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Copyright of Düzce University Journal of Forestry / Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi is the property of Duzce University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated the fuel potential and combustion behavior of hydrochars derived from a unique precursor: Carthamus pomace. Initially, the hydrothermal carbonization process of this novel feedstock was examined across various temperature ranges (180–240 °C) and durations (15–180 min). The impact of these processing conditions was analyzed in terms of degradation mechanisms and their correlation with the resulting properties of the hydrochars (HCs) produced. Then, the combustion performance of these materials was studied by means of thermogravimetry, and the differences in reactivity and activation energy were analyzed and associated with preparation processes. Finally, the most promising HTC parameters were identified and a thermoeconomic study on the use of selected HCs on a thermal plant devoted to the production of electricity was evaluated including energy savings associated with the implementation of heat exchangers using the heat of the flue gases to partially supply the energy needs associated with HTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mediterranean basin has been characterized by a net flow of fossil commodities from the North African shore to Southern Europe and the Middle East for decades; however, decarbonizing the energy system implies to substantially modify this situation, turning the current “black dialogue” into a “green dialogue” (i.e., based on the exchange of renewable electricity and green hydrogen). This paper presents a feasibility study conducted to estimate the potential green hydrogen production by electrolysis in three Tunisian sites. It shows and compares several plant layouts, varying the size and typology of renewable electricity generators and electrolyzers. The work adopts local weather data and technical features of the technologies in the computations, and accounts for site specific topographical and infrastructural constraints, such as land available for construction and local power grid connection capacities. It shows that configurations able to produce large quantities of green hydrogen may not be compliant with such constraints, basically nullifying their contribution in any hydrogen strategy. Finally, results show that the LCOH lies in the range 1.34 $/kgH2 and 4.06 $/kgH2 depending on both the location and the combination of renewable electricity generators and electrolyzers.

In recent years, drought and ineffective use of water due to global warming and intense urbanization have become one of the important problems. The high water consumption of the plants preferred in landscape designs and the intensive use of grass areas increase these problems. In this regard, the effective use of water in landscape design and planning is very important. In xeric landscaping applications, water can be saved by selecting low-water consumption, drought-resistant plant species and effective use of water. Xeric landscaping practices also allow the use of local natural plant species. This study was carried out to evaluate the plant uses in some important historical and cultural areas of Şanlıurfa City Center in terms of xeriscape. The landscape and recreation areas of Göbeklitepe Ruins, Balıklıgöl, Şanlıurfa Archeology Museum and Haleplibahçe Mosaic Museum were determined as the study area. A total of 40 plant species were identified in the study area. Of these plant species, 24 are trees, 6 are small trees, 8 are shrubs, 1 is a groundcover, and 1 is an amplectant and climbing form. 77.5% of the plant species have broad leaves and 22.5% have conifers. The presence of plant species suitable for xeriscape in the areas varies between 28.5% and 50%. Preferring xeric plant species or local natural plant species in areas will allow effective use of water and the creation of sustainable landscape areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freeze desalination is an emerging technique since it uses much less energy than most other thermal technologies. As a portion of zero/minimum liquid discharge technologies, crystallization is being commercially used, however, it is probably the most expensive section of the desalination plant. Several freeze desalination techniques are being developed including progressive layer, falling film, suspension freeze, and gas hydrate desalination. The emphasis of most of these methods is to improve the desalination efficiency. Developing a complete freeze desalination plant requires recognizing the critical importance of both recovery rate and desalination efficiency. In a study, a comprehensive freeze desalination plant was designed with a 50% recovery rate and 50% desalination efficiency. To achieve proper salt rejection from 78% of incoming seawater, the plant needs to undergo 46 stages of desalination. The plant is then redesigned with the recovery rate of 90% and the desalination efficiency of 90%. It is shown that in only 6 stages of desalination, 89% of the whole seawater can be desalinated which is a cost reduction of at least 87%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive mill wastes are some of the most important waste streams in Mediterranean countries, such as Greece, and their uncontrolled disposal without treatment imposes serious environmental impacts. In the last few decades, the European Union has defined the framework for a sustainable circular economy, aiming for viable waste treatment solutions. Under