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Burkholderia pseudomallei biofilm is a significant virulence factor in infection. This study aimed to investigate antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Piper betle extract against B. pseudomallei. The MIC and MBC values of the extract against the isolates were 0.5–1.0 mg/mL. At 2 × MIC, the cells showed cell shrinkage and abnormalities. At 1/2 × MIC, the extract displayed 40–71% inhibition of biofilm formation. At 8 × MIC, the extract reduced the viability of mature biofilms by 60–86%. Hydroxychavicol and eugenol, the main compounds in the extract, showed binding activity to CdpA, an enzyme implicated in biofilms as observed by in silico studies. Hydroxychavicol exhibited the highest affinity for CdpA, with a distance of 2.27 Å. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that hydroxychavicol forms a stable complex with cyclic di-GMP phosphodiesterase, maintaining protein structural integrity with minimal conformational changes. The results suggested that Piper betle may have medicinal benefits by inhibiting biofilm-related infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radioactivity concentrations in soil and medicinal plants from the Western Ghat region of India were determined using NaI(Tl) gamma spectrometry. The mean activity of 232Th, 226Ra and 40K in soil was found to be 15.0 ± 0.9 Bq kg−1, 35.8 ± 2.1 Bq kg−1 and 65.1 ± 2.2 Bq kg−1. In medicinal plants, the mean activity was found to be 9.3 ± 1.1 Bq kg−1, 28.4 ± 2.8 Bq kg−1 and 76.3 ± 3.7 Bq kg−1, respectively. The calculated transfer factors from soil to plant range from 0.70 to 2.88, 0.49 to 1.64 and 0.37 to 1.53 for 40K, 226Ra and 232Th, respectively. The mean transfer factor of 40K is greater than that of 226Ra and 232Th, showing a substantial increase of 40K in the plant by root uptake. The estimated average yearly effective dosage for the age group of 15 years and older in the study is much lower than the world average, whereas, for the age group of 5 years, the Mesua ferrea, Moringa oleifera, and Piper betle medicinal plant are above the recommended word average of 0.3 mSv y−1 for an individual as reported UNSCEAR, 2000. As a result, the consumption of medicinal plants does not pose a substantial health risk and is radiologically safe for intake by people aged 15 years and above, but not to individuals under the age of 5. The possible impact of natural radiation on a human has been assessed by calculating the hazard parameters and all values within the internationally recommended limits. The impact of soil physico-chemical properties on soil-medicinal plant transfer factor was assessed. The study will serve as a baseline data on the transfer of radionuclides from the soil to medicinal plants and from medicinal plants to human as well as guidelines on the development of herbal drugs for future pharmacological and phytochemical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, biocompatible magnesium oxide (MgO) nanostructures were synthesized using an aqueous solution of Piper betle leaf methanolic extract. The color change during the synthesis process, i.e., colorless to dark brown solution, indicates the formation of MgO nano structures which is further confirmed through UV–Visible spectrum that exhibited characteristic absorption band at 329 nm. Results obtained from morphological analysis reveal that MgO nano flakes (MgO NFs) are present as triangular and polyhedral shapes having an average size ranging between 150 and 200 nm with clear lattice fringes. Secondary metabolites were clearly identified from the FTIR spectrum, and they helped in reduction and stabilization during the synthesis of MgO NFs. The XRD pattern displayed Braggs planes of (111), (220), (220), (311), and (222) with a face centered cubic (FCC) structure, which was further confirmed from the SAED pattern using HRTEM analysis. The as-synthesized MgO NFs manifested profound antimicrobial activity against gram positive as well as gram-negative bacteria with favorable biocompatibility. Furthermore, methylene orange dye was degraded almost completely (98.36 %) in the presence of MgO NFs photo catalysts within 1 h of sunlight illumination. In addition, MgO NFs displayed high level of antioxidant properties with recorded IC 50 value of 15.89 μg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the antimicrobial potential of Piper betle L. (PBL) and Piper nigrum L. (PNL) extracts against MRSA. Plant parts including stem, leaf, and fruit were extracted using aquadest, methanol, and hexane, resulting in 18 distinct extracts. FT-IR combined with cluster analysis (CA) categorized the extracts, and anti-MRSA activity was assessed through the paper disk diffusion method. The most potent extracts were further analyzed using GC-MS to identify bioactive compounds. Additionally, molecular docking studies were conducted for MRSA protein targets (4DKI, 6H5O, and 4CJN). The hexane extract of PNL and the aqueous extract of PBL fruit showed the strongest inhibitory effects. GC-MS identified piperine (14.22%) and diisooctyl phthalate (14.67%) as major compounds, with piperolein B, piperanine, β-caryophyllene oxide, and α-caryophylladienol as minor compounds in the hexane extract of PNL, while hydroxychavicol (81.89%) and chavibetol (12.01%) were predominant in the aquadest extract of PBL. Molecular docking revealed that piperolein B and piperine had strong binding affinities to MRSA proteins 4DKI, 6H5O, and 4CJN, comparable to ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, this study confirms the potential of PBL and PNL as sources of novel anti-MRSA agents, supporting further research to develop new therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is an important global zoonosis caused by the bacterium Brucella sp. Brucellosis causes abortions, reproductive failure and reduced milk production, resulting in significant economic losses. Brucella species are reported to be resistant to antibiotics, which makes treatment difficult. The urgency of discovering new drug candidates to combat Brucella's infection necessitates the exploration of novel alternative agents with unique protein targets. Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), which have fundamental functions in translation, inhibit this process, stop protein synthesis and ultimately inhibit bacterial growth. The purpose of this study was to isolate piperolactam A compounds from the methanol extract of Piper betle leaves that have potential as antibacterials to inhibit the growth of Brucella sp. causing brucellosis in livestock and to analyse the mechanism of inhibitory activity of piperolactam A compounds against the aaRS enzyme through a molecular docking approach in silico. Piperolactam A was isolated from P. betle by column chromatography and characterized by UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMRs and MS, then tested for their inhibition mechanism against the enzymes threonyl‐tRNA synthetase, leucyl‐tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) and methionyl‐tRNA synthetase in silico. The result in silico test is that piperolactam A has the potential to inhibit LeuRS enzyme with the greater binding affinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piper betle L. (Piperaceae) is a herbal plant used in Thai traditional medicine for its antifungal and antiallergic properties, particularly through topical application. This study aimed to optimize the extraction of Piper betle leaves using natural deep eutectic solvents to enhance the extraction efficiency of eugenol, the active compound in Piper betle leaves. Various types of hydrogen bond donors—including glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, and citric acid—were combined with a hydrogen bond acceptor, choline chloride, to prepare natural deep eutectic solvents. The results indicated that lactic acid was the most effective hydrogen bond donor for eugenol extraction. Subsequently, the choline chloride:lactic acid molar ratios, the natural deep eutectic solvent:water mass ratios, and ultrasonication times were varied. Results showed that the optimal conditions based on one‐factor‐at‐a‐time