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The introduced work deals with the microscopic analysis of metallographically prepared selected metal materials structures, using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Prepared samples of seamless steel pipes were subjected to a thorough microscopic examination from the outer surface to the inner regions in order to interpret the specific structure, including the change in the inner surfaces due to wear. The experiment demonstrated that the microstructure and character of the surfaces play a key role in the behavior of metallic materials in real conditions of hot water heating. Four pipe samples were monitored according to their use. The unused steel pipe (designated as sample No. 1) exhibited a rough outer surface with identified inclusions, while the used pipe (designated as sample No. 2) showed marks of intergranular corrosion and significant wear after long-term use. The older pipe (designated as sample No. 3) showed a decarburized area and inclusions containing sulfides and aluminum. The steel pipe with corrosion layers (designated as sample No. 4) exhibited a continuous corrosion layer with cavitation and cracks. The results of this study offer a comprehensive view of the influence of the nature of microstructure and wear on water flow in metal pipes, with an emphasis on the identification of possible risks associated with geometry change, corrosion, and wear. The findings form the basis for predicting degradation and appropriate maintenance in order to ensure their long and reliable service life under real conditions of use. They offer the possibility of continuing and expanding research and analysis of the use of metallic materials in comparison with polymers and composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental evaluation of the decrease in actual physical and mechanical characteristics of low pressure polyethylene (HDPE) pipes depending on the duration and conditions of their operation has been conducted. To assess the impact of operational factors on the pipe characteristics, the following parameters were determined: tensile elongation and tensile strength, thermal stability (induction period of oxidation (IPO) of the material), and degree of crystallinity. It was found that, after prolonged operation of HDPE pipes compared to the initial normative values, the most significantly affected parameters are the tensile elongation and the induction period of oxidation. Moreover, the changes in tensile elongation and IPO parameters have a similar nature in terms of the loss of properties, indicating a correlation between them. The most sensitive indicators for predicting the service life of HDPE pipes are the tensile elongation and the induction period of oxidation. On the basis of the data obtained, it seems promising to monitor the IPO value when determining the technical condition of polyethylene pipes. A calculated forecast of the service life of polyethylene pipes based on reaching their ultimate state has been performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of an integrated approach to determining the static strength of operated main pipelines with surface defects makes it possible to take into account the effect of residual weld stresses in combination with operational loads. In this case, it is important to determine the nature of the welding stress distribution for welded structures made of high-strength steels. Here, there is non-uniformity of stresses concerning magnitude and gradient, which is due to technological methods. A mathematical model of the experimental-calculation method is proposed. Such a model allows describing such stresses. A two-parameter criterion for brittle-tough fracture of a material which takes into account the influence of residual stresses is used. It is shown that the combination of residual stresses and operating loads has a significant effect on the safety factor. At the same time, conditions are possible under which compressive residual stresses have a favourable effect on the static strength of a pipeline with a defect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technology is developed for connecting pipes by means of sleeves or fittings made of materials with shape memory. When using this technology, joints in pipelines operating under heavy loads and in pneumatic and hydraulic agricultural systems remain tightly sealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a series of cases transformed in methods, which can be used to reduce and control the losses of energy at water transportation through pipes and fire extinguishing equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The writer muses on a past life in which piobaireachd – the most serious and complicated form of highland bagpipe music – played an important role in educating her literary sensibility. She now wonders if it is for this reason – the echo of the pipes' sound and scale still playing in her imagination – that she finds it hard to hear the music in Burns's poetry. She poses the question: Can a poet be said to be speaking for a nation when aspects of that nation are absent from his scale and sensibility? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of calculations of the predicted level of strength properties of 75 options of the chemical composition of steel using regression model equations are presented. Based on the results of calculations, 18 of the most promising chemical compositions were selected, for which the predicted level of strength properties and type of microstructure were calculated using the physical and mathematical model of PJSC Severstal. The calculation was carried out for two options of rolling technology: a mode with a rolling end temperature of 850°C without accelerated cooling (coiling temperature 635°C), a second mode with a high rolling end temperature (910°C) and a low coiling temperature (530°C). The required type of microstructure was determined to ensure a high level of tensile strength in combination with a low value of the yield strength of steel for pipes of strength class K55 according to API 5ST. Based on calculations for laboratory experiments, four options for the chemical composition of steel were selected for the production of rolled products for casing pipes of strength class K55 according to API 5ST, %: 