Search

The cultural policy orientation of European countries has usually been interpreted in the light of political ideological factors or the model of the welfare state. However, while these dimensions explain part of cultural policy���s evolution in the second half of the 20th century, they overlook the influence of earlier factors affecting the state���s trajectory (especially absolutism) and the persistent influence of religious denomination on culture. To grasp the relationship between the state and culture, one needs to realise that Protestantism wields a significant influence in some countries (especially in variants such as Non-Conformism). These factors can be identified in the Eurostat surveys and statistics, providing that one adopts Braudel���s longue dur��e [long-term] perspective and the comparative historical institutionalism proposed by Tilly. This perspective lets us see continuities and interpret them in a multidimensional way and to suggest a different classification of the cultural regimes found among European countries.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar patrones de salud (general y mental) y de consumo (hipnosedantes y sustancias adictivas) en el medio laboral según factores socio-laborales estratificados por sexo. Métodos: Estudio transversal con una muestra representativa de la población activa española (nº=12.260) correspondiente a la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2017. Se estimaron a través de modelos de regresión logística las odds ratio ajustadas (ORa) por variables sociodemográficas y sus correspondientes intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Se identificaron dos patrones. Por un lado, las personas desempleadas refirieron un peor estado de salud autopercibido [(ORa=0,61;IC95%:0,45-0,83;para los hombre(H);ORa=0,65;IC95%:0,45-0,94;para las mujeres (M)], mayor prevalencia de depresión [ORa=4,19;IC95%:2,15-8,16(H);ORa=1,83;IC95%:1,05-3,21(M)], consumo de tranquilizantes [ORa=2,21;IC95%:1,29-3,77(H);ORa=1,83;IC95%:1,02-3,32(M)] y de tabaco [ORa=1,66;IC95%:1,28-2,16(H)] que los/as empresarios/as. Por otro lado, los/as directivos/as refirieron mayor estrés laboral que los/as técnicos/as no cualificados/as [ORa=0,50;IC95%:0,38-0,66(H);ORa=0,64;IC95%:0,50-0,84(M)] y de consumo de alcohol [ORa=0,54;IC95%:0,41-0,70(H);ORa=0,43;IC95%:0,34-0,55(M)]. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran diferentes patrones que pueden servir para la puesta en marcha programas preventivos. ABSTRACT Objective: To identify patterns of health (general and mental) and consumption (hypnotics and addictive substances) in the workplace, according to socio-labor factors stratified by sex. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a representative sample of the Spanish Active Population (nº=12,260), corresponding to the National Health Survey of 2017. The adjusted odds ratios (ORa) by sociodemographic variables were estimated through logistic regression models, and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Two patterns were identified. On the one hand, unemployed people reported a worse self-perceived state of health [(ORa=0.61;95%CI: 0.45-0.83; for men(H); ORa=0.65;95%CI:0,45-0.94; for women(M)], higher prevalence of depression [ORa=4.19;95%CI:2.15-8.16(H); ORa=1.83;95%CI: 1,05-3.21(M)], tranquilizer consumption [ORa=2.21;95%CI:1.29-3.77 (H); ORa=1.83;95% CI: 1.02-3, 32 (M)], and tobacco [ORa=1.66; 95% CI:1.28-2.16 (H)] than the businessmen. On the other hand, the managers referred more occupational stress than unskilled technicians [ORa=0.50;95%CI:0.38-0.66(H);ORa=0.64;95%CI:0.50-0.84(M)] and alcohol consumption [ORa=0.54;95%CI:0.41-0.70(H);ORa=0.43;95%;CI:0.34-0.55(M)]. Conclusion: The results show different patterns that can be used to start preventive programs.