approach were a choline chloride:lactic acid molar ratio of 1:5, a natural deep eutectic solvent:water mass ratio of 2:1, and an ultrasonication time of 30 min. Under these conditions, the eugenol concentration reached 457.22 ± 21.68 µg/mL, compared to 224.76 ± 6.99 µg/mL when ethanol was used. In conclusion, this study successfully optimized the extraction of eugenol from Piper betle leaves using natural deep eutectic solvents. These findings suggest that natural deep eutectic solvents could be a more effective solvent for the extraction of eugenol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal medicine could be an option for atopic dermatitis (AD) treatment for those suffering from global public health. HMB is a new combination of three herb extracts, consisting of the Ha‐Rak (HR) remedy extract, Piper betle (PB) extract, and Garcinia mangostana (GM) extract in equal proportions, using Thai traditional medicine theory, that uses a combination of medications that can improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects and toxicity. HMB extract has anti‐inflammatory and antiallergic properties, is a component for AD treatment, and tends to develop topical products. Drug registration requires stability data. Results from drug stability testing affect not only the efficacy of the drug but also its safety. The aim of this study was to investigate stability through forced degradation and an accelerated study of extracts. Chemical content analysis and in vitro biological activities such as anti‐inflammatory and antiallergic activities determined the effects of all examined samples. Anti‐inflammatory and antiallergic effects were assessed by inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells and β‐hexosaminidase release in RBL‐2H3 cells, respectively. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assessed content indicators. Moisture and temperature hydrolysis had no significant differences in the chemical or biological properties of the HMB. However, the HMB demonstrated sensitivity to alkaline hydrolysis, showed low anti‐inflammatory activity, and decreased hydroxychavicol, eugenol, and α‐mangostin contents. The contents of the three compounds also decrease with acid hydrolysis. For the accelerated study, anti‐inflammatory and antiallergic effects and hydroxychavicol amount were not significantly different after 180 days at 40°C and 75% RH. Therefore, the contents of eugenol and α‐mangostin were changed. Eugenol in HMB decreased significantly from the 15th day until the 180th day of storage. In addition, α‐mangostin amounts in HMB decreased slightly on 180th day. Fortunately, reducing the two chemicals did not affect anti‐inflammatory or antiallergic effects. For stability, combination extract should be stored in a closed container in the refrigerator at a low temperature and protected from light, high temperature, oxygen, and pH. Further HMB development should avoid pH or oxidation processes or components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are traditional cures from generation to generation based on the local community elders' wisdom. The relevant study sought to classify medicinal plants in the Kubu Raya Regency, Indonesia. The qualitative research commenced on 34 species of plants, i.e., Strobilanthes crispa (L.) Blume., Andrographis paniculata (Burm. Fil) Nees, Acorus sp., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Gynura procumbens (L.) Merr., Elephantopus scaber L., Eclipta prostrata L., Euphorbia hirta L., Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb., Premna serratifolia L., Melastoma malabathricum L., Melastoma sanguineum Sims, Psidium guajava L., Phyllanthus urinaria L., Piper betle L., Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth, Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav, Serratia sp., Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle., Ziziphus mauritiana L., Oldenlandia corymbosa L., Morinda citrifolia L., Myrmecodia pendens Merr. & L.M.Perry, Solanum sp., Physalis angulata L., Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl., Zingiber purpureum Roscoe, Zingiber officinale Roscoe., Kaempferia galanga L., Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe, Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm., Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb, Curcuma mangga Valeton, and Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. Boiled water from leaves is typically from medicinal plants, mostly belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of antioxidants has gained the interest of scientific community for applications in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, agriculture, cosmetics environmental and others. The antioxidants are widely used for their free radical scavenging action in various inflammation-related diseases, neurological disorders, cancer, and other diseases. Hydroxychavicol is found in the leaves of Piper betle plant having pharmacological properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and anticancer activities. In the present study, the antioxidant property of hydroxychavicol is explored using invitro and in-silico study. The antioxidant activity of Hydroxychavicol was determined by colorimetric quenching of DPPH and ABTS radical cation. The study further carried out the molecular docking investigation to find out the potential interaction of Hydroxychavicol with the important antioxidant proteins SOD and Catalase. The docking analysis revealed a significant binding score with catalase (-6.4 kcal/mol) and SOD (-5.1 kcal/mol). The network analysis revealed that Hydroxychavicol may have broad impact several key biochemical molecules involved in crucial processes such as apoptosis, transcription regulation, RNA splicing, RNA transport, and DNA repair and damage response. The present study preliminarily shown the antioxidant potential of Hydroxychavicol, highlighting its direct interaction with key antioxidant enzymes, Catalase and SOD, indicating a possible mechanism of action for mitigating oxidative stress-related diseases. This finding offers a useful reference for further investigation into the pharmacological mechanisms of Hydroxychavicol in oxidative stress related conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on 3D printing‐preparation of novel biomaterials based on fish scale collagen and the following plant extracts: Eclipta alba L. Hassk leaf (EA), Piper betle L. leaf (PB), Perilla frutescens L. Britt leaf (PF), and Styphnolobium japonicum L. Schott flower bud (SJ). The characterizations of the obtained biomaterials were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and stereo microscopy. Additionally, assessments of the biomaterials were conducted on the water contact angle, simulated body fluid contact angle, scratch resistance, color changes, and swelling degree in simulated body fluid. Furthermore, in‐vitro blood clotting time and the anti‐inflammatory ability of these biomaterials were also performed. The results indicated that the plant extracts contributed to modifying collagen, significantly improving the scratch resistance and water contact angle of the collagen/plant extract biomaterials. The plant extracts were dispersed consistently with the collagen matrix, impacting the vibrations of specific functional groups of collagen. Collagen/plant extract dressings exhibited great biocompatibility and anti‐inflammatory. The in‐vitro tests demonstrated that the ethanol EA extract notably enhanced the hemostatic effectiveness of collagen, suggesting the potential of collagen/plant extract biomaterials in hemostatic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piper betle (betel) plants are profusely grown in different states of India. The conventional greenhouse structure known as barejas (baroj) produces best quality betel leaves with huge export potential. The creeper is grown vegetatively from stem cutting and the green foliage produces high quality essential oil that is being utilized in the medicinal, pharmaceutical and aroma industry. The vegetative mode of propagation of this plant species under semi-in vitro condition inside baroj structure generated a number of