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In this short article I explore what a race-centered concept of the Plantationocene, developed mainly by scholars working in the Americas, yields analytically when it travels to another context. Race is not a concept in common use in contemporary Indonesia. Yet Cedric Robinson's expanded concept of racialism as the practice of forging differences among people for the purpose of extraction, while treating such differences as innate, is profoundly resonant. To make this argument I first outline Indonesia's colonial plantation regime and its racialized legacies. Then I draw on ethnographic research I conducted with Pujo Semedi to show how contemporary oil palm plantation corporations produce a racialized form of difference as a core element of their social, spatial, and political organization. In Indonesia's plantation zone, I suggest, racialism is embedded in routine practices and arrangements, and so thoroughly normalized it passes without note. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article analyzes how Juan Cárdenas’ novel, The Devil of the Provinces, narrates the complex relationships between monocultures, political corruption, religious manipulation, and organized crime. Within the novel’s universe, these elements configure a set of mysterious and strange forces, and illuminate a series of structural power relations that govern the distribution of labor, violence, access to education, and control over life in the Colombian reality. This reflection articulates decolonial theory and the critique of capitalism to analyze Cárdenas’s reinterpretation of the literary canon around the plantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hevea brasiliensis is the greatest source of natural rubber and raw material in several industrial products manufacture. In Colombia, it has been commercially established in five productive units; however, the genetic basis is limited and foliar diseases have influenced the development and the production. In La Libertad Research Center (Villavicencio) and Taluma Experimental Field (Puerto López) of the Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria – AGROSAVIA, clonal trials, at small-scale and large-scale, were established to evaluate the performance assessment, associated with growth, of seven clones from CIRAD-Michelin selection Collection series CDC, FDR, MDF y PMB, and FX 3864 and RRIM 600 as well. In juvenile stage, the trunk circumference (CIRC) was measured every six months, and the annual increase average (IMA-CIRC) was calculated. Variance analysis and means comparison were carried out. At eight years of age, the FDR 5788 clone showed IMA-CIRC of 8.20 cm year-1 and 6.87 cm year-1 in La Libertad and Taluma, respectively; differences in growth between clones were observed. In the Piedemonte llanero (La Libertad), the FDR 5788 and RRIM 600 clones were notable for their growth, whereas in the Altilllanura (Puerto López) PMB 1 and FDR 5788 were remarkable. In La Libertad, the FDR 5788, RRIM 600 and CDC 312 clones exceeded the CIRC of 50 cm at sixth year, in contrast to Taluma, where it occurred at seventh year for PMB1 and DFR 5788. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we take plantation studies as our starting point to reread Fernando Ortiz's Cuban Counterpoint: Tobacco and Sugar. Our analysis encompasses three aspects: firstly, we examine the most relevant lines of interpretation of the Counterpoint..., particularly, those derived from the notions of transculturation and counterpoint, with the aim of providing continuity and further discussion within the vast and enriching critical tradition that accompanies the text. Secondly, we propose to read certain moments of Ortiz's book from the perspective of plantation studies and the scalability model proposed by Anna Tsing for living amidst the ruins of the Anthropocene. In particular, we are interested in observing its flaws, those small fractions of territory that host non-scalable practices, fostering transformative diversity in social relations. Finally, we speculate about the neobaroque inscription of Ortiz's essayistic work as an alternative practice of transdisciplinarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article analyzes the strategic potential and empirical challenges of private governance in promoting decent work in global agriculture by curtailing buyer power and fostering labor agency, drawing lessons from Fairtrade International-certified flower plantations in Ecuador. The study explains (1) Fairtrade's logic in promoting 'trade fairness' and 'worker empowerment' and operationalization of these values via its certification standards, (2) the power relations shaping certification practices in global flower markets and Ecuadorian plantations, and (3) the grounded implications of participation for firms and workers. Important lessons emerge. First, while Fairtrade pursues a promising avenue for challenging the buyer control that erodes supplier and worker power, it has only marginally reduced floral buyer power due to retailer resistance, low-bar certification competition, and programmatic regulatory gaps. Second, although Fairtrade's empowerment approach has strengthened labor agency within and beyond the workplace, bolstering individual empowerment has proved easier than fostering associational power. As I show, certification practices and outcomes are mediated by commodity-specific global market politics and localized enterprise, labor force, and legal contestations which explain why program aspirations are often not realized. Standard systems can reshape internal trade relations and organizations but cannot alone ensure global trade equity or robust labor representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Nueva Revista del Pacífico is the property of Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main aim of this research study is to assess the effect of plant spacing on vegetative development and crown morphometry of Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (Brazil nut) in the Peruvian Amazon. Two 16-year-old plantations with different initial spacings are examined by measuring the dasometric variables of 474 B. excelsa trees to calculate five morphometric crown indices. The results show that the highest vegetative development is found in trees with the smallest initial spacing. Diameter and height are negatively correlated with slenderness rate and salience index while coverage index and crown shape have a negative correlation with diameter. Tree development and crown morphometry of B. excelsa are significantly affected by initial spacing. In conclusion, plant spacing is an important parameter for establishing and managing B. excelsa plantations in the Peruvian Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bauhinia monandra al ser una leguminosa multipropósito, representa una alternativa para el establecimiento de rodales artificiales en el trópico veracruzano, constituyéndose en una opción alimenticia para la ganadería, así como para la mejora de suelos y el desarrollo de sistemas agroforestales pecuarios.

