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Aim of the study This study aims to identify new concepts regarding young permanent teeth sealants used for caries prevention. Materials and methods Literature was searched for articles and written papers, using MeSH terms like: “young permanent teeth”, “sealants”. Results Dental sealing seems to be an effective solution in caries prevention, both in primary and young permanent teeth. Regarding the materials used as a sealant, literature shows three main categories: resin-based sealants, glass ionomer-based sealants and resin-modified glass ionomer sealants. Numerous studies have compared the efficacy of these types of sealants, concerning the stability of the material, retention rates and mechanical properties. Conclusions Dental sealing has proven to have a great efficacy in preventing occlusal caries and even arresting non-cavitary occlusal carious lesions in young permanent molars, regardless of the material used. Further clinical studies should be conducted, as current guidelines cannot clearly indicate a solution of choice regarding one material or other.

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Abstract Background It is still not fully understood what pretreatment is best for achieving maximum tightness for pit and fissure sealings (PFS). Aim This study investigated microleakage of PFS placed after etching with phosphoric acid or after the application of self‐etching primers/adhesives (SEPA). Design 131 third molars were assigned to ten groups. In Hel‐P, Helioseal® was applied after phosphoric acid etching. In the other groups, SEPA were used (Dyr‐AP: Adper™ Prompt™ L‐Pop™, Dyract® Seal; Bea: BeautiSealant Primer and Paste; Hel‐Exp: Experimental primer, Helioseal®; Hel‐Cl: Clearfil™ SE Bond1, Helioseal®). Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C (28 days), followed by 3500 thermocycles and staining with 5% methylene blue (M) or 5% silver nitrate (S). After methylene blue staining and sectioning, microleakage was assessed light microscopically. During silver nitrate staining, specimens were dissolved by 32% HCl and remaining PFS were evaluated under a SEM. Results Tightness, percentage of penetrated area, and maximum dye penetration were best for Hel‐P and Hel‐Cl (p

Background: It is still not fully understood what pretreatment is best for achieving maximum tightness for pit and fissure sealings (PFS). Aim: This study investigated microleakage of PFS placed after etching with phosphoric acid or after the application of self‐etching primers/adhesives (SEPA). Design: 131 third molars were assigned to ten groups. In Hel‐P, Helioseal® was applied after phosphoric acid etching. In the other groups, SEPA were used (Dyr‐AP: Adper™ Prompt™ L‐Pop™, Dyract® Seal; Bea: BeautiSealant Primer and Paste; Hel‐Exp: Experimental primer, Helioseal®; Hel‐Cl: Clearfil™ SE Bond1, Helioseal®). Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C (28 days), followed by 3500 thermocycles and staining with 5% methylene blue (M) or 5% silver nitrate (S). After methylene blue staining and sectioning, microleakage was assessed light microscopically. During silver nitrate staining, specimens were dissolved by 32% HCl and remaining PFS were evaluated under a SEM. Results: Tightness, percentage of penetrated area, and maximum dye penetration were best for Hel‐P and Hel‐Cl (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Phosphoric acid etching of enamel and Clearfil™ SE Bond resulted in the best sealing quality. Methylene blue staining allowed the evaluation of more criteria (fissure shape, voids, sealant penetration depth) compared to silver nitrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To understand the level and current status of oral health knowledge among people aged 35⁃44 years in Guangdong Province and to provide a reference for oral health education in Guangdong Province. Methods An equal⁃sized, stratified, multistage, random sampling design was applied to obtain representative sample groups consisting of 288 Guangdong residents aged 35⁃44 years in four urban areas and four rural areas with a gender ratio of one to one. According to the Guideline of the 4th National Oral Health Survey, a questionnaire survey was conducted, and a statistical analysis of the questionnaire responses related to oral health knowledge was performed. Results In total, 288 people participated in the survey, of which 95.8 percent were aware that“Oral health is very important to their own lives, and the prevention of oral diseases depends on themselves first” , 76.0% recognized that“Regular oral examination is very necessary” , and 66.7% disagreed that“Teeth were innate and had little to do with their own protection” . The percentages of participants that agreed with the statements“Eating sugar can cause dental caries” ,“Oral disease may affect general health” ,“Bacteria may cause dental caries”and“Bacteria may cause gum inflammation”were 87.2% , 84.7%, 80.9%, and 80.2%, respectively. However, the rates of awareness that teeth could be protected by fluoride and by pit and fissure sealant were only 36.8% and 18.8%, respectively. Conclusion General knowledge of oral health care was relatively high among adults aged 35 ⁃ 44 years in Guangdong Province, but knowledge of fluoride, pit and fissure sealing and caries prevention was relatively low. Oral health education should be continuously improved, especially regarding the popularization of oral health knowledge.

