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Copyright of Tiempos Modernos is the property of Tiempos Modernos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pest infestations impact the natural environment, hinder agricultural development and generate economic losses at the national level. The objective is to understand how the presence and proliferation of the mealybug impacts ecosystems and environmental health. For the sample, three study theses were used that provided an in-depth vision of the impact of the pests, a mixed type of research was applied with the documentary review technique and the instrument used was the data collection form. In conclusion, the results of the studies highlight the importance of assessing the environmental impact of pests such as mealybugs on agriculture and the natural environment. According to the authors, this underlines the urgency of adopting more sustainable and responsible pest management practices to protect the health of ecosystems and promote biodiversity conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El chinche vaneador del arroz (O. insularis) es una plaga de importancia económica que afecta a la planta durante su fase reproductiva ocasionando daños directos e indirectos. Este insecto tiene la facilidad de prosperar en distintos hospederos, favoreciendo el incremento de su población y su permanencia en el campo. En esta investigación se determinó el ciclo biológico y el desempeño reproductivo de O. insularis en cuatro gramíneas hospederas: Oryza sativa L, Echinochloa colona L, Echinochloa crus-galli L y Cynodon dactylon L. Los resultados mostraron que el ciclo biológico de O. insularis fue más corto cuando tuvo como hospedero a C. dactylon determinándose un período de 25,8 días desde la etapa de huevo hasta la emergencia del adulto. Se presentaron diferencias estadísticas a partir del instar III favorecido por C. dactylon (3,30 a ± SD 0,68), el instar IV representado por O. sativa (2,80 a ± SD 0,42) y E. crus-galli (3,70 ab ± SD 0,95) y el instar V determinado por C. dactylon (3,40 a ± SD 0,84) y E. crus-galli (3,70 a ± SD 0,68). El mayor número de huevos por ovipostura se obtuvo con O. sativa y C. dactylon (16,07 a ± SD 4,01; 14, 89 ab ± SD 1,83, respectivamente). Los hospederos alternos estudiados son la clave en la permanencia del insecto en el campo y para su manejo poblacional se recomienda estudiar su rol en la ecología de la plaga en el cultivo de arroz.

El (Struthanthus densiflorus) ha sido un problema persistente para los citricultores a nivel mundial durante generaciones, con pocas soluciones efectivas para su control, se llevó a cabo un experimento en el estado de Veracruz, con el objetivo de encontrar nuevas alternativas más económicas o eficaces, como el uso de fertilizantes químicos y bioestimulantes, en lugar del método manual tradicionalmente empleado. En esta investigación, se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completamente al azar, con 5 tratamientos y 4 repeticiones, aplicados una sola vez el 7 de enero de 2023. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 (control), T2 (sulfamin premium), T3 (urea), T4 (sulfamin premium + metabolic) y T5 (urea + metabolic), utilizando fertilizantes químicos y sus combinaciones con un bioestimulante. Los tratamientos T2, T3, T4 y T5 lograron controlar completamente la maleza "seca palo", a diferencia del tratamiento T1. No se observaron diferencias en la cantidad de frutos caídos entre los tratamientos, y no se presentó fitotoxicidad en los árboles tras la aplicación de fertilizantes y bioestimulantes, demostrando así su efectividad biológica contra el "seca palo". Se considera que las condiciones generales de los árboles antes de la aplicación de los tratamientos, como la falta de fertilización, podas y otros manejos culturales, pudieron haber influido en los resultados obtenidos.

Copyright of Naturaleza y Sociedad. Desafíos Medioambientales is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Argentinian Horticulture / Horticultura Argentina is the property of Revista Horticultura Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El estudio se centra en el consumo de hormigas culonas, Atta laevigata (F. Smith, 1858), en el departamento de Santander, Colombia. Se analizan las complejas interacciones entre las comunidades locales y estos insectos, que son apreciados como un patrimonio alimentario regional, pero también son vistos como plagas debido a los daños que causan en los cultivos. Se resalta la importancia de los saberes locales en la colecta de las hormigas y cómo su comercialización ha experimentado un notable aumento, en parte debido a la migración de santandereanos y al turismo. El artículo también aborda la importancia ecológica de las hormigas arrieras en los ecosistemas. Además, se sugiere la necesidad de un enfoque más amplio para preservar estas especies, considerando su papel en la naturaleza y explorando estrategias de convivencia con otras especies catalogadas como plagas. Se argumenta que el patrimonio alimentario puede desempeñar un papel fundamental en la promoción de estos enfoques.

En el cultivo de plantas aromáticas y medicinales en Colombia, la menta es importante en los mercados interno y de exportación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue actualizar el diagnóstico de la entomofauna asociada al cultivo de menta en el departamento de Antioquia. En 10 municipios del departamento, en cultivos a campo abierto y bajo cubierta, fueron recolectados diversos insectos con varios métodos de captura. En los monitoreos se encontraron las plagas que son habituales en el cultivo: Spodoptera spp., Copitarsia sp., Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Tetranychus sp. y Myzus persicae, entre otros. Sin embargo, la especie que llamó la atención en este estudio fue Horciasisca signatus, hemíptero perteneciente a la familia Miridae que ha sido reportado previamente en diferentes cultivos y municipios de Colombia. Horciasisca signatus fue registrada en el 70% de los predios visitados, mientras que en las parcelas experimentales de Agrosavia tuvo una presencia del 80% y 60% en campo abierto e invernadero respectivamente. Este insecto se ha convertido en una plaga potencial no reportada anteriormente en el cultivo de menta de exportación ya que al alimentarse dañan la parte superior del follaje de las plantas ocasionando manchas negras que afectan la calidad de la principal parte cosechable para la exportación.