The current legal regime of authorizations for vineyard sceding in the European Union aims to ensure the orderly growth of vineyard plantations and improve the competitiveness of the wine sector. The regulation has two main goals. On the one hand it is aimed to increase the competitiveness of the European Union’s wine sector as not to lose market share in the world market, and on the other hand, the mentioned regulation has the objective to avoid the rapid increase of new plantations that lead to a surplus of production.

In Cuba, the process of formation of the titled nobility begins in the early eighteenth century, extending until the late nineteenth. This study covers chronologically until 1833, the year that marks the end of the Old Regime in the Spanish Monarchy. Its objective has been raised from a double dimension; one, to know the business world in which the forty-four natives or neighbors of Cuba moved, who, coming from it, itentered into the ranks of the titled nobility between 1700 and 1833; the other dimension is to give an account of the merits and services for which the Monarchy distinguished them with the maximum expression of social notability, as it was a noble title.

La actividad forestal en México se sustenta en el aprovechamiento de diversas especies de pinos; una de las más utilizados es Pinus patula. Los hongos ectomicorrízicos (HECM) incrementan la supervivencia de las plántulas, por lo que su uso asegura el éxito de las plantaciones; además, la reforestación con taxa nativos de pino aumenta la diversidad de HECM. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron comparar la diversidad de HECM asociados a la edad de los rodales y determinar los cambios en la comunidad fúngica a nivel de morfotipos. El estudio se realizó en una plantación con rodales de 2, 5, 7, 9, 14 a 25 y >50 años. Se recolectaron raíces micorrizadas al inicio de la temporada de lluvias, se agruparon de acuerdo con su morfología y se calculó el índice de diversidad, porcentaje de abundancia y frecuencia relativa. Se determinaron 28 morfotipos, tres a nivel de género: Laccaria (2), Tomentella (2) y Cortinarius (1). Se obtuvo una correspondencia positiva entre el número de morfotipos y la edad del arbolado. Los rodales maduros (14-25 y >50 años) fueron más diversos, con respecto a los jóvenes (2 a 9 años); a excepción del de 7 años, cuyos valores coincidieron con los rodales maduros. Los morfotipos probables de Laccaria spp. fueron más abundantes y frecuentes en el rodal más joven (33 %). A través de la cronosecuencia se registraron morfotipos únicos y compartidos. Se concluye que la edad del rodal es un factor importante en la composición de la comunidad HECM, elementos clave en los planes de manejo forestal.