this scope, anaerobic digestion could be a remarkable solution for efficiently reducing waste organic matter and producing green energy, at the same time. In this study, the economic sustainability of an anaerobic digestion unit for olive mill effluents was assessed. It was found that a centralized treatment plant that can process liquid olive mill effluents during the olive harvesting season and other agro-industrial by-products (such as fruit and vegetable waste) for the rest of the year could be a viable solution, with waste capacities of 780 m3OMW d−1 and 245 kgFVW d−1. The internal rate of return was estimated at 6%, the net present value was estimated to be EUR 2 million, while the payback period was calculated to be 12 years. Furthermore, through the sensitivity analysis, the selling price of the electricity produced and the productivity of the waste processed in the plant alongside the olive mill wastewater were identified as the main factors affecting the viability of the process. The findings of this study can be applied in the development of a biomass-processing facility, taking into consideration the economic feasibility and the processing of challenging-to-treat wastes to generate green energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing low-carbon ammonia (NH 3) is paramount for the green transition of the chemical industry and society at large. The conventional Haber-Bosch (HB) process based on steam methane reforming (SMR) entails whopping CO 2 emissions (i.e., 400 Mt y−1), therefore we propose a sustainable plant design comprising water electrolysis and cryogenic distillation for H 2 and N 2 production, respectively. This electrified configuration powered by wind energy affords 80% lower carbon emissions than the conventional SMR-based process. However, the electrolyser unit can represent between 36 and 61% of the total capital cost, depending on its energy efficiency, and its high energy demand drives the electricity cost which accounts for more than 68% of the plant operational costs. Thus, even with anticipated improvements in efficiency of the electrolyser unit, the Levelized Cost of Production (LCOP) of e-NH 3 in a 2050 scenario is 65% higher than the current benchmark; nonetheless, the two processes could be equally viable with a 135.8 $ t CO2 −1 carbon penalty on the average conventional process. Notably, the cost of electricity is the most prominent cost driver in the e-process, which could be more economically viable than the fossil counterpart with electricity prices below 12.5 $ MWh−1. These findings provide evidence that the proposed e-process can replace the commercial benchmark in small-scale, standalone applications. [Display omitted] • H 2 from water electrolysis enables green NH 3 production with 98% CO 2 reduction. • Water electrolyzer accounts for 36% of CAPEX and 68% of OPEX comes from electricity. • Electricity price below 12.5 $ MWh−1 makes e-NH 3 economically viable. • Production cost of e-NH 3 is equal to benchmark with 117.6 $ ton co2 carbon tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trends in the development of a technology for the production of the hot gas path parts of a gas turbine engine (GTE) by directional solidification from superalloys are considered. The existing special-purpose equipment used in Russia, the United States, Germany and other countries to produce blades with a directional and single-crystal structure is analyzed. The prospects of directional solidification with a liquid metal cooler in the production of GTE blades for both modern and promising GTEs are clearly demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the industrial focus has shifted to renewable raw materials due to the exhaustion and rising pressures about environmental and political issues. Lignocellulosic biowaste can be derived from a range of sources, such as animal manure, forestry waste, and agricultural waste, and it can be transformed into lactic acid through a biochemical process. There are 942.63 million cattle in the world and annually generate 3.7 billion tons of manure, which could be used to produce lactic acid. The economic viability of a lactic acid plant from cow manure has not yet been determined and is, thus, considered in this study. Using the modeling program Aspen Plus data and other sources, as well as collecting all economic inputs, the feasibility analysis of a lactic acid plant handling cow manure is assessed in this paper. Three scenarios are calculated to check the feasibility depending on the plant size: scenario I handles 1,579,328 t·year−1, scenario II handles 789,664 t·year−1, and scenario III handles 315,865 t·year−1. The results demonstrate that treating the tested lignocellulosic biomass for the manufacture of lactic acid is economically feasible because the economic analysis shows positive net present values for scenarios I, II, and III. The technoeconomic analysis reveals that the minimum lactic acid selling price for scenario I is 0.945 EUR·kg−1, which is comparable to the cost of commercial lactic acid produced from starch feedstock. Scenario II achieves a minimum selling price of 1.070 EUR·kg−1, and scenario III 1.289 EUR·kg−1. The sensitivity analysis carried out reveals that the factor with the biggest impact on the NPV is the yield. Moreover, this study provides a model of industrial application and technoeconomic evaluation for lactic acid production from cow manure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In industrial facilities, equipment such as production machines, small vessels, conveyors and piping are installed at various elevations