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L’ajustement de la pression expiratoire positive (PEP) durant la ventilation est difficile faute de cibles objectives. Cet enjeu est important en pédiatrie, car les nourrissons sont à risque de dérecrutement alvéolaire du fait de la faible rigidité de leur cage thoracique. Pour prévenir cela, ils maintiennent activement leurs volumes pulmonaires en conservant une activité tonique diaphragmatique (Edi tonique) durant l’expiration. La détection d’une Edi tonique élevée est donc un outil potentiel pour titrer la PEP. L’étude présentée dans ce mémoire a permis de proposer une première définition de l’Edi tonique élevée aux soins intensifs pédiatriques, soit > 3,2 mcV chez les 0-1 an et > 1,9 mcV chez les 1-18ans. Cette définition permettra d’aider à identifier au chevet les patients effectuant des efforts de recrutement et ainsi de pouvoir réévaluer le niveau optimal de PEP. Nous avons également montré que des épisodes d’Edi tonique élevée surviennent chez 62% des patients en ventilation non-invasive et 31% des patients intubés. Ces épisodes sont associés avec la bronchiolite, la tachypnée, et, chez les patients en ventilation non-invasive, à une hypoxémie plus sévère. La majorité des patients ayant présenté des épisodes n’avaient pas de contreindications à l’augmentation de la PEP. Ceci porte à croire qu’une stratégie d’ajustement neural continu de la PEP pourrait être une avenue intéressante. Nous complétons donc présentement l’étude NeuroPAP2 visant à évaluer la faisabilité, la tolérance et l’impact du mode NeuroPAP, un mode de ventilation permettant un ajustement continu de la PEP en fonction de l’Edi., The optimal adjustment of ventilatory settings at the bedside is a challenge and the lack of clear targets makes setting the PEEP (positive end expiratory pressure) especially difficult. This is an important issue in pediatrics, as infants are at increased risk for alveolar derecruitment because of high chest wall compliance. To prevent this, they tend to actively maintain end expiratory lung volumes using tonic diaphragmatic activity (tonic Edi) throughout expiration. In older children, tonic Edi can be reactivated in disease states. Tonic Edi monitoring is thus a potential tool to guide PEEP titration. This thesis addresses important knowledge gaps about tonic Edi in ventilated children. We propose age-specific definitions of elevated tonic Edi in PICU patients: > 3.2 mcV in 0-1 y.o. and > 1.9 mcV in 1-18 y.o. These definitions will aid bedside identification of patient lung recruitment efforts and can prompt reassessment of optimal PEEP. We have also established that episodes of high tonic Edi are frequent in ventilated children (31% of intubated patients and 62% of patients on non-invasive ventilation). Those episodes are associated with bronchiolitis, tachypnea, and, in NIV patients, more severe hypoxemia. The majority of patients with those episodes have no contraindications to increased PEEP. These results make continuous neural adjustment of PEEP an interesting avenue. We are thus now completing this research program with a study to evaluate the feasibility, tolerance and impact of NeuroPAP, a new ventilatory mode allowing continuous neural adjustment of PEEP based on tonic Edi.

With the COVID-19 pandemic hastening the adoption of telemedicine into clinical practice, it has also prompted an abundance of new literature highlighting its capabilities and limitations. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of the literature on telemedicine applied in the context of a musculoskeletal examination of the neck and upper limbs for children 3 to 18 years old. The PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were searched for relevant articles from January 2015 to August 2021 using a combination of keywords and nested searches. General examination components including inspection, guided self-palpation, range of motion, sensory and motor examination, as well as special testing are described. Although the literature is focused mainly on adult populations, we describe how each component of the exam can be reliably incorporated into a virtual appointment specific to pediatric patients. Caregivers are generally needed for most consultations, but certain maneuvers can be self-performed by older children and adolescents alone. There is general feasibility, validity, and substantial reliability in performing most examination components of the upper limbs remotely, except for the shoulder exam. Compared to those made in person, clinical diagnoses established virtually were found to be either the same or similar in most cases, and management decisions also had high agreement. Despite this, there is evidence that some pediatric providers may not be able to collect all the information needed from a telemedicine visit to make a complete clinical assessment. Lastly, currently available smartphone applications measuring joint range of motion were found to have high reliability and validity. This narrative review not only establishes a foundation for a structured pediatric musculoskeletal examination, but also aims to increase physicians’ confidence in incorporating telemedicine into their standard of care.