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In the era of Covid-19 when the whole worl is struggling to fight the pandemic, most countries were caught unprepared. The implementation of infection prevention on a large scale was crucial. To improve our immunological status to become more resistantto inflammation, we have to follow what scientists already know – right now the immunization of people should be sped up as much as possible. People should also be immunized against influenza and pneumococcal since all of these cause lung inflammation. Additionally, adults as well as children should be immunized against other diseases according to the immunization schedule. Secondly, for years, we acknowledged that some other prevention methods work substantially to protect us against multiple diseases. We know how to prevent successfully hypertension, diabetes type 2, obesity, inactivity, smoking and alcohol binging, which make people more vulnerable to debilitating chronic inflammation inside their bodies. The fact is that we know the risk factors which make the above mentioned diseases, and we know how to avoid them, which is already well documented in hundreds of papers. The preventive programme should be delivered to the public as urgently as possible. A healthy diet and physical activity can boost positive immunological response and protect people in many ways against many infectious diseases including Covid-19 or lessen their impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a new analytical model for determining the probability of availability of a certain amount of well-defined free resources (e.g. a link) in a group of dedicated resources (e.g. a group of links) jointly serving a mixture of different classes of multiservice traffic. The presented method can be used to model access to resources in data centres, in particular in the software-defined networks, assuming -- for reliability reasons -- that the user should have access to a certain minimum number of specific separated resources. The proposed analytical model was verified by appropriate simulation experiments, which confirmed the satisfactory accuracy of the results obtained.

The article presents the application of a new analytical model of the full-availability group carrying a mixture of different multi-rate traffic classes with compression property for modeling the WCDMA radio interface with packet scheduling. The proposed model can be directly used for modeling of theWCDMA interface in the UMTS network servicing different traffic classes. The described model can be applied for a validation of the efficiency of the WCDMA interface measured by the blocking probability and the average carried traffic for particular traffic classes.

This article presents an analytical model of a switching network that can be used in the nodes of a large number of modern multi-service networks. The model of a multi-service three-stage switching network proposed in this article has the advantage of providing the possibility to evaluate the point-to-point blocking probability for multicast connections. The information obtained in this way can then be used both at the stage of the estimation of the capacity of a new network and during the optimisation process of an existing network. In the calculations performed during the investigations, three scenarios for the fan out of multicast connections in the switching network are taken into consideration. The assumption is that the branching of a connection can occur in the first, second and the third stage of the switching network. The model proposed in the article is based on the concept of “effective” availability. The article discusses the methods for the determination of the effective availability parameter for successive connections that belong to a given multicast connection. The results of the analytical modelling are compared with the simulation data for three selected structures of multi-service switching networks to which different mixtures of multi-service BPP traffic are offered. The results of the calculations and the data provided by the simulation experiments validate and confirm high accuracy of the proposed model. This allows the model to be easily applied in practice to different environments to evaluate the capacities of the nodes in multi-service networks.

The optimization of network topology is crucial to achieve efficient data transmission in wireless sensor networks. Recently it has been proven that emerging open data sources can be used for modeling the structures of heterogeneous urban sensor networks. With this, leveraging real location data of various networked and sensing devices became feasible and essential. This approach enables the construction and analysis of more accurate representations based on frequently updated actual network infrastructure topology data, as opposed to using synthetic models or test environments. The presented modeling method serves as the basis for the designed architecture and implemented research environment. This paper introduces a set of algorithms which transform devices’ location data into graph-based wireless network connectivity models. Each algorithm is thoroughly discussed and evaluated. Moreover, static (momentary) and dynamic (time-spanning) network topologies are constructed in four large Polish cities based on publicly available data. Multidimensional simulation-based analysis is conducted to investigate the characteristics of the modeled structures. Directions for further research are suggested as well.