of the (building‐) structure. In seismic design, this equipment (referred to as non‐structural components) should be considered integrally with the structure in order to capture the resulting dynamic behaviour of the system adequately. However, the typical procedure in plant construction is to design the structure in a previous step, where masses of the equipment are introduced only by a rough estimate, and stiffnesses of the equipment are ignored. The seismic design of individual non‐structural components is done in a subsequent step and typically by the respective supplier of the component. He often does know little about the characteristics of the structure – mostly not even the natural frequency. If the equipment is to be installed in an existing structure (e.g. due to changes in the production process or exchange of components) or if existing components have to be re‐verified (e.g. due to new seismic design loads at site), it may be difficult to define the dynamic characteristics of the possibly many years old load‐bearing structure. In Eurocode 8‐1 as in many other design codes, rules for the design of non‐structural components are given. However, some of these do not seem to be in accordance with mechanics or seem to be based on hidden assumptions. In any case the designer is left with what is felt to be an unsatisfactory design result, which cannot be retraced by the designer. In the present paper, the structural behavior of typical non‐structural components is investigated: a silo on a structural grid, an elevated tube‐feet tank, and piping. For these, the dynamic behaviour is investigated, when built in a typical plant structure. The findings are compared with the design rules given in EC8‐1. Improvement of the rules towards better understanding of the mechanical background or better ease of use will be proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, academic staff residential buildings were studied as part of a university campus located in a hot and humid climate zone in Türkiye. Within the scope of the study, the energy efficient architectural and landscape design decisions of the buildings built in 1976 were examined. The aim was to determine the energy performance of buildings built about 50 years ago and to quantify the effect of changing landscape conditions on thermal comfort. In this aim, the outdoor thermal comfort level was determined by creating microclimate simulations for the hottest day and time of the year. Microclimatic analyses were performed with ENVI-met software and thermal comfort was evaluated with two metrics, average PMV and ASHRAE scale. The energy performance of the buildings was determined using ecological design parameters. An approach to global environmental problems is the use of ecological design principles, including architectural and landscape design principles. It is important to consider both architectural design criteria and landscape design criteria when discussing ecological design in the built environment. Architectural and landscape design decisions for hot and humid climate regions together increased energy efficiency by 51.1% to 75.5%. It was found that although the plant design improves energy performance in buildings by that range value, it improved outdoor thermal comfort by 15% to 22%. As a result, the study evaluated climate-balanced plant design with building energy performance in order to improve outdoor thermal comfort.

The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual framework to facilitate academics and practitioners’ decision making related to multi-objective facility layout planning (mFLP) by employing a bottom-up approach. Based on a literature survey framed in the mFLP context, this work identified and discussed a set of criteria that have become limitations of the traditional top-down approach. These criteria served as the basis to conceive the proposed conceptual framework. Our conceptual framework formalises FLP as a multi-objective problem by following the two traditional planning phases (block- and detailed phase) in reverse by a bottom-up approach, and by also integrating a third phase, called the refined phase, which has not previously been contemplated in the literature. Apart from identifying the inputs and outputs of each phase, the conceptual framework groups together several objectives related to mFLP that have been recently considered in the literature and formalises and contextualises them according to the planning phase in which they are involved. This is the first time that mFLP is addressed with a bottom-up approach.

This study investigated the fuel potential and combustion behavior of hydrochars derived from a unique precursor: Carthamus pomace. Initially, the hydrothermal carbonization process of this novel feedstock was examined across various temperature ranges (180–240 °C) and durations (15–180 min). The impact of these processing conditions was analyzed in terms of degradation mechanisms and their correlation with the resulting properties of the hydrochars (HCs) produced. Then, the combustion performance of these materials was studied by means of thermogravimetry, and the differences in reactivity and activation energy were analyzed and associated with preparation processes. Finally, the most promising HTC parameters were identified and a thermoeconomic study on the use of selected HCs on a thermal plant devoted to the production of electricity was evaluated including energy savings associated with the implementation of heat exchangers using the heat of the flue gases to partially supply the energy needs associated with HTC.