0.29 C–1.2 Mn; 0.29 C–1.0 Mn–V; 0.27 C–1.2 Mn; 0.27 C–1.2 Mn–V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the data on the study of the influence of the elongation coefficient during piercing in a two-roll screw rolling mill with a cup-shaped arrangement of rolls and guide strips on the accuracy of the pipes obtained. It is shown that high degrees of deformation and intermediate heating negatively affect the wall thickness variation of the pipes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep-sea pipelines play a pivotal role in seabed mineral resource development, global energy and resource supply provision, network communication, and environmental protection. However, the placement of these pipelines on the seabed surface exposes them to potential risks arising from the complex deep-sea hydrodynamic and geological environment, particularly submarine slides. Historical incidents have highlighted the substantial damage to pipelines due to slides. Specifically, deep-sea fluidized slides (in a debris/mud flow or turbidity current physical state), characterized by high speed, pose a significant threat. Accurately assessing the impact forces exerted on pipelines by fluidized submarine slides is crucial for ensuring pipeline safety. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in understanding pipeline impact forces caused by fluidized deep-sea slides, thereby identifying key factors and corresponding mechanisms that influence pipeline impact forces. These factors include the velocity, density, and shear behavior of deep-sea fluidized slides, as well as the geometry, stiffness, self-weight, and mechanical model of pipelines. Additionally, the interface contact conditions and spatial relations were examined within the context of deep-sea slides and their interactions with pipelines. Building upon a thorough review of these achievements, future directions were proposed for assessing and characterizing the key factors affecting slide impact loading on pipelines. A comprehensive understanding of these results is essential for the sustainable development of deep-sea pipeline projects associated with seabed resource development and the implementation of disaster prevention measures.

The work presents a simulation of the flow of liquids under pressure, through pipelines intended for the transport of oil and natural gas. The simulation was done using the SOLIDWORKS program. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation facilitates the analysis of complex fluid flow problems involving liquid-gas, fluid-solid, or fluid-fluid interactions. CFD allows us to design products and systems that meet fluid flow and heat transfer requirements.

The introduced work deals with the microscopic analysis of metallographically prepared selected metal materials structures, using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Prepared samples of seamless steel pipes were subjected to a thorough microscopic examination from the outer surface to the inner regions in order to interpret the specific structure, including the change in the inner surfaces due to wear. The experiment demonstrated that the microstructure and character of the surfaces play a key role in the behavior of metallic materials in real conditions of hot water heating. Four pipe samples were monitored according to their use. The unused steel pipe (designated as sample No. 1) exhibited a rough outer surface with identified inclusions, while the used pipe (designated as sample No. 2) showed marks of intergranular corrosion and significant wear after long-term use. The older pipe (designated as sample No. 3) showed a decarburized area and inclusions containing sulfides and aluminum. The steel pipe with corrosion layers (designated as sample No. 4) exhibited a continuous corrosion layer with cavitation and cracks. The results of this study offer a comprehensive view of the influence of the nature of microstructure and wear on water flow in metal pipes, with an emphasis on the identification of possible risks associated with geometry change, corrosion, and wear. The findings form the basis for predicting degradation and appropriate maintenance in order to ensure their long and reliable service life under real conditions of use. They offer the possibility of continuing and expanding research and analysis of the use of metallic materials in comparison with polymers and composites.

A biofilm is a biologically active matrix attached to the surface of cells and their extracellular products. As they are a mixture of many microorganisms, the microbiological activity of biofilms varies according to their position in the aggregate. With particular emphasis on drinking water distribution systems, this review focuses on the process of biofilm formation, associated bacteria, chlorine resistance of bacteria, and the predominant surface materials. We have compiled studies on the bacteria in drinking water distribution systems and their interactions with biofilm formation on different materials, and we also analysed the chlorine-resistant bacteria and their problems in the water networks. The materials used in the drinking water network are significantly affected by the disinfection method used to produce the biofilm that adheres to them. Some studies propose that the material is inconsequential, with the disinfection process being the most significant factor. Studies suggest that materials based on plastics (such as PVC and HDPE) tend to be more effective in controlling biofilm formation or removal than those based on metals (such as stainless steel), which have been found to be less effective in some instances. Chlorine-resistant strains are becoming more and more common in drinking water networks, resulting in the occurrence of diseases such as typhus and cholera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides systematization and comparative analysis of data for structure, phase composition, physical and mechanical properties formed within deformed pipes of semifinished products in different stages of preparing cold rolled pipes from hot-rolled pipe billets of titanium alloys PT–1M, PT–7M, Ti–3Al–2.5V. The effect of the degree of cold deformation on strain hardening of specimens from alloy hot-extruded pipes of semifinished products of the test alloys is established and on the basis of this recommendations are