cultivars due to diverse epigenetic regulation. The cultivars respond separately in non-identical habitat generating epi-variants. The aroma compound expresses differential seasonal, morpho-anatomical, chemotypic profile. This distinction may aid the farmers and oil manufacturer-cum exporters to utilize the creeper for diverse applications. The chemotypic variation of leaves and non-leafy segments made this plant a potential bio-prospecting agent. This plant has potential to substitute a number of indigenous and exotic medicinal plants in extraction of important volatile and non-volatile compounds. The unsold, additional leaves along with non-leafy organ from betel-vines could be utilized for cultivar specific essential oil extraction. The oil extraction and purification may enrich the aroma-therapy sector and medicinal industry along with contribution towards agricultural waste management and additional income generation for betel farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hospitals are places of service that aim to achieve optimal health for the community. In addition to seeking cures, hospitals are also a source of various diseases for both patients and visitors. The disease is caused by pathogenic microorganisms that multiply in the air, water, floor, food, medical and non-medical equipment. One of the most common hospital-acquired infections in the Emergency Department (ER) is nosocomial infection. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the use of green betel leaf extract (Piper betel) in reducing the number of germs on the emergency room floor at the x Hospital of Ponorogo Regency. The method used in this study is experimental, with the analysis being Quasi-Experimental and using Pretest-posttest Group Design. The percentage of effectiveness in reducing the number of germs in the 25% formula is 86.78%, the 20% formula is 85.40%, the 15% formula is 8 1.96%, and the 10% formula is 75%. There was a decrease in the number of germs on the floor of the emergency room using green betel leaf extract (Piper Beetle). The effectiveness of green betel leaf extract on the floor swab test is found in the 25% formula. In addition, a long soaking method and a higher formula can be used to measure the effectiveness of green betel leaf extract as an antibacterial in reducing the number of germs on the floor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria presents significant public health threat, triggering a growing demand for natural compounds possessing antibacterial properties within the realm of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Our previous research identified allylpyrocatechol from Piper betle as having strong antibacterial and QS inhibition properties. However, isolating phenolic compounds is time-consuming and relies on significant organic solvent use through methods like chromatography. The aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) emerges as an innovative, efficient, and eco-friendly approach for biomolecule recovery. This study assesses ATPS efficiency in allylpyrocatechol recovery from P. betle , optimizing parameters such as phase component, composition, crude load, and pH. Optimal conditions include 22% 1-propanol, 24% ammonium sulfate at pH 7, and a 10% sample load, resulting in a higher yield (5.82±0.04 g/kg plant material) and purity (14.09±0.10%) compared to hydrodistillation (yield: 0.29±0.01 g/kg plant material, purity: 7.17±0.17%). The ATPS extract demonstrates greater antibacterial potency against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 500 µg/mL) and Micrococcus luteus (MIC: 500 µg/mL) than hydrodistillation (1000 µg/mL respectively). Additionally, it possesses stronger inhibition effect on violacein (48.00±0.83%) and biofilm production (43.70±1.22%) while hydrodistillation only inhibits by 35.44±0.60% and 33.15±0.66%, respectively. This study underscores ATPS as rapid and effective method for phenolic compound recovery, exemplified by allylpyrocatechol from P. betle. [Display omitted] • ATPS, based on the formation of two immiscible phases, outperforms hydrodistillation. • Optimal ATPS conditions: 22% 1-propanol, 24% ammonium sulphate, pH 7, 10% sample load. • ATPS achieves higher purity (14.09%) and yield (60.41%) than hydrodistillation. • ATPS extract shows stronger antibacterial action than hydrodistillation extract. • Extract inhibits C. violaceum quorum sensing (48%) and P. aeruginosa biofilm (43.70%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to extract hydroxychavicol from betel leaf (Piper Betle L.) and assess its antibacterial and antifungal properties. The Soxhlet extraction method was used to obtain the extract, which was then isolated using column chromatography with silica gel. This process resulted in hydroxychavicol-enriched fractions with a purity of 74.94 %. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the betel leaf extract were tested on several strains: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Candida albicans, and Malassezia furfur, using the agar well diffusion method. At 20 mg/mL, S. mutans and S. mitis had inhibitory rings of 16.12 ± 1.27 mm and 21.87 ± 1.64 mm. The extract (50 mg/mL) produced a zone diameter of 15.67 ± 0.94 mm against Candida albicans. M. furfur was inhibited at an extraction (20 mg/mL), resulting in an inhibitory ring diameter of 21.63 ± 0.79 mm. Based on these results, Piper betel leaves have potential as sources of antibacterial and antifungal agents for scalp and oral care products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the antimicrobial effects of betel leaf (Piper betle) extracts against Vibrio spp. along with the isolation of the most prevalent bioactive components using a bioassay-guided purification. Following a preliminary screening, the ethanolic extract proved the most effective and performed to silica gel chromatography, followed by reversed phase HPLC to isolate the active components. By means of subsequent UHPLC-orbitrap-ion trap mass spectrometry, two compounds were identified as (E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoic acid (cinnamic acid) and [4-(1-hydroxyprop-2-enyl)phenyl] acetate (1'−hydroxychavicol acetate). The compounds showed anti-microbial activity against Vibrio species including V. parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. anguillarum. Their antibacterial action was quantified by a microdilution assay showing that cinnamic acid displays more potent activity (IC50, 21–121 µg/mL) compared to 1'-hydroxychavicol acetate (IC50, 24–365 µg/mL). These findings propose the potential use of the betel leaf as a substitute for antibiotics to combat Vibrio infections in shrimp aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methanolic and ethanolic Piper betle L. (PB) extracts (PBM and PBE, respectively) yielded 14.14 % and 8.23 %, respectively. The phytochemicals in the PB extract were alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, and saponins, whereas steroids and pholbatannins were obtained from Piper retrofractum (PR) and Glycosmis pentaphylla (GP) extracts, and anthaquinones were found only in the GP extract. Furthermore, only the PB extract exhibited antibacterial activities against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranging 0.24–3.91 mg/mL. The highest bactericidal activity was observed against V. parahaemolyticus. PBM and PBE extracts had total phenolic contents of 130 ± 4.46 and 147.69 ± 0.03 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g, respectively, with scavenging activity (IC50) of 0.03 mg/mL. The total phenolic contents were significantly decreased, whereas antibacterial activities remained stable (>50 % at 65 °C for 12 h). Toxicity evaluation showed that PBM and PBE caused hemolysis in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 0.24 and 0.44 mg/mL, respectively. Both extracts were moderately toxic to Artemia salina (LC50 = 0.58–0.61 mg/mL). Finally, the PB extract exhibited inhibitory activities against lipase, glucoamylase, and trypsin. Based on these findings, crude extracts of PB have the potential to be used as antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, and dietary supplements.