Capitalism in its modern form has become universal and has a presence in practically every country in the world, including those which once called themselves Communist. This book studies its effects on different labor markets, from those linked to highly tertiary economies (EU-27, USA and Japan, to the most productive economies, such as China, and on to economic models that are in full transition from secondary to tertiary economies, as is the case in several Latin American countries.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar patrones de salud (general y mental) y de consumo (hipnosedantes y sustancias adictivas) en el medio laboral según factores socio-laborales estratificados por sexo. Métodos: Estudio transversal con una muestra representativa de la población activa española (nº=12.260) correspondiente a la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2017. Se estimaron a través de modelos de regresión logística las odds ratio ajustadas (ORa) por variables sociodemográficas y sus correspondientes intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Se identificaron dos patrones. Por un lado, las personas desempleadas refirieron un peor estado de salud autopercibido [(ORa=0,61;IC95%:0,45-0,83;para los hombre(H);ORa=0,65;IC95%:0,45-0,94;para las mujeres (M)], mayor prevalencia de depresión [ORa=4,19;IC95%:2,15-8,16(H);ORa=1,83;IC95%:1,05-3,21(M)], consumo de tranquilizantes [ORa=2,21;IC95%:1,29-3,77(H);ORa=1,83;IC95%:1,02-3,32(M)] y de tabaco [ORa=1,66;IC95%:1,28-2,16(H)] que los/as empresarios/as. Por otro lado, los/as directivos/as refirieron mayor estrés laboral que los/as técnicos/as no cualificados/as [ORa=0,50;IC95%:0,38-0,66(H);ORa=0,64;IC95%:0,50-0,84(M)] y de consumo de alcohol [ORa=0,54;IC95%:0,41-0,70(H);ORa=0,43;IC95%:0,34-0,55(M)]. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran diferentes patrones que pueden servir para la puesta en marcha programas preventivos.

Capitalism in its modern form has become universal and has a presence in practically every country in the world, including those which once called themselves Communist. This book studies its effects on different labor markets, from those linked to highly tertiary economies (EU-27, USA and Japan, to the most productive economies, such as China, and on to economic models that are in full transition from secondary to tertiary economies, as is the case in several Latin American countries. Capitalism in its modern form has become universal and has a presence in practically every country in the world, including those which once called themselves Communist. This book studies its effects on different labor markets, from those linked to highly tertiary economies (EU-27, USA and Japan, to the most productive economies, such as China, and on to economic models that are in full transition from secondary to tertiary economies, as is the case in several Latin American countries.

This article presents the results of research on women entrepreneurs in Spain. The focus of the analysis is on women’s discourse on gender. More specifically, the article studies the relationship between discourses on family compatibility and on the release of "domestic / reproductive responsibilities " between entrepreneurs by opportunity. The qualitative sample is formed by women (and mothers) autonomous professionals / entrepreneurs from the services sector, where 40 in-depth interviews and 11 focus groups were conducted. Based on the analysis of discourses, a typology of entrepreneurial opportunity resulted, according to the arguments related to the "productive" and "reproductive" work. The study shows the existence of a "masculinized" social imaginary among woman entrepreneurs, which enables two logics of behaviour: those that give priority to working life, on the one hand, and those seeking to reconcile work and family life., Se presentan los resultados de una investigación sobre emprendedoras en España. Se analizan los discursos de género de las mujeres emprendedoras por oportunidad. Específicamente, se estudia la relación entre el discurso de la conciliación familiar, por un lado, y el de la liberación de “responsabilidades domésticas/reproductivas”, por otro, entre las emprendedoras por oportunidad. La muestra cualitativa está conformada por mujeres (y madres) profesionales autónomas/empresarias del sector servicios, de elevado capital cultural. Se llevaron a cabo 40 entrevistas en profundidad y 11 grupos de discusión. Sobre la base del análisis de discurso, se elabora una tipología de emprendedoras por oportunidad, según los discursos relacionados con el trabajo “productivo” y “reproductivo”. Como conclusión, se comprueba la existencia de un imaginario social “masculinizado” entre las emprendedoras, que habilitan dos lógicas de comportamiento: aquellas que dan prioridad a la vida laboral, por un lado, y aquellas que buscan conciliar la vida laboral y familiar.

The article is a synthetic essay that exposes the main theoretical lines of the postmarxist approach of Laclau and Mouffe, on the one hand, and the autonomist post-operaism of Negri, Hardt, Virno, etc., on the other hand. These theories are conceived as attempts to rationalize current political bets by various political sectors and social movements. It analyzes both argumentative strategies from «orthodox» Marxism and the structure / superstructure relationship; and the forms of constitution of new subjectivities. It compares the theoretical fundamentals of hegemonic articulations and counter-power experiences. It discusses, likewise, the scope and limitations of the categories of «people» and «multitude» and their specifics forms of political action: critical and transformative incorporation into state institutions, on the one hand, and exodus and nomadism, on the other.