El crecimiento de los pinos en suelos erosionados es limitado, por la existencia de poca materia orgánica. Conocer el crecimiento de diferentes procedencias de una especie en suelos degradados permite entender su adaptabilidad, lo que favorece la toma de decisiones en reforestaciones posteriores. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer el crecimiento de 13 procedencias de Pinus greggii var. greggii y Pinus greggii var. australis establecidas en suelos erosionados de dos localidades de la Mixteca Alta de Oaxaca. Se midió la altura, diámetro normal, diámetro basal y diámetro de copa en tres árboles centrales por cada unidad experimental de 3 × 3; se utilizó un diseño de 12 boques completos al azar. Se realizó un ANOVA y prueba de Tukey con un nivel de confianza de 95 % para la comparación de medias. Después de 17 años de la plantación, la supervivencia fue de 89 %. El mayor crecimiento promedio se registró en P. greggii var. australis, con una altura de 10.99 m en la procedencia El Madroño, Qro.; y en la de El Piñón, Hgo., con mayor crecimiento promedio de diámetro basal (20.33 cm), diámetro normal de 15.88 cm, diámetro de copa con 4.52 m y área de copa con 17.81 m2 árbol-1. Los resultados indican la existencia de un efecto de interacción del crecimiento de procedencias en cada localidad. Las procedencias de la variedad australis son las más apropiadas para las reforestaciones de suelos erosionados de Oaxaca.

En este ensayo se examina cómo en el poema El central y en la novela corta Arturo, la estrella más brillante Reinaldo Arenas utilizó el tema de la plantación con el fin de criticar la esclavitud moderna a la que fueron sometidos los jóvenes y los homosexuales durante la primera década de la Revolución.

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La presente investigación inició su estudio preguntándose ¿De qué manera influye la implementación de filtros verdes en la calidad de las aguas residuales ? donde el objetivo principal es estudiar el impacto de los filtros verdes como una estrategia no convencional para el tratamiento de aguas residuales, con relación a la liberación de gases efecto invernadero, analizando su emisión o retención durante el proceso de depuración; además de demostrar que es una tecnología apropiada para pequeñas comunidades. Sin embargo, durante el proceso de depuración, se pueden generar gases efecto invernadero (GEIs) a medida que se lleva a cabo la degradación anaeróbica de la materia orgánica, que pueden ser emitidos a la atmósfera y contribuir de esta manera al calentamiento global. Las especies comúnmente utilizadas en el proceso de depuración son: sauce (Salix spp.) álamo o chopo (Populus spp.) y eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp.), ya que presenten una elevada capacidad de depuración, asimilación de nutrientes y rápido crecimiento. Es así como los sistemas agroforestales tienen un gran potencial de secuestro de carbono debido a su mayor capacidad de captura y utilización de recursos de crecimiento, considerándoles, una medida de mitigación para la reducción de las emisiones de GEIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil tillage requires an adequate planning to meet the requirements of plantation and cultural attention of sugarcane with opportunity, quality and environmental sustainability. The objective of this work is to present the characteristics of the automated system LabraS, designed for the planning of soil tillage in sugarcane. The technological processes of tillage considered were deforestation, leveling, soil preparation, planting, fertilization and post-harvest cultivation. The minimum management unit considered for the recommendations was the sugarcane block. The software was designed on a Windows platform, with easy installation and operation; it has a structure with five menus (Tools, Encoders, Reports, Recommendations and Processes) and three types of users (producer, INICA and administrator). The main reports include the distribution of soil limiting factors for tillage, technological charts by process, analysis of exploitation of machinery, planning of work, demand for inputs and requirements of herbicides for conditioning and preservation of areas in the preparation of soil and plantation, respectively. The validation of the software was carried out in the UEB Melanio Hernández, in a total area of 6430.76 ha, with satisfactory results in the tests of the algorithms, the procedures and expressions of calculations. The implementation of the automated system for the planning of soil tillage in AZCUBA was recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The restoration of degraded environments is being increasingly implemented worldwide in order to mitigate threats and recover natural ecosystems. Therefore, the forests of Argentina are not the exception to this situation. For this reason, the Native Forest Law promotes the protection, recovery and sustainable use of the native forests. However, there are no reviews in our country of past experiences that indicate which were the most appropriate techniques for restoring forests. Our aim was to survey the actual state of the revegetation for restoration purposes and interventions techniques most used in the different forest ecoregions of Argentina. We evaluated for each type of ecoregion the effect of the interventions most used on the survival of seedlings. The information was obtained from scientific publications and surveys to participants from restoration experiences of scientific fields, government and civil society. Little published information was recorded (50% of the experiences). Most of the restored areas are small and a minor percentage (43.1%) was monitored. We analyzed the most frequent intervention techniques for each type of forest and found that the survival of the seedlings was positive when using exclosures against herbivores and irrigation. In contrast, the use of amendments produced a negative effect on the survival seedlings; and erosion control and nurse species effects varied according to the type of forest ecosystem. Survey method was relevant to identify the significant number of unpublished experiences (50.4%) carried out in the different regions of the country. The study includes a variety of information provided by local actors, which makes it an input for future restoration programs that incorporate territorial planning and the implementation of evaluation and monitoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic related to the history of the French migration to Cuba, the culture and exploitation of the coffee, and the household tasks of the culture of this grain, they have motivated to different historians to the accomplishment of investigations relating to this subject matter. Such it is the case of this work, that local coffee grower tries to analyze the development in the zone west of Santiago de Cuba between 1840-1868. Though the zone was not predominant in the first decades of the 19th century, coffee grower would manage to turn into an important demarcation for the plantation into the second half of this century. The present work contributes to the study of the coffee in this locality and in the oriental region simultaneously that penetrates into the regional history and specifically into the history of the coffee into a period where this product enters decadence.