When humans discovered agriculture and livestock, they ceased to be nomads and began to settle in towns until they created large cities. From the first human settlements in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Anatolian Peninsula, populations were exposed and susceptible to new infectious agents, leading to epidemics and pandemics. Great civilizations emerged, such as Egypt, the land of Hatti, Israel, Greece, Carthage, and Rome, among others. Contact between different populations through wars or maritime trade is well documented and has been described as a source of epidemics throughout history. Epidemics described as plagues or pestilences, such as those of Egypt, the Hebrews, or the Hittites, are based on biblical texts or evidence such as tablets or hieroglyphic writings. We also reviewed classical books by authors such as Homer, Aeschylus, Herodotus of Halicarnassus, Thucydides, Diodorus Siculus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Titus Livius, Suetonius, and others; and described all epidemics/pandemics chronologically. This article describes the epidemics/pandemics for which there is written evidence from ancient Egypt to the fall of the Roman Empire. We should not be surprised when new epidemics/pandemics appear as causes of political and economic collapse, as this has been common throughout history, decimating, blocking, or even destroying cultures and civilizations repeatedly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. No previous records of Tosale oviplagalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as an agricultural pest have been found. In Peru, the Chinchao area is part of the conservation area of the Carpish Montane Regional Forest, currently an expansion area for passion fruit (Passiflora ligularis Juss) cultivation and is home to endemic insect species that can access new food resources in the areas with crops. of cultivation. In 2019, the first reports of damage to granadilla fruits caused by these insects emerged. Objective. To register T. oviplagalis species for the first time as an agricultural pest in granadilla fruits and to showe its damage. Methodology. The larvae of the species were collected together with the immature damaged fruits of granadilla between the months of February and August of the year 2019, in the Chinchao-Huánuco-Peru area located between 2110 to 3690 masl; Subsequently, the breeding in the laboratory and the respective identification were carried out. Damage observations and descriptions were made in the field and in the laboratory. Results. In the larval state, the insect pierces the fruits, enters and feeds on the internal part of the epicarp, on its way it forms tunnels under the epidermis and usually takes refuge internally in the insertion of the peduncle, they complete their development and in the last stage occupying the same entrance orifice, they abandon the fruit, letting themselves fall to the ground to pupate. Implications. The study presents new information on the pest habits of the species T. oviplagalis. Conclusions. The species T. oviplagalis is recorded for the first time as a pest on the fruits of granadilla (P. ligularis). It was possible to show its damage, at the beginning with a small hole in the fruit through which the larval entered, completely deteriorated fruits and the complete development of the larva within the damaged fruit.

La familia de avispas parasíticas Eupelmidae son parasitoides de larvas o prepupas de insectos, por lo general ocultos en tejido vegetal o sacos de seda en plantas, entre los que destacan principalmente los del orden Coleoptera con el mayor número de especies hospederas. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo registra por primera vez la avispa Eupelmus cushmani (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), como parasitoide de Callosobrochus phaseolis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) en vainas de la planta Cajanus cajan (L) en Panamá. Se obtuvieron un total de 476 vainas de guandúes, donde se contabilizaron un total de 1 950 semillas; 1 377 semillas no se encontraban infestadas y 576 infestadas por la presencia del escarabajo plaga, Callosobrochus phaseolis (Gyllenhal, 1833), se obtuvieron 228 adultos (169 hembras; 59 machos); además, se encontró la asociación directa de un potencial controlador de este escarabajo perteneciente a la familia Eupelmidae, identificado como Eupelmus cushmani (Crawford), con 101 individuos, 61 hembras y 40 machos. Se realizo un análisis de varianza que indica que existe un efecto del escarabajo Callosobruchus phaseoli sobre las semillas de Cajanus cajan (F=273.66, P

Introducción. En el manejo integrado de enfermedades es importante incorporar elementos como umbrales de daño económico, monitoreo y sistemas de pronóstico de riesgo, los cuales constituyen herramientas para definir estrategias de control de las mismas. Objetivo. Desarrollar un modelo predictivo de la severidad del tizón foliar por Cercospora (TFC) mediante variables meteorológicas para el norte de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Materiales y métodos. Se contó con datos de incidencia y severidad del TFC correspondientes a cinco ciclos productivos de soja (2013-2017) de Pergamino, Buenos Aires, relevados en distintos estados reproductivos R1 a R7. La variable dependiente fue la probabilidad de ocurrencia de niveles categorizados de la tasa de incremento (TI) de la severidad del TFC causado por C. kikuchii. Los elementos y variables meteorológicas utilizados fueron registros diarios de temperatura máxima y mínima, precipitación y humedad relativa. Se calculó el coeficiente de correlación no paramétrico de Kendall Tau-b entre los niveles categorizados binariamente de TI de la severidad del TFC y las variables meteorológicas. Resultados. Las variables meteorológicas con mayor correlación en relación con la TI del TFC fueron aquellas relacionadas con la humedad relativa (DHR, MOJRO, DHRT). La inclusión de una variable térmica (GDTmax) resultó importante para el ajuste del modelo predictivo. Conclusión. Se pudo desarrollar un modelo de predicción de la severidad del TFC que incluyó dos variables meteorológicas, una relacionada con los días la humedad relativa y otra térmica relacionada con un límite de temperatura máxima para el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Para validar y robustecer el modelo propuesto es necesario contar con más datos de severidad a través de los años.

