Search

Several races of Podosphaera xanthii have been described on melon. The Indian melon line ‘90625’ (PI 313970) which had already been described as resistant in the USA is a potential source of resistance for strains recently characterized in France. We have studied the inheritance of resistance in a Recombinant Inbred Line population between ‘Védrantais’ (susceptible) and ‘90625’ using a leaf disk technique with 10 strains of P. xanthii. Potentially five genes could be present in ‘90625’. Two independent semi-dominant genes (A and B) are involved in resistance to strains 06Sm10 and S87-7 respectively. Resistance to the other strains seems to be under a digenic control, including A and B or not, with three other recessive genes. Some of these RILs could be used as additional differential lines for the characterization of the races., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

We present here the first comprehensive genetic characterization of melon landraces from the humid tropics of southern India. The genetic diversity among 50 melon landraces collected from 3 agro-ecological regions of southern India (6 agro-ecological sub-regions) was assessed by variation at 17 SSR loci, morphological traits of plant habit and fruit, 2 yield-associated traits, pest and disease resistance, biochemical composition (ascorbic acid, carotenoids, titrable acidity) and mineral content (P, K, Fe, Zn). Differences among accessions were observed in plant and fruit traits. Melon germplasm with high titrable acidity, higher than average amounts of mineral content and resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus, Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, powdery mildew (races 1, 2, 3, 5), Fusarium wilt (races 1, 2), Aphis gossypii and leafminer was recorded in the collection. A high level of genetic variability in melon germplasm was suggested by the SSR analysis. Comparative analysis using SSRs of the genetic variability between Indian melons from north, south, and east regions and reference accessions of melon from Spain, France, Japan, Korea, Iraq, Zambia showed regional differentiation between Indian melon accessions and that Indian germplasm was weakly related to the melon accessions from other parts of the world, suggesting that an important portion of the genetic variability found within this melon collection has not been used yet for the development of new cultivars. Additional collections of acidulus melon germplasm should be made in southern India and adequate management of this important genetic resource is clearly a necessity.

‘Tortuga’ is a cantalupensis accession of Spanish origin which has proven to be resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis races 0 and 2. In this work we report the results of an allellism test to assess the inheritance of this resistance. Resistance in ‘Tortuga’ seems to be controlled by two genes, one of them is the already described Fom-1, and the other is either a dominant one linked to Fom-1, or an independent recessive factor. Further work will be needed to clarify the nature of this resistance., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

Six new Citrullus haplotypes were identified at tRNA-Val – rps12 locus of chloroplast (cpDNA) genome in colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis), citron melon (Citrullus lanatus citroides) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus lanatus) cultivars. Ancient-DNAs (aDNA) of seed remains excavated from two sites of the Middle Ages (13th-14th Cent. Debrecen and 15th Cent. Budapest, Hungary) and a herbarium samples from the 19th Cent. (Pannonhalma, Hungary) were also investigated to track cpDNA evolution back to the 13th-14th centuries with the final aim of molecular and morphological reconstruction of old varieties. Medieval samples showed molecular similarity to current cultivars ‘Belyj dlinnij’, ‘Csárdaszállás’ ‘Klondike’, and ‘Kecskeméti vörös’ indicating the oldest haplotype of cultivated watermelons. The 170-yr-old herbarium sample showed close molecular similarity to citron melon, which results reflect the former importance of citron melon as fodder in Hungary. Results of seed morphology correlated to molecular data., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

French melon growers have found themselves confronted with melon root decay. Accordingly, Ctifl, in close collaboration with the regional research stations and INRA, set up a study designed to gain greater knowledge of the various phytosanitary problems and identify the probable cause(s). The principle of the study was to monitor pathogen distribution changes in melon. Three plots were monitored and a number of samples from other plots were also studied (19 samples in 2003, 22 in 2004, 6 in 2005, 2 in 2006 and 25 in 2007). The symptoms that developed during the years of the study were identified based on this body of data. The results show the prevalence of problems related to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis race 1-2 yellowing, often found together with other pathogenic soil fungi, which constitute aggravating factors. The isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis collected from samples appear to be more aggressive than the reference strains used in the breeding tests for resistance., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

In Japan, cucumber cultivars lacking warts and with very few spines are highly desired by the food service industry, as it is believed that there are fewer germs on the surfaces of such cucumbers. To obtain a spineless cucumber cultivar, we have begun a breeding program for glabrous cucumber. We present here information on the morphological characteristics of glabrous cucumber accessions NCG71 and NCG90, and the yield performance of a glabrous trial accession that we bred, KA 2. We also discuss the potential of, and possible problems with, glabrous cucumber., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