A comprehensive thermodynamic study was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis using CO2 rich syngas feed. The first part of our study included assessing the relative performances of the methanol synthesis system, two step DME synthesis system, and one step DME synthesis system in terms of the COx conversion and product yield (methanol/DME) based on the Gibbs free energy minimization approach. The wide range of composition of CO2‐enriched syngas feed produced by the coal and biomass gasification was simulated using Aspen Plus and the following evaluation parameters were analyzed for a broad parameter range: reaction temperature (180–280°C), reaction pressure (10–80 bar), stoichiometry number (SN) (0–11), and CO2/(CO2 + CO) molar feed ratio (0–1) for isothermal as well as adiabatic conditions. Based on the equilibrium yield, one‐step DME synthesis was discovered as the most viable process to utilize the co‐gasification derived syngas effectively. In the second part of our study, the overall process efficiency was inspected through the process design of 1 tonnes per day (TPD) DME plant inclusive of heat integration, resulting in significant CO2 abatement and DME production with high product purity and minimum energy consumption. Consequently, one‐step DME production via CO2‐enriched syngas obtained through the coal or biomass gasification process is identified as the leading technology based on energy utilization and CO2 abatement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stress and fatigue caused by urban life on people can be partially reduced with recreational areas created in the city. It is necessary to pay attention to the aesthetic, ecological and functional effects of the plants to be used in these areas and the toxic substances they have. These substances can be found in different organs of plants or all of them. Consuming these substances can cause serious health problems. This study was carried out to reveal the use of the toxic plant species in open green areas in Kütahya, Simav district center between June and July 2021. Plant species, toxic plant species and plant groups in 10 randomly selected areas were examined on-site. As a result of the analysis; 65 plant species in 30 families were determined in the study area. The rate of the toxic plant species was 44.61%, 21.54% of the toxic plant species were found as trees, 10.77% in bush, 7.69% in small tree and 1.54% in climbing forms. Toxic substances in these plants were in organs such as flowers, fruits, seeds, leaves, roots, stems and barks. The highest number of the plant species in the area was 53, and the rate of the toxic plant species was 50%. Information signs and frontier were not determined in the area related to toxic plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-oil is produced using a fast pyrolysis process at a temperature of 500 °C with a Yield of 75%. The main raw material chosen is corn cobs because the cellulose content can be converted through a catalytic pyrolysis reaction into fuel, while at the same time utilizing corn cobs which are generally not worth more. Supporting raw materials in the manufacture of bio-oil include catalysts CoO, Nitrogen, and K2CO3. The plant's bio-oil production capacity is 25,500 tons/year. The target market for bio-oil products is the oil and gas industry which will be marketed at a price of USD 689.65/ton, so that the Gross Profit Margin (GPM) value reaches USD 31,437,807 USD/year. In this pre-plan, the plant will be established in 2026. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green hydrogen via renewable powered electrolysis has a high relevance in decarbonization and supply security. Achieving economically competitive hydrogen production costs is a major challenge in times of an energy price crisis. Our objective is to show the economically optimal installed capacity of electrolysers in relation to wind and solar power so swift and credible statements can be made regarding the system design. The ratio between renewable generation and electrolysis power as well as scaling effects, operating behaviour and development of costs are considered. Hydrogen production costs are calculated for four exemplary real PV and wind sites and different ratios of electrolysis to renewable power for the year 2020. The ideal ratio for PV systems is between 14% and 73% and for wind between 3.3% and 143% for low and high full load hours. The lowest hydrogen production costs are identified at 2.53 €/kg for 50 MW wind power and 72 MW electrolysis power. The results provide plant constructors the possibility to create a cost-optimized design via an optimum ratio of electrolysis to renewable capacity. Therefore, the procedures for planning and dimensioning of selected systems can be drastically simplified. [Display omitted] • Calculation method for cost-optimized renewables to electrolysis ratio. • Lowest LCOH at 2.53 €/kg for 50 MW wind power and 72 MW electrolysis power. • Cost-optimized ratio of electrolysis to RES between 13.6% and 73% for PV. • Cost-optimized ratio of electrolysis to RES between 3.3% and 143% for wind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, academic staff residential buildings were studied as part of a university campus located in a hot and humid climate zone in Türkiye. Within the scope of the study, the energy efficient architectural and landscape design decisions of the buildings built in 1976 were examined. The aim was to determine the energy performance of buildings built about 50 years ago and to quantify the effect of changing landscape conditions on thermal comfort. In this aim, the outdoor thermal comfort level was determined by creating