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Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Medicinal and edible herbs from fruit sources have been increasingly used in traditional Chinese medicine dietotherapy. There are no restrictions on who could consume the medicinal and edible fruits or on the dosage of consumption. However, their safety for human consumption has yet to be established., Aim of the Study: This systematic review aimed to assess the safety of human consumption of 30 medicinal and edible fruits., Materials and Methods: Seven English and Chinese databases were searched up to May 31, 2023, to collect AE reports following human consumption of medicinal and edible fruits. Eligible reports should include details on the occurrence, symptoms, treatments, and outcomes of AEs. AEs that were life-threatening or caused death, permanent or severe disability/functional loss, or congenital abnormality/birth defects were classified as serious AEs (SAEs). The causality between the consumption of fruits and AEs was graded as one of four ranks: "certain", "probable", "possible", or "unlikely"., Results: Thirty AE reports related to the consumption of medicinal and edible fruits were included, involving 12 species of fruits: Crataegi fructus, Gardeniae fructus, Mori fructus, Hippophae fructus, Cannabis fructus, Siraitiae fructus, Perillae fructus, Rubi fructus, Longan arillus, Anisi stellati fructus, Zanthoxyli pericarpium, and Lycii fructus. No AE reports were found for the remaining 18 species. A total of 97 AEs, featuring predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms, followed by allergic reactions and neuropsychiatric symptoms, were recorded. Thirty SAEs were noted, with Zanthoxyli pericarpium accounting for the most (14 cases), followed by Perillae fructus (7 cases), Anisi stellati fructus (6 cases), and Gardeniae fructus, Rubi fructus, and Mori fructus (1 case each). Mori fructus was associated with one death. All AEs were concordant with a causality to fruit consumption, judged to be "certain" for 37 cases, "probable" for 53 cases, and "possible" for 7 cases., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that among medicinal and edible fruits, 12 species have AE reports with a causality ranging from "possible" to "definite". SAEs were not scarce. Most AEs may be associated with an excessive dose, prolonged consumption, or usage among infants or young children. No AE reports were found for the remaining 18 species., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Glucose and lipid metabolism disorders are the core pathological mechanism of a variety of metabolic diseases, and the incidence of related diseases is increasing year by year, which seriously threatens human life and health. Traditional Chinese medicine with medicinal and edible properties refers to Chinese medicinal resources that have both medicinal and edible characteristics. Due to its safety and its health-promoting and medicinal functions, traditional Chinese medicine has received increasing attention in the development of functional health foods. Phenolic acids are important secondary metabolites that are ubiquitous in medicinal and edible homologous plants, and the regulation of glycolipid metabolism is an important activity and plays a key role in many diseases. In this paper, we focus on the alleviation of glycolipid disorders using MEHH phenolic acids, which regulate glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism, improve insulin resistance, inhibit inflammatory responses, alleviate oxidative stress, and regulate intestinal flora; additionally, we summarize the mechanism in order to provide a reference for MEHH phenolic acids in the treatment of glycolipid metabolism diseases.

Background/Objectives: Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre, commonly known as water pepper, possesses multifunctional potential. Our research focuses on its complex phenolic composition, bioactivity, safety evaluation and utilization in a sustainable manner. Moreover, a survey was conducted among the Serbian population to gain insight into the attitude towards traditional wild-growing herbs (i.e., P. hydropiper ), the level of familiarity with their zero-waste culture, and to assess eating behaviors. Methods: A survey was conducted with 168 participants to assess attitudes towards traditional herbs, zero-waste culture, and eating behaviors, while cytotoxicity, in vivo toxicity, chemical analysis of secondary metabolites, and probiotic viability assays were performed to evaluate the effects of the PH extract. Results: Notably, P. hydropiper extract (PH) exhibits a diverse phenolic profile, including quinic acid (3.68 ± 0.37 mg/g DW), gallic acid (1.16 ± 0.10 mg/g DW), quercetin (2.34 ± 0.70 mg/g DW) and kaempferol-3- O -glucoside (4.18 ± 0.17 mg/g DW). These bioactive compounds have been linked to anticancer effects. The tested extract demonstrated a cytotoxic effect on the human neuroblastoma cell line, opening questions for the further exploration of its mechanisms for potential therapeutic applications. Based on the toxicity assessment in the Artemia salina model, the PH could be characterized with good safety, especially for the lower concentrations (LC 50 = 0.83 mg/mL, 24 h). The utilization of the spent PH material supports the viability of psychobiotic strains (up to 9.26 ± 0.54 log CFU/mL). Based on the conducted survey, 63.7% ( n = 107) of respondents mainly prefer traditional instead of imported herbs. The respondents were skeptical about zero-waste edibles; 51.2% ( n = 86) would not try them, and a bit more than half were not familiar with zero-waste culture (57.7%; n = 97). Only 8.3% ( n = 14) followed a flexitarian diet as a dietary pattern. Conclusions: The use of underutilized traditional plants and their spent material could potentially contribute to the acceptance of a zero-waste culture in Serbia. Reinventing the use of neglected traditional plants and addressing ways for spent material valorization could contribute to the acceptance of a zero-waste strategy and encourage healthier eating behavior.