Este artículo tiene por objetivo abordar las conceptualizaciones existentes sobre la categoría sociológica de juventud. En primer lugar, se expone brevemente la conceptualización funcionalista de los ciclos de vida y, más extensamente, la conceptualización biográfica, denominada también como sociología de la transición. Esta última surge a partir de la crisis del trabajo de mitad de la década de 1970 que, en el caso de los jóvenes, repercute en un aumento de las tasas de desempleo y en el atraso de la inserción profesional estable. En segundo lugar, se expone la conceptualización nominalista, que parte de la teoría de las generaciones de Mannheim. Finalmente, se plantea la conclusión, destacando que uno de los retos que se presenta en nuestro ámbito de estudio -y al que hace falta dar respuesta- es la delimitación sociológica de la juventud. O objetivo deste artigo é abordar as conceituações existentes sobre a categoria sociológica juventude. Primeiro, o texto esboça de forma sucinta a conceituação funcionalista dos ciclos da vida e, mais extensamente, a conceituação biográfica -também chamada sociológica-, da transição. Esta última surge a partir da crise no emprego, em meados dos anos 1970, que gerou um aumento nas taxas de desemprego juvenil e no atraso da inserção dos jovens no mercado de traballio estável. Em segundo lugar, o artigo expõe a conceituação nominalista, que parte da teoria de gerações de Mannheim. Finalmente, na conclusão, destaca-se que um dos desafios presente em nosso campo de estudo -ainda não devidamente resolvido-, é a delimitação sociológica da juventude. This paper addresses the conceptualizations existing about the sociological category of youth. Firstly, we present the functionalist conceptualization of cycles of life and the biographical conceptualization in depth, which can be also called transition sociology. The biographical conceptualization arises from the work crisis in the mid 70, which had an impact in the increasing of unemployment rate and the backwardness of stable employment. Secondly, we present the nominalist conceptualization, which is based on the theory of the generations of Mannheim. Finally, the conclusion stresses that one of the challenges in our field of research is the sociological delimitation of youth, and, consequently, a solution has to be found.

Desde la crisis socioeconómica en Argentina (2001-2002) hasta la actualidad se extiende por el país un fenómeno de recuperación, por parte de los trabajadores, de empresas en quiebra. Exponemos hallazgos relacionados con las estrategias de acción colectiva que favorecen la autogestión. Para ello desarrollamos, en primer lugar, una tipología de incentivos a la acción colectiva de recuperación de las empresas. En segundo lugar, describimos la evolución organizacional del movimiento social. En tercer lugar, exponemos las primeras estrategias de articulación económica entre estas empresas. Nuestra hipótesis es que, en la medida en que el movimiento social sea política y organizativamente débil, prevalecerán estrategias de inserción individual al mercado, mientras que un mayor grado de movilización favorece las condiciones para proyectar estrategias de integración productiva y fortalecer la economía social. Since Argentina's socio-economic crisis (2001-2002), the phenomenon of workers taking over, or recovering, bankrupt companies has spread across the country. In this article, we present findings related to strategies of collective action that favor self-management. To do so, first we develop a typology of the incentives to recover companies through collective action. Next we describe how the social movement's organization has evolved. Third, we discuss the initial strategies of economic articulation between these companies. Our hypothesis is that, so long as the social movement is politically and socially week, the predominant strategies will be market insertion by companies on an individual basis. By contrast, a greater degree of mobilization would create more favorable conditions for strategies of productive integration and of strengthening the social economy. Desde a crise econômica na Argentina (2001-2002) até a atualidade, estende-se pelo país um fenômeno de recuperação, por parte dos trabalhadores, de empresas falidas. Expomos achados relacionados com as estratégias de ação coletiva que favorecem a autogestão. Para isso, desenvolvemos, em primeiro lugar, uma tipologia de incentivos à ação coletiva de recuperação das empresas. Em segundo lugar, descrevemos a evolução organizacional do movimento social. Em terceiro lugar, expomos as primeiras estratégias de articulação econômica entre essas empresas. Nossa hipótese é que, na medida em que o movimento social seja política e organizativamente fraco, prevalecerão estratégias de inserção individual no mercado, enquanto um maior grau de mobilização favorece as condições para projetar estratégias de integração produtiva e fortalecer a economia social.

Este artículo desarrolla el contexto político-ideológico por el que se han legitimado las propuestas de reforma del sistema escolar español. Propuestas que bajo el supuesto de que la efi cacia es un atributo exclusivo del sector privado, han aplicado una concepción de mercado a la función pública. Esta concepción, inducida por un modelo de desarrollo caracterizado por el «Estado mínimo», tiene como meta la transformación de la cultura de lo público acercándola a los valores del mundo privado empresarial, sustituyendo los modelos normativos de ciudadanía por los de intercambio entre servidor y cliente. Th is article develops the political and ideological context in which the proposals to reform the Spanish school system were legitimated. Th ese proposals have implemented a conception of market to the public service under the assumption that effi ciency is an exclusive attribute of the private sector. Th is conception induced by a model of development characterized by the «Minimal State» takes as a goal the transformation of the culture of the public sector by approaching it to the values of private business world, replacing normative models of citizenship by others based on the exchange between server and client.