Con el objetivo de evaluar el control de dos plaguicidas sobre Perileucoptera coffeella Guérin-Méneville) Silvestri y su efecto en el rendimiento del Coffea arabica L. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro tratamientos, ciproconazol + tiametoxam a 300 + 300 g i.a./ha(0,06 + 0,06 g i.a./planta), Verdadero GD 600 a 1 kg p.c. /ha; 0,2 g p.c./planta), un tratamiento al suelo: triadimenol + imidacloprid a 750 + 1000 g i.a. /ha respectivamente (0,15 + 0,2 g i.a./planta), Bayfidan Duo GR 1,4 a 62,5 kg/ha o 25 g p.c./planta, y un tratamiento control. Fueron medidos según los indicadores: Pares de hojas, cantidad de ramas nuevas, porcentaje de ramas fructificadas, granos por ramas, peso de 1000 granos, cosecha total y rendimiento. El tratamiento con Ciproconazol + tiametoxam (300 + 300 g i.a./ha) y Triadimenol + imidacloprid (750 + 1000 g i.a. ha-1) mostró una disminución de cantidad de larvas vivas por minas (IA) y minas en las hojas (IN) por debajo del umbral de daño. P. coffeella afectó hojas nuevas, número de ramas con frutos, el peso de frutos y la producción total. Y el mayor rendimiento se alcanzó con ciproconazol 300 g/L + tiametoxam 300 g/L a dosis de 50 g/plantas en drench.

The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a plague of critical importance in zucchini squash, as it causes direct damage by feeding and indirect damage by virus transmission. The objective of the study was to evaluate the insecticidal effect of biorational and conventional formulations on whiteflies in zucchini. The study was conducted in Morelos, Mexico under open field conditions. A completely randomized experimental design was established with five treatments (T1. Castor and nettle extract, T2. Azadirachtin, T3. Imidacloprid + lambda cyhalothrin, T4. Liquid bifenthrin and T5. Control). Two biological efficacy evaluations were carried out. In the first evaluation, the treatments reduced the infestation from 70 to 85%. In the second evaluation, azadirachtin and bifenthrin were similarly effective with just over 91% efficacy, while castor and nettle extract reached about 85%. The two biorational compounds proved to be a good option to reduce whitefly infestation in crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cactus weevil (Metamasius spinolae) is a pest of Opuntia ficus-indica. It can develop not only in Opuntia species but also in other cacti and members of the Asparagaceae family. In 2017, damage and presence of adult insects with characteristics similar to the cactus weevil were reported in two species of cacti, Austrocylindropuntia subulata and Peniocereus serpentinus. The objective was to identify the insect and determine if the two cacti species are hosts, field and laboratory research was conducted from 2017 to 2019 in the municipality of Axapusco, State of Mexico. Stems with larval damage were selected at four study sites, whic remained in field conditions until the emergence of adult insects. The behaviour of M. spinolae on the host plant, mating sites, incubation period and damage development over time were recorded. M. spinolae was identified and determined to fulfill its life cycle on A. subulata and P. serpentinus. Larvae cause the most damage by feeding on the internal part (pith) of the stems, which causes tissue rotting and death of the affected part. The adult feeds on tender buds and mature stems, causing deformation and weakening of the plant. The two cacti species proved to be host plants that can harbour populations of M. spinolae and, therefore, have a high potential to act as reservoirs of the pest, which can then migrate to prickly-pear cactus crop. This report expands the knowledge of hosts of the cactus weevil. The information obtained shall be useful for vegetable growers to apply phytosanitary measures in alternate hosts, combat reservoirs and avoid re-infestations of the pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La polilla de frutos del cacao sumado a Phytophthora palmivora generan cuantiosas pérdidas; no se cuentan con estudios suficientes del comportamiento sinérgico para hacer medidas de control. Los antecedentes encontrados en Ecuador, Colombia, Brasil y Perú indican que se trata de una nueva que viene incrementando. El objetivo fue evaluar el comportamiento sinérgico de la polilla del cacao y la pudrición parda sobre la incidencia en los frutos. Se recolectó mensualmente frutos desde marzo hasta agosto de cada planta entre híbridos naturales y clones de cacao; al partir los frutos maduros se ha observado y registrado la presencia larval de la plaga. La infestación de la polilla fue de 45,99% al 91,18%, lo que indica un promedio de infestación de 68,59%. P. palmivora es principal problema fungoso de frutos, independientemente y asociado a Carmenta foraseminis, las proporciones de frutos dañados por la polilla en sinergia con el pseudohongo respecto a los daños de la polilla sola disminuyen desde marzo (1,73) hasta agosto (0,07); la sinergia entre el insecto y el pseudohongo alcanza un 22% de daño. El clon CCN-51 es más susceptible para ambas plagas, ICS-95 es más susceptible a la polilla; las variedades criollas muestran mayor tolerancia.

Los tisanópteros se han convertido en una plaga de mucha importancia en los últimos años. Su rápida reproducción y diseminación, el alto número de hospedantes y su difícil control son algunas de las características que presentan estos peligrosos insectos. Algunas especies pertenecientes a la familia Thripidae son económicamente importantes en diversos cultivos, por el daño que ocasionan, tal es el caso de Megalurothrips usitatus Bagnall, especie muy destructiva que afecta cultivos leguminosos fundamentalmente. Se reporta su presencia por primera vez en Cienfuegos, en flores de Phaseolus vulgaris L. en áreas de la CCS Julio A. Mella perteneciente al municipio Lajas. Se recolectaron los insectos procedentes de plantas con sintomatología utilizando el método de muestreo de diagonales dobles. Para la colecta se realizó el golpeo de las hojas sobre una cartulina blanca. Los individuos adultos se conservaron en alcohol al 70 %. Luego fueron traslados al laboratorio de Entomología del Laboratorio Provincial de Sanidad Vegetal donde fueron sometidos a las técnicas convencionales de aclaración y montaje en portaobjeto. Se utilizaron las claves pictóricas establecidas para la región. Se observó la presencia de adultos de una especie de trips de color marrón oscuro con alas anteriores marrones con cuarto basal pálido y una extensa área pálida sub apicalmente. Los resultados de las observaciones de la especie estudiada muestran que los caracteres descritos corresponden a adultos de M.usitatus