The rapid growth of product sectors for plant-based meat and dairy alternatives has raised significant scientific interest in their nutritional and ecological benefits. Here, it outlines the fractionation of plant-based raw materials and describes the technologies applied in the production of meat and dairy substitutes. Moreover, the study describes the effects of these new products on human nutrient supply and metabolic responses. Examples of meat-like products produced by extrusion technology and dairy alternatives are provided, addressing production challenges and the effects of processing on nutrient digestibility and bioavailability. In contrast to animal-based products, plant-based protein ingredients can contain many compounds produced by plants for defense or symbiotic interactions, such as lectins, phytates, and a wide range of secondary metabolites. The intake of these compounds as part of a plant-based diet can influence the digestion, bioaccessibility, and bioavailability of essential nutrients such as minerals and trace elements but also of amino acids. This is a critical factor, especially in regions with limited plant species for human consumption and inadequate technologies to eliminate these compounds. To fully understand these impacts and ensure that plant-based diets meet human nutritional needs, well-controlled human studies are needed., (© 2024 The Author(s). Molecular Nutrition & Food Research published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Streptomyces is the largest source of microbial antibiotics with about 50 % of marketed antimicrobial drugs originating from this genus. Endophytic streptomyces are the link between medicinal plants and the microbial world. Endophytic Streptomyces in edible plants were not targeted before despite their uniqueness and importance. In this review, we analyzed the chemical diversity of more than 150 compounds belonging to endophytic Streptomyces chemical classes such as alkaloids, polyketides, peptides, macrolides and terpenes and their biological activities. This analysis showed a dominant antimicrobial effect for most of the isolated compounds and highlighted an underestimated diversity to be studied or repurposed for other biological activities. Return to edible plants use and conducting toxicity studies to rationalize their nutraceutical potential based on their beneficial endophytes is urged. Although there are many studies for non-vertebrates, the nutraceutical potential of these plants is expected to improve the gut microbiota since they are enriched with bioactive compounds from streptomyces species. This is the first review to discuss edible plants associated streptomyces, and we prospect that many studies will follow to unravel the mysterious health benefits of streptomyces in the human microbiome and encourage the revival of a correct lifestyle for the sake of a healthier microbiome., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Autoimmune diseases represent a complex array of conditions where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. These disorders, affecting millions worldwide, encompass a broad spectrum of conditions ranging from rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis to lupus and type 1 diabetes. The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) translocator, expressed across immune and other cell types, plays crucial roles in immune disorders and inflammatory diseases. With a realm towards natural remedies in modern medicine for disease prevention, this study investigates the electronic properties and behaviors of bioactive compounds from dietary sources, including Apium graveolens L. (Celery), Coriandrum sativum seeds (Coriander), and Mentha longifolia, as AhR modulators. Through comprehensive analysis (HOMO-LUMO, ESP, LOL, and ELF), electron-rich and -poor regions, electron localization, and delocalization are identified, contrasting these compounds with the toxic AhR ligand, TCDD. Evaluation of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) properties reveals favorable pharmacokinetics without blood-brain barrier penetration, indicating drug-like characteristics. Molecular docking demonstrates stronger interactions of dietary flavonoid ligands with AhR transcription compared to TCDD. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm the stability of complexes and the sustainability of interactions formed. This research underscores the potential of natural compounds as effective AhR modulators for therapeutic interventions in immune-related disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The safety of luminescence sensors and probes used in food packaging should be seriously considered, while most luminescence sensors were artificially synthesized with unclear toxicity, and cannot be directly used as indicators that were in contact with food. To overcome this problem, a humidity indicator based on an edible plant tissue was developed without any chemical processing. We found that garlic bulbs could emit significant persistent luminescence after drying at room temperature. The luminescence lifetime decreases from hundreds of milliseconds to tens of milliseconds as humidity increases. The long-lived luminescence could easily be detected through smartphones without any sophisticated instruments. The edible garlic is expected to be used as a humidity indicator in food packaging without worrying about food safety. Furthermore, the interference of scattered light and short-lived fluorescence from foods and packages can be eliminated in time-resolved luminescence imaging, greatly increasing the signal-to-noise ratio., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The protein S100B is a part of the S100 protein family, which consists of at least 25 calcium-binding proteins. S100B is highly conserved across different species, supporting important biological functions. The protein was shown to play a role in gut microbiota eubiosis and is secreted in human breast milk, suggesting a physiological trophic function in newborn development. This study explores the possible presence of the S100B motif in plant genomes, and of S100B-like immunoreactive material in different plant extracts, opening up potential botanical uses for dietary supplementation. To explore the presence of the S100B motif in plants, a bioinformatic workflow was used. In addition, the immunoreactivity of S100B from vegetable and fruit samples was tested using an ELISA assay. The S100B motif was expected in silico in the genome of different edible plants belonging to the Viridiplantae clade, such as Durio zibethinus or Malus domestica and other medicinal species. S100B-like immunoreactive material was also detected in samples from fruits or leaves. The finding of S100B-like molecules in plants sheds new light on their role in phylogenesis and in the food chain. This study lays the foundation to elucidate the possible beneficial effects of plants or derivatives containing the S100B-like principle and their potential use in nutraceuticals.

In this study, various crops and farmland soils were collected from the Fen-Wei Plain, China, to investigate the bioavailability of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), their accumulation in edible plant tissues, and the factors impacting their accumulation. PFAS were frequently detected in all of the crops, with total concentrations ranging from 0.61 to 35.8 ng/g. The results of sequential extractions with water, basic methanol, and acidic methanol indicate that water extraction enables to characterize the bioavailability of PFAS in soil to edible plant tissues more accurately, especially for the shorter-chain homologues. The bioavailability of PFAS was remarkably enhanced in the rhizosphere (RS) soil, with the strongest effect observed for leafy vegetables. The water-extracted Σ 16 PFAS in RS soil was strongly correlated with the content of dissolved organic carbon in the soil. Tannins and lignin, identified as the main components of plant root exudates by Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, were found to enhance the bioavailability of PFAS significantly. Redundancy analysis provided strong evidence that the lipid and protein contents in edible plant tissues play important roles in the accumulation of short- and long-chain PFAS, respectively. Additionally, the high water demand of these tissues during the growth stage greatly facilitated the translocation of PFAS, particularly for the short-chain homologues and perfluorooctanoic acid.

Plant extracts rich in phytochemicals are known for their health benefits. Plant extract library from edible plants obtained from the region of Upper Austria was prepared. Food grade extraction procedures were applied, and relevant physico-chemical parameters measured. A focus on polyphenolic compounds revealed a significant correlation between the total phenolic content (measured by a colorimetric assay) and the cumulated concentration of main individual polyphenols (measured by HPLC-DAD), demonstrating the comparability of these parameters. Targeted screening was performed by HPLC-FLD and -MS for the presence of phytomelatonin. 20 extracts were identified with concentrations of up to 1.4 µg/mL of this phytochemical, which attracts much attention from the food industry. Finally, chemometric methods were employed to cluster extracts based on their phenolic compound profile. This approach allows for an informed preselection of extracts without the need for comprehensive chemical analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

This review highlights the nutritional content, phytochemical compounds, and biological properties of three unconventional food plants consumed in the Amazon: ora-pro-nóbis (Pereskia aculeata Mill.), taioba (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), and vitória-régia (Victoria amazonica). These plants show significant nutritional, functional, and economic potential, which can enhance the intake of daily nutrients, energy, and bioactive compounds. Ora-pro-nóbis is a rich source of caftaric acid, quercetin, and isorhamnetin; taioba contains syringic acid, caffeic acid, and quercetin; and vitória-régia shows cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, and sinapic acid in its composition. These compounds confer antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antiproliferative properties on these plants. These unconventional plants can be exploited by the food industry as food and supplements and therapeutic plants to develop valuable products for food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and medical applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