Betel leaves (Piper betle) are a species of Piper genus which is rich in phytonutrients like steroids, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins and terpenoids. Anti-cancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, antiplaque, and anti-diabetic properties are among the health benefits of this plant's leaf extract. This study aimed to quantify the phytochemical constituents and assess the antioxidant capacity of piper betle leaves. In this study, qualitative phytochemical screening were used done by using test for alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins. Additionally, we calculated the betel leaves' total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using DPPH, H202 scavenging activity after extraction by methanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The TPC and TFC was noted 51.5278 mg GAE/gm and 33.769 mg QE/gm respectively. There was a significant positive connection found between DPPH and Total Phenolic Content. (R²=0.9939) (p value= 0.0002), H202 (R²=0.9979) (p value<0.0001) respectively at a 95% confidence level which is consistent with the above literature reports. There is significant relationship between TFC and DPPH (R²=0.9781) (p value= 0.0014) H202 (R²=0.9591) (p value= 0.0036) respectively at a 95% confidence level. The leaves of Piper betle contain high amount of phenolic and flavonoid content, hence can be used as natural antioxidant. To fully comprehend antioxidants' potential to prevent diseases that have a major negative influence on life expectancy, more research must be done on the separation, identification, and mechanism of action of the relevant antioxidant components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black betel leaves (Piper betle L. var nigra) are known to have antibacterial effects caused by secondary metabolites such as tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids. This study aims to assess the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of black betel leaves (Piper betle L. var nigra) against S. mutans, P. gingivalis, and E. faecalis by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone formed. This research is a type of pure experimental research (true experimental) with post test only control group design. This experimental research was conducted using the disc diffusion method in vitro, the bacteria were treated with black betel leaf extract (Piper betle L. var nigra) with a concentration variation of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%. The experiment was repeated three times. The results showed that black betel leaf (Piper betle L. var nigra) had antibacterial activity against two of the three bacteria. This activity was observed through the presence of distinct clear zones around the paper disks. In conclusion, extracts derived from black betel leaf (Piper betle L. var nigra) had antibacterial activity against S. mutans and P. gingivalis bacteria at 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% concentrations. However, it did not have antibacterial activity against E. faecalis bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The main cause of dental and oral disease is plaque. Plaque control can be done mechanically, namely by brushing your teeth regularly and chemically by gargling. Plaque control by gargling can use traditional plant materials. It can be made decoctions such as green betel leaves and guava leaves because they contain compounds that are antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of gargling using a decoction of green betel leaves (Piper betle Linn) and decoction of guava leaves (Psidium Guajava) against plaque index. Method: This is the true experiment method with a two-group pre and post test design. This research was carried out in the last week of March to the second week of April 2023 at the Department of Dental Health, Poltekkes, Ministry of Health, Manado. The number of subjects of this study was 32 people divided into 2 groups, namely 16 people who received gargling treatment of green betel leaf decoction and 16 people who received gargling treatment of guava leaf decoction. The data obtained were then tabulated and analyzed using paired sample t-test. This research instrument uses diagnostic tools and PHP plaque index examination format. Results: The results showed that the average value of plaque index in the group that received gargling treatment using green betel leaf decoction was 3.38 before gargling and 1.33 after gargling. This value has a decreasing difference of 2.05. Furthermore, the average value of plaque index in the group that received gargling treatment using guava leaf decoction was 3.39 before gargling and 2.41 after gargling. This value has a decreasing difference of 0.98. The paired test results of the t-test sample obtained a value of p-value = 0.000. This value indicates that the treatment given provides effective in reducing plaque index. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the gargling a decoction of green betel leaves and guava leaves can reduce the plaque index where the decoction of green betel leaves is more effective in reducing the plaque index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of betel (Piper betle) and amla (Phyllanthus emblica) leaf extracts as feed supplement was studied on the growth and immune functions of the shrimp Penaeus monodon when exposed to a virulent strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Six experimental groups (PB-1, PB-2, PB-3 and PE-1, PE-2, PE-3) of shrimp were fed extract at varying concentrations, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%, before being compared to a control group that did not receive any extract. After a feeding trial of 4 weeks, each group of shrimp was challenged with V. parahaemolyticus at a concentration of 106 CFU/mL and monitored for 2 weeks. The lowest concentration of P. betle extract and the moderate concentration of P. emblica extract in the diet induced a significant increase in shrimp growth performance parameters (final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate) and feed utilization efficiency (low feed conversion ratio, high protein efficiency ratio). The dietary extracts also exhibited a significant positive influence on the immunological parameters such as total haemocyte count, prophenoloxidase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity before and after the challenge with V. parahaemolyticus. Compared to the control group, the total Vibrio load was significantly lower in the shrimp groups fed with extracts with the highest Vibrio density found in the hepatopancreas. The cumulative mortality of shrimp fed with extracts during 14 days decreased significantly, whereas control shrimps displayed 100% mortality upon V. parahaemolyticus challenge. In summary, we propose that a diet supplemented with P. betle and P. emblica leaf extract improves the growth of shrimp, and improves their immunity as is evident from their decreased susceptibility to V. parahaemolyticus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has recently been associated with cancer invasion, metastasis, and resistance. In our previous study, we discovered nanaomycin K, a natural growth inhibitor for EMT-induced Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, from the cultured broth of actinomycetes. However, the screening method was undeveloped, because the activity of nanaomycin K was discovered accidentally. In