The planning of metering network infrastructure based on the concept of the Internet of Things primarily involves the choice of available radio technology. Then, regardless of the type and availability of power sources, energy conservation should be one of the main optimization criteria. For this reason, LPWANs operating in unlicensed ISM bands appear to be a suitable solution in urban environments due to their sub 1 GHz propagation properties. High signal penetration and coverage make them applicable in urban areas with buildings and various obstacles. Therefore, this article presents solutions developed to support the planning process of implementing a LoRaWAN network infrastructure aimed at monitoring and collecting electricity meter data in smart cities. To this end, an algorithm has been proposed to support the selection of the number of LoRaWAN gateways and their deployment, as well as the selection of transmission parameters at the measurement nodes with a particular focus on geographic data from real maps.

Clergy (Kler, 2018) by Wojciech Smarzowski has aroused great controversy and many discussions about the position and role of the Catholic Church in contemporary Poland. I would like to look at the portraits of priests in the film in relation to the images previously created in Polish cinema. I am not going to analyze particular examples, but point to selected motifs and characters in order to interpret the images of clergymen and the church in their context. I will consider both the construction of individual characters and the image of the Catholic Church as an institution.

Telecommunication networks are ever more frequently relying on artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques to detect specific use patterns or potential errors and to take automated decisions when these are encountered. This concept requires that methods be employed to measure the level of quality of a given telecommunication service, i.e. to verify quality of service (QoS) metrics. In a broader context, methods assessing the entire user experience (quality of experience – QoE) are required as well. In this article, various approaches to assessing QoS, QoE and the related metrics are presented, with a view to implement these at an FTTH network operator in Poland. Since this article presents the architecture of the system used to analyze QoE performance based on a number of QoS metrics collected by the operator, we also provide a comprehensive introduction to the QoS and QoE metrics used herein.

Modern telecommunications networks, despite their ever increasing capacity, mostly attributed to optical fiber technologies, still fail to provide ideal channels for transmitting information. Disruptions in ensuring data throughput or the continuous flow of data required by applications remain as major unresolved problems. Most network mechanisms, protocols and applications feature adaptations that allow them to change the parameters of the transmission channel and try to minimize the negative impact of the network on the perceived quality, for example by temporarily changing the modulation scheme, or coding scheme, or by re-transmitting lost packets, or buffering to compensate for the interruptions in transmission. To respond appropriately, network operators are interested in knowing how well these adaptations are performing in order to assess the ultimate quality of their networks from the user perspective, i.e., Quality of Experience (QoE). Due to the huge amount of data associated with the collection of various parameters of the telecommunications network, machine learning methods are often needed to discover the relationships between various parameters and to identify the root cause of the observed network quality. In this paper, we present a Multi-layer QoE learning system implemented by Fiberhost for QoE analysis with a multi-layer approach based on machine learning tools.

Epidemics and pandemics dramatically affect mobility trends around the world, which we have witnessed recently and expect more of in the future. A global energy crisis is looming ahead on the horizon and will redefine the transportation and energy usage patterns, in particular in large cities and metropolitan areas. As the trend continues to expand, the need to efficiently monitor and manage smart city infrastructure, public transportation, service vehicles, and commercial fleets has become of higher importance. This, in turn, requires new methods for dissemination, collection, and processing of data from massive number of already deployed sensing devices. In order to transmit these data efficiently, it is necessary to optimize the connection structure in wireless networks. Emerging open access to real data from different types of networked and sensing devices should be leveraged. It enables construction of models based on frequently updated real data rather than synthetic models or test environments. Hence, the main objective of this article is to introduce the concept of network modeling based on publicly available geographic location data of heterogeneous nodes and to promote the use of real-life diverse open data sources as the basis of novel research related to urban sensor networks. The feasibility of designed modeling architecture is discussed and proved with numerous examples of modeled spatial and spatiotemporal graphs, which are essential in opportunistic routing-related studies using the methods which rely on graph theory. This approach has not been considered before in similar studies and in the literature.