Objective: To analyze the perception of sorghum producers about the incidence and damage of the yellow aphid and its natural enemies, as well as the control methods to strengthen integrated management strategies and reduce damage caused by the aphid in three localities of the Pueblan region that produce this grain. Methodology: Through convenience sampling and an interview guide, information was collected from 44 producers attending meetings held by the State Plant Health Committee. Results: The sorghum crop was rainfed. The major problems that the producers identified in sorghum were four, 66% pointed to the yellow aphid as the main one. The producers perceived infestation in all their plots at different stages of cultivation. Chemical insecticides were mainly used to control the aphid, followed by the combination with natural enemies. 77% observed natural enemies of the aphid in their plot, of which lady beetles and hoverflies had a greater presence. 70% indicated that natural enemies are threatened by the high doses of insecticides applied. Limitations: Although the study was carried out in three locations, it allowed us to understand the main elements of the phenomenon studied. Conclusions: The producers perceived and identified the yellow sorghum aphid as the main problem of the crop, and it affected the entire surface. They specified the presence of at least one natural enemy in their plot. However, the high application of insecticides has adverse effects on them, findings that reflect an important biological potential to be used in aphid management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrips are serious pests of several kinds of crop plants throughout the world. Their attack leads to loss in plant production. Common blossom thrips, Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom), and red-banded thrips, Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) (both Thysanoptera: Thripidae), are serious insect pests attacking various plants, such as tomato (Solanum esculentum Miller [Solanaceae]), mango (Mangifera indica Linnaeus [Anacardiaceae]), avocado (Persea americana Miller [Lauraceae]), and lotus flower (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. [Nelumbonaceae]). Currently, basic thrips control relies on synthetic insecticides. However, the toxicity of each existing insecticide for control of some specific pest species still has not been well established. This study evaluated and reported the toxicity of 6 insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, cypermethrin, carbosulfan, fipronil, abamectin, and spinetoram) for control of the 2 thrips species mentioned above. The evaluation was done by exposing 10 thrips to a bean dipped in insecticide, and mortality was recorded after 24 h of exposure under laboratory conditions. Spinetoram was the most toxic to F. schultzei with an estimated LC50 of 0.05 ng per µL. For red-banded thrips, S. rubrocinctus, the most toxic insecticides were abamectin, spinetoram, and fipronil, with LC50 values of 1.67, 1.85, and 4.23 ng per µL, respectively. On the other hand, the least toxic insecticide to common blossom thrips and red-banded thrips was chlorantraniliprole, with LC50 values of 270.51 and 641.08 ng per µL, respectively. Overall, among the tested chemicals, spinetoram was the most effective in controlling these pests. The findings from this study will benefit developers of insecticide management strategies in thrips control programs. Los trips son plagas importantes de varios tipos de plantas de cultivo en todo el mundo. Su ataque conduce a pérdidas en la producción vegetal. El trips común de las flores, Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom), y el trips de bandas rojas, Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) (ambos Thysanoptera: Thripidae), son insectos plaga de graves que atacan a varias plantas, como el tomate (Solanum esculentum Miller [Solanaceae]), el mango (Mangifera indica Linnaeus [Anacardiaceae]), aguacate (Persea americana Miller [Lauraceae]) y laflor de loto (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. [Nelumbonaceae]). Actualmente, el control básico de los trips se basa en insecticidas sintéticos. Sin embargo, aún no se ha establecido bien la toxicidad de cada insecticida existente para el control de algunas especies de plagas específicas. Este estudio se evaluó y se informa sobre la toxicidad de 6 insecticidas (clorantraniliprol, cipermetrina, carbosulfán, fipronil, abamectina y spinetoram) para el control de las 2 especies de trips mencionadas anteriormente. Se realizó la evaluación exponiendo 10 trips a un frijol sumergido en insecticida y se registró la mortalidad a las 24 horas de exposición en condiciones de laboratorio. El espinetoram fue el más tóxico para F. schultzei con un valor CL50 estimada de 0,05 ng por µL. Para el trips de banda roja, S. rubrocinctus, los insecticidas más tóxicos fueron abamectina, spinetoram y fipronil, con un valor de CL50 de 1,67, 1,85 y 4,23 ng por µL, respectivamente. Por otro lado, el insecticida menos tóxico para el trips común de las flores y el trips de banda roja fue el clorantraniliprol, con un valor de CL50 de 270,51 y 641,08 ng por µL, respectivamente. En general, entre los productos químicos probados, el spinetoram fue el más efectivo para controlar estas plagas. Los hallazgos de este estudio beneficiarán a los desarrolladores de estrategias de manejo de insecticidas en los programas de control de trips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a pest that causes significant losses to tomato production all over the world. Recently, it has been reported that the eulophid parasitoid, Necremnus tutae Ribes & Bernardo, 2015 (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), has great potential as a biocontrol agent of this pest. Herein, we obtained and make available the reference DNA barcode sequence of N. tutae. and report on its occurrence in the Canary Islands for the first time. The possible consequences that this new record could have on the biological control of the tomato leaf miner in tomato producing greenhouses in the Canary Islands are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se registra la presencia de Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant y Rey, 1852) en la zona central de Chile, siendo el segundo país de Sudamérica en el que se detecta después de Argentina. Este chinche es originario de la Región Paleártica y es perjudicial para el cultivo de diversas especies frutales.