this study, we established a screening method by analyzing the characteristics of nanaomycin K in MDCK cells. Nanaomycin K showed the characteristic growth inhibitory activity on MDCK cells cultured under four conditions: medium containing dimethyl sulfoxide, SB431542, TGF-β, and a mixture of SB431542 and TGF-β. The activity was stronger in TGF-β-treated cells than in DMSO-treated cells. In the mixture of SB431542 and TGF-β-treated cells, the activity of nanaomycin K was suppressed. The anti-cancer agents, mitomycin C, cisplatin, and staurosporine, lacked the characteristics as that of nanaomycin K for these four treatment conditions. Since these four conditions distinguish between the effects of nanaomycin K and other anti-cancer agents in EMT-induced cells, the screening method was established. Among the 13,427 plant extracts tested, Piper betle leaf extract displayed growth inhibitory activity against EMT-induced cells. Through the purification of the extract via bio-guided fractionation, hydroxychavicol was isolated as an active compound. The cytotoxic activity of hydroxychavicol was stronger in EMT-induced MDCK cells than in control cells. However, its cytotoxic activity was suppressed in EMT-inhibited cells. Furthermore, hydroxychavicol exhibited same activity against SAS cells (human squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue). Thus, we have successfully established a screening method for growth inhibitors of EMT-induced cells and have discovered an inhibitor from plant-based sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To maintain the freshness of food, it is crucial to explore environmentally friendly preservation methods with a focus on safety. Chitosan, a natural coating for fruits, is often used in combination with other materials to enhance its ability to delay browning and prevent fungal diseases. This study focused on the synthesis of a novel chitosan‐based nanocomposite by incorporating Piper betle L. leaf extract (PE) and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MNPs). The characteristics of the obtained products were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The mechanical strength of chitosan/PE/MNPs (CSTM) films was evaluated, and the uniformity of the CSTM films was assessed using optical microscopy and FESEM. The antibacterial activity of CSTM films against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was tested using the diffusion method on agar wells. Additionally, the swelling behavior of CSTM films was measured. The findings demonstrated that these CSTM films exhibited resistance to S. aureus, making them potentially efficient for chili preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betel (Piper betle L.), a vine growing primarily in Southeast Asian countries, are widely used in folk medicine to prevent and treat indigestion, cough, bronchitis and asthma. The aims of the study were to determine volatile constituents and pigments as well as to compare phenolic composition, antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory effects of betel leaf extracts obtained with different organic solvents. The results showed that the sample was composed of various major volatile organic compounds, of which eugenol, γ-muurolene and δ-cadinene accounted for more than 64%. It was also a rich source of pigments, including lutein (400.68 μg/g) and zeaxanthin (101.68 μg/g). The ethyl acetate extract had the highest total phenolic content (71.72 ± 0.54 mg GAE/g) despite containing low levels of the phenolic compounds examined in the study. The acetonic extract generally showed higher antioxidant activity compared to the others. The methanolic extract exhibited the strongest inhibitory effects on α-amylase (597.23 ± 59.06 μg/mL) and xanthine oxidase (43.07 ± 1.69 μg/mL). The findings of the study could be useful for designing therapeutic agents derived from betel leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piper betle leaf powder is increasingly utilised as a health supplement. In this study, P. betle leaves were subjected to four different drying methods: convective air-drying, oven-drying, sun-drying, and no drying, with fresh leaves as control. Their antioxidant properties were then evaluated using colourimetric assays and GC-MS. Results showed that the sun-dried leaves had the highest (p < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity (66.23 ± 0.10 mg AAE/g), total polyphenol content (133.93 ± 3.76 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (81.25 ± 3.26 mg CE/g) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (56.48 ± 0.11%), and the lowest alkaloid content (45.684 ± 0.265 mg/gm). GC-MS analysis revealed that major constituents of aqueous extracts of fresh and sun-dried P. betle leaves were hydrazine 1,2-dimethyl-; ethyl aminomethylformimidate; glycerin; propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, methyl ester, (+/−)-; and 1,2-Cyclopentanedione. In conclusion, sun-dried leaves exhibited overall better antioxidant properties, and their aqueous extracts contained biologically active phytoconstituents that have uses in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Keratitis is a serious ocular infection often caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as Acanthamoeba spp. Among other harmful microbes, Acanthamoeba keratitis presents a particular challenge due to its resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents. Piper betle Linn., commonly known as betel leaf, has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties. This study aimed to assess the potential of the leaf ethanol extract of P. betle Linn. in the treatment of Acanthamoeba triangularis in monoculture and co-culture with two prevalent pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, associated with keratitis. Materials and Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of A. triangularis, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa extracts in monoculture and coinfected conditions were examined. In addition, this study explored the potential of the extract in preventing Acanthamoeba adherence in both monoculture and co-culture environments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the impact of the extract on Acanthamoeba cell membranes, including acanthopodia. Furthermore, a timekill kinetic assay was used to validate the amoebicidal activity of the extract against A. triangularis and the tested bacteria. Results: MICs for trophozoites, cysts, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus in the monoculture were 0.25, 0.25, 0.51, and 0.128 mg/mL, respectively, whereas the MICs for Acanthamoeba coinfected with bacteria were higher than those in the monoculture. This extract inhibited the growth of A. triangularis trophozoites and cysts for up to 72 h. Moreover, P. betle extract effectively prevented the adherence of Acanthamoeba to contact lenses under monoculture conditions. SEM analysis confirmed that P. betle extract affects the cell membrane of Acanthamoeba, including Acanthopodia. In addition, the time-kill kinetic assay confirmed that the extract contained amoebicidal activity against A. triangularis, including the tested bacteria. Notably, S. aureus was more susceptible than A. triangularis and P. aeruginosa to P. betle extract treatment. Unexpectedly, our study revealed that S. aureus negatively affected A. triangularis in the co-culture after 3 days of incubation, whereas P. aeruginosa facilitated