One of the most pressing environmental issues is how to properly dispose of municipal solid waste (MSW), which represents both a substantial source of concern and a challenge. The current study evaluated cobalt (Co) accumulation in MSW, their uptake by different vegetables grown for two years, and related human health risks. Vegetables were grown in four different groups, such as one control (ground soil), and the remaining treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3) received varying concentrations of MSW. The analysis of Co was done through an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Results revealed that the concentration of Co was higher in all the vegetables (n = 15) grown in soil supplemented with 75% MSW during 2nd growing year. Among all vegetables, the highest concentration of Co was observed in Solanum tuberosum at T3 during 2nd growing year. The pollution load index (PLI) value for vegetables during both growing years was more than 1 except in control soil. The findings indicated that the highest enrichment factor (EF) and hazard resilience index (HRI) value of 0.09 was present in S. tuberosum. Health index values for cobalt in the study were below 1. The HRI < 1 indicated that consumers do not face any immediate health risks. The investigation of Co concentrations in blood samples obtained from individuals residing in different areas contributes a human health perspective to the research. The findings indicate that the concentration of Co rises with an increasing proportion of MSW. While the metal levels in MSW-treated soil were not high enough to classify the soil as polluted, the results recommend that recycling MSW can substitute mineral fertilizers. Nevertheless, the presence of cobalt in MSW may directly affect soil fertility and could impact crop production and human health., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Metabolomics, the systematic study of metabolites, is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of all aspects of plant-based food research and plays a pivotal role in the nutritional composition and quality control of plant-based foods. The diverse chemical compositions of plant-based foods lead to variations in sensory characteristics and nutritional value. This review explores the application of the metabolomics method to plant-based food origin tracing, cultivar identification, and processing methods. It also addresses the challenges encountered and outlines future directions. Typically, when combined with other omics or techniques, synergistic and complementary information is uncovered, enhancing the classification and prediction capabilities of models. Future research should aim to evaluate all factors affecting food quality comprehensively, and this necessitates advanced research into influence mechanisms, metabolic pathways, and gene expression., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest, either real or potential associated with this work., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Recently, with changes in dietary patterns, there has been increased interest in the concept of food and medicine homology, which can help prevent disease development. This has led to a growing focus on the development of functional health foods derived from edible herbal sources. Polysaccharides, found in many edible herbal sources, are gaining popularity as natural ingredients in the production of functional food products. The gut microbiota can effectively utilize most edible herbal polysaccharides (EHPs) and produce beneficial metabolites; therefore, the prebiotic potential of EHPs is gradually being recognized. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the structural features and characterization of EHPs to promote gut microbiota regulation as well as the structure-activity relationship between EHPs and gut microbiota. As prebiotics, intestinal microbiota can use EHPs to indirectly produce metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids to promote overall health; on the other hand, different EHP structures possess some degree of selectivity on gut microbiota regulation. Moreover, we evaluate the functionality and mechanism underlying EHPs in terms of anticancer activity, antimetabolic diseases, anti-inflammatory activity, and anti-neuropsychiatric diseases., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest These authors had no conflict of interests, (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Background: Medicinal and food homologous plants (MFHPs) which can improve Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) draw significant attention among the public due to their low toxicity and more safety. Polysaccharides, one of the various active components of MFHPs, are recognized as effective modulators of the intestinal flora. By altering the composition of intestinal flora and affecting their metabolic products, polysaccharides can improve T2DM, making them a central focus of anti-diabetic research., Purpose: The purpose of this study is to systematically review the mechanism by which polysaccharides from MFHPs (MFHPPs) regulate the composition of intestinal flora and its metabolic products to improve T2DM., Methods: This study follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and conducts a comprehensive search on the PubMed, Web of Science and Embase databases. All experimental articles published up to March 4, 2024, are included in the search., Results: Among the 5733 articles reviewed, 29 were selected, covering 22 different MFHPs. MFHPPs can improve T2DM, particularly in lowering blood glucose levels, with consistent results. MFHPPs can regulate the diversity of intestinal flora in T2DM animal models, primarily affecting four phyla: decreasing Firmicutes and Proteobacteria while increasing Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteriota. At the genus level, the improvement of T2DM by MFHPPs is associated with the modulation of 12 key genera: Allobaculum, Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Helicobacter, Halomonas, Olsenella, Oscillospira, Shigella, Escherichia-Shigella, Romboutsia and Bacteroides. At the molecular level, MFHPPs primarily act by modulating the intestinal flora to increase short-chain fatty acid levels, promote the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1, influence the IGF1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, or the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway, to lower blood glucose levels. They may also improve T2DM by working in glucose metabolism through the "microbiota-gut-organ" axis. MFHPPs can also alleviate T2DM by mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress: MFHPPs regulate intestinal flora to reduce lipopolysaccharide "leakage" and enhance intestinal mucosal permeability to tackle the inflammation associated with T2DM; MFHPPs enhance the expression of oxidative stress-related enzymes to alleviate oxidative stress and improve T2DM. Lastly, from a metabolic pathway perspective, MFHPPs are primarily involved in the metabolism of amino acids and their derivatives, carbohydrate metabolism and glutathione metabolism., Conclusion: MFHPPs can improve T2DM by enhancing the composition of intestinal flora, regulating its metabolic products to promote insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon-like peptide secretion, facilitating glycogen synthesis, reducing inflammation levels and alleviating oxidative stress. Furthermore, MFHPPs demonstrate potential protective effects on critical organs such as the pancreas, liver, kidneys and heart. Therefore, MFHPPs demonstrate significant clinical potential. However, most studies can only indicate the potential of MFHPPs intervention in improving T2DM through the intestinal flora. The causality between MFHPPs regulating the intestinal flora and T2DM requires further investigation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Plant-based foods are being considered seriously to replace traditional animal-origin foods for various reasons. It is well known that animals release large amounts of greenhouse gases into the environment during feeding, and eating animal-origin foods may also cause some health problems. Moreover, animal resources will likely be in short supply as the world population grows. It is highly likely that serious health problems ascribed to insufficient protein intake in some areas of the world will occur. Studies have shown that environmentally friendly, abundant, and customizable plant-based foods can be an effective alternative to animal-based foods. However, currently, available plant-based foods lack nutrients unique to animal-based foods. Innovative processing technologies are needed to improve the nutritional value and functionality of plant-based foods and make them acceptable to a wider range of consumers. Therefore, protein extraction technologies (e.g., high-pressure extraction, ultrasound extraction, enzyme extraction, etc.), structure improvement and assembly technologies (3D printing, micro-encapsulation, etc.), and technologies to improve digestibility and utilization of bioactive substances (microbial fermentation, physical, etc.) in the field of plant-based foods processing are reviewed. The challenges of plant-based food processing technologies are summarized. The advanced technologies aim to help the food industry solve production problems using efficient, environmentally friendly, and economical processing technologies and to guide the development of plant-based foods in the future.

In the last years, special attention has been given to the nutritional properties of food, and the edible flowers (EFs) represent an uncommon fresh product to characterise, with the aim to explore new species with peculiar aesthetic and the aromatic features. This work investigated some nutritional properties of eight new EFs, such as Begonia boliviensis A.DC. (pink and white varieties), Dahlia pinnata Cav., Salvia farinacea Benth., S. × jamensis J.Compton, S. 'Purple Queen' Tulbaghia simmleri Beauv. 'Alba', T. violacea Harv. 'Alba', chosen for their different colours and corolla morphologies. Primary and secondary metabolites have been determined. The highest protein content was found in T. violacea 'Alba' and D. pinnata . The Salvia species showed the highest soluble sugar content. The two Tulbaghia species were notable for hexose and ascorbic acid content . D. pinnata showed the highest polyphenols, flavonoids and carotenoid content, with the highest antiradical activity.