microclimate simulations for the hottest day and time of the year. Microclimatic analyses were performed with ENVI-met software and thermal comfort was evaluated with two metrics, average PMV and ASHRAE scale. The energy performance of the buildings was determined using ecological design parameters. An approach to global environmental problems is the use of ecological design principles, including architectural and landscape design principles. It is important to consider both architectural design criteria and landscape design criteria when discussing an ecological design in the built environment. Architectural and landscape design decisions for hot and humid climate regions together increased energy efficiency by 51.1% to 75.5%. It was found that although the plant design improves energy performance in buildings by that range value, it improved outdoor thermal comfort by 15% to 22%. As a result, the study evaluated climate-balanced plant design with building energy performance in order to improve outdoor thermal comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual framework to facilitate academics and practitioners' decision making related to multi-objective facility layout planning (mFLP) by employing a bottom-up approach. Based on a literature survey framed in the mFLP context, this work identified and discussed a set of criteria that have become limitations of the traditional top-down approach. These criteria served as the basis to conceive the proposed conceptual framework. Our conceptual framework formalises FLP as a multi-objective problem by following the two traditional planning phases (block- and detailed phase) in reverse by a bottom-up approach, and by also integrating a third phase, called the refined phase, which has not previously been contemplated in the literature. Apart from identifying the inputs and outputs of each phase, the conceptual framework groups together several objectives related to mFLP that have been recently considered in the literature and formalises and contextualises them according to the planning phase in which they are involved. This is the first time that mFLP is addressed with a bottom-up approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the industrial focus has shifted to renewable raw materials due to the exhaustion and rising pressures about environmental and political issues. Lignocellulosic biowaste can be derived from a range of sources, such as animal manure, forestry waste, and agricultural waste, and it can be transformed into lactic acid through a biochemical process. There are 942.63 million cattle in the world and annually generate 3.7 billion tons of manure, which could be used to produce lactic acid. The economic viability of a lactic acid plant from cow manure has not yet been determined and is, thus, considered in this study. Using the modeling program Aspen Plus data and other sources, as well as collecting all economic inputs, the feasibility analysis of a lactic acid plant handling cow manure is assessed in this paper. Three scenarios are calculated to check the feasibility depending on the plant size: scenario I handles 1,579,328 t·year−1, scenario II handles 789,664 t·year−1, and scenario III handles 315,865 t·year−1. The results demonstrate that treating the tested lignocellulosic biomass for the manufacture of lactic acid is economically feasible because the economic analysis shows positive net present values for scenarios I, II, and III. The technoeconomic analysis reveals that the minimum lactic acid selling price for scenario I is 0.945 EUR·kg−1, which is comparable to the cost of commercial lactic acid produced from starch feedstock. Scenario II achieves a minimum selling price of 1.070 EUR·kg−1, and scenario III 1.289 EUR·kg−1. The sensitivity analysis carried out reveals that the factor with the biggest impact on the NPV is the yield. Moreover, this study provides a model of industrial application and technoeconomic evaluation for lactic acid production from cow manure.

In this study, accident cause analysis was used to generate a number of design failure elements (DFEs) that highlight the general classification of design errors. Then, a database of cases, suggesting design changes from unsafe to safe design, was compiled from journals, accident corrective action, and patents to identify the chemical industry design issues (DIs). The DIs were then classed under DFEs and into five main equipment categories, namely, reaction, separation, heat transfer, storage, and pipe and piping system. The database analysis reveals that the layout accounts for 17.4 % of DFEs, followed by equipment error (17.29 %) and reaction and reactive condition (16.86 %). For the equipment category, the reaction equipment had the highest DI which was related to the DFE of reaction and the reactive condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Uranium Mining & Metallurgy is the property of Uranium Mining & Metallurgy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to identify the feasibility of a conceptual process design and economic analysis of using palm oil to produce fatty acids and glycerine. The objective of this project is to obtain an annual production of 150 kilo tonnes of fatty acids with a purity of 99% and 50 kilo tonnes of glycerine with a purity of 99.7%. In this study, the analysis of the engineering technologies and the availability of raw supplies were evaluated with the contemporary market. The main processes of this production plant were illustrated in the form of a block diagram, a flow sheet, a P&ID diagram, and a stream table as well as the material and energy balances using Aspen HYSYS v8.6. The products, which are fatty acids, and