the growth of A. triangularis in the presence of the extract. Conclusion: This study provides compelling evidence of the anti-adhesive and anti-Acanthamoeba properties of P. betle leaf extract against A. triangularis under monoculture and co-culture conditions. The observed impact on Acanthamoeba cell membranes, coupled with the time-kill kinetic assay results, underscores the potential of P. betle leaf extract as a promising agent for combating Acanthamoeba-related infections in humans and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The current research work focuses on the sustainable utilization of plant biomass so that two separate classes of phytocompounds (volatile and non‐volatile principles) can be extracted from the same biomass simultaneously. The hydro‐diffusion and gravity variant of solvent‐free microwave‐based extraction (MHG‐SFME) was attempted for the extraction of Piper betle L. essential oil (PBEO). RESULTS: The threat of milky emulsion has been exemplified for the first time which is likely to occur when the biomass temperature exceeds a critical value (85 °C). A microwave power level of 255 W with 25 min of extraction time produced PBEO with eugenol content 123% more than that obtained with steam distillation (SD). The said optimal MHG‐SFME conditions returned PBEO with the highest phenolic (20.8 mg GAE g−1 of oil) and eugenol (657.57 μg g−1) contents. PBEO showed better thermal behavior when compared to the EO obtained from SD. CONCLUSION: The proposed method was capable of retaining non‐volatile principles, as the retention of total phenolics in biomass after MHG‐SFME was found to be 95%, indicating reusability of the biomass for the extraction of non‐volatile principles. In contrast, the retention factor of phenolics content for SD was found to be 17.7% only. Real‐time evidence in the form of chemo‐microscopy and scanning electron microscopy was generated to understand the retention of phenolics and ultrastructural changes upon microwave exposure. Complete glandular rupture was evident in the biomass subjected to MHG‐SFME while the oil glands appeared squeezed for the biomass which underwent SD. Complete profiling of phenolics and flavonoid principles of the leftover biomass was carried out. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helminths disease is one of the infectious diseases caused by the entry of parasites in the form of worm eggs into the human body through the human digestive tract due to pollution through the soil-transmitted helminth (STH). This study measured the in vitro effect of Areca catechu ethanol extract partitioning as anthelmintic against Ascaris lumbricoides worms using a 125 mg pyrantel pamoate control. The test animals used were living and mobile worms of A. lumbricoides, which were taken from the small intestines of pigs. The study group was divided into 5 groups, namely positive control (pyrantel pamoate) 125 mg), negative control (0.9% NaCl solution) and ethanol extract group A. catechu 10%, 20%, 30%. The results confirmed that the ethanol extract partition of A. catechu at exposure to a concentration of 30% showed a high level of efficacy in killing worms with an average time of death of A. lumbricoides worms at 6 to 12 hours compared to pyrantel pamoat solution. However, at exposure to concentration, 10% and 20% obtained a slightly longer average mortality time of 8 to 24 hours, respectively. Partitioning of A. catechu ethanol extract at a concentration of 30% showed the highest level of efficacy in killing A. lumbricoides worms based on average faster mortality time than the concentrations of 10% and 20% collected. Ethanol extract A. catechu has pharmacological therapeutic effects have various properties, including can be used for the treatment of diseases caused by parasites and also several other diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betel vine (Piper betle L.) is a dioecious plant and has paved way for researchers to explore the available genetic resources for the biochemical compounds. In the study, twenty sexually dimorphic genotypes of betel vine were characterized for bio-compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC–DAD), and as a result identified phenolic compounds and organic acids, including caffeic acid, salicylic acid, t-ferulic acid, sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid, t-cinnamic acid, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid. The phenolics and organic acids in the male genotypes were more than the female genotypes; this insight of phytochemicals variability could aid in the gender differences. However, the highest phenolic contents was found in the Kapoori Chintalapudi (68.77 mg/100 g), followed by Kapoori Bihar (67.03 mg/100 g) and Ghanegatte (63.31 mg/100 g) genotypes. The abundance of biomolecules was found in the order, namely gallic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, and malonic acid in regardless of gender. The chemical profile of sexual dimorphs in betel vine and serve as a possible index for gender differentiation. The principal component analysis showed the hierarchical grouping of the genotypes based on the phenolic compounds and organic acids; thereby the divergent genotypes Kapoori Chintalapudi, Ghanaghette, Kapoori Bihar, and Sirugamani-1 were identified for phenolic acid richness. Similarly, CARI-6, Halisahar Sanchi, Kapoori Bihar, and Gangarampur Sanchi were identified for organic acids richness which can be promoted for commercial cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betel leaves (Piper betle) are a species of Piper genus which is rich in phytonutrients like steroids, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins and terpenoids. Anti-cancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, antiplaque, and anti-diabetic properties are among the health benefits of this plant's leaf extract. This study aimed to quantify the phytochemical constituents and assess the antioxidant capacity of piper betle leaves. In this study, qualitative phytochemical screening were used done by using test for alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins. Additionally, we calculated the betel leaves' total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using DPPH, H202 scavenging activity after extraction by methanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The TPC and TFC was noted 51.5278 mg GAE/gm and 33.769 mg QE/gm respectively. There was a significant positive connection found between DPPH and Total Phenolic Content. (R²=0.9939) (p value= 0.0002), H202 (R²=0.9979) (p value

This study addresses the challenge of calculating the perimeter of irregular shapes, particularly for individuals without a strong mathematical background. The study involves developing a user-friendly simulator, PeriTech that simplifies the process of perimeter calculation by providing a visually intuitive interface. This study focuses on calculating the perimeter of irregular shape objects such as piper betle leaf. The method involves developing a mathematical equation that corresponds to the boundary of the piper betle leaf to calculate the perimeter of the leaf. Newton Forward Divided Difference Interpolation is used to find a polynomial equation from the data points. With this approach, an object’s form may be divided into basic and more simple curve shapes, each of which’s arc length can be calculated, and combine the arc lengths to determine the estimated perimeter.