This in vitro study evaluated the shear bond strength (SBS), failure mode and microleakage of fissure sealing materials in relation to different etching times on aprismatic and prismatic enamel. Ninety-six healthy human third molars were randomly allocated to the following groups: 1) prismatic or aprismatic enamel; 2) etching: 15, 30, 45, 60 s. After 5,000-fold thermocycling SBS, failure mode and microleakage were measured. Statistical evaluation included Mann-Whitney-U-test and linear regression analysis. In the aprismatic enamel group, an increasing etching time resulted in higher SBS. The linear regression model revealed that 60 s of etching time led to a significant increase in SBS. Microleakage was found to be low in all test groups. This study indicated that 60 s of etching time showed to a significantly better SBS. When considering the small differences of SBS, failure modes and microleakage between 30 and 60 s etching time, 30 s acid etching seems to also be justifiable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To know the influencing factors of dental caries in first permanent molars among children aged 10⁃12 years old in Guangzhou, and to give references for dental caries prevention. Methods The samples were selected by stratified random sampling method. Oral health examination and questionnaires were applied to all the 18 656 children who were 5 or 6⁃grade in 149 primary schools. Results The prevalence of dental caries in first perma⁃ nent molars was 18.19%. Girls accouted for 19.96%, which was significantly higher than that of boys (16.71%) (c2 = 32.817, P < 0.001). Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the influencing factors of dental caries in first permanent molars. After controlling school cluster and other factors, household register, gender, pit and fissure sealant, consumption of sweets and chocolates, consumption of sweet milk were influencing factors of permanent teeth caries. And household register, gender, pit and fissure sealant, consumption of sweets and chocolates were associated with mean DMFT. Conclusion school oral health education should focus on the consumption of sugars and cares should be put into the differences between urban and rural area. In addition, strengthening publicity of the sealant retention proj⁃ ect,raising public awareness, and improving sealant retention quality are necessary to ensure the anti⁃caries effect.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to review the change of supplied amount of oral pit and fissure sealing (PFS) in urban and rural areas of South Korea after including PFS into the list of treatments covered by the National Health Insurance (NHI), and to check whether there is a difference in supplied amount in areas where the dental treatment accessibility is different based on the data of the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES). METHODS: The KNHANES data year used for 'before coverage' was 2007, and that of 'after coverage' was 2012. Data analysis was done using STATA software. RESULTS: Areas were classified as urban or rural. Reduction of out-of-pocket expenses, according to the NHI coverage PFS experience of children aged 6-14 years, increased from 28.7% before coverage to 34.9% after coverage. PFS experience of children aged 6-14 years in the urban area was increased from 29.2% before coverage to 35.6% after coverage. The increase in rural areas was from 27.2% before coverage to 31.5% after coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Although PFS supplying was increased after inclusion in NHI coverage, it is still insufficient to reduce the decayed, missing, filled teeth index effectively. To reduce inequality, supply of PFS in rural area by community oral health program should be strengthened. And also, waiving out-of-pocket money for PFS in NHI should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries is a multifactorial disease that affects most populations throughout the world and it is still the primary cause of oral pain and tooth loss. The occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth are the most vulnerable sites for dental caries due to their anatomy. Therefore, the aim of the following article is to summarize current knowledge on occlusal caries development and the possibilities of its prevention. Although the overall caries rate today has fallen for populations in industrialized countries, the rate of occlusal surface caries has not decreased. This may be explained with fact that topically applied fluorides and their mode of action prevent caries better on smooth than on occlusal surfaces. As we know, tooth decay of first permanent molars causes a great deal of different short and long term difficulties for patients. Therefore, there is a continuous need for implementation of programs for caries prevention in permanent teeth. Nowadays, we like to treat our patients by minimally invasive methods. A very important step in our effective preventive treatment is sealing pits and fissures as a cornerstone of occlusal caries management. Reliable assessment of caries activity is also very important for defining treatment needs and plans. A very important decision, which should be made during occlusal caries management, is the selection of restorative material according to the treatment plan. Conclusion. Current possibilities in occlusal caries prevention and management are very effective. Therefore, dentists today do not have any excuse for avoiding the philosophy of Minimally Invasive Dentistry, especially when we talk about caries management of occlusal surfaces in permanent molars.