DNA samples were extracted separately from 10 male and 10 female sexual progeny of pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica), and 3 plants from a parthenocarpic clone (IIVRPG-105); the DNAs were bulked by sex type. Forty-one random decamer primers were screened with the three bulks in order to identify markers associated with sex expression. A total of 509 amplification products were obtained of which six were associated with sex expression. These six markers were then tested with individual plant DNA samples, and three sex-associated RAPD markers were identified. A 1000 bp amplification product from the primer OPC05 was found to be present in all the male and absent from all the female and parthenocarpic plants. In contrast, a 400 bp amplification product from the primer OPC14 was present only in the female individuals. Thus the two RAPD markers, male-specific marker OPC051000 and female-specific marker OPC14400, together can reliably differentiate between male and female plants of T. dioica. The third marker, OPN011030, was due to the primer OPN01, which amplified a 1030 bp fragment from male and female DNAs, but failed to do so from the parthenocarpic plant DNAs., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

The most effective and straightforward way of plant protection is the production of cucumber hybrids with resistance to multiple diseases. Therefore, breeding of cucumber hybrids with a combination of defensive traits is a major objective. The accurate choice of parental lines is the first step towards development of successful hybrids. A variety of methods were used in order to speed up the process of inbred line development: a range of various planting times, planting in greenhouses and hot beds, screening of germplasm for disease resistances under artificial inoculation as well as natural field conditions, high selection pressure, backcrossing, multi-stage hybridization. As a result, we have developed cucumber lines and hybrids combining complex resistance to various diseases with other economically important traits (parthenocarpy, female-flowering type, improved fruit quality, etc.)., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

Resistance to Aphis gossypii in Cucumis melo has been largely studied but A. gossypii variability has never been considered. Resistance to colonization by A. gossypii, clone NM1, and to non persistent virus transmission by this clone is conferred by a NBS-LRR gene called Vat, isolated in the PI 161375 accession. We investigated resistance to A. gossypii with four clones of A. gossypii that belong to two very distinct genotypes, NM1 and C9. The Vat gene conferred a high level of resistance to a NM1 clone and partial resistance to a C9 clone. Four additive QTL and two pairs of epistatic QTL were detected in a recombinant inbred line population derived from the cross ‘Védrantais’ x PI 161375. Half of them clearly have a specific effect on the acceptance by NM1 or C9 genotypes. We observed transgressive lines more resistant to NM1 or C9 in our RIL populations than PI 161375. Moreover, we studied resistance to A. gossypii and to virus transmission by A. gossypii in a set of 21 C. melo accessions. All the accessions resistant to virus transmission by C9 A. gossypii were resistant to virus transmission by NM1 genotype, and most of them were resistant to acceptance and colonization by the NM1 genotype. This is the phenotype of PI 161375, and we hypothesized that these phenotypes were controlled by the Vat gene. Other phenotypes were observed: resistance to NM1 A. gossypii (aphids and virus transmission) and susceptibility to C9 A. gossypii (aphids and virus transmission), independence between aphid resistance and resistance to virus transmission when using the same clone of A. gossypii. These phenotypes may be conferred by the locus Vat (different alleles) or by other locus of aphid resistance., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

The first SSR-based genetic linkage map of C. moschata was created by integrating the maps of two F2 populations with one common parent developed from the crosses Waltham Butternut (WB) × Nigerian Local (NL) and ZHOU (a hull-less type) × WB. This integrated C. moschata map comprises 205 SSR markers and 2 morphological traits (Gr and n). The map is composed of 27 linkage groups with a marker density of 7 cM. Comparison of the C. moschata map and the published C. pepo map revealed a high level of macro-synteny. Seventy-one common SSR markers between C. moschata and C. pepo are located in homologous linkage groups. These markers representing orthologous loci in general have conserved orders and similar genetic distances. Four SSR markers were mapped in non-homologous linkage groups. They may represent different members of multi-gene families, chromosomal rearrangements and paralogs. The comparative mapping of C. moschata and C. pepo reported here will be useful for further studies on Cucurbit evolution, gene isolation, and breeding., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