In order to make an inventory of phytophagous insects of the bean crop on two planting dates and to determine their population density in the Bat-304 bean variety, an investigation was carried out at "San Miguel" farm on two planting dates, the first on September 5th, 2015 and the second on February 18th, 2016. Sampling was carried out 15 days after sowing the crop, performing 6 double diagonal samplings. Samples were taken from 15 plants at random in each sampling, taking one leaf from each level. The samples taken were taken to the Entomology Laboratory for quantification and identification of the different species. The phytophagous insects detected in the bean crop on the two planting dates were: Empoasca kraemeri Ross and Moore; Bemisia tabaci Gennadius; Liriomyza trifolii Burgess; Thrips palmi Karny; Diabrotica balteata Leconte and Cerotoma ruficornis Olivier. The mean population density of B. tabaci was higher at the lower level of the plant, while the remaining species (E. kraemeri; L. trifolii and T. palmi) did not show a preference for a particular level. The intensity of chrysomelid damage was higher at the early planting date and at the middle and lower levels for both planting dates. E. kraemeri showed a higher mean population density at the late sowing date; while T. palmi showed a tendency towards a higher mean population density at the early sowing date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Fall Armyworm (FAW) is one of the most damaging agricultural pests found in Western Hemisphere, and it is now one of the key pests on several crops on America, Africa, Oceania, and Asia; becoming a major threat to food safety in many countries, due to losses caused to farmers. Objective. Review current knowledge of FAW resistance to active ingredients in the world. Methodology. A systematic study was carried out by collecting information from scientific writings, from first reports of resistance of fall armyworm to the more current ones, which included different national and international databases. Main finding. FAW control for decades has been based on the use of chemical insecticides; this has generated applications increase without control and therefore, resistance of the pest. FAW resistance has been reported since 1965; today, FAW has been reported to be resistant to 33 active ingredients in different parts of the world. Implications. The knowledge generated is essential to plan control strategies. Conclusion. The development of new chemical insecticide molecules and the emergence of Bt technology have not achieved good control of FAW. Management strategies for FAW need to be implemented not only in Mexico, but in all places where FAW is present, to avoid further increase FAW resistance to of insecticides and Bt crops; otherwise, the FAW will be present in more places in the world, putting the food safety in more countries at risk.