Introduction: In contemporary preventive dentistry there are numerous experimental in vitro and clinical studies on the growing number of materials for sealing pits and fissures. Aim: the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of occlusal tooth morphology on penetrating abilities of two types of fissure sealants and measure the unfilled space at the bottom of occlusal groove using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 10 freshly extraced intact premolars and 10 molars randomly divided into 4 groups. In group I (5 premolars), and group II (5 molars) glass ionomer Fuji VII was used as fissure sealant, while in groups III (5 premolars) and IV (5 molars) resin-based sealant (Helioseal-F) was used. Six sections of each tooth were prepared for SEM. Sealant penetration was observed at 30x magnification and the unfilled space at the bottom of the groove at 500x. Sealant penetration in relation to the absolute depth of occlusal grooves was recorded and the unfilled space beneath the sealant was expressed through its greatest diameter. Results were statistically analyzed using χ2 test. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in penetration ability and the unfilled space between tested materials or teeth groups. The average depth of penetration for glass ionomer was 83% and for resin-based sealant 81% of fissure depth. Mean diameters of the unfilled space beneath the sealants were 95 μm (glass ionomer) and 93 μm (resin-based sealant). Shallower penetration of both sealing materials was observed in deep pits and fissures with greater diameter of unfilled space (p

Sistemic fluoride ingestion has been found to be more effective in its caries- reducing benefits on the smooth surfaces than on the pit and fissures. A greater vulnerability to pit and fissure caries determines the need for occlusal surface specific protection. The objective of this study was to investigate clinical effectiveness of 5 different composite sealants during an 18- month observation period. Tested materials were: Superlux Seal-opak (composite with filler particles), Superlux Seal-transparent Estiseal and Fissurit (clear), and Fissurit F (composite with fluoride). They were evaluated according to modified Cvar&Ryge criteria for: retention (R), marginal adaptation (MA), marginal discoloration (MD), surface texture (ST), and secondary caries (SC). The materials were applied in 87 children 6-7 years of age, on 215 first permanent molars, two different materials for each patient. The results were tested for statistical significance by .2 and Fisher's T-test. The results showed good clinical performance of all tested materials with no statistically significant differences. High effectiveness in occlusal caries prevention rated from 97,30% for Fissurit F, and 98% for Superlux Sealopak, to 100% for all other tested sealants. Pit and fissure sealing is an effective prophylactic measure which should be part of the preventive program.

Dental caries is a multifactorial disease that affects most populations throughout the world and it is still the primary cause of oral pain and tooth loss. The occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth are the most vulnerable sites for dental caries due to their anatomy. Therefore, the aim of the following article is to summarize current knowledge on occlusal caries development and the possibilities of its prevention. Although the overall caries rate today has fallen for populations in industrialized countries, the rate of occlusal surface caries has not decreased. This may be explained with fact that topically applied fluorides and their mode of action prevent caries better on smooth than on occlusal surfaces. As we know, tooth decay of first permanent molars causes a great deal of different short and long term difficulties for patients. Therefore, there is a continuous need for implementation of programs for caries prevention in permanent teeth. Nowadays, we like to treat our patients by minimally invasive methods. A very important step in our effective preventive treatment is sealing pits and fissures as a cornerstone of occlusal caries management. Reliable assessment of caries activity is also very important for defining treatment needs and plans. A very important decision, which should be made during occlusal caries management, is the selection of restorative material according to the treatment plan. Conclusion. Current possibilities in occlusal caries prevention and management are very effective. Therefore, dentists today do not have any excuse for avoiding the philosophy of Minimally Invasive Dentistry, especially when we talk about caries management of occlusal surfaces in permanent molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the eruption, caries, and pit and fissure sealing of the first permanent molars in children aged 6-9 years in Henan province., Methods: The data of oral health examination in Henan province from 2015 to 2020 were analyzed in the information management system of China Children Oral Disease Comprehensive Intervention Project., Results: Among 486 865 children in Henan province, the total eruption rate of the four first permanent molars was 73.44%, The prevalence rate of dental caries was 30.35%, DMFT was 0.67±1.18, the ratio of caries fil-ling was 4.45%, and the rate of pit and fissure sealing was 2.36%. From 2015 to 2020, the total eruption rates of the four first permanent molars in children aged 6, 7, and 8 showed a decreasing trend ( χ 2 <0.05). The prevalence rates of dental caries, DMFT caries filling ratio, and pit and fissure sealing rate in children aged 6-9 increased ( trend was 385.793, 964.142, and 71.964, respectively, all P <0.05). The prevalence rates of dental caries, DMFT caries filling ratio, and pit and fissure sealing rate in children aged 6-9 increased ( χ 2 trend <0.05). The prevalence rates of dental caries, DMFT, filling ratio, and pit and fissure sealing rate in urban areas (34.23%, 0.76±1.24, 4.99%, and 3.75%, respectively) were higher than those in suburban areas (25.39%, 0.55±1.09, 3.50%, and 0.58%, respectively) ( F trend was 1 115.87, 1 270.53, 1 215.02, 763.48, respectively, all P <0.05). The total eruption rates of the four first permanent molars in suburban counties (75.41%) were higher than those in urban areas (71.90%) ( χ 2 =756.44, P <0.05). The prevalence rates of dental caries, DMFT, filling ratio, and pit and fissure sealing rate in urban areas (34.23%, 0.76±1.24, 4.99%, and 3.75%, respectively) were higher than those in suburban areas (25.39%, 0.55±1.09, 3.50%, and 0.58%, respectively) ( χ 2 was 4 435.30, 3 922.56, 390.89, and 5 262.76, respectively, P <0.05). The first permanent molar eruption completely rate maxillary (84.96%) was higher than mandible (82.88%) ( χ 2 =1 565.70, P <0.05), and the dental caries risk of the mandible (26.07%) was higher than that of the upper (13.88%) ( χ 2 =38 112.53, P <0.05)., Conclusions: The health status of the first permanent molars of children aged 6-9 years in Henan province is not optimistic. The eruption rate decreased, the incidence of caries increased, and the rates of caries filling and pit and fissure sealing were low. We should pay attention to children's eating habits and oral health, strengthen oral health education, and improve oral health awareness.