Currently it is an interest of Cuban sugarcane agriculture the introduction of conservationist methods during soil farming for the sowing of sugarcane. The localized ploughing of the soil done exclusively in the area of root growth of the seedlings is a viable alternative, both from the point of view of soil conservation, as well as the economics of energy resources dedicated to the preparation of large areas. With this aim, an implement has been developed having a row of four scarifiers, staggered from lower to greater depth, leaving a trapezoidal profile in the transverse plane of the soil removed, according to the demands for sowing. The objective of the work is to propose an implement for the localized ploughing of the soil with double row for sugarcane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos Dieciochistas is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nowadays, it is interest of Cuban sugarcane agriculture, the introduction of conservationist methods during the preparation of soils for sugarcane sowing. Localized soil preparation, done exclusively in the area of root growth of the seedlings, is a viable alternative, both, from the point of view of soil conservation, as well as from point of view of economy of energy resources that are dedicated to the preparation of large areas of land. In this sense, a tillage implement having four staggered shanks with "V"- shaped blades has been developed, leaving a trapezoidal profile in the transverse plane of the soil removed, according to the demands of sowing. In the design process of this equipment, it was necessary to carry out certain analyses related to suction and stability, developing an analytical method and software that facilitates these analyses, avoiding the use of cumbersome traditional graphic methods, based on the construction of force polygons and rays, which make it difficult to evaluate multiple variants. The application of this method to the aggregate formed by an YTO-1604 tractor and a the tillage implement with four staggered shanks, made it possible to determine the most suitable position for the support wheel, as well as for the instantaneous center of rotation of the tractor suspension mechanism. It was also possible to evaluate the incidence of the wedge angle on the conditions of suction and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire is an important disturbance affecting Nothofagus pumilio (lenga) forests in Chubut and Santa Cruz provinces of Patagonia, Argentina. Depending on the forest structure and the level of fire severity, the resulting stands could substantially differ from the original. In this study, we evaluated post-fire effects on soil and vegetation conditions that might affect reestablishment of lenga plants in three latitudinal areas of its natural distribution in Patagonia: La Colisión (LC) 42°56' S, Monte Zeballos (MZ) 46°49' S and Río Turbio (RT) 51°29' S. The fire events occurred one (LC), seventy (MZ), and twenty-seven (RT) years before treatments establishment, respectively. In each site, we characterized species richness and cover at burned areas, and analyzed 12 physicochemical properties of the first 10 cm of soil depth at burned and adjacent unburned (control) areas. In burned areas, we performed active restoration experiments by planting lenga seedlings using different protection devices. Soil cover was higher in RT. While plant relative cover according to habit and origin differed between sites, species richness and diversity were similar. Differences in soil physicochemical properties between burned and unburned areas could be associated to the time passed since fire occurrence. At the end of the first growing season, and regardless of the protection device used, survival was high at all sites (>70%). This percentage slightly decreased in the subsequent years. In MZ and RT, European hares browsing limited seedling growth. In burned and grazed lenga forests, herbivores restrict the natural regeneration. Restoration by planting lenga seedlings could be a viable alternative by providing protection to hare browsing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este artículo se analiza el proceso de organización de mujeres trabajadoras bananeras afectadas por el agroquímico conocido como nemagón. En los años 90, estas mujeres se organizaron con la finalidad de registrar los padecimientos en sus cuerpos producto de la exposición a los agroquímicos. Para ello, se consulta la literatura en el tema y se analizan fuentes del año 1996 del archivo de la organización Servicio Paz y Justicia (Serpaj).