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles were synthesized by using piper betle leaf extract. The UV absorption spectrophotometer analysis of piper betle leaf extract and metal compounds showed absorbance spectra in the range of 300-350 nm. The UV-Vis spectroscopy shows surface Plasmon resonance of CeO2 nanoparticles at 310 nm indicating the particles are poly dispersed. The FT-IR measurements were carried out to identify the formation of Cerium oxide nanoparticles and possible molecules such as OH, C=C, C=O, and aromatic compounds. The FT-IR analysis played a vital role in displaying the nanoparticles which showed strong absorbance in the range 671.05cm-1 for Cerium oxide nanoparticles. The diffraction peaks and planes of ions are indexed. From the 'X' ray diffraction studies, the size of the Cerium oxide nanoparticles is 27 nm as calculated by using Debye Scherrer's equation. The size, shape, and structure of nanoparticles were also analyzed by scanning electron microscope which shows an almost spherical shape of nanoparticles aggregation. This Eco-Friendly synthesis method has many advantages over chemical methods because it reduces the use of toxic metals in the synthetic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a combination of natural ingredients as a mouthwash was expected to have a synergistic effect in preventing gingivitis, a common oral disease. The objective of this study was to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effect of different proportions of mouthwash infusions: F1 (75% Syzygium polyantha and 25% Piper betle) and F2 (25% Syzygium polyantha and 75% Piper betle) on oral microbiota causing gingivitis. Twenty-four Rattus norvegicus were divided into four groups, and bacteria were injected into the periodontal sulcus. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by calculating the reduced number of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. A cytotoxicity test was carried out on the normal fibroblast cell line 3T3-L1. There were no significant differences in the decreased number of PMN leukocytes (p=0.079>0.05). Both F1 and F2 showed results of cell viability approaching 100% of living cells at concentrations of 0.29 ppm and 0.04 ppm, equivalent to 0.058% and 0.029%, respectively. This study concluded that both formulations of Syzygium polyantha and Piper betle have potential effects on gingivitis prevention. They had an effectiveness level almost similar to Chlorhexidine gluconate 2%. The toxicity value of formulation F1 is superior to that of formulation F2. Further studies concerning the toxicity of the mixtures and their effect on oral biofilm are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA virus with a high mutation rate, making it prone to developing resistance. There is currently no vaccine for this disease, and the existing treatments are often costly. Therefore, this study aimed to provide alternative and complementary antiviral options from plant by evaluating the activity of Piper betle (P. betle) against HCV and its combination with existing antiviral drugs, Ribavirin and Simeprevir. The antiviral inhibition was identified by in vitro culture using Huh7it-1 cells and JFH1a HCV. The phytochemistry profile was also determined by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The result showed that the ethanol extract of P. betle had strong activity with an IC50 value of 0.08 ± 0.028 µg/mL. The mechanism of action showed that the extract dominantly inhibited the post-entry steps. Furthermore, the combination of P. betle extract with simeprevir showed higher anti-HCV activity compared to the single use of the drug, but no effect was observed in the combination with ribavirin. The Western blotting analysis showed that the inhibition of NS3 protein levels was in a dosedependent manner. Based on the phytochemistry evaluation, the extract was found to contain flavonoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids. These results suggested that the ethanolic extract of P. betle could be a good candidate for the development of alternative anti-HCV drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study on the basis of detailed morphological characters of four species of Piper L., viz. - Piper betle L., Piper nigrum L., Piper longum L. and Piper retrofractum Vahl., from southern districts of West Bengal, India was performed to draw a systematic conclusion. Both qualitative and quantitative morphological traits were considered. The usefulness of potential morphometric features was identified. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Multivariate Cluster Analysis (UPGMA) were used in establishing a systematic interrelationship among the taxa under study. In this study, potential morphometric traits were identified which were valuable in classifying these taxa. This study found highest level of similarity between P. longum L. and P. retrofractum Vahl., whereas, Pnigrum L. has least affinity with other three taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was aimed at optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) for polyphenols, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of five varieties of Piper betle L. leaves from Bangladesh. The UAE method was optimized to maximize the polyphenolic extract using single-factor experimentation and central composite circumscribed design. The optimal conditions were determined to use 70:5:25 ethanol:acetic acid:water and a solid/liquid ratio of 1:15.41 for 90 min at 75 °C. The antioxidant activity was significant with IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS assays from 0.17 ± 0.01 to 0.43 ± 0.01 mg/mL and 0.04 ± 0.00 to 0.11 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively. Good antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity against cancer cells (20% to 50% viability) were reported with normal cells unaffected. The results suggest that UAE is suitable for the extraction of polyphenolics from betel leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subcritical water extraction (SWE) as a green separation technology becomes a suitable choice to recover the phenolic compounds of Piper betle L. (PBL) leaves. This experiment utilized subcritical water using a batch fluid extraction system with two factors of process conditions: temperature ranging from 100 to 275 °C and time from 5 to 30 min. Positive interaction effect (p < 0.05) between temperature and time for total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) were obtained from the two-way analysis of variance. The highest TPC (7.89 ± 0.26 mg GAE/g) and AA (92.98 ± 1.79%) were obtained by subcritical water at the operation conditions of 200 °C, 1.55 MPa, 15% solid loading for 5 min. The functional groups detected from infra-red spectra analysis were presumably the phenolic compound's structure. Scanning electron microscope showed pores formation in the residue of PBL leaves after treated by SWE. The best extract of PBL leaves recovered from the SWE process inhibited the proliferation of the SW-480 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma) cell with IC50 value of 100 µg/mL. Hence, these findings enhance the understanding of SWE as a good alternative method for separating phenolic compounds from PBL leaves, and the best extract was potentially applicable as an anticancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Many essential oils and their constituent volatile organic compounds are known to be phytotoxic and potential bioherbicides. This study aims to investigate the phytotoxicity of propenylbenzene‐rich essential oils and identify active molecule(s) therein. RESULTS: Five commercially available propenylbenzene‐rich