developed for maximum acceptable degree of deformation during cold rolling of pipes made of PT–1M, PT–7M, Ti–3Al–2.5V alloys. Deformation warming of alloys during cold rolling is evaluated. It is shown that cold rolling of pipes of the alloys studied into intermediate and final pipe workpieces with the reduction recommended contributes to the pipe strain hardening. When simulating cold rolling of pipes calculation of the Q-factor is carried out, which has a value of about 1. Cold rolling with such a value of Q-factor leads to formation of a texture of an inclined tangential prism alloying alloy from PT–1M to Ti–3Al–2.5V. It is noted that intermediate and final annealing at 680°C (PT–1M alloy), 750°C (PT–7M alloy, Ti–3Al–2.5V) of cold-rolled pipe billets studied facilitates alloy loss of strength as a result of occurrence of recrystallization and to the formation of a two-component texture {0001}±φ°TD<10–10>RD and {0001}±φ°TD<11–20>RD. Features of structure formation, phase composition, and mechanical properties of pipes in relation to alloying are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires on average burn at 1472°F. To determine how a ductile‐iron pipeline would perform in ultra‐high temperatures, a sample pipe assembly was tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an advanced three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is used to analyse the steady-state hydrodynamics of laminar flow through an extended partial blockage (PB) in a pressurised pipe. PB corresponds to one of the main faults affecting pipelines. In fact, it reduces its carrying capacity with economic consequences, and as it does not give rise to any external evidence, its detection can be very challenging. The performance of the model is evaluated by comparing the numerical results with the available experimental data from the literature. Subsequently, the velocity and pressure distributions are analysed, and the main features of the flow field are described in terms of both local and global dimensionless parameters. Furthermore, the behaviour of the discharge coefficient is also investigated. The obtained results confirm that steady-state measurements can identify the presence of PB and follow its evolution over time but cannot detect its location and size. On the other hand, the location and severity of PBs can be provided by means of transient tests. HIGHLIGHTS Analysis of the steady-state laminar flow through an extended partial blockage.; Validation of a 3D CFD model of an extended partial blockage with experimental data from the literature.; Velocity and pressure fields characterisation around an extended partial blockage.; Characterisation and evaluation in time of an extended partial blockage.; Hydrodynamics of a flow through an extended partial blockage.;

The article provides systematization and comparative analysis of data for structural and phase states and set of physical and mechanical properties formed in deformable tube semi-finished products. Analysis includes various stages of obtaining hot-extruded tubes of titanium alloys PT-1M, PT-7M, Ti–3Al–2.5V. The relationship between characteristics of macro-, microstructure, parameters of the phases formed with spread of hardness values in the original hot-forged tube billets is established. Physical simulation of hot deformation processes of alloys with varying temperature and upsetting deformation rate is conducted. Recommendations for extrusion temperature ranges for each alloy are proposed. These recommendations are based on energy-power parameters of industrial equipment used and restrictions imposed by the structure. Evolution of the structure and change in hardness during expansion of a tube billet made from the alloys investigated are considered. Results of computer simulations of energy-power parameters of tube extrusion and their comparison with industrial experiment data are presented. Features of the structure, texture and their relationship with tube mechanical properties are established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pipes made of HDPE used in city water supply networks, a specific type of failure is commonly noted, called the parrot's beak failure. It requires expensive intervention. The prediction and study of the development of this defect, therefore, requires thorough research. In this work, the finite element method is used to study the mechanism of the occurrence and development of this defect. Two examples of the calculation for the concrete case of some tubes used in a water supply network are presented. This study is important for the designers of such networks, to predict and prevent the occurrence of this defect that can lead to unwanted network downtime and high repair costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Takeaways: As critical infrastructure, water systems must be designed to withstand seismic hazards where earthquakes are expected. While several planning tools and design solutions exist for seismic hazards, they are not standardized for the water community. Designing buried infrastructure to withstand differential ground movement and severe shaking comes with several challenges for water systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expertise of water utility staff forms the foundation for making successful pipeline repairs—whether planned or unexpected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The established method of calculating the pressure loss and the flow rate of flows through metering orifices requires empirical correction coefficients. In this paper, a completely momentum-based approach is presented to predict the flow rate and the pressure loss. It is shown that the proposed approach is as precise as the established method but without any empirical coefficient. The required physical coefficients solely base on physics. They pinpoint the sources of the inaccuracy that effects the employment of an empirical correction coefficient to correct the established method--and confirm the empirical correction coefficient on a physical foundation. Ultimately, the physical coefficients evade the effort to experimentally calibrate the theory with the experiments. The integral momentum balance is applied to a control volume comprising the orifice reaching up to the respective pressure metering cross section. Depending on the location