Background: Edible and medicinal herbs 1 (EMHs) refer to a class of substances with dual attribution of food and medicine. These substances are traditionally used as food and also listed in many international pharmacopoeias, including the European Pharmacopoeia, the United States Pharmacopoeia, and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Some classical formulas that are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine include a series of EMHs, which have been shown to be effective with obvious characteristics and advantages. Notably, these EMHs and Chinese classical prescriptions 2 (CCPs) have also attracted attention in international herbal medicine research because of their low toxicity and high efficiency as well as the rich body of experience for their long-term clinical use., Purpose: Our purpose is to explore the potential therapeutic effect of EMHs with immune-inflammatory modulation for the study of modern cancer drugs., Study Design: In the present study, we present a detailed account of some EMHs used in CCPs that have shown considerable research potential in studies exploring modern drugs with immune-inflammatory modulation., Methods: Approximately 500 publications in the past 30 years were collected from PubMed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect using the keywords, such as natural products, edible and medicinal herbs, Chinese medicine, classical prescription, immune-inflammatory, tumor microenvironment and some related synonyms. The active ingredients instead of herbal extracts or botanical mixtures were focused on and the research conducted over the past decade were discussed emphatically and analyzed comprehensively., Results: More than ten natural products derived from EMHs used in CCPs are discussed and their immune-inflammatory modulation activities, including enhancing antitumor immunity, regulating inflammatory signaling pathways, lowering the proportion of immunosuppressive cells, inhibiting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, immunosuppressive factors, and inflammatory mediators, are summarized., Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the immune-inflammatory modulating role of those EMHs used in CCPs and provide new ideas for cancer treatment in clinical settings., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, known as kudzu and used as a "longevity powder" in China, is an edible plant which is rich in flavonoids and believed to be useful for regulating blood sugar and treating diabetes, although the modes of action are unknown. Here, a total of 53 flavonoids including 6 novel compounds were isolated from kudzu using multidimensional preparative liquid chromatography. The flavonoid components were found to lower blood sugar levels, promote urine sugar levels in mice, and reduce the urine volume. Molecular docking and in vitro assays suggested that the antidiabetic effect of kudzu was attributed to at least three targets: sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2), protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B), and alpha-glucosidase (AG). This study suggests a possible mechanism for the antidiabetic effect that may involve the synergistic action of multiple active compounds from kudzu.

The aim of this study was to determine the profile and contents of carotenoids, tocols and B1 and B2 vitamins in different parts of two wild edible plants (WEPs), Diplotaxis erucoides and Oxalis pes-caprae . Results showed interesting amounts of these bioactive compounds in the leaves, with intakes higher than the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for vitamin A and vitamin E after consumption of 100 g. Diplotaxis erucoides and Oxalis pes-caprae leaves evidenced high amounts of carotenoids, such as lutein (about 8 mg/100 g and 5 mg, respectively) and β-carotene (about 8 mg/100 g and 4 mg/100 g, respectively). Even when not present at high amounts, the investigated plants can also contribute to the daily intake of thiamine and riboflavin. The rich profile and high contents of bioactive compounds in these WEPs clearly justify their potential use as food ingredients in a healthy and sustainable modern cuisine and in the development of new functional foods.

Wild edible species are usually collected from the wild, and they have been included in the human diet beyond the advent of agriculture, as confirmed by several ethnobotanical surveys [...].

Objective: To investigate the nutritional content of edible medicinal materials in mountainous areas of Guizhou Province and compare the comprehensive nutritional value of different varieties., Methods: A total of 15 kinds of edible herbs were collected from Guizhou Province. According to the national standard, direct drying method, Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method, Soxhlet extraction method, high performance liquid chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and other detection method were used to determine the content of general nutrients, fat soluble vitamins, minerals and ash. According to the weight ranking of nutritional indexes in principal component analysis and membership function analysis, the quality of 9 kinds of food and drug substances and 6 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials were evaluated and ranked., Results: The eigenvalues of the first 4 principal components were greater than 1, and the cumulative contribution rate was 82.32%. Compared with membership function analysis, the top 5 in comprehensive evaluation were Eucommia, Epimedium and honeysuckle, all of which were food and drug substances. The contents of calcium(851.69 mg/100 g), phosphorus(270.22 mg/100 g) and potassium(1446.48 mg/100 g) were the highest. The contents of carotene(21 963.87 μg/100 g) and vitamin E(57.82 mg/100 g) were the highest in the fat-soluble vitamins of Herbimedium. The contents of various indexes of honeysuckle were relatively high., Conclusion: Food and pharmaceutical substances have both medicinal value and nutritional value, and the overall nutritional benefit is higher than that of Chinese medicinal materials.

Edible plants samples were analysed for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic human health risks. The elements nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and mercury (Hg) analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The recovery, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 75 to 89 %, 0.001-0.003 and 0.003-0.01, respectively. The mean value of Hg (0.34 mg/kg) exceeded the limit of 0.05 mg/kg recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of Cd in adults ranged from 7.93 × 10 -7 to 1.43 × 10 -4 and that of Hg from 0.07 to 1.27 and Cd (0.08 × 10 -4 ) in children. These are below the oral reference doses (RfD). Hazard Quotient (HQ) of Hg in children was 1.92. The elements Hg and As obtained the highest total hazard (THI) index of 2.02 in mango1 and oil palm. Arsenic possessed the highest cancer risk of 4.5 × 10 -4 in children and 1.9 × 10 -4 in adults. Cancer risk (CR) ranged from low to moderate (10 -6 -10 -4 ), which is below the limit of 10 -3 . The total carcinogenic risk (TCR) of the edible plants were above the limit of 10 -6 . The study identified minimal As and Hg pollution and carcinogenic risks in edible plants., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors Dr. Gregory Udie SIkakwe and Mr. Samuel Adebayo Ojo hereby state that there is no declaration of interest concerning this research., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Edible plant leaves (EPLs) constitute a major renewable functional plant biomass available all year round, providing an essential source of polyphenols in the global diet. Polyphenols form a large family of antioxidant molecules. They protect against the harmful effects of free radicals, strengthen immunity and stimulate the body's natural defenses thanks to their antibacterial and antiviral functions. This study refers to phenolic compounds from 50 edible plant leaves divided into four categories: green leafy vegetables, underutilized leafy vegetables, leafy spices and leafy drinks. It provides data on the identification, occurrence and pharmacological functions of polyphenols contained in EPLs, and provides a better understanding of trends and gaps in their consumption and study. Certain EPLs, such as moringa ( Moringa oleifera Lam.), tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) and several leafy spices of the Lamiaceae family, reveal important characteristics and therapeutic potential. The polyphenol composition of EPLs makes them functional plants that offer relevant solutions in the fight against obesity, the management of food insecurity and the prevention of chronic diseases.

Inflammation has been shown to trigger a wide range of chronic diseases, particularly inflammatory diseases. As a result, the focus of research has been on anti-inflammatory drugs and foods. In recent years, the field of medicinal and edible homology (MEH) has developed rapidly in both medical and food sciences, with 95% of MEH being associated with plants. Phenolic acids are a crucial group of natural bioactive substances found in medicinal and edible homologous plants (MEHPs). Their anti-inflammatory activity is significant as they play a vital role in treating several inflammatory diseases. These compounds possess enormous potential for developing anti-inflammatory drugs and functional foods. However, their development is far from satisfactory due to their diverse structure and intricate anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the various types, structures, and distribution of MEHP phenolic acids that have been identified as of 2023. We also analyze their anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanisms in inflammatory diseases through NF-κB, MAPK, NLRP3, Nrf2, TLRs, and IL-17 pathways. Additionally, we investigate their impact on regulating the composition of the gut microbiota and immune responses. This analysis lays the groundwork for further exploration of the anti-inflammatory structure-activity relationship of MEHP phenolic acids, aiming to inspire structural optimization and deepen our understanding of their mechanism, and provides valuable insights for future research and development in this field., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Xie, Xiong, Li, Xia, Li, Zhang, Shi, Peng, Li, Lin and Liao.)