The bean flower thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is native from Asia and is a well-known pest of legumes such as common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and lima bean (Phaseolus limensis Macf.) (all Fabaceae). This thrips species has been recorded recently in the Americas (USA and Cuba). Before this study there were no records of M. usitatus in Mexico; this work is the first report of M. usitatus in Mexico. We found this species attacking common beans, jicama, and cowpeas in Nayarit State. In cowpeas, it reduced production by at least 60%. The highest population was observed in jicama but no evidence of severe damage or yield loss was documented; however, the potential damage on the seed production should be evaluated. Authorities, researchers, extension agents, and growers should work together to prevent the dispersal of this pest, which may infest other economically important legumes. Chances of controlling or eradicating M. usitatus in the region are minimal if no effective alternatives are available in the short term. El trips de la flor del frijol, Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) es originario de Asia y es una conocida plaga de leguminosas como el frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), el caupí (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.), guisante (Pisum sativum L.) y frijol lima (Phaseolus limensis Macf.) (todas Fabaceae). Esta especie de trips ha sido registrada recientemente en las Américas (EE.UU. y Cuba). Antes de este estudio no había registros de M. usitatus en México; este trabajo es el primer reporte de M. usitatus en México. Encontramos esta especie atacando frijol común, jícama y caupí en el estado de Nayarit. En caupí, redujo la producción en al menos un 60%. La población más alta se observó en jícama pero no se documentó evidencia de daño severo o pérdida de rendimiento; sin embargo, se debe evaluar el daño potencial sobre la producción de semillas. Las autoridades, investigadores, extensionistas y productores deben trabajar juntos para evitar la dispersión de esta plaga, que puede infestar otras leguminosas económicamente importantes. Las posibilidades de controlar o erradicar M. usitatus en la región son mínimas si no se dispone de alternativas eficaces a corto plazo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflowers are attacked by insect pests at various stages of crop development. Among them there is a complex of species of Coleóptera order, genus Listroderes Schoenherr, commonly known as "sunflower weevils". The adults affect the crop at the early stages of its development. During 2019-2020 growing season, adult of Listroderes foveatus (Lea) species caused significant losses in the sunflower plant stand, in several sunflower plots of the southeastern region of Buenos Aires province. Damage at basal level of the plant stem was registered. Depending on the vegetative development stage, they caused their cut or strangulation, followed by overturning and subsequent death. The magnitude of the damage caused was reflected in the need for total or partial resowing in several sunflower plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of Leucoptera sinuella (Reutti) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae), commonly known as the poplar moth, is cited for the first time for Argentina and, in particular, for the province of Mendoza. This economically important microlepidoptera mines poplar leaves {Populus spp.), reducing photosynthetic activity. Additionally, it can migrate to neighboring crops, for example, apple crops, pupating in its pedicle cavity. In Chile, it has caused the quarantine rejection of this fruit in countries such as the United States and Mexico. For all these reasons, monitoring the species, analyzing its establishment and taking control measures to prevent its spreading to other regions of the country, are imperative for the evaluation of this economically important species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper detection of pests and diseases in crop production is essential to increase agricultural production in a sustainable way. For this reason, the term Agriculture 4.0 is incorporated, which integrates a set of technologies, devices, protocols, and computational paradigms to improve agricultural processes. Information on climatic conditions, soils, diseases, insects, seeds, fertilizers. It constitutes an essential contribution to the economic and sustainable development of this sector. Digital image processing techniques are a tool that allows early identification of pests or diseases in crops such as cereals, fruit trees, roots, leaves, and tubers mainly. In this way, mitigate economic losses in the agricultural sector. Globally, about 40% of crops are discarded by various diseases and pests. In most cases, crop diseases produce visible symptoms and characteristics during plant growth. Due to the scarcity of technologies used in crops, the diagnosis of diseases and pests is supported mainly by human inspection, generating errors caused by the subjectivity of individuals. This literature review was carried out to identify different digital image processing techniques for pests and disease prevention in crops from different agricultural sectors. The results showed that the diagnostic system is composed of the acquisition of images, pre-image processing, segmentation, characteristics extraction, characteristics selection, and the subsequent classification of pests or diseases. Likewise, current trends and challenges on the subject are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ladybird (Hippodamia convergens) is one of the most studied predators for its effectiveness as a biological controller of important agricultural pests, while the “green citrus aphid” (Aphis spiraecola) is a frequent pest in fruit trees, with high population densities and high levels of of persistence. The objective of this work is to determine the biology, predatory capacity and behavior of H. convergens against the aphid A. spiraecola under laboratory conditions. There were three treatments to evaluate the predatory capacity, where individuals of A. spiraecola, stage II, were consumed in each larval stage of H. convergens, totaling 130, 150 and 170 aphids for treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The observed life cycle was 65.5 days (treatment 1), 60.32 days (treatment 2) and 55 days (treatment 3). Consuming a total of 4726 aphids in their larval stage, with a consumption rate of 278 aphids/day. The period of pre-mating, copulation and post-mating varied from one to two days, giving rise to early laying after mating. The oviposition period was 27 days on average, with fertility and viability percentages close to 100% at 25.12°C and 63.78% RH. In this phase, a total of 485 eggs were laid, at a rate of 18 eggs/day. In addition, mortality was recorded in adults with very low values (close to 7%). Thus, it is concluded that factors such as temperature, relative humidity and consumption of aphids are determinant for the biology, predatory capacity and behavior of H. convergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of the “pear thrips” Taeniothrips inconsequens has been cited in Argentina in 1921 by Teresa Joan. This has affected exports of fruit tree propagation materials. However currently there is a concern about that citation because it was probably an incorrect identification of the thrips species. The objective of this work was to confirm the presence of Taeniothrips inconsequens in fruit orchards in Argentina. Fruit orchards were sampled in the main producing areas of Argentina. A total of 10,696 specimens from 393 samples were examined and no T. inconsequens were found. The citation of this species for Argentina could be the result of misidentifications. Ninety percent of the collected specimens corresponded to four species of thrips: 37% Frankliniella australis, 29% Thrips tabaci, 14% Frankliniella occidentalis and 10% Frankliniella gemina. Of the remaining 10%, 2% were larvae and 8% corresponded to the species Aneristothrips rostratus, Frankliniella frumenti, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella inesae, Frankliniella juancarlosi, Frankliniella spp, Leptothrips mali, Aeolothrips fasciatipennis, Arorathrips texanus, Tenothrips frici, Haplothrips spp, Haplothrips fiebrigi, Haplothrips trellesi, Thrips australis, Karnyothrips spp., and Caliothrips phaseoli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presenta el primer registro del picudo de las anonáceas, Optatus palmaris (Pascoe, 1889), en el Estado de México y se adiciona a Annona reticulata L. como un nuevo hospedante para este insecto en México.

El picudo del algodonero, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), es considerado una de las plagas más perjudiciales del cultivo de algodón en América. Muchos estudios requieren la determinación del sexo para lo que se utilizan diferentes técnicas, pero estas tienen limitaciones o requieren cierto entrenamiento previo. En el presente trabajo, contribuimos con mejores ilustraciones y fotografías actualizadas de las diferencias entre sexos de pupas de A. grandis para proporcionar una técnica más fácil y rápida para la diferenciación de sexos.

El estudio se llevó a cabo en dos huertos familiares de calabaza de las variedades Grey Zucchini y Round Zucchini, ubicados en la localidad de Emiliano Zapata, Estado de Veracruz, México. Se encontraron larvas de lepidópteros barrenando tallos de calabaza, ocasionando pérdidas del 100% de las plantas de la primera variedad y del 50% de las plantas de la segunda. Se identificaron las larvas mediante taxonomía tradicional, resultado que fue corroborado amplificando y secuenciando el fragmento de citocromo C oxidasa I (COI), utilizando los primers universales C1-N-2191 3´y C1-J1718 5´. La especie identificada fue Melittia calabaza, la cual ha sido reportada ocasionando pérdidas económicas en otros países de América, y cuyo daño es observado y reportado por primera vez en el cultivo de calabaza en el Estado de Veracruz, México, representando una amenaza potencial para los cultivos de la región.