of the control volume's open boundaries, the pressure loss or the flow rate can be obtained. To substitute the integral with averaged expressions, the introduced physical coefficients are deduced directly from numerical simulations and parametrized by simple analytical fit functions to complete the momentum-based approach. The numerical model and the proposed approach are both verified by the comparison with the results obtained by the standard ISO 5167:2003. The agreement with the classical calculation method as per ISO 5167:2003 is very high and within the specified limits, which shows that no empirical coefficient is necessary for high-accuracy flow metering using the momentum balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Takeaways: Garland, Texas, wanted to reduce its nonrevenue water (NRW), which had risen sharply between 2015 and 2020. Using satellite‐directed field leak inspections, the city was able to identify leaking pipes and reduce real water losses. Garland began a proactive leak detection program in 2021, and NRW has dropped significantly because of these efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Takeaways: "Water quality aesthetics" describes various customer concerns, such as taste and odor, color, turbidity, and effects of pipe corrosion. As end users, customers are on the front lines of emergent water issues and can indicate aesthetic quality changes for water suppliers. Managing aesthetic quality in a proactive manner not only can save a water supplier money but also build public confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the degree of recrystallization on the strength, the plastic properties, and the creep resistance under compression of zirconium alloy E635 (Zr–Nb–Sn–Fe system) pipes in the initial state (after annealing at various temperatures) and after neutron irradiation in a BOR-60 research reactor during eight microcampaigns (fast neutron fluence is ≈3 × 1022 cm–2) is studied. In contrast to the strength and plastic properties, the resistance of the pipes to thermal and radiation-thermal creep is shown to depend on the degree of recrystallization of the alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proactive condition assessment was conducted to ensure the long‐term integrity and viability of a critical raw water pipeline, preventing a potential failure and loss of service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved analytical model for the axisymmetric stress state of an adhesive joint of two cylindrical shells is proposed. The adhesive layer acts in shear and cleavage. It is assumed that the tangential stresses vary linearly across the thickness of the adhesive layer. The two-parameter Vlasov–Pasternak model of an elastic foundation is used to describe the normal stresses in the adhesive. The approach proposed makes it possible to satisfy boundary conditions at the load-free butt of the adhesive layer and to describe the stress state of adhesive with a high accuracy. The closed-form solution is obtained. A model problem is also solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of studies aimed at the development of technologies of welding steels in a solid phase at the PWI of NAS of Ukraine, a method of induction pressure welding of pipes and pipe fi ttings with the strength of welded joint at the level of base metal with the use of activating substances was developed. The process of joining occurs when welded edges of base metal are heated to the plastic state with a heat from eddy currents and by a complete melting of preliminary activating substances introduced into the place of a joint, which are chemically cleaned and partially dissolve the metal of the surface of welding edges and as the pressure is applied to the edges, they are squeezed out from the welded joint zone. Due to the applied pressure, the welded joint is formed in the solid phase by a plastic deformed base metal. In the weld, only slight embeddiments of metal fraction of the activating substance and its alloy with the base metal are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new AWWA tool analyzes effective useful life for water treatment plant and pumping station assets, allowing utilities to make targeted, data‐driven, and timely rehabilitation or replacement decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A utility's water main repair was a triple‐bottom‐line success, thanks to having a plan in place that considered efficiency, costs, and customer service, allowing the utility to respond quickly to unforeseen events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the differences between types of organic contaminants and their regulatory requirements helps operators maintain a well‐operating treatment plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Key Takeaways: Modeling tools can simulate possible disasters to water distribution systems, including pipe breaks, power outages, and changes to water source availability. Resilience analysis can help water utilities compare emergency response strategies for disasters that could affect their water distribution systems. Socioeconomic and environmental factors are useful to identify priority areas within a water distribution system to improve equitable resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-phase flows are found in almost all areas of technology. For example, tubular evaporators, boiling water reactors, boiler blowdown systems, heaters, boilers, gas lift pumps, oil and geothermal wells, oil and gas pipelines, refrigerators, process pipelines, and condensers. Two-phase flows are classified as mixtures. According to the composition of the mixture are divided: (a) for single-component (or one-component) - vapor-liquid flows; (b) multicomponent - gas-liquid flows. One-component mixtures consist of the same substance in different states of aggregation. This can be not only vapor-liquid, but also a mixture of liquid or vapor with a solid phase, a water-ice mixture, or a vapor flow with ice particles, for example, in sublimation installations. Multicomponent mixtures are a combination of substances of different physical nature. These include not only gas-liquid flows, but also, for example, mixtures of air and sand, water and oil. The paper presents the main attention is paid to the movement of two-phase flows in the pipeline.