The Lamiaceae family, which includes several well-known aromatic plants, is scientifically relevant due to its essential oils (EOs). In this work, four EOs from Mediterranean species, namely Origanum vulgare L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., and Thymus vulgaris L., were evaluated for their volatile profiles and the biological activity in vitro to assess their potential use in the food and cosmetic sector. GC/MS analysis revealed dominant compounds, such as carvacrol, thymol, and eucalyptol. Regarding biological action, the samples exhibited antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities, with O. vulgare and T. officinalis standing out. T. vulgaris showed the lowest EC 50 in the reducing power assay, and O. vulgare had the lowest EC 50 in the DPPH assay. Most EOs also displayed excellent anti-inflammatory responses and antifungal properties, with O. vulgare and T. vulgaris also demonstrating antibacterial activity. All EOs from Mediterranean species showed cytotoxicity against tumoral cell lines. Overall, the selected EOs stood out for their interesting bioactivities, with the obtained results underscoring their potential as natural preservatives and bioactive agents in various industrial applications, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

Sea buckthorn ( Hippophae L.), a well-known medicinal and edible plant, is known as the "king of VC". Due to its excellent medicinal and nutritional value, it has been developed into a variety of functional products. Sea buckthorn polysaccharides (SPs), one of the important and representative active components, have attracted the attention of researchers in the fields of health food and medicine because of their potential beneficial effects on human health. Recently, SPs have shown various biological activities in in vitro and in vivo studies, such as anti-obesity, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, and hepatoprotective activities. This review provides a comprehensive and systematic summary of the extraction and purification methods, structural characterization, biological activity, and market trends of SPs to provide a theoretical basis for their therapeutic potential and sanitarian functions. A future scope is needed to further explore the medicinal and nutritional value of SPs and incorporate them in functional food products.

A perennial challenge in harnessing the rich biological activity of medicinal and edible plants is the accurate identification and sensitive detection of their active compounds. In this study, an innovative, ultra-sensitive detection platform for plant chemical profiling is created using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology. The platform uses silver nanoparticles as the enhancing substrate, excess sodium borohydride prevents substrate oxidation, and methanol enables the tested molecules to be better adsorbed onto the silver nanoparticles. Subsequently, nanoparticle aggregation to form stable "hot spots" is induced by Ca 2+ , and the Raman signal of the target molecule is strongly enhanced. At the same time, deuterated methanol was used as the internal standard for quantitative determination. The method has excellent reproducibility, RSD ≤ 1.79%, and the enhancement factor of this method for the detection of active ingredients in the medicinal plant Coptis chinensis was 1.24 × 10 9 , with detection limits as low as 3 fM. The platform successfully compared the alkaloid distribution in different parts of Coptis chinensis: root > leaf > stem, and the difference in content between different batches of Coptis chinensis decoction was successfully evaluated. The analytical technology adopted by the platform can speed up the determination of Coptis chinensis and reduce the cost of analysis, not only making better use of these valuable resources but also promoting development and innovation in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This study provides a new method for the development, evaluation, and comprehensive utilization of both medicinal and edible plants. It is expected that this method will be extended to the modern rapid detection of other medicinal and edible plants and will provide technical support for the vigorous development of the medicinal and edible plants industry., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

In modern society, the use of bioactive compounds in various foods and cosmetic industry sectors through the development of general foods, functional foods, cosmetics, customized cosmetics and several pharmaceuticals has become one of the key technological sources. The most critical step in isolating and purifying bioactive compounds from natural plant materials is the extraction process. Over the past five years, there has been a reasonable compromise between economic, social, and environmental requirements, resulting in safer and more efficient traditional and non-traditional extraction methods. This literature review aims to comprehensively review green extraction technologies for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials from 2020 to 2024.

Condensed tannins are considered nutritionally undesirable, because they precipitate proteins, inhibit digestive enzymes, and can affect the absorption of vitamins and minerals. From the consumer's point of view, they impart astringency to foods. Yet, they are viewed as a double-edged sword, since they possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Intake of a small quantity of the right kind of tannins may in fact be beneficial to human health. This chapter reports on the chemical structure of condensed tannins, their content in plants and food of plant origin, how they are extracted, and methods for their determination. A description of the effects of processing on condensed tannins is discussed and includes soaking, dehulling, thermal processing (i.e., cooking, boiling, autoclaving, extrusion), and germination. The astringency of condensed tannins is described in relation to their interactions with proteins. Finally, details about the biological properties of condensed tannins, including their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity activities, are reviewed., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Enzymes are biologically active complex protein molecules that catalyze most chemical reactions in living organisms, and their inhibitors accelerate biological processes. This review emphasizes medicinal food plants and their isolated chemicals inhibiting clinically important enzymes in common diseases. A mechanistic overview was investigated to explain the mechanism of these food bases enzyme inhibitors. The enzyme inhibition potential of medicinal food plants and their isolated substances was searched in Ovid, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Cholinesterase, amylase, glucosidase, xanthine oxidase, tyrosinase, urease, lipoxygenase, and others were inhibited by crude extracts, solvent fractions, or isolated pure chemicals from medicinal food plants. Several natural compounds have shown tyrosinase inhibition potential, including quercetin, glabridin, phloretin-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, lupinalbin, and others. Some of these compounds' inhibitory kinetics and molecular mechanisms are also discussed. Phenolics and flavonoids inhibit enzyme activity best among the secondary metabolites investigated. Several studies showed flavonoids' significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, highlighting their medicinal potential. Overall, many medicinal food plants, their crude extracts/fractions, and isolated compounds have been studied, and some promising compounds depending on the enzyme have been found. Still, more studies are recommended to derive potential pharmacologically active functional foods.