Se evaluó la calidad de planta de Pinus montezumae en un experimento en vivero, laboratorio y en una plantación. Los árboles fueron producidos en un vivero forestal de Tetela del Volcán, estado de Morelos. A una muestra se les midieron indicadores de calidad de planta. La plantación se hizo en las faldas del volcán Popocatépetl. Se establecieron parcelas a 3 260 msnm y 3 170 msnm de las lomas reforestadas, sobre exposiciones norte y sur, con tres repeticiones para cada combinación de factor, con un total de 12. Cada parcela tenía un marco de plantación de 7 × 7 plantas, para evaluar la parte central (25 ejemplares) y evitar el efecto de borde. La densidad de plantación fue de 1 200 ha-1. A 22 meses de establecida, se registró altura, diámetro, estado aparente y su condición de planta viva o muerta. Se aplicó un análisis de varianza a las variables de respuesta medidas en campo. Los resultados indican diferencias en supervivencia por exposición (P = 0.0222), con la norte (88.6 %) que supera a la sur (83.3 %). Los indicadores de calidad obtenidos son predictores de la supervivencia. Los valores medios y mínimos (máximos en el caso de la relación peso seco aéreo/peso seco raíz y del coeficiente de esbeltez) fueron de 13.6 y 5 mm para el diámetro; de 3.0 y 5.2 para la relación peso seco aéreo/peso seco raíz; de 1.2 y 3.9 para el coeficiente de esbeltez; de 4.7 y 1.5 para el índice de Dickson y de 55 y 29 para raíces nuevas en la prueba de crecimiento potencial de raíz.

En el Jardín Botánico El Padmi, ubicado en la parroquia Los Encuentros, cantón Yantzaza, provincia de Zamora Chinchipe, se monitorea la dinámica de crecimiento en diámetro, altura y volumen de especies forestales, para disponer de información que permita dar alternativas para el fomento forestal con comunidades, instituciones del Estado y gobiernos locales de la Amazonía sur del Ecuador. El ensayo está diseñado en bloques y en cada bloque está plantada una especie con 18 individuos a un espaciamiento de 3 x 3 m, la plantación fue realizada en dos fechas: año 2005 con 11 especies y año 2009 con 18 especies. Se han realizado mediciones durante ocho años, midiendo: supervivencia, diámetro D1,30m, altura, con estos datos se determinó el crecimiento en D , altura y volumen. Además en el año 2013 se 1,30 m midió el diámetro de copa, forma de copa, cobertura de dosel, índice de esbeltez y espacio vital. Las especies establecidas en el año 2005, que demuestran mayor supervivencia y crecimiento son: Cedrelinga cateniformis, Persea sp., Huertea glandulosa, Lafoensia cf. punicifolia, Platymiscium pinnatum, Clarisia bi ora y Vitex cymosa. Las plantadas en el año 2009 que mayor supervivencia y crecimiento presentan son: Nectandra sp., Terminalia oblonga, Apeiba aspera, Guarea kunthiana, Caryodendron orinocense, Terminalia Amazonía, Albizia sp., Ochroma pyramidale, Piptocoma discolor, Heliocarpus americanus, Aspidosperma laxi orum, Pouteria capasífolia, Clarisia racemosa y Cedrela odorata. Debido al buen crecimiento en D1,30m, altura y volumen que presentan estas especies, preliminarmente se recomiendan para establecer plantaciones forestales y agroforestales.