Michał Pabiś-Orzeszyna w książce Zwrot historyczny w badaniach filmoznawczych (2020) opisuje bardzo szczegółowo i precyzyjnie historie (w liczbie mnogiej) tytułowego zjawiska. Pokazuje towarzyszące mu inspiracje i metodologie, sytuuje je w różnych kontekstach, następnie poddaje wnikliwej krytyce, rekonstruując również spory między przedstawicielami – wydawałoby się – tego samego nurtu. Otrzymujemy nader kompetentny, starannie przemyślany przewodnik po Nowej Historii Kina/Nowej Historii Filmu, wdzierający się pod powierzchowne i unifikujące odczytania. Autor ma jednak większe ambicje niż tylko przedstawienie zwrotu historycznego w badaniach filmoznawczych. Jeśli przybliża czytelnikowi wspomniane spory o to, jak pisać o wczesnym kinie, czyni z tego punkt wyjścia do refleksji nad zagadnieniem bardziej fundamentalnym. Jego książka stanowi bowiem również głos w refleksji nad metodologią i samoświadomością humanistyki.

The quality of experience (QoE) assessment of adaptive video streaming may be crucial for detecting degradations impacting customer satisfaction. In a telecommunication environment, eliminating failure points may be the highest priority. This study aims to assess the QoE level of the video played by the STB device connected to the production TV system. The evaluation has been based on the stalling effects, video quality changes, and the time related to the last decreased bitrate change occurrence. The two-phase continuous clustering approach has been studied to assess the QoE level based on the ACR scale. The number of devices with grades 1 or 2 is relatively low, but those devices generate significantly more events than adequately functioning devices. STBs try to play the highest possible bitrate, and there is no possibility of setting the intermediate bitrate level. The STB player does not have the button to set the quality level, usually available in pure over-the-top applications. Hence the bitrate fluctuations that can annoy customers appear for the lowest grades. The boundary cases can be easily assessed. The outcome should be challenged by the customers’ opinions to find the proper QoE threshold. Continuous clustering may allow telecom operators to assess customer satisfaction with their TV service.

The Internet of Things is changing the approach to data transmission, protocol design and network services. The challenge faced by designers of IoT solutions is to determine the scalability of a given technology, with a particular emphasis placed on unlicensed frequency bandwidth (ISM) transmission in highly urbanized areas. Because the design and implementation of a wireless network for the Internet of Things, relying on each of the presented technologies, is expensive and time consuming, it must be preceded by a performance assessment based on computer simulations. The literature contains various approaches to modeling the mechanisms of the MAC layer of LoRa technology and to its implementation in LoRaWAN networks. The article provides an overview of major LoRa MAC network simulators. It presents and comments on the most important research results obtained by the authors of the aforementioned software

The multicast quality of service-enabled routing is a computationally challenging task. Despite ongoing research efforts, the associated mathematical problems are still considered to be NP-hard. In certain applications, computational complexity of finding the optimal connection between a set of network devices may be a particularly difficult challenge. For example, connecting a small group of participants of a teleconference is not much more complex than setting up a set of mutual point-to-point connections. On the other hand, satisfying the demand for such services as IPTV, with their receivers constituting the majority of the network, requires applying appropriate optimization methods in order to ensure real system execution. In this paper, algorithms solving this class of problems are considered. The notion of multicast saturation is introduced to measure the amount of multicast participants relative to the entire network, and the efficiency of the analyzed algorithms is evaluated for different saturation degrees.

Przekrój tekstów, składających się na dwutomową publikację KINtop. Antologia wczesnego kina (2016), przygotowaną przez Andrzeja Dębskiego i Martina Loiperdingera, a wydaną przez wrocławską Oficynę Wydawniczą Atut w renomowanej i niezwykle cennej serii Niemcy – Media – Kultura, jest bardzo szeroki. Znalazły się w niej zarówno teksty stricte historycznofilmowe, omawiające konkretne zagadnienia, jak i mające charakter metodologiczny, często także łączące oba ujęcia. KINtop może posłużyć jako swoisty podręcznik procedur badawczych, stanowi również nieocenione źródło wiedzy do badań nad historiografią wczesnego kina, umożliwia bowiem przyjrzenie się obiegowi idei, pomysłów, metod, rozwiązań szczegółowych.