Background: As the cholinesterase theory is a prominent hypothesis underlying our current understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the goal of this study was to compose functional vegan lunchtime soups with potential health benefits in the prevention of AD (in the context of cholinesterase inhibition)., Materials and Methods: The potential of 36 edible plant raw materials in terms of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition was investigated using a 96-well microplate reader. The most promising ingredients were combined to obtain 18 palatable vegetable soup recipes with 6 dominant flavor, appearance, and aroma variants. To shortlist candidates for in-depth analysis and potential consideration in industrial production, our team performed a sensory analysis of the soups., Results: The white boletus soup exhibited the highest potential for cholinesterase inhibition, further bolstered by the inclusion of other ingredients known for their elevated capacity to inhibit both AChE and BChE. Ingredients such as blackthorn ( Prunus spinosa ), garlic, and white potato contributed significantly to this inhibitory effect (nearly 100% of AChE inhibition). Notably, intriguing results were also observed for asparagus soup, despite the fact that the inhibitory potential of asparagus itself is negligible compared to other raw materials. The success of the asparagus soup lies in the meticulous selection of various ingredients, each contributing to its overall effectiveness. It was observed that mushroom soups scored the highest in this respect, while the team members' response to nettle soup was the least favorable., Conclusion: The outcomes of our study should serve as a catalyst for further exploration of this important research domain. Our current research focuses on deeper insights into the potential of comprehensive meal options. Furthermore, the synergy/antagonism/non-interaction between respective soup ingredients as well as elements of individual soups' chemical composition is a very interesting topic currently under our intensive scientific investigation., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

The rise in the global population, which is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, has resulted in an increased demand for proteins in the human diet. The green leaves of many plants are an affordable, abundant, and sustainable source of proteins suitable for human consumption. This article reviews the various sources of green leaf proteins that may play an important role in alleviating global malnutrition, including those from alfalfa, amaranth, cabbage, cassava, duckweed, moringa, olive, radish, spinach, sugar beet, and tea. The structure of green leaves and the location of the proteins within these leaves are described, as well as methods for extracting and purifying these proteins. The composition, nutritional profile, and functional attributes of green leaf proteins are then discussed. The potential advantages and disadvantages of using green leaf proteins as functional food ingredients are highlighted. The importance of obtaining a better understanding of the composition and structure of different green leaves and the proteins extracted from them is highlighted. This includes an assessment of non-protein nitrogen and anti-nutritional compounds that may be present. Furthermore, the impact of isolation and purification techniques on the functionality of the plant protein ingredients obtained must be carefully evaluated.

Wild edible plants (WEP) are part of the Mediterranean culinary culture and can be used as famine foods in times of severe food shortages. Urospermum picroides is a WEP that grows under harsh conditions and represents an opportunity to expand and diversify the global food supply. However, little is known about its chemical profile. In this study, liquid chromatography coupled to HRESIMS allowed the identification of 77 metabolites in U. picroides extract, among which 12 sesquiterpene-amino acid conjugates are reported here for the first time. Due to the novelty of these conjugates, GNPS molecular networking was used to provide information on their fragmentation pathway. Further, the sesquiterpene enriched U. picroides extract showed a moderate anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-stimulated THP1-macrophages by increasing IL-10 secretion while decreasing pro-inflammatory IL-6 secretion at 50 µg/mL. Our study provides evidence for the potential use of U. picroides as an anti-inflammatory functional food and nutraceutical agent., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Approximately 110 types of medicinal materials are listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, both for medicinal purposes and for use as food. There are several domestic scholars who have carried out research on edible plant medicine in China and the results are satisfactory. Though these related articles have appeared in domestic magazines and journals, many of them are yet to be translated into English. Most of the research stays in the extraction and quantitative testing stage, and there are a few medicinal and edible plants that are still under in-depth study. A majority of these edible and herbal plants are also highly enriched in polysaccharides, and this has an effect on immune systems for the prevention of cancer, inflammation, and infection. Comparing the polysaccharide composition of medicinal and edible plants, the monosaccharide and polysaccharide species were identified. It is found that different polysaccharides of different sizes have different pharmacological properties, with some polysaccharides containing special monosaccharides. The pharmacological properties of polysaccharides can be summarized as immunomodulatory, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive and anti-hyperlipemic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. There have been no poisonous effects found in studies of plant polysaccharides, probably because the substances have a long history of use and are safe. In this paper, the application potential of polysaccharides in medicinal and edible plants in Xinjiang was reviewed, and the research progress in the extraction, separation, identification, and pharmacology of these plant polysaccharides was reviewed. At present, the research progress of plant polysaccharides in medicines and food in Xinjiang has not been reported. This paper will provide a data summary for the development and utilization of medical and food plant resources in Xinjiang.

Phenolic acids (PAs) are one of the utmost prevalent classes of plant-derived bioactive chemicals. They have a specific taste and odor, and are found in numerous medicinal and food plants, such as Cynomorium coccineum L., Prunus domestica (L.), and Vitis vinifera L. Their biosynthesis, physical and chemical characteristics and structure-activity relationship are well understood. These phytochemicals and their derivatives exert several bioactivities including but not limited to anticancer, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, immune-regulatory and anti-obesity properties. They are strong antioxidants because of hydroxyl groups which play pivotal role in their anticancer, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective potential. They may play significant role in improving human health owing to anticarcinogenic, anti-arthritis, antihypertensive, anti-stroke, and anti-atherosclerosis activities, as several PAs have demonstrated biological activities against these disease during in vitro and in vivo studies. These PAs exhibited anticancer action by promoting apoptosis, targeting angiogenesis, and reducing abnormal cell growth, while anti-inflammatory activity was attributed to reducing proinflammatory cytokines. Pas exhibited anti-atherosclerotic activity via inhibition of platelets. Moreover, they also reduced cardiovascular complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke by activating Paraoxonase 1. The present review focuses on the plant sources, structure activity relationship, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective actions of PAs that is attributed to modulation of oxidative stress and signal transduction pathways, along with highlighting their mechanism of actions in disease conditions. Further, preclinical and clinical studies must be carried out to evaluate the mechanism of action and drug targets of PAs to understand their therapeutic actions and disease therapy in humans, respectively.

Globally, several hundred thousand hectares of both agricultural and urban land have become contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). PFAS compounds are resistant to degradation and are mobile in soil compared to other common contaminants. Many compounds have KD values (matrix/solution concentration quotients) of <10. PFAS compounds endanger the health of humans and ecosystems by leaching into groundwater, exposure via dust, and, to a lesser extent, through plant uptake. This review aims to determine the feasibility of phytomanagement, the use of plants, and the use of soil conditioners to minimize environmental risk whilst also providing an economic return in the management of PFAS-contaminated land. For most sites, PFAS combinations render phytoextraction, the use of plants to remove PFAS from soil, inviable. In contrast, low Bioaccumulation Coefficients (BAC; plant and soil concentration quotients) timber species or native vegetation may be usefully employed for phytomanagement to limit human/food chain exposure to PFAS. Even with a low BAC, PFAS uptake by crop plants may still exceed food safety standards, and therefore, edible crop plants should be avoided. Despite this limitation, phytomanagement may be the only economically viable option to manage most of this land. Plant species and soil amendments should be chosen with the goal of reducing water flux through the soil, as well as increasing the hydrophobic components in soil that may bind the C-F-dominated tails of PFAS compounds. Soil conditioners such as biochar, with significant hydrophobic components, may mitigate the leaching of PFAS into receiving waters. Future work should focus on the interactions of PFAS with soil microbiota; secondary metabolites such as glomalin may immobilize PFAS in soil.