oils were screened, of which betel (Piper betle L.) oil was identified as a potent natural phytotoxin. It dose‐dependently inhibited wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) seed germination and growth in water and agar medium with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the range 23.2–122.7 μg mL−1. Phytotoxicity‐guided fractionation and purification revealed chavibetol as the major and most potent phytotoxic constituent of betel oil, followed by chavibetol acetate. A structure–activity relationship study involving 12 propenylbenzenes indicated the structural and positional importance of aromatic substitutions for the activity. Furthermore, the phytotoxic efficacy of chavibetol was established against wheatgrass germination and growth in water (IC50 15.8–53.4 μg mL−1), agar (IC50 34.4–53.6 μg mL−1) and aerial (IC50 1.7–4.5 mg L−1) media with a more pronounced effect on the radicle. Also, in open phytojars, chavibetol efficiently inhibited the growth of 3–7‐day‐old bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) seedlings when sprayed directly (IC50 2.3–3.4 mg jar−1) or supplemented in agar (IC50 116.6–139.1 μg mL−1). The growth of pre‐germinated green amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) was inhibited more effectively in both application modes (1.2–1.4 mg jar−1 and IC50 26.8–31.4 μg mL−1 respectively). CONCLUSION: The study concluded betel oil as a potent phytotoxic herbal extract and its major constituent chavibetol as a promising volatile phytotoxin for the future management of weeds in their early phase of emergence. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite effective anti-CAD drugs, the rising mortality suggests that more pharmacological targets need to be discovered to improve treatment effectiveness. This study explores and evaluates traditional medicinal plant (Piper betle (L.)) compounds against a new target identified through protein network analysis. Our network analysis suggests that the GRB2 protein could be a potential target that links most of the pathological pathway-related proteins in CAD. As a result, we evaluated potential compounds from Piper betle (L.) through ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) profiling, docking, and molecular dynamics (MDs) simulation against the GRB2. The ADMET screening detected 49 druggable phytochemicals in Piper betle (L.). Further, screening through molecular docking showed that piperbetol has a higher predicted affinity towards the dimeric form of GRB2 (−8.10 kcal/mol) than other analyzed phytochemicals. Additionally, MD simulation demonstrated that piperbetol formed a stable complex with GRB2 during the simulation. In conclusion, piperbetol from Piper betle showed favorable binding with the identified CAD target. Further investigations are needed for pharmaceutical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piper betle (P. betle) is a popular medicinal plant in Asia. Plant leaves have been used as a traditional medicine to treat various health conditions. P. betle leaf has plentiful antimicrobial products. The extraction of leaves from P. betle is of high interest for industrial applications. The aqueous leaf extracts of P. betle provided the materials required to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and promoted their antimicrobial activity. UV/vis absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the AgNPs. This study investigated the antimicrobial AgNPs produced by P. betle against S. enteritidis and E. coli. The minimum biocidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were the methods used to determine the antimicrobial activity of greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Plasmon absorbance was shown in correspondence to peak absorption values of 400–500 nm and the color change of the extract to dark brown. The MICs of P. betle and AgNPs were 4.6 mg/mL and 0.06 μg/mL against S. enteritidis and 3.7 mg/mL and 0.06 μg/mL against E. coli, respectively. AgNPs did not cause the hemolysis of RBCs in vitro. Findings reveal AgNPs have higher antimicrobial activity than aqueous leaf extracts of P. betle against S. enteritidis and E. coli.

Background and objectives: in India, peptic ulcer is most prevalent gastrointestinal disease. Historically Piper betle has been used to treat stomach problems. In order to identify the phytochemicals present in Piper betle. L. var magahi LC/MS spectroscopic analysis was performed, following which, potential phytomolecules with H+/K+-ATPase inhibitory activity were chosen using in-silico evaluation. Methods: Phytochemicals in ‘Magahi pan” were investigated and potential H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor phytochemicals that were screened through in-silico analysis and ADME profile of selected phytochemicals were evaluated. Phytochemical characterization was done with the help of LC/MS followed by molecular docking against enzyme H+/K+-ATPase (PDBID:5YLV) using Autodock4.2 and Swiss ADME. The binding affinity, free energy, physicochemical property, saturation of carbon atoms, number of hydrogen bond acceptors-donors, molar refractivity, lipophilicity, water solubility, and drug likeliness property were evaluated in-silico for their predicted bioactivity against H+/K+-ATPase. Results: A total of 67 phytoconstituents were identified through LC/MS positive and negative ionization mode spectral analysis and six were selected on the basis of binding energy. Molecular docking results revealed that the isolated compounds interacted with target protein H+/K+-ATPase with minimum binding energy ranging from (1) netilmicin (-9.29 kcal/mol); (2) benztropine (-9.07 kcal/mol); (3) 5,6,7,3’,4’ pentahydroxyisoflavone (-8.45 kcal/mol); (4) 2-O-acetylpseudolycorine (-8.02 kcal/mol); (5) R-95913 (-7.73 kcal/mol) and (6) luteolin (-6.93 kcal/mol), respectively. Conclusion: The ADME profile analysis and docking studies revealed 5,6,7,3’,4’ pentahydroxy-isoflavone and luteolin as potential molecules for inhibiting H+/K+-ATPase.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main pathogens in community and hospital infections that could cause mild skin infections to severe life-threatening bacteremia. Piper betle has shown antibacterial activities against S. aureus but its pharmacodynamics remains unclear despite its widespread availability in many over-the-counter preparations. This study aimed to describe the time-kill kinetics of P. betle extract against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (MSSA). Time-kill kinetics were conducted to describe the killing rate of P. betle extract by its effects on MSSA lag time duration, growth rate, and maximum optical density. The surviving colonies at different time-points after exposure to P. betle extract at minimum bactericidal concentration were also determined. Subinhibitory concentrations elucidated its concentration-dependent antibacterial activity by maintaining a trend of increasing lag time, decreasing growth rate, and decreasing maximum optical density as the concentration increases. In particular, concentration at 1250 μg/mL or 0.5 x minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed consistent significant findings across these parameters. Concentrations at MIC and above did not show growth, indicating MSSA growth inhibition or death. P. betle extract’s bactericidal effect started immediately within two (2) hours and was sustained until no growth was observed from the eighth hour and beyond. P. betle extract maintained antibacterial activities against MSSA at subinhibitory concentrations and has also exhibited immediate and sustained bactericidal effect at minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).