W latach 80. wpływ na kino popularne w Polsce miały potrzeby i możliwości ekonomiczne, rozwój i dostępność technologii, kultura zachodnia, konwencje gatunkowe, zmiany społeczne i moralne, oczekiwania widzów, postrzeganie kultury popularnej, pojawienie się dzięki technice wideo nieoficjalnej dystrybucji filmów. Nie bez znaczenia był jednak także wymiar polityczny. Ujawniał się głównie w dokumentach programowych, stenogramach komisji kolaudacyjnych, działaniach cenzorskich, czasem w filmowej diegezie i krytyce filmowej. Konotacji politycznych doszukiwano się we wszystkich filmach i podejmowanych przez nie tematach oraz problemach, nierzadko jednak widzowie postrzegali je zupełnie inaczej, niekiedy wręcz subwersywnie. W swym artykule, biorąc pod uwagę dokumenty archiwalne, filmy i recepcję prasową, Zwierzchowski zwraca uwagę na różne relacje między polityką a kinem popularnym, podkreślając, że sposób odczytania politycznych kontekstów kina popularnego zależał w dużej mierze nie od samego filmu, ale od odbiorców, którzy zgodnie ze swoimi kompetencjami, doświadczeniem i przekonaniami konstruowali jego sensy.

Party przy świecach (1980) Antoniego Krauzego, zrealizowane na podstawie opowiadania Jana Himilsbacha, jest opowieścią o wynikających z aspiracji naśladownictwie i chęci wyróżnienia się, stanowiąc zarazem krytyczne nawiązanie do socjalistycznego konsumeryzmu epoki Gierkowskiej. Bohaterowie chcą zaakcentować swój status przez zorganizowanie przyjęcia, w znacznej mierze odwołując się do imitacji obyczajów i postaw. Niezależnie od tego tytułowe party nie przestaje przecież być czymś wyjątkowym, pozwalającym wykroczyć poza codzienność. Tworzenie identyfikacji społecznej przez przygotowanie przyjęcia, sposób zachowania, dobór potraw i alkoholi jest czymś uniwersalnym, a zarówno aspiracje bohaterów, jak i obyczaje biesiadne nie są związane jedynie z kulturą PRL. Właśnie ten kontekst ma w filmie fundamentalne znaczenie. Party przy świecach, jak również inne przywoływane przez autorów filmy z lat 70., stanowią zatem także fascynujący opis obyczajów, zarówno ówczesnej codzienności, jak i świętowania.

Preface

Celem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja szczególnej filmowej reprezentacji funkcjonariuszy Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej w kontekście przemian w partii i jej społecznego postrzegania w latach 70. Analizując filmy Gdzie woda czysta i trawa zielona (1977) Bohdana Poręby i Wysokie loty (1978) Ryszarda Filipskiego, jak również wcześniejszą Linię (1974) Kazimierza Kutza, autor zastanawia się, jaki był kontekst ich powstania, w jaki sposób były konstruowane postacie sekretarzy, jakie problemy uważano za najważniejsze, jak te filmy były postrzegane w kontekście ówczesnego kina. Aby odpowiedzieć na te pytania, oprócz filmów trzeba uwzględnić także stenogramy komisji kolaudacyjnych oraz kolejne wersje scenariuszy i scenopisów, jak również recepcję prasową. Pozwala to ukazać, jaką rolę i sensy przypisywano tym filmom, jak również wskazać na dystans, jaki dzielił oficjalną recepcję od ich rzeczywistego znaczenia.

Monika Talarczyk-Gubała zrobiła kolejny krok w kierunku zapełnienia ciągle zbyt licznych białych plam w historii polskiego kina. Bohaterką swojej nowej książki Wanda Jakubowska. Od nowa (2015) uczyniła reżyserkę jednocześnie znaną i nieznaną, stale przypominaną i prawie całkowicie zapomnianą, której filmy są nieustannie oglądane, a zarazem pokrywają się kurzem, ponieważ nikt do nich nie sięga. Książka stanowi esej najwyższej próby. Podejmuje rzadko poruszany temat, proponuje jego oryginalne, autorskie ujęcie, zwłaszcza w perspektywie badań nad polskim kinem – jako przykład kina kobiet ze wszystkimi konsekwencjami tego określenia. Książka jest znakomicie, wręcz błyskotliwie napisana.