This article analyzes the process of organizing female banana workers affected by the pesticide known as Nemagón (DCBP). In the 1990s, these women organized themselves with the purpose of recording the suffering in their bodies as consequence of the exposure to pesticides. For this, are analyzed the literature on the subject and sources of 1996 from the archive of the organization Paz y Justicia (SERPAJ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inocybe sindonia (Fr.) P. Karst. and Amanita rubescens Pers. are species typically associated to Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Pinus radiata D. Don respectively. Both species have been introduced in South America together with timber species plantations. Basidiomes of I. sindonia were found occurring under Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst., while basidiomes of A. rubescens were found under N. pumilio (Poepp. & Endl.) Krasser in protected areas that are under invasion of exotic conifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The symbiosis between oil palm roots and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)-forming fungi is an important aspect of the biology of the crop. Here, we describe the mycorrhization process and the effect of an inoculation with Glomus intraradices on plant growth during the pre-nursery stage of plants of E. guineensis and the interspecific hybrid E. oleifera x E. guineensis, under the agro-ecological conditions of the Colombian Eastern Plains. The total percentage of mycorrhization over time and the accumulated dry biomass were measured at the end of the pre-nursery stage. The progress of the colonization process of seedlings inoculated with Glomus intraradices was compared with the progress of non-inoculated seedlings, in both autoclaved and non-autoclaved soil. Measurements of colonization were performed on semi-permanent micro-preparations of cleared and stained rootlets. Quantifications were done using the intercept field method, which differentiates arbuscules, hyphae, vesicles and spores. Root colonization started 1 month after sowing (mas). At the end of the pre-nursery stage (3 mas), arbuscule and hyphal networks were established, especially in E. guineensis seedlings. An increase in dry weight of seedlings of this species was found in response to inoculation with a commercial source of AM. The results suggest that inoculation with AM at early stages of oil palm may potentially increase the vigor of seedlings transplanted to the main nursery

Esta investigación contribuye al manejo de especies aptas y confiables para el enriquecimiento forestal, lo cual incide en el manejo de bosques secundarios, primarios, plantaciones forestales, acorde a las características fisiográficas y ecológicas del sur de la amazonia ecuatoriana. Se evaluó el potencial de crecimiento en 195 plantas: 75 de Cedrelinga cateniformes, 45 de Cedrela odorata y 75 de Schizolobium parahyba a través del análisis de las variables dasométricas como: sobrevivencia, altura total, diámetro a la altura del pecho, área basal y volumen total. Se efectuó el análisis de la estadística descriptiva, análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y pruebas de comparación de medias (TUKEY) con un nivel de significancia de 0,05 % de error para demostrar el efecto del potencial de crecimiento que desarrollaron las tres especies forestales a los 11 años de edad en bosque secundario. Los resultados indican que de las tres especies evaluadas, Cedrela odorata con 85 % de sobrevivencia es una especie de lento crecimiento en comparación con las otras dos especies evaluadas. Además, se encontró que Schizolobium parahyba con 84% de sobrevivencia tiene un enorme potencial por su alto crecimiento en altura, calidad fitosanitaria, excelente forma de fuste, copa y por su posibilidad de rendir un alto volumen por unidad de área. También se observó que Cedrelinga cateniformes a pesar de tener el porcentaje más bajo de sobrevivencia (64 %) de las tres especies, tiene alta velocidad de crecimiento en altura y con alto valor económico, es una especie óptima para efectuar sistemas de enriquecimiento forestal en bosques secundarios.

El árbol de navidad se ha convertido en parte importante de la cultura costarricense y de la mayoría de países de la región latinoamericana. La investigación se realizó como parte de un esfuerzo por mejorar el paquete tecnológico de esta importante industria, que en su totalidad ocurre en pequeñas granjas de producción. El estudio consistió en la evaluación de cuatro espaciamientos de plantación, con el fin de determinar la densidad óptima en términos de productividad y de lograr desarrollar un árbol de navidad en 1,5 años. Los espaciamientos evaluados fueron: 1,5 x 1,5 m en distribución regular, 1,5 x 1,5 m en distribución tresbolillo, 1,25 x 1,25 m en tresbolillo y 1,8 x 1,8 m en distribución regular. El mejor espaciamiento, en términos de crecimiento del diámetro basal, fueron los dos de 1,5 x 1,5 m; sin embargo, al plantar a 1,25 x 1,25 m se aumentaría en 2 000 árboles/ha, con tan solo una disminución en crecimiento de -5 mm en los 18 meses de tiempo de evaluación. El estudio comprendió el análisis de relaciones alométricas del diámetro, la altura y la circunferencia de la copa, que determinó que los usuarios prefieren árboles con una relación de h/circunferencia máxima de 0,67, o también, una relación 1:2 entre la circunferencia máxima expresada en diámetro y la altura. El modelo de regresión ajustado para predecir la circunferencia a partir del diámetro basal logró explicar más de un 77% de la variación observada.