The influence of high-frequency current welding by a pressure method on cold resistance of a low-carbon steel welded pipe joint with edge convergence angles of 4° and 7° in regimes without and with welding bridge formation is studied, as well as the main microstructural factors that determine welded joint cold resistance. As a result of fractographic analysis, a favorable effect of increasing the edge convergence angle of from 4° to 7° on welded joint contamination with oxide non-metallic inclusions, formed during metal high-temperature oxidation with welding heating of pipe edges before upsetting, is established. Cold resistance of the base metal is significantly better than a welded joint in a condition after local heat treatment depending upon quenching-tempering regime, despite the fact that metallographic fineness of the welded joint structure is either greater or is at the same level with the optimum local heat treatment regime. This difference may be due to welded joint metal crystallographic texture (including the unfavorable location of ferrite cleavage planes along a fracture plane) and/or "crystallographic" rather than "metallographic" grains (accumulations of grains having similar orientation). The combination of welded joint local heat treatment and pipe heat treatment makes it possible to minimize the difference in base metal pipe and the welded joint cold resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tap water's availability, accessibility, and biological safety do not automatically translate into social acceptance. Most Americans no longer drink water directly from the tap but rely on either filters or bottled water. As demonstrated by fieldwork among New York City water‐filter users, filters have the power to restore tap water's acceptability, making this an interesting site to examine the imagined qualities of water and the technopolitics of filtration. Such an examination allows the ethnographic gaze to attend to both the monumental and mundane operations of infrastructures. Unlike other mediating technologies, water filters have a salient catch‐all quality, one that allows filters in the US to participate in a plurality of hydrosocial situations. They furthermore mediate multiple worries and projects around tap water, and they give a semblance of control to users equipped with diverse understandings of how filters function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use pipe forms at Scott County Pueblo (14SC1), a seventeenth-century multiethnic community in western Kansas with Ndee (Dismal River) and Puebloan residents, to consider the community's position within multiple regional interaction spheres. We first present a broad regional overview of Central/Northern Great Plains and Midwest, Northern Rio Grande, and Ndee pipe forms in the AD 1500–1700 period, tabulating the presence and absence of specific forms at 14 archaeological sites, before classifying two complete pipes and 49 identifiable pipe fragments recovered from 14SC1. Our pipe form comparisons better distinguish Ndee pipes from other forms than previous literature and confirm that 14SC1 pipes are fully consistent with the documented Ndee and Puebloan occupations at the site. Ceremonial beliefs and practices around smoking at 14SC1 were shared with other Ndee communities and the Northern Rio Grande region, presumably cementing regional relationships that facilitated the movement of other material culture and people. Although Dismal River territory extended into the Central Plains, we find almost no material evidence of diplomatic, social, or ceremonial engagement with Caddoan-speaking groups such as the Sahnish (Arikara), Čariks i Čariks (Pawnee), and kirikir?i:s (Wichita) peoples and Siouan-speaking groups to the northeast. We suggest that these differences in external relationships along the eastern and western Dismal River frontiers are linked to the history of Ndee migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel path planning heuristic for multi-UAV pipe inspection missions inspired by the booby bird's foraging behavior. The heuristic enables each UAV to find an optimal path that minimizes the detection time of defects in pipe networks while avoiding collisions with obstacles and other UAVs. The proposed method is compared with four existing path planning algorithms adapted for multi-UAV scenarios: ant colony optimization (ACO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), opportunistic coordination, and random schemes. The results show that the booby heuristic outperforms the other algorithms in terms of mean detection time and computational efficiency under different settings of defect complexity and number of UAVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Takeaways: Using desktop scoring to determine the likelihood of failure of water pipes should be phased out and replaced with advanced analytics, particularly machine learning. More accurate break predictions will lead to better estimates of how much to spend on pipe replacement and which pipes to replace. Utilities should integrate information about abandoned pipes and breaks into failure forecasting, including machine learning models. Some data issues can be cost‐efficiently rectified using machine learning and automated algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultrasonic tool helped a utility diagnose the condition of a metallic transmission main, target high‐risk pipe areas, and predict renewal needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Takeaways: Strategic planning for pipe renewal and replacement (R&R) is key to saving money, maintaining high‐quality service to customers, and preventing catastrophic infrastructure failures. A proactive capital improvement plan involves condition assessment, risk analysis, project prioritization, and creation of an R&R schedule, giving priority to pipes most in need. Scenario analysis using a powerful simulation model provides a systemwide forecast that is instrumental in planning, budgeting, and making the most of utility assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]