated 2-3 days before menstruation.In the analyzed group of patients studied before menstruation only 19% of women complained of hoarseness and fatigue of voice, and 81% reported no problems with his voice but the edematous changes in the larynx was recorded by HSDI technique. No women had premenstrual dysphonia in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.HSDI allows objective assessment of the degree of severity of insufficiency of glottal closure and edematous changes in the vocal folds in premenstrual dysphonia, what is confirmed by the objective values of the OQ.

Zgodnie z art. 4 ust. 2 Dyrektywy Rady 93/13/EWG z dnia 5 kwietnia 1993 r. w sprawie nieuczciwych warunkow w umowach konsumenckich ocena abuzywności klauzuli umownej nie powinna dotyczyc ani określenia glownego przedmiotu umowy, ani relacji ceny i wynagrodzenia do dostarczonych w zamian towarow lub uslug, o ile warunki te zostaly wyrazone prostym i zrozumialym jezykiem. Artykul opisuje stosunek Trybunalu Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej do zakazu wydawania opinii o adekwatności ceny, co poprzedzono podsumowaniem aksjologicznych fundamentow uregulowan dotyczących klauzul abuzywnych. Nastepnie dokonano analizy podejścia sądow polskich jako przykladu praktycznej transpozycji do systemu wewnetrznego panstwa czlonka Unii Europejskiej zakazu oceniania adekwatności ceny. Co istotne, wydaje sie, ze ocena skupia sie na sposobach sluzących zmianie juz ustalonej ceny, a interesy konsumentow chronione są jedynie za pośrednictwem mechanizmow o charakterze czysto prawnym, a nie ekonomicznym.