Durante la mayor parte del siglo XIX las estadísticas de población esclava de Cuba fueron deliberadamente inexactas. El presente artículo, basado en un análisis de censos oficiales y reservados, en informes británicos y estimaciones demográficas, reconsidera el número de esclavos existente en Cuba entre 1867 y 1886. De ello resulta una reevaluación de su monto, de las necesidades laborales en los ingenios y de las condiciones de disolución de la esclavitud.

Buscando determinar indicadores sobre el impacto ambiental, basados en características vegetales, que generarían los monocultivos forestales lindantes con bosques nativos, se instalaron 32 unidades de muestreo en un área de propiedad de la empresa LIPSIA, Departamento Esperanza (Misiones), que reunía estas características. Las parcelas, de 100 m2, se distribuyeron sistemáticamente a cada 25 m. La vegetación se dividió en tres estratos: superior (CAP ≥ 30 cm), medio (5 cm ≤ CAP  30 cm) e inferior (CAP < 5 cm). Se instalaron 10 parcelas en bosque nativo explotado, 10 parcelas en una plantación de Pinus elliottii Engelm. de 18 años aproximadamente (400 árboles/ha), 6 parcelas en la zona límite de una plantación de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertd.) Kuntze de 20-25 años (900 árboles/ha) y 6 parcelas en el interior de esta plantación. En el área en estudio se identificaron 150 especies vegetales. En el estrato inferior se encontraron diferencias en función de varios índices de diversidad florística. En todos los casos el bosque nativo presentó mayor diversidad que las plantaciones, seguido por el pinar, el interior de la plantación de araucaria y por la zona límite de la plantación de araucaria. Todos los bosques estudiados ajustaron a la serie logarítmica de distribución de especies, lo que estaría reflejando la incidencia de un factor ambiental en esta distribución.

No tillage system has brought many advantages to soil protection, without reducing the yield of annual crops. This system has been adapted for Citrus orchards, with the plantation of trees in furrows opened in areas previously occupied by pastures. This work had as objective to evaluate tree development, root system, yield, and soil characteristics in an orchard planted in two systems. The study was made in Parana State, Brazil, in a medium texture oxisol with ‘Valência’ orange (Citrus sinensis L.) trees with Rangpur lime rootstock (Citrus limonia Osbeck). The treatments were no tillage (furrowing and plantation) and conventional plantation (hole area plowing and disk harrowing before furrowing and plantation). The yield was 86 - 129 kg of fruits per plant, without significant difference between treatments. The plantation systems either do not affect the development of the plants, the amount of roots and the fruit quality. In the conventional plantation system the soil has greater resistance to penetration in inter rows than in the zero tillage system plantation.El sistema de cero labranza ha traído muchas ventajas en la protección del suelo, sin perjudicar el rendimiento de los cultivos anuales. Este sistema ha sido adaptado para los huertos citrícolas, realizándose la plantación en surcos abiertos en terrenos anteriormente ocupados por pastizales. El trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el desarrollo de las plantas y del sistema radicular, producción, características del suelo en un huerto plantado en dos sistemas de labranza. El estudio fue realizado en el Noroeste de Paraná, en un oxisol con textura media, en plantas de naranja ‘Valência’ con patrón de lima Rangpur. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: cero labranza (apertura de surcos y plantación) y plantación convencional (arado de discos y grada, seguido de apertura de surcos y plantación). La producción fue de 86 a 129 kg de frutos por planta, sin diferencia significativa entre los tratamientos. Los sistemas de plantación tampoco afectan el desarrollo de las plantas y de las raíces y la calidad de los frutos. En el sistema de plantación convencional, el suelo presenta mayor resistencia a la penetración en la interlínea, que en el sistema de plantación con cero labranza.