Drought stress is a major environmental factor influencing plant growth and development. Citrullus colocynthis is a very drought tolerant cucurbit species with a deep root system. Differences in gene expression during drought were studied using cDNA-AFLP. In this study, we focus on mRNA accumulation of drought-induced genes in C. colocynthis treated with PEG, abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) or NaCl. Two genes, CcrbohD and CcrbohF, encoding respiratory burst oxidase proteins were cloned using RACE. Sequence comparison showed that the CcrbohD protein has a conserved region at the N terminus with an EF-hand loop domain, characteristic of the RBO protein family. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that CcrbohD and CcrbohF belong to the RBOHD and RBOHF subfamily, which play an important role in response to stress stimuli. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that expression of CcrbohD was rapidly and strongly induced by abiotic stress imposed by PEG, ABA, SA, and JA treatment. Our data suggest that CcrbohD holds great promise for improving drought tolerance of other cucurbit species., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

In Arabidopsis thaliana, FT and TFL1 are known to affect phase transition from vegetative phase to reproductive phase. It is also known that these genes also affect some growth habits such as flowering time and compactness. Especially, TFL1 and its functional orthologs, CEN in snapdragon and SP in tomato, were demonstrated to regulate growth habit of indeterminate type or determinate type. Cucumber cultivars also have two types of growth habit. Most of them were indeterminate types, however, taking into account of the characteristics such as yield, early harvest, and robustness, determinate type might be ideal for cultivating. In the present study, we identified one FT and five TFL1 homologs in cucumber and elucidated their genomic organization, phylogenetic relationships, and expression patterns. However, although the differential expression patterns of several homologs were displayed between indeterminate type and determinate type of cucumber cultivars, any homologs did exhibit co-segregation to phenotype., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

Cucumber has variations in traits of such as fruits with different weights, shapes, spine colors, etc. These traits are controlled by either multiple or single genes. An F2 population with molecular markers such as AFLP and SSR markers was used to develop a genetic linkage map of cucumber. The two parents have a large difference in traits which led us able to detect two QTLs, fw1 and fw2, for fruit weight. Furthermore, a gene for spine morphology was also mapped on the linkage group 7. These results could be useful for comparative genetic studies as well as marker assisted selection., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

There are a number of Mediterranean epithets for cucurbits that have intriguing connections in various ancient and modern languages. The most ancient and basic utterance is of Sumerian origin and includes a velar consonant (q, k) with a sibilant (s, sh, z). It is expressed in the Akkadian and Hebrew qishu and the Greek sikyos. The velar consonant without the sibilant is found in the Arabic qatta and doubled in the Greek kolokynthus and Latin cucumis and cucurbita. These and other possible linguistic implications and connections are considered with regard to cucurbit taxa of the ancient Mediterranean: Cucumis melo, Lagenaria siceraria, Citrullus lanatus, Citrullus colocynthis, and Ecballium elaterium., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

An effective long-term storage method for active soft X-ray irradiated pollen for the production of seedless watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in diploid plants by using gas treatments is described. Soft X-ray irradiated pollen stored under N2 or CO2 gas, or under a vacuum for 1 year had high pollen germination abilities. Also, pollen stored at -25ºC under N2 gas for 1 year and mixed with an equal amount of ‘Marriage powder’ had similar results in the fruit produced. This result indicated that ‘Marriage powder’ was useful as a pollen extender medium for watermelon. Soft X-ray irradiated pollen was stored at -25ºC for about 1 week, after which the pollen was set in an incubator at 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40ºC under 50, 60, or 80 % relative humidity for 1 to 6 hours. It is suitable to use pollen that is stored at a low temperature, less than 30ºC, for less than 3 hours under less than 80 % humidity during pollination., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

An Israeli breeding line, BIZ, resistant to all four races of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis (FOM), has been characterized regarding its response to FOM race 1.2. The infection process of a FOM 1.2 strain that expresses the GFP reporter protein was monitored, suggesting the timing and sites in which fungal progression differs between a resistant and a susceptible genotype. A mapping population derived from the cross PI 414723 and BIZ was used to construct a linkage map with ~90 traits and markers, and QTL analysis of FOM1.2 resistance was initiated. Other traits such as flesh color and rind netting were mapped as well. A major recessive QTL for FOM1.2 resistance was located in linkage group 2, near a major locus controlling net development., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