glycerine were produced by the continuous oil splitting process, which is a hydrolysis reaction to achieve the objective with 99% purity. Besides, process optimization of the entire plant was performed and managed to recover 12.769 kWh of the energy utilities using heat integration. Furthermore, break-even and scenario analysis of this plant, including a base case, a best case, and a worst-case, were performed to determine the viability of the process plant. Under the economic analysis conducted for the base case, the total capital investment and annual productions of this plant are USD 17,446,517 and USD 468,865,794 per tonnes, respectively. With concordance of the average product price of USD 1561 per tonne acquired from market value, the return on investment and payback period are identified to be 32.4% and 2.67 years, respectively. Then, the net profit per annum is USD 5,653,056, comprising USD 28,912,834 of total operating cost. Hence, this conceptual process design for fatty acids and glycerine production is worth to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2 m diameter REFLUX™ Classifier was tested on coal feeds up to 6 mm top size. Solids feed rate was varied from 50 to 160 t/h at suspension concentrations up to 37 wt.% solids. Performance was consistent, with product ashes below 10 wt.% for +1 mm particles and reject ashes usually exceeding 70 wt.%. The density cut point could be freely varied and decreased with particle size to the power −0.114. Ep values less than 0.10 were obtained on the composite +0.5 mm material. Ep varied with particle size to the power −0.963. Hence, beneficiation performance for −4.0 + 0.50 mm material approached that of large dense medium cyclones (DMCs). Hence, REFLUX™ Classifiers could be used to increase the capacity of existing plants with minimal capital expenditure. The primary screen aperture size could be raised to around 4 mm, which should significantly increase screen capacity. The +4.0 mm fraction could be sent to the existing DMC circuit, which with a lower fines loading would have increased capacity and medium recovery. The −4.0 mm fraction could be sent to a REFLUX™ Classifier and if required its overflow could then be sent to a flotation circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Peyzaj is the property of Turkish Association for Landscape Architecture Education & Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Günümüzde tatil anlayışı kaliteli konaklamanın yanı sıra farklı deneyimler elde etme, farklı alanları görme ve eğlence odaklı tatil anlayışını geliştirmiş, turizm tesislerinde farklılaşmayı sağlamıştır. Farklılaşmanın tatil anlayışını ve kullanıcının farklı deneyimler edinimini nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koymak amacıyla The Land of Legends üzerinde incelemelerde bulunulmuştur. Ayrıca turizme farklı bir bakış açısı getirme noktasında, yatırımın peyzaj planlama ve tasarımda otellerin konsept oluştururken katetmiş olduğu yer incelenmiştir. Alanın kullanıcılar açısından görüşleri, sosyo-ekonomik durumlarına ilişkin verileri anket çalışmalarıyla sağlanmıştır. Anket değerlendirmesinde Khi-kare yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda tropikal bitkilerin kullanımı, yapay tepelerin yüksekliğine dikkat edilmesi gerektiği, kullanıcının ilgisini canlı tutan aktivitelerin olması, drenaj sisteminin önemi gibi planlamalara ilişkin sonuçlar ortaya konularak çözüm önerilerinde bulunulmuştur. Anket sonuçları peyzaj mimarlığı açısından projelere getirilen yenilikler, eksik kalan kısımlar değerlendirilmiştir.

This article explores the optimization of plant characteristics and controller parameters for electrified mobility. Electrification of mobile transportation systems, such as automobiles and aircraft, presents the ability to improve key performance metrics such as efficiency and cost. However, the strong bidirectional coupling between electrical and thermal dynamics within new components creates integration challenges, increasing component degradation, and reducing performance. Diminishing these issues requires novel plant designs and control strategies. The electrified mobility literature provides prior studies on plant and controller optimization, known as control co-design (CCD). A void within these studies is the lack of model predictive control (MPC), recognized to manage multi-domain dynamics for electrified systems, within CCD frameworks. This article addresses this through three contributions. First, a thermo-electromechanical hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrain model is developed that is suitable for both plant optimization and MPC. Second, simultaneous plant and controller optimization is performed for this multi-domain system. Third, MPC is integrated within a CCD framework using the candidate HEV powertrain model. Results indicate that optimizing both the plant and MPC parameters simultaneously can reduce physical component sizes by over 60% and key performance metric errors by over 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trinidad and Tobago (TT), a small island developing stateface the challenge of supplying a steady potable water supply to its population. This paper proposed a processing method for a supplemental source intended to supply anew housing development in East Trinidad. Different supply strategies such as surface water, desalination and wastewater treatment were considered and assessedusing SWOT analysis and surface water treatment was chosen as the most suitable option utilizing the nearby Lopinot River as the raw water source.The flowrate of the Lopinot River was estimated to be 0.083 m3/s. and snapshot analysis of thewater quality indicated