The research of computer networks construction of models that reflect the current audited environment to carry out practical research is extremely dicult and often involves signicant costs. Hence, the popularity of simulation tools that help developers to determine as early as at the stage of the simulation whether a given solution can be deployed in a real network. However, over time many dierent simulation tools have been developed, each with dierent characteristics, dierent uses, dierent strengths and weaknesses. It is the task of the researcher then to select, before starting the actual research, one of the available simulators in accordance with the needs and adopted criteria of evaluation. In the article the authors present issues related to the simulation tools and the main advantages of simulation as well as their drawbacks. To help researchers select an appropriate simulation environment, the authors present statistical information gathered during a literature survey of a number of research articles from the most popular publishers in which the selected simulators were used in initial system design.

Artykuł składa się z dwóch części: próby diagnozy aktualnego stanu badań nad kinem PRL-u oraz części postulatywnej. Zdaniem autorów polska historiografia filmowa koncentruje się głównie na zagadnieniach estetycznych (dominacja opisu twórczości reżyserów filmów fabularnych uznanych za artystów i autorów). Odwołując się do metodologicznych założeń nowego historycyzmu oraz Nowej Historii Kina, autorzy wyrażają zaniepokojenie ahistoryzmem historiografii kina PRL-u. Postulują w związku z tym m.in.: hasło „powrotu do źródeł”, głównie archiwalnych; częstsze niż dotychczas powściąganie ambicji interpretacyjnych na rzecz solidnej pracy filmograficznej pozwalającej opisać losy konkretnych projektów filmowych w ich uzależnieniu od kontekstu ekonomicznego, społecznego i politycznego; badanie tzw. kultury produkcji kina polskiego; badanie paratekstów filmowych (fotosy, plakaty, zwiastuny, reklamy filmowe itp.) i marginalizowanych zjawisk (takich jak kino oświatowe czy „polska szkoła dubbingu”); badanie recepcji (zarówno widowni, jak i piśmiennictwa filmowego).

This paper presents a single hysteresis model for limited-availability group that are offered Erlang, Engset and Pascal traffic streams. The occupancy distribution in the system is approximated by a weighted sum of occupancy distributions in multi-threshold systems. Distribution weights are obtained on the basis of a specially constructed Markovian switching process. The results of the calculations of radio interfaces in which the single hysteresis mechanism has been implemented are compared with the results of the simulation experiments. The study demonstrates high accuracy of the proposed model.

Filmy Macieja Adamka: Konkurs (2002), Życie przed Tobą (2003), Jestem (2004) oraz Gry i zabawy dziecięce (2010) są bardzo wnikliwymi portretami dziecka i dzieciństwa nakręconymi bez poczucia dominacji dorosłego, angażującymi emocjonalnie, a jednocześnie stanowiącymi znakomity punkt wyjścia do refleksji nad społecznym światem dziecka. Adamek zmusza widza do skonfrontowania się z kulturowymi wyobrażeniami dzieciństwa jako okresu szczęścia i beztroski. W filmach tych znajdziemy też refleksję na temat przemian społecznych ideologii w odniesieniu do dziecka i jego potrzeb rozwojowych oraz konsumenckich, jak również potwierdzenie tezy, że dzieciństwo jest zjawiskiem społecznie konstruowanym.

Theoretical considerations of the multicast Quality of Service (QoS) routing have been a rapidly developing and dynamic research area for years. Several algorithms derived from different approaches have been proposed, while the pool of valid solutions to the problem is steadily growing. When new solutions are compared with their predecessors, as much information as possible about their characteristics and differences is needed. Both the graph theory and the optimization theory provide robust and objective means of comparing not only algorithms, but also the results they produce. However, any possible extension to the comparison methods is vital and can bring interesting new information that would eventually lead to innovative conclusions. This article presents a method, derived from practice and experience, that simulates the drainage of resources accumulated by consecutive communication allocations. The nature of this comparison is an extension to the classical measurement of the success ratio and this creates a context of the continuous measure of a success rather than a simple binary value. In this article such a method with regard to algorithms optimizing multicast problems for more than two criteria is used for the first time and leads to an interesting conclusion about the influence of the number of the criteria on the result.