Cucurbits belong to family Cucurbitaceae, includes about 118 genera and 825 species. In India, a number of major and minor cucurbits are cultivated, which share about 5.6 % of the total vegetable production. They are consumed in various forms i.e., salad (cucumber, gherkins, long melon), sweet (ash gourd, pointed gourd), pickles (gherkins), and deserts (melons). In India, several research institutes and universities have utilized a number of cultivated and wild species to develop improved varieties and parental lines. About 112 open pollinated varieties of several cucurbits have been recommended for cultivation at national and state levels. Among these, 48 improved varieties in 8 major cucurbits have been identified and recommended through All India Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Project. Similarly, 26 hybrids and 7 disease resistant varieties of major cucurbits have also been developed. The main goal of research on cucurbitaceous vegetables in India is to improve productivity on sustainable basis through developing biotic and abiotic resistant variety/hybrids coupled with quality attributes. The yield potential of cucurbits could be increased by adopting the standardized agro-techniques and plant protection measures., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

Cucurbitaceae, or cucurbit family, are important crops widely distributed in the warmest areas of the world supplying humans with edible products and useful fibres. Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is considered the most diversified species in the genus Cucumis. The inodorus melon varieties, commonly known as “winter melons” for their capability to be preserved during the winter time, are traditionally cultivated in the Mediterranean area and they have a relevant importance in the economy of the Italian southern regions. The genetic diversity and relationships among 13 Italian inodorus accessions of different geographic origin were revealed by using 90 ISSR primers and 18 SSR primer pairs. The DH line Nad-1 and the Charentais-T genotype, both belonging to the botanical variety cantalupensis, were used as outgroup. Out of 90 primers ISSR used, 39 resulted polymorphic among the landraces revealing a total of 358 polymorphic bands. The molecular data were used to calculate the genetic distance (GD) by means of Nei and Li index. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on the GD matrix was used to show multiple dimensions (2D) of each group of the accessions. The cophenetic correlation coefficient of the cluster analysis is 0.92. The UPGMA dendrogram grouped the inodorus accessions on the basis of their skin color and geographic origin. The preliminary SSR analysis revealed a high level of polymorphism thus confirming the usefulness of these molecular markers to study the genetic relationship among the Italian inodorus populations., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

The fruit of most cultigens of Cucurbita maxima and C. moschata squash are high in carotenoids, especially B-carotene and lutein, both of which are important nutritionally. However, there have been no systematic studies to quantify the amount and types of carotenoids in fruit tissues of breeding germplasm and popular cultivars. In the summer of 2007, seven inbred lines of C. maxima and two op cultivars and five inbred lines of C. moschata were grown in replicated plots at research farms in Durham and Madbury, New Hampshire (USA). Data were recorded at harvest and after 30 and 60 days of storage at 15oC on % mesocarp dry weight (DW) and soluble solids (SS), both major attributes for determining acceptable eating quality. A visual estimation of carotenoid content was made using a Roche egg yolk color fan, with color hues numbered one (light yellow) to 15 (dark orange). At harvest, 49 to 57 days after pollination (DAP), mean mesocarp DW varied from 25.5 to 37 % and SS from 9.3 to 10.8 % among the seven C. maxima breeding lines. After storage for 30 d, four of the seven lines had SS levels above 11 %, deemed acceptable for good eating quality. In five lines with green rind, Roche color fan carotenoid values varied from 7 to 9 (medium yellow), while two lines with orange rind showed yellow-orange hues (11 to 12). After 30 d of storage all lines showed color values of 11 to 11.5, and color remained fairly stable up to 60 d of storage. In C. moschata cultigens, mean DW at harvest ranged between 20 and 24.3 % for all but one cultigen having low dry matter (16.8 %). Average SS was low, 7.0 to 8.7 % among all cultigens. Even after 60 d of storage, SS values were only above 11 % for three of the seven cultigens. At harvest Roche color values were 9 or lower for all but one cultigen. For most cultigens, color values increased progressively during 30 and 60 d of storage, and after 60 days all cultigens displayed a color value of 11 or greater., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

The genetic and physiological analysis performed in the ‘Vegetable spaghetti’ (Veg) inbred line of Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo has indicated that its androecious phenotype is determined by a single recessive gene conferring ethylene insensitivity. The production of female flowers in the androecious line starts much later than in normal varieties, and is lower than 30 %, with some of the plants producing less than 5 % female flowers. The androecious trait segregates as a single recessive gene in F2 generation, and cosegregates with a weak ethylene insensitive phenotype in seedlings. In fact, etiolated seedlings of the ‘Veg’ line and the most androecious plants in the F2 generation produce more ethylene than the contrasting line, but are less sensitive to this hormone, reducing the length of their hypocotyls and roots when treated with ethylene. Taken together, these results suggest that the androecious gene in the ‘Veg’ line could be the result of a recessive mutation in an ethylene-response pathway gene., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