that the pH was neutral (7.62), Total Dissolved Solids was 2.60x10-1 mg/l, conductivity was 253 uS/cm, turbidity was 4 NTU, an absent coliform count; values within the accepted range outlined by the World Health Organization.These parameters were utilized in the Superpro Simulation software used forthe water treatment plant design. Equipment sizing, economic and consumer health and environmental safety considerations were factored into the design of the proposed water processing plant.The proposed design has the capacity to produce approximately 2,555,000 m3on an annual basis, in excess of the amount for the Trestrail Lands development by 84%. Despite the economic indicators of Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and payback time being unfavourable, the water distribution company in TT is a non-profit organization with highly subsided tariffs. It is expected that the economics would be significantly improved if the excess treated water is sold on the national distribution grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of globalization in recent years has favored the adoption of unhealthy lifestyles for many people, increasing their likelihood of diseases with silent symptoms. Longevity spinach (Gynura procumbens L.) is a medicinal plant that has strong phenolic compounds which could act as natural antioxidants to reduce the chance of contracting severe silent diseases. This study was focused on the feasibility of an affordable herbal supplement manufacturing plant using longevity spinach with a water solvent. Production simulation was carried out using SuperPro Designer v.9.0, and an estimated annual production of 26,082 bottles was analyzed based on several economic parameters. The production process for herbal supplements from longevity spinach extract consisted of leaf-washing, drying, and grinding, as well as active compound extraction from leaves with water, filtration, evaporation, freeze-drying, and encapsulation. For 30 encapsulated herbal supplements, prices started from USD 22.8/bottle, and the designed production plant was economically feasible (PBP = ±17 months, IRR = 91.65%, and NPV = USD 3,972,653.13). It can be concluded that encapsulated longevity spinach water extract could become an affordable herbal supplement, with feasible manufacturing for further investment activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is proposed to evaluate capacity potentials in continuously operated chemical processes. In the main part of the analysis, the operating windows of the equipment are examined based on detailed steady‐state simulations. The method is applied to a case study of the production process of ethylene oxide as a large‐scale commodity chemical. Results show the limitations continuously operated processes are confronted with. However, opportunities to enlarge or shift the operating window of apparatuses applied are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, mitigating carbon emissions from energy production and industrial processes is more relevant than ever to limit climate change. The widespread implementation of carbon capture technologies requires the development of cost-effective and selective adsorbents with high CO2 capture capacity and low thermal recovery. Coal fly ash has been extensively studied as a raw material for the synthesis of low-cost zeolite-like adsorbents for CO2 capture. Laboratory tests for CO2 adsorption onto coal fly ash zeolites (CFAZ) reveal promising results, but detailed computational studies are required to clarify the applicability of these materials as CO2 adsorbents on a pilot and industrial scale. The present study provides results for the validation of a simulation model for the design of adsorption columns for CO2 capture on CFAZ based on the experimental equilibrium and dynamic adsorption on a laboratory scale. The simulations were performed using ProSim DAC dynamic adsorption software to study mass transfer and energy balance in the thermal swing adsorption mode and in the most widely operated adsorption unit configuration.

Purpose: Approximately 90,000 tonnes of waste paper is generated yearly in Trinidad and Tobago which has become a waste disposal challenge. A possible solution is to utilize waste paper as a feedstock to locally manufacture penicillin-based drugs which Trinidad and Tobago, like most Caribbean and Latin American territories, import for treatment of bacterial infections. Due to low foreign exchange reserves, adequate importation of these drugs has suffered. Methods: A market survey was conducted to determine the most consumed penicillin derivative. The method of production of the penicillin derivative and the quantity of glucose required was then used to generate a plant design for waste paper conversion to glucose and its subsequent utilisation for antibiotic production. A financial analysis was then completed to determine the economic feasibility of such a plant. Results: The plant was designed for Amoxicillin with an estimated local consumption at 30,000 kg/year. A financial analysis for the process design at this capacity was unfavourable. A breakeven analysis showed that production must exceed 123,000 kg to generate an IRR of 15% with a breakeven selling price of US $85/kg. A production capacity of 150,000 kg resulted in an annual revenue of US $32 million with NPV of US $40 million, IRR of 26%, and Payback period of 3 years. Conclusions: An Amoxicillin plant with production capacity of 150,000 kg operating in Trinidad and Tobago is an economically beneficial and feasible venture and also presents a sustainable disposal strategy for waste paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]