The genus Athetis Hübner (Lepidoptera. Noctuidae. Amphipyrinae) comprises numerous species worldwide, two of them recently reported as pests of maize in China. This work presents the first record of an Athetis species feeding on soybean in the eastern region of the province of Córdoba, Argentina. The specimens were identified as Athetis rionegrensis status rev. based on external morphology and genitalia characters for both sexes. Furthermore, additional specimens were collected in the province of La Pampa, Argentina, on October, 2021.This species was only known to be in Alto Valle, province of Río Negro, Argentina, therefore these specimens represent the first record of the species outside that province. The correct assignment of this species to the Athetis genus is confirmed. Finally, the implications of this new record are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El cotonet de Sudáfrica, Delottococcus aberiae, es un pseudocóccido muy polífago citado tanto en cultivos tropicales, como en subtropicales y templados (De Lotto, 1961). En España, se detectó por primera vez en 2009 en Benifairó de les Valls (Valencia) sobre naranjo dulce y clementino. No es una plaga regulada ni por España ni por la Unión Europea. Tampoco se encuentra en la lista de alerta de la Organización Europea y Mediterránea de Protección de Plantas (EPPO). No obstante, el género Delottococcus está considerado plaga de cuarentena en EE.UU., Israel y Corea del Sur. Los daños ocasionados por D. aberiae en cítricos pueden ser tanto directos como indirectos. Los daños directos son los producidos por la succión de la savia que conlleva el consiguiente debilitamiento del árbol y los indirectos por la producción de melaza y el consiguiente desarrollo de negrilla. Además, a diferencia de otros pseudocóccidos, D. aberiae provoca la deformación de los frutos y/o reducción de su tamaño. Todas las variedades de cítricos son sensibles a su ataque, si bien los tipos de daños varían en función de la variedad. Actualmente, los daños provocados por esta plaga ya se han detecta- do en 80 municipios de la Comunitat Valenciana. En algunos casos, esos daños en cítricos pueden alcanzar niveles importantes y ser de difícil control. El Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, en colaboración con las comunidades autónomas, aprobó en septiembre de 2020 un Plan de Acción Nacional con el objetivo de evitar la dispersión de D. aberiae, y reducir su incidencia en los lugares donde esté presente. La Ley 43/2002, de 20 de noviembre, de sanidad vegetal, establece que, ante la aparición de una plaga en el territorio nacional o en una parte de este, que pueda tener importancia económica o medioambiental, la autoridad competente tiene que comprobar la presencia y la importancia de la infestación y adoptar las medidas fitosanitarias cautelares previas que estime necesarias para evitar su propagación. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloridea virescens es plaga de importancia económica en el continente americano, conocida por presentar problemas de resistencia a los insecticidas sintéticos para su control. Por esta razón el objetivo de este estudio fue reproducir una colonia del insecto bajo condiciones de laboratorio mediante un modelo biotecnológico diseñado a partir del ciclo de vida para mejorar su control. Con base en el modelo implementado los individuos desarrollarón ocho generaciones a lo largo de un año y ciclo de vida de 44.8 ± 1.24 días. La hembra depositó 130.5 ± 13.48 huevos en promedio. Los huevos eclosionaron en 3.5 ± 1 dia, la etapa larvaria duro 25.4 ± 1.86 dias, las pupas demoraron 9.2 ± 2 dias y la superviviencia del adulto fue 6.7 ± 1 días. Este estudio propone el primer modelo biotecnologico para la reproducción de una colonia C. virescens y aporta información valiosa para su reproducccion bajo condiciones controladas.

The bean thrips Megalurothrips usitatus Bagnall (Thripidae: Thysanoptera) recently became an important pest for legume crops in Cuba. The objective of the work was to determine the influence of the climate and crop phenology on the population density of M. usitatus. From September to December 2020, the common bean cv. Triunfo 70 was sampled weekly in a 0,70 ha area belonging to the National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque province. The collected specimens were preserved in 70 % alcohol for later identification at the Entomology-Acarology laboratory; in addition, the thrips were counted per plant and recorded. With the data obtained and the climatic variable records, a correlation was made to know the influence of the climate on the insect populations. Thrips populations were present from the appearance of the first trifoliate leaves until the end of the crop cycle, with a population peak in the pod filling stage. This peak coincided with the lowest relative humidity values and the decrease of wind speed. Megalurothrips usitatus resulted the species of thrips with the highest presence in the common bean crop during the period studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was carried out at the farm La Amada, belonging to the Cooperativa de Creditos y Servicios Fortalecida Roberto Macías Gallego in Santiago de Cuba. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of applying Tabaquina, Oleonim or Heterorhabditis amazonensis on management of Bemisia tabaci populations and their influence on growth and productivity of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cultivar Velazco Largo). It was used a randomized block design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The data obtained were processed in the R Commander statistical package by means of a simple variance analysis, applying Duncan's multi range test for p≥0.05. The results obtained showed the efficiency the treatments had in bean yield and pest population reduction, highlighting the treatment with entomopathogenic nematodes with 89% technical efficiency, reaching the crop a yield of 0.8 t / ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achatina fulica es un gasterópodo terrestre invasivo, conocido como una de las 100 especies invasoras más dañinas del mundo, el cual arribó a Ecuador hace 10 años, pero no se ha evaluado aún su impacto sobre los ecosistemas nativos. El objetivo principal fue determinar el área de vida (AV) promedio de esta especie en dos zonas con distinto grado de intervención en el Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco, un remanente de bosque seco tropical. La fase de campo consistió en la captura, marcaje, recaptura, toma de medidas morfométricas y georreferenciación de los individuos; para el análisis de datos se calculó el AV mediante el polígono convexo, y se lo correlacionó con variables ambientales a través de un análisis de componentes principales (ACP). El AV promedio en la zona alterada fue de 3,58 m2 (±0,93; n=30), y en el sendero ecoturístico fue 3,27 m2 (±0,48; n=40); se determinó que la humedad fue el parámetro ambiental que influyó directamente sobre el AV y la densidad poblacional en ambas zonas de estudio. El manejo de esta especie invasora no consta como un asunto clave de manejo para esta reserva privada, por lo que se recomienda ejecutar acciones de control para su erradicación

En marzo del 2015 el Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG), a través de actividades de vigilancia forestal, detectó por primera vez en Chile la presencia de Leucoptera sinuella (Reutti), atacando follaje de álamos (Populus spp., Salicaceae), en la comuna de Talagante (Región Metropolitana de Santiago). Actividades de prospección desarrolladas por el SAG han determinado que este microlepidóptero se encuentra distribuido en diversas comunas de las regiones de Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, Libertador General Bernardo O’Higgins, Maule, Ñuble y Biobío. Adicionalmente, fueron identificadas siete especies de microhimenópteros parasitoides asociados a L. sinuella, pertenecientes a las familias Eulophidae (6 especies) y Chalcididae (1 especie).

