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The article reports on zinc distribution in human saliva. A study was conducted to determine the relationship between zinc which is bonded with proteins and free zinc using saliva from 20 men with good oral hygiene and ages ranging from 20-40. The concentration was determined using ultrafiltration and a quantitative analysis was conducted with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Human biomonitoring (HBM) data indicate that exposure to pyrethroids is widespread in Europe, with significantly higher exposure observed in children compared to adults. Epidemiological, toxicological, and mechanistic studies raise concerns for potential human health effects, particularly, behavioral effects such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children at low levels of exposure. Based on an exposure-response function from a single European study and on available quality-assured and harmonized HBM data collected in France, Germany, Iceland, Switzerland, and Israel, a preliminary estimate of the environmental burden of disease for ADHD associated with pyrethroid exposure was made for individuals aged 0-19 years. The estimated annual number of prevalence-based disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per million inhabitants were 27 DALYs for Israel, 21 DALYs for France, 12 DALYs for both Switzerland and Iceland, and 3 DALYs for Germany; while the annual ADHD cases per million inhabitants attributable to pyrethroids were 2189 for Israel, 1710 for France, 969 for Iceland, 944 for Switzerland, and 209 for Germany. Direct health costs related to ADHD ranged between 0.3 and 2.5 million EUR yearly per million inhabitants for the five countries. Additionally, a substantial number of ADHD cases, on average 18%, were associated with pyrethroid exposure. Yet, these figures should be interpreted with caution given the uncertainty of the estimation. A sensitivity analysis showed that by applying a different exposure-response function from outside the EU, the population attributable fraction decreased from an average of 18 to 7%. To ensure more robust disease burden estimates and adequate follow-up of policy measures, more HBM studies are needed, along with increased efforts to harmonize the design of epidemiological studies upfront to guarantee meta-analysis of exposure-response functions. This is particularly important for pyrethroids as evidence of potential adverse health effects is continuously emerging., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Competing Interests: Declaration of interests DP, IK, AA, and the Secretariat of the Lancet and Financial Times Commission report grants in support of the work of the Commission from Botnar Foundation, Children's Investment Fund Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Objective: This study evaluated the efficacy of an anatomicalradiologic- surgical protocol for the extraction of erupted maxillary third molars (EMTMs)., Methods and Materials: 166 EMTMs were extracted according to two different extraction techniques. Group 1 (G1, 97 teeth) was treated with the proposed protocol: multiple roots with forceps DG 117/DG 118; single roots with DG 250; tapered roots with DG 270; curved roots with Apexo 303 elevator. Group 2 (G2, 69 teeth) was treated with straight elevator and forceps DG 250 or DG 270. Extraction time and total number of complications (TNCs) were the main outcomes; TNCs were also divided in complications during the extraction (CDEs) and complications after the extraction (CAEs) as secondary outcomes., Results: Differences between G1 and G2 were detected for extraction time (146.8 vs 225.6 seconds; P < .05) and for complications (G1, 13.4% vs G2, 47.8%; P < .001). Multivariate analysis showed that extraction time and smoking habit were independent risk factors for TNCs (P < .001); furthermore, "not applying the proposed extraction protocol" increases almost 7 times (6.86; 95% CI, 1.41-33.32; P < .02) the possible onset of CAEs., Conclusion: The proposed protocol can be helpful for the general dental practitioner in planning the extraction of EMTMs, shortening the extraction time, and diminishing the complications, especially those occurring after the extraction.

The complexity and importance of the biological structures that form the so-called pulpal dentinal complex call for considerable accuracy during restorative procedures. In practice this means accurate techniques and appropriate dental materials, able to combine protective and restorative qualities, and above all, offering biocompatibility. In order to analyze this property, a number of international studies suggest the use of sequential tests divided into three different levels: initial tests, secondary tests and usage tests in the form of in vivo and in vitro tests to observe and simulate the biological reactions to dental materials used in particular tissues. The authors publish a review of the literature regarding the biocompatibility of intermediate materials regarded as useful aids in restorative dental practice; these include paints, liners and cavity bases made from Ca(OH)2, ZOE cements, zinc phosphate, polycarboxylic compounds, glass ionomers, bonding agents and mordents. The chemical, biological, clinical and utilization parameters are outlined for each compound, paying special attention to the problem of biocompatibility and indicating the pulpal reactions reported over the past decade in connection with their use. In conclusion, while waiting for a standard international document to codify evaluation methods and classify the results obtained, these experimental data can be used to programme a more correct and safer use of materials.

Background: On the basis of an anatomo-surgical classification adopted in our Department, that divides impacted lower third molars into (1) ectopic, (2) dystopic and (3) in the proper anatomical site, and the latter into Class A (complete bone impaction without pathology of the second molar), Class B (mucosal impaction with pathology of the second molar: Subclass B1, if the mucosa distal to the second molar is of a normal amount; Subclass B2, if the retromolar mucosa is plentiful), and Class C (mucosal semi-impaction), the authors carried out a comparative study on 20 patients who underwent extraction of both Class C lower third molars., Methods: These operations were performed, in each patient, on one side raising an Archer's flap and on the other introducing a modification of the incision lines using Z-plasty for flap design. The patients were examined from the first postoperative hours up to the 7th day following a protocol aimed at monitoring the postoperative variables pain, edema, trismus, infection and healing time., Results and Conclusions: The preliminary results, analyzed by Student's "t"-test, are statistically significant (p < 0.05), and favour the hypothesis that the technical modification proposed for the flap, by permitting a better closure of the socket, involves a lesser incidence of postoperative complications and in any case a more comfortable postoperative course.

The Authors report on a case of interesting tooth transplantation using a supernumerary in the site of a lower premolar root affected by periapical granuloma. Irrespective of local unfavourable conditions, the good result of surgical operation is demonstrated by up to now vitality and stability of transplanted tooth.

Using an electrode selective for the ion fluorine, it has been determined the amount of fluorine in samples of human milk. In a sample of 35 nursing mothers, only 10 have shown the required parameters. The amount of fluorine in the water all 35 mothers imbibed in their daily diet has been measured. The results showed a small amount of fluorine in human milk and a possible connection between the amount of fluorine in the mothers' daily diet and the amount of fluorine in human milk. From the results of the research it has been determined the necessity to give supplements of fluoride to nursing babies.