Methods to obtain tetraploid watermelon plants from germinating seeds by treatments with chromosome doubling chemicals have been assayed and some tetraploid plants obtained by such treatments were pollinated with a diploid to obtain triploid watermelons. Three concentrations each of dinitroaniline (12 to 15 mg.L-1) and colchicine (300 to 500 mg.L-1), using three exposure durations (12 to 36 h), were compared for efficiency of tetraploid induction on germinating seeds of five watermelon cultivars. In all five cultivars, the highest percentage of tetraploid plants was obtained using dinitroaniline at concentration of 12 mg.L-1 for 24 hrs. The expression of the microsatellite alleles in a triploid obtained from crossing a tetraploid plant of ‘Sugar Baby’ with diploid ‘Crimson Sweet’ was clearly codominant in most cases., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

Only a small percentage of seeds arisen by irradiated pollen include haploid embryo. Inspecting the seeds one by one for rescuing the embryos is a tedious and time consuming work which decreases haploid production efficiency in this method for cucurbit plants. Cucumber seeds formed three weeks after pollination with irradiated pollen were floated in liquid medium for about 10 days before excision of the embryos. This innovative method allowed a better development of haploid embryos; they turned to green and germinate like normal seeds and could be identified easily without the need of inspecting the seeds one by one. This method permitted an easier detection and extraction of embryos in comparison with common approach, increased the number and the quality of rescued embryos and finally increased substantially the percentage of recovered haploid plants. This method was already mentioned for melon and we demonstrated its interest in cucumber. In addition, the comparison of different conditions for preparing and culturing seeds in liquid medium, indicated that washing the seeds in running water and then sterilizing them with commercial bleach for ten minutes was more efficient than opening the fruits and extracting the seeds under laminar air flow., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

This project was conducted at GAPEYAM, Sanlıurfa, Turkey, in a semi arid region of Turkey. The aim was to determine the effects of water stress on 85 watermelon accessions collected from different regions of Turkey. Two irrigation levels were imposed to determine potential drought resistance of accessions. All plots in the beginning were irrigated with enough irrigation water for healthy seed germination. The plants received enough irrigation until the period of true leaves. After the true leaves, irrigation treatments were initiated. While S1 treatment received full irrigation based on depleted soil moisture in the root zone, S2 treatment received 50 % of S1. A new formula was developed to evaluate the drought resistance. For each accession, the ratio between S1 and S2 treatments was calculated for each character: a ratio close to 1 indicated drought tolerance for this character. Both quality and physiologic/vegetative characteristics were measured such as leaf area, length of main stem, turgor pressure, last resistance test, diameter and weight of harvested fruits, total soluble solid contents, and number of seed and weight of seed. Drought tolerance of an accession was estimated by a linear combination of the ratio for these 9 traits. Accessions were classified as tolerant if they had a rating above 70 out of 100 and intolerant if the rating was below 59. The experimental results showed that thirtyfive accessions were evaluated as drought tolerant. The highest score obtained from the formulae was 99 with accession number 24. Other tolerant accessions like 218, 25, 27 and 197 were rated as 88, 86, 86 and 85 respectively. Twenty-seven accessions were classified as intolerant., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

Development of hybrids in bitter melon is expensive because of hand pollination but the utilisation of gynoecy is economical and easier for exploiting hybrid vigour in bitter melon. A study was conducted to determine magnitude of heterosis in bitter melon by making crosses on one gynoecious line, DBGY-201 with eight other inbreds. It was observed that all the hybrids showed significant heterosis in desirable directions for traits like sex ratio, days to first picking, fruit weight, length and girth, yield per plant and vine length. The gynoecious hybrid DBGY-201 × ‘Pusa Vishesh’ showed highest heterosis (-19 %) for earliness and the hybrid DBGY- 201 × ‘Priya’ was reported to provide maximum heterosis for fruit length, weight and yield. These gynoecious hybrids have immense potentiality for future breeding programme in bitter melon improvement., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008

Cultural practices have been reported to affect quality and phytonutrient content of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai]. Knowing which cultivars perform well under various technologies and production systems, and knowing how these systems affect quality and phytonutrient content is imperative to ensure high quality fruit. Organic production and grafting are two cultural practices that are increasing among watermelon producers. Each of these technologies have the potential to interact with cultivars to influence watermelon quality. This review discusses the effects organic culture, input level, and grafting have on watermelon fruit quality., Cucurbitaceae 2008. IX EUCARPIA Meeting. Avignon (France), May 21-24th, 2008