Copyright of Vox Patrum is the property of Wydzial Teologii KUL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Eupteryx decemnotata (Rey) is an oligophagous species of potential economic importance. It is native to Mediterranean region. Then, it spread throughout most of Europe and reached North America. In this work it is recorded for the first time in Argentina. Distinctive characters of the species are mentioned and illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic History Research / Investigaciones de Historia Económica is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Historia Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Esta especie monófaga de Schinus molle, se encuentra en áreas de la Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy). Para el reconocimiento, en los diferentes estadios larvarios se elaboró ??una clave dilemática. Se encontró una relación clara entre los gránulos fecales de las larvas y las cápsulas de la cabeza (ley de Dyar). La alta capacidad reproductiva, la adaptación al medio físico (diapausa hibernal, nacimiento primaveral, mayor actividad nocturna) y factores bióticos (baja depredación y parasitismo) pueden explicar la eficiencia de esta especie como plaga.

The goal of this research was to evaluate the activity of aqueous extracts of regional plants and commercial botanical insecticides on the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and its parasitoid (Encarsia formosa). The evaluations of adult repellence (IR) and oviposition deterrence (IDO) were carried out in entomological cages for 48 hours period, whereas the evaluation of suppression of whitefly population density on plants under greenhouse conditions was carried out through the application of treatments for one moth at week intervals. In the first assay all aqueous extracts of regional plants and commercial botanical insecticides were evaluated, whereas in the second assay only treatments with consistent effects on IR and IDO were evaluated. Evaluations in entomological cages showed that plants tretated with the aqueous extracts of Croton itzaeus (stem and leaf) and the botanical insecticides derived from Azadirachta indica and Argemone mexicana, produced high adult repellency and high oviposition deterrence. In greehouse trails, plants treated with aqueous extracts of Erythroxylum confusum (stem) had low population density of adults and nymphs. Plants treated with the botanical insecticides derived from Allium-Capsicum-Cinnamomum had significantly lower population density of adults, but not of nymphs or eggs. The botanical insecticides derived from A. indica and A. mexicana caused high mortality on the parasitoid E. formosa.

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The pitahaya, Selenicereus undatus (Haw.) D.R. Hunt (Cactaceae) is a species whose fruit is appetizing for its appearance and flavor, which has increased its demand in the international market. Ecuador has increased its planting reaching 1108 ha. This crop could be affected by pests, such as thrips, whose effects on pitahaya are unknown. During the period February - June 2019, a field study was carried out in the province of Manabí, Ecuador, with the aim of identifying the species of thrips, estimating population levels on the plant, organs (flower bud, flowers, fruits), as well as, determine the percentage of damage and the associated predators. Thrips species and populations were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test (P<0.05). Thrips populations (P <0.05) were correlated with rainfall and a regression analysis was performed between the latter and the percentage of damage to fruits. The most abundant species was Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Populations ranged from 0.3 to 6.0 individuals per plant, which were not correlated with rainfall. The thrips showed a marked preference for flowers. The regression model [Y = 1.87 + 1.04 (X), R2 = 0.83, P <0.05] showed an increase in fruit damage as a function of thrips populations. Four taxa of predatory arthropods were observed. As far as knowledge goes, this represents the first study on species, population levels, damage from thrips and predators associated with pitahaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bactericera cockerelli is an insect pest that damages Solanaceous crops, mainly potato (Solanum tuberosum L) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill). The B. cockerelli management has been the chemical control, however, attempts have been made to implement other control strategies with less toxic insecticides for the environment, human health, and non-white insects. This implementation consists of including biological control organisms such as predators, parasitoids, insecticides of natural and botanical origin, entomopathogenic fungi and chemical insecticides with less impact on beneficial fauna. In order to deepen these interactions, the present work determined the median lethal concentration (LC50) of insecticides on B. cockerelli populations and its parasitoid Tamarixia triozae. With these data, the selectivity percentage (SP) of different insecticides with the parasitoid T. triozae was calculated. Method: Bioassays were performed using the immersion method evaluating six different insecticides; Profenofos and Cypermethrin of chemical origin; Azadirachtin and AEC (Essential oils of citrus with cinnamon and soap of vegetable oils) of botanical origin; strains of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae from biological origin. With the data obtained, selectivity was determined using the Selectivity Ratio (PS), dividing the LC50 of the product over the natural enemy by the LC50 of the product over the pest insect, where values equal to or greater than one indicates selectivity. Results: The insecticide products evaluated showed mortality in B. cockerelli and its parasitoid T. triozae. The lowest selectivity ratio was for Cypermethrin (PS = 0.01) and only M. anisopliae showed selectivity with T. triozae when obtaining a value of PS = 3.58. The other insecticides showed PS values less than one, so they were considered non-selective for parasitoids. Conclusion: The lowest proportion of selectivity was for Cypermethrin (PS = 0.01) and only M. anisopliae showed selectivity with T. triozae when obtaining a value of PS = 3.58. The other insecticides showed PS values lower than one, so they were considered non-selective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]