The pits and fissures of teeth have high caries susceptibility, and sealing these areas is considered as an effective method to prevent caries. However, long-term caries prophylaxis cannot be maintained because of the negative effects derived from the technical sensitivity and disadvantages of sealing materials. Herein, a new strategy is proposed to occlude fossae by amyloid-mediated biomimetic remineralization. In contrast to conventional inward blocking from the outside of fossae, amyloid-mediated biomimetic mineralization delivers an amyloid-like protein nanofilm into the deepest zone of the fossae and induces the formation of remineralized enamel inside. Such assembly from lysozyme conjugated with poly (ethylene glycol) enriches the interface with strongly bonded ionsand directs in situ nucleation to achieve enamel epitaxial growth. Not only is the structure of the enamel-like crystalline hydroxyapatite layer but also its mechanical stability is similar to that of natural enamel. Furthermore, the layer shows good biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. On the basis of the findings, it is demonstrated that amyloid-like protein aggregation may provide an enamel remineralization strategy to modify the current clinically available methods of pit and fissure sealing and shows great promise in preventing caries., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

This in vitro study evaluated the shear bond strength (SBS), failure mode and microleakage of fissure sealing materials in relation to different etching times on aprismatic and prismatic enamel. Ninety-six healthy human third molars were randomly allocated to the following groups: 1) prismatic or aprismatic enamel; 2) etching: 15, 30, 45, 60 s. After 5,000-fold thermocycling SBS, failure mode and microleakage were measured. Statistical evaluation included Mann-Whitney-U-test and linear regression analysis. In the aprismatic enamel group, an increasing etching time resulted in higher SBS. The linear regression model revealed that 60 s of etching time led to a significant increase in SBS. Microleakage was found to be low in all test groups. This study indicated that 60 s of etching time showed to a significantly better SBS. When considering the small differences of SBS, failure modes and microleakage between 30 and 60 s etching time, 30 s acid etching seems to also be justifiable.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to review the change of supplied amount of oral pit and fissure sealing (PFS) in urban and rural areas of South Korea after including PFS into the list of treatments covered by the National Health Insurance (NHI), and to check whether there is a difference in supplied amount in areas where the dental treatment accessibility is different based on the data of the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES)., Methods: The KNHANES data year used for 'before coverage' was 2007, and that of 'after coverage' was 2012. Data analysis was done using STATA software., Results: Areas were classified as urban or rural. Reduction of out-of-pocket expenses, according to the NHI coverage PFS experience of children aged 6-14 years, increased from 28.7% before coverage to 34.9% after coverage. PFS experience of children aged 6-14 years in the urban area was increased from 29.2% before coverage to 35.6% after coverage. The increase in rural areas was from 27.2% before coverage to 31.5% after coverage., Conclusions: Although PFS supplying was increased after inclusion in NHI coverage, it is still insufficient to reduce the decayed, missing, filled teeth index effectively. To reduce inequality, supply of PFS in rural area by community oral health program should be strengthened. And also, waiving out-of-pocket money for PFS in NHI should be considered.