Understanding local knowledge about wild edible plants (WEP) is essential for assessing plant services, reducing the risks of knowledge extinction, recognizing the rights of local communities, and improving biodiversity conservation efforts. However, the knowledge of specific groups such as women or children tends to be under-represented in local ecological knowledge (LEK) research. In this study, we explore how knowledge of WEP is distributed across gender and life stages (adults/children) among Betsileo people in the southern highlands of Madagascar. Using data from free listings with 42 adults and 40 children, gender-balanced, we show that knowledge on WEP differs widely across gender and life stage. In addition, we find that children have extended knowledge of WEP while reporting different species than adults. Women's knowledge specializes in herbaceous species (versus other plant life forms), while men's knowledge specializes in endemic species (versus native or introduced). Finally, we find that introduced species are more frequently cited by children, while adults cite more endemic species. We discuss the LEK differentiation mechanisms and the implications of acquiring life stage's knowledge in the highland landscapes of Madagascar. Given our findings, we highlight the importance of considering groups with under-represented knowledge repositories, such as children and women, into future research., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Specialized metabolites from plants are important for human health due to their antioxidant properties. Light is one of the main factors modulating the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites, determining the cascade response activated by photoreceptors and the consequent modulation of expressed genes and biosynthetic pathways. Recent developments in light emitting diode (LED) technology have enabled improvements in artificial light applications for horticulture. In particular, the possibility to select specific spectral light compositions, intensities and photoperiods has been associated with altered metabolite content in a variety of crops. This review aims to analyze the effects of indoor LED lighting recipes and management on the specialized metabolite content in different groups of crop plants (namely medicinal and aromatic plants, microgreens and edible flowers), focusing on the literature from the last 5 years. The literature collection produced a total of 40 papers, which were analyzed according to the effects of artificial LED lighting on the content of anthocyanins, carotenoids, phenols, tocopherols, glycosides, and terpenes, and ranked on a scale of 1 to 3. Most studies applied a combination of red and blue light (22%) or monochromatic blue (23%), with a 16 h day -1 photoperiod (78%) and an intensity greater than 200 μmol m -2  s -1 (77%). These treatment features were often the most efficient in enhancing specialized metabolite content, although large variations in performance were observed, according to the species considered and the compound analyzed. The review aims to provide valuable indications for the definition of the most promising spectral components toward the achievement of nutrient-rich indoor-grown products. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.)

The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. β-Caryophyllene was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that β-caryophyllene is not genotoxic. Data on β-caryophyllene provided a calculated Margin of Exposure (MOE) > 100 for the repeated dose toxicity and fertility endpoints. The developmental and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to β-caryophyllene is below the TTC (0.03 mg/kg/day and 1.4 mg/day, respectively. Data show that there are no safety concerns for β-caryophyllene for skin sensitization under the current declared levels of use. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on data and ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectra; β-caryophyllene is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; β-caryophyllene was found not to be Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Although the increasing studies have corroborated the biological activities and great market utilization value of polysaccharide fractions derived from Polygonati rhizome, a well-known edible and medicinal plant, Polygonati rhizome polysaccharides (PRPs) still lack sufficient attention. Herein, we make attempt to systematically summarize recent advances in the extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities, and commercial products of PRPs. Based on the detailed extraction and structural characteristics, the biological activities of PRPs including immune-regulation, anti-osteoporosis, anti-Alzheimer's disease, anti-diabetes and anti-atherosclerotic, are emphatically summarized, as well as the possible related mechanisms. Most importantly, about 365 kinds of commercial functional foods and over 500 patents related to PRPs as the main raw material were analyzed to explore the status quo and bottleneck for the development and utilization of PRPs. In conclusion, this review will benefit to bridge the gap between basic knowledge and market innovations, and facilitate the in-depth utilization of PRPs., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a primary cause of deaths worldwide. Thrombotic diseases, specifically stroke and coronary heart diseases, account for around 85% of CVDs-induced deaths. Platelets (small circulating blood cells) are responsible for the prevention of excessive bleeding upon vascular injury, through blood clotting (haemostasis). However, unnecessary activation of platelets under pathological conditions, such as upon the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, results in thrombus formation (thrombosis), which can cause life threatening conditions such as stroke or heart attack. Therefore, antiplatelet medications are usually prescribed for people who are at a high risk of thrombotic diseases. The currently used antiplatelet drugs are associated with major side effects such as excessive bleeding, and some patients are resistant to these drugs. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted to develop new antiplatelet agents and notably, to establish the relationship between edible plants, specifically fruits, vegetables and spices, and cardiovascular health. Indeed, healthy and balanced diets have proven to be effective for the prevention of CVDs in diverse settings. A high intake of fruits and vegetables in regular diet is associated with lower risks for stroke and coronary heart diseases because of their plethora of phytochemical constituents. In this review, we discuss the impacts of commonly used selected edible plants (specifically vegetables, fruits and spices) and/or their isolated compounds on the modulation of platelet function, haemostasis and thrombosis.

Phenthoate is a chiral organophosphate pesticide with a pair of enantiomers which differ in toxicity, behavior and insecticidal activity, and its acute toxicity on human health owing to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase highlights the need for enantioselective detection of enantiomers. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a simple rapid method for separation and detection of phenthoate enantiomers in fruits, vegetables and grains. The enantiomers were separated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the first time. Rapid chiral separation (within 9 min) of the target compound was achieved on a chiral OJ-RH column with the mobile phase of methanol-water = 85:15(v/v), at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and a column temperature of 30°C. Acetonitrile and graphitized carbon black were used as the extractant and sorbent for pretreatment, respectively. This method provides excellent linearity (correlation coefficient ≥0.9986), high sensitivity (limit of quantification 5 μg/kg and limit of detection <0.25 μg/kg), satisfactory mean recoveries (76.2-91.0%) and relative standard deviation (intra-day RSDs ranged from 2.0 to 7.9% and inter-day RSDs ranged from 2.4 to 8.4%). In addition, a field trial to explore the stereoselective degradation of phenthoate enantiomers in citrus showed that (-)-phenthoate degraded faster than its antipode, resulting in the relative accumulation of (+)-phenthoate., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Consumable herbs play a basic part in sustenance and human health. Traditionally, Colocasia gigantea Hook (Araceae) is used to treat fever, infection, wounds healing, drowsiness, tuberculosis, stomach problems etc. AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aspired to identify bioactive compounds, to evaluate anti-inflammatory and analgesic potentials of edible herb C. gigantea, and to molecular docking study against anti-inflammatory enzyme Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)., Materials and Methods: Chemical components of C. gigantea were discerned by HPLC and GCMS assays. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was appraised by heat-induced, hypotonicity, and hydrogen peroxide-induced hemolysis assays and in vivo by formalin-induced paw edema assay. In vivo analgesic activity was evaluated by acetic acid-induced pain modulation assay. Also, molecular docking of the identified compounds was explored against the anti-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2., Results: HPLC-DAD analysis divulged the presence of trans-cinnamic acid along with (-)-epicatechin as a prime component. Also, 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (37.86%) and n-Hexadecanoic acid (25.89%) as the major as well as 24 other compounds were confirmed through GCMS in the extract. In in vitro anti-inflammatory study, C. gigantea extract indicated prominent erythrocyte membrane stabilization activity with good percentage aegis in all experimental assays. In addition to, formalin-induced in vivo anti-inflammatory assay revealed the maximum (42.37% and 48.72%) suppression of edema at the fourth hour at 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Moreover, an in-vivo pain modulation assay exposed significant (p < 0.05) activity at experimental doses. Furthermore, in the docking study, (-)-epicatechin was more active rather than other identified compounds with strong binding affinity to COX-2 protein., Conclusions: The extract evinced remarkable anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Identified bioactive components along with other components of the extract might play a pivotal role in the observed bioactivity and the results vindicate the use of edible herb C. gigantea in ancestral medicine., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A worldwide increase in the incidence of fungal infections, emergence of new fungal strains, and antifungal resistance to commercially available antibiotics indicate the need to investigate new treatment options for fungal diseases. Therefore, the interest in exploring the antifungal activity of medicinal plants has now been increased to discover phyto-therapeutics in replacement to conventional antifungal drugs. The study was conducted to explore and identify the mechanism of action of antifungal agents of edible plants, including Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cinnamomum tamala, Amomum subulatum, Trigonella foenumgraecum, Mentha piperita, Coriandrum sativum, Lactuca sativa, and Brassica oleraceae var. italica . The antifungal potential was assessed via the disc diffusion method and, subsequently, the extracts were assessed for phytochemicals and total antioxidant activity. Potent polyphenols were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and antifungal mechanism of action was evaluated in silico. Cinnamomum zeylanicum exhibited antifungal activity against all the tested strains while all plant extracts showed antifungal activity against Fusarium solani . Rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin were identified as common polyphenols. In silico studies showed that rutin displayed the greatest affinity with binding pocket of fungal 14-alpha demethylase and nucleoside diphosphokinase with the binding affinity (K d , -9.4 and -8.9, respectively), as compared to terbinafine. Results indicated that Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Cinnamomum tamala exert their antifungal effect possibly due to kaempferol and rutin, respectively, or possibly by inhibition of nucleoside diphosphokinase (NDK) and 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51), while Amomum subulatum and Trigonella foenum graecum might exhibit antifungal potential due to quercetin. Overall, the study demonstrates that plant-derived products have a high potential to control fungal infections.