Este artículo desarrolla el contexto político-ideológico por el que se han legitimado las propuestas de reforma del sistema escolar español. Propuestas que bajo el supuesto de que la efi cacia es un atributo exclusivo del sector privado, han aplicado una concepción de mercado a la función pública. Esta concepción, inducida por un modelo de desarrollo caracterizado por el «Estado mínimo», tiene como meta la transformación de la cultura de lo público acercándola a los valores del mundo privado empresarial, sustituyendo los modelos normativos de ciudadanía por los de intercambio entre servidor y cliente. Th is article develops the political and ideological context in which the proposals to reform the Spanish school system were legitimated. Th ese proposals have implemented a conception of market to the public service under the assumption that effi ciency is an exclusive attribute of the private sector. Th is conception induced by a model of development characterized by the «Minimal State» takes as a goal the transformation of the culture of the public sector by approaching it to the values of private business world, replacing normative models of citizenship by others based on the exchange between server and client.

Desde la crisis socioeconómica en Argentina (2001) hasta la actualidad se extiende por el país un fenómeno de recuperación, por parte de los trabajadores, de empresas en quiebra. Tales empresas de trabajadores se articulan en un movimiento social, con raíces en el movimiento obrero argentino, y se mantienen en el mercado por medio de estrategias colectivas de autogestión, bajo la figura legal de cooperativas de trabajo. La tesis presenta los hallazgos relacionados con las estrategias de acción colectiva que favorecen la autogestión. Sostiene que la misma es una respuesta a las debilidades de la economía formal capitalista, y que existe una relación positiva entre el grado de fortaleza política del movimiento social y las posibilidades de articulación de un espacio de integración económico/productivo entre empresas recuperadas (y otras cooperativas tradicionales) sobre el que se asiente la autogestión. Para ello analizamos la evolución organizacional del movimiento, sus repertorios de acción colectiva, sus estructuras de movilización y de recursos, junto a sus marcos de interpretación de su dinámica social y política. También se exponen los hallazgos relacionados con las modalidades organizativas por medio de las cuales los trabajadores sostienen sus estrategias de autogestión. Así, se analizan las variantes organizacionales y las orientaciones típicas de sus acciones colectivas, en el plano económico/productivo y político, que caracterizan a este universo de empresas autogestionadas. La elaboración conceptual de estos elementos permite comprender la compleja dinámica de estas organizaciones, basada en una doble lógica: asociativa/política, vinculada a su dimensión de movimiento social, y económica, derivada de su carácter de empresa productiva. El abordaje es de naturaleza cualitativa, y la evidencia empírica combina observación de campo y entrevistas en profundidad, sobre la base de una muestra estructural, a trabajadores de distintas empresas recuperadas de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y de la provincia de Buenos Aires., Since the economic crisis in Argentina (2001) to the present, a phenomenon of recovery came across the country started by the workers of bankrupted companies. These worker’s companies articulate a social movement root-based in the argentine working class movement and sustain in the market through collective strategies of self-management, as legal work cooperatives. The thesis exposes findings related to the diverse strategies of collective action favoring self-management. We sustain this as a response to the weak points of the formal capitalist economy and that there is a positive relation between the degree of the social movement’s political strength and the possibilities of articulating an economic/productive integration space among this recovered companies (and other traditional cooperatives) in which self-management can settle. To which, we analyze the movement’s organizational evolution, its repertoire of collective action, and its mobilization and resources structure, along the interpretation frames of its social and political dynamics. Also there are at display the findings related to the organizational forms by which the workers support his strategies of selfmanagement on. This way, there is an analysis of the both organizational Alternatives and typical orientations of their collective actions, in the economic / productive and political frame, characterizing this universe of self managed companies. The conceptual making of these elements allows the understanding of the complexities of this organization’s type of dynamics, based on a double logic: associative / political, linked to his dimension as a social movement, and economical, derivative of its productive company character. Elaborating these elements allows understanding the complex dynamics of these organisations, based on a double logic: associative / political, linked to its dimension as a social movement, and economical, derived from its aspect of productive enterprise. The approach is of a qualitative nature, and the empiric evidence combines in-deep interviews and field observation, based on a structural sample, to workers of a variety of recovered companies across the city of Buenos Aires and the Province of Buenos Aires.