Chalcones are secondary metabolites belonging to the flavonoid (C 6 -C 3 -C 6 system) family that are ubiquitous in edible and medicinal plants, and they are bioprecursors of plant flavonoids. Chalcones and their natural derivatives are important intermediates of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Plants containing chalcones have been used in traditional medicines since antiquity. Chalcones are basically α,β-unsaturated ketones that exert great diversity in pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antitubercular, antiplasmodial, antileishmanial, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and so on. This review provides an insight into the chemistry, biosynthesis, and occurrence of chalcones from natural sources, particularly dietary and medicinal plants. Furthermore, the pharmacological, pharmacokinetics, and toxicological aspects of naturally occurring chalcone derivatives are also discussed herein. In view of having tremendous pharmacological potential, chalcone scaffolds/chalcone derivatives and bioflavonoids after subtle chemical modification could serve as a reliable platform for natural products-based drug discovery toward promising drug lead molecules/drug candidates.

Edible flowers are becoming very popular, as consumers are seeking healthier and more attractive food products that can improve their diet aesthetics and diversify their dietary sources of micronutrients. The great variety of flowers that can be eaten is also associated with high variability in chemical composition, especially in bioactive compounds content that may significantly contribute to human health. The advanced analytical techniques allowed us to reveal the chemical composition of edible flowers and identify new compounds and effects that were not known until recently. Considering the numerous species of edible flowers, the present review aims to categorize the various species depending on their chemical composition and also to present the main groups of compounds that are usually present in the species that are most commonly used for culinary purposes. Moreover, special attention is given to those species that contain potentially toxic or poisonous compounds as their integration in human diets should be carefully considered. In conclusion, the present review provides useful information regarding the chemical composition and the main groups of chemical compounds that are present in the flowers of the most common species.

Phytochemicals contribute to the health benefits of plant-rich diets, notably through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, recommended daily amounts of the main dietary phytochemicals remain undetermined. We aimed to estimate the amounts of phytochemicals in a well-balanced diet. A modelled diet was created, containing dietary reference intakes for adults in France. Two one-week menus (summer and winter) were devised to reflect typical intakes of plant-based foods. Existing databases were used to estimate daily phytochemical content for seven phytochemical families: phenolic acids, flavonoids (except anthocyanins), anthocyanins, tannins, organosulfur compounds, carotenoids, and caffeine. The summer and winter menus provided 1607 and 1441 mg/day, respectively, of total polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins), the difference being driven by reduced anthocyanin intake in winter. Phenolic acids, flavonoids (including anthocyanins), and tannins accounted for approximately 50%, 25%, and 25% of total polyphenols, respectively. Dietary carotenoid and organosulfur compound content was estimated to be approximately 17 and 70 mg/day, respectively, in both seasons. Finally, both menus provided approximately 110 mg/day of caffeine, exclusively from tea and coffee. Our work supports ongoing efforts to define phytochemical insufficiency states that may occur in individuals with unbalanced diets and related disease risk factors.

Wild edible plants have become an attractive variation of the human diet, especially in East Asia, North America, and Oceania. However, their potential in nutrition is only rarely considered in Europe. This study aims to reveal the nutritional and antioxidant potential of mature fern leaves from 13 families grown in Europe. We found that most of the examined fern species displayed a high antioxidant capacity, exceeding 0.5 g Trolox equivalent per gram of extract dry weight in ORAC assay and reaching IC 50 values lower than 30 µg·mL -1 in DPPH assay (with the value for Trolox 7 µg·mL -1 ). Most of the species also appeared to be a good source of carotenoids, especially of lutein (205 µg·g -1 DW on average) and β-carotene (161 µg·g -1 DW on average) when compared to the reference leafy vegetables spinach and rocket. A cytotoxicity test using ovine hepatocytes showed a non-toxicity effect of fern leaf extracts., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aromatic halophytes represent an exceptional source of natural bioactive compounds for the food industry. Crithmum maritimum L., also known as sea fennel, is a halophyte plant colonizing cliffs and coastal dunes along Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts. It is well known to produce essential oils and polyphenols endowed with antioxidant and biological effects. The present work reports the phytochemical profile, as well as antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimutagenic properties of C. maritimum leaf hydro-alcoholic extract. From LC-ESI-MS analysis, eighteen phenolic compounds were depicted in sea fennel extract and the amount of total phenolic content exceeds 3% DW. Accordingly, C. maritimum extract showed strong antioxidant activities, as evidenced by in vitro (DPPH, ORAC, FRAP) and ex vivo (CAA-RBC and hemolysis) assays. An important antimicrobial activity against pathogenic strains was found as well as a strong capacity to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 35556) biofilm formation. Sea fennel extracts showed a significant decrease of mutagenesis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and menadione (ME) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 strain. In conclusion, our results show that C. maritimum is an exceptional source of bioactive components and exert beneficial effects against oxidative or mutagenic mechanisms, and pathogenic bacteria, making it a potential functional food.