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Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The textile industries discharge around 10–15% dyes into effluents, posing threat to human health and environment. White-rot fungi are promising candidates for elimination of variety of dyes, owing to their potential for degradation and mineralization of a broad spectrum of highly toxic, recalcitrant, and organic pollutants. In this study, different species of Pleurotus were evaluated for ligninolytic enzymes production using paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of incubation, respectively. Among substrates, paddy straw exhibited maximum activity of laccase (Lac) (45968.9 ± 347.2 U/g) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) (16312.1 ± 99.9 U/g) from P. ostreatus D-66 after 28 days, however the lignin peroxidase (LiP) (10823.2 ± 94.5 U/g) activity from P. pulmonarius D-79 following 21 days. Purified Lac, MnP and LiP from P. ostreatus D-66 and P. pulmonarius D-79 showed 68.8, 44.1 and 22.8- fold increase with yield of 57.3%, 36.7% and 30.4%, respectively. These enzymes were stable over wide range of pH (3.5 to 7.5) and temperatures (30 to 50 °C) with optimum pH 4.5–5.0 and temperature 30 °C. Among synthetic dyes, the maximum decolorisation (96.9%) was achieved in Remazol brilliant blue R revealed with Lac from P. ostreatus D-66, while in P. pulmonarius D-79 (88.8%) with malachite green and decolorised dye with optimal pH 4.0–6.0 and temperature 30 °C. The findings demonstrated that paddy straw could be an attractive substrate for Pleurotus spp. to produce ligninolytic enzymes that, after purification, can be exploited effectively for degradation of synthetic dyes from textile effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A specific feature of mushrooms (including those of the genus Pleurotus) is their natural ability to absorb and accumulate many chemical substances present in their immediate environment, which makes them an excellent natural sorption material. Hence, fruiting bodies of mushrooms have been recognized for years as excellent indicators of the environment, reflecting its current state. Nevertheless, mushrooms can accumulate both health-promoting substances, such as bioelements, and toxic substances, such as heavy metals and organic compounds, including bisphenol A® (BPA). This organic chemical compound in the phenol group, although it has been withdrawn in the EU since 2010, is widely present in the environment around us. In the present experiment, we aimed to determine the effect of adding BPA to liquid media for in vitro cultures of Pleurotus spp. The biomass increases were determined. Moreover, the degrees of adsorption and desorption of BPA from the obtained freeze-dried biomass in two different environments (neutral and acidic) were determined as a function of time. This is the first study to determine the bioavailability of adsorbed BPA in obtained biomass by extracting the mycelium into artificial digestive juices in a model digestive system. BPA was added to the liquid Oddoux medium in the following amounts: 0.01, 0.5, and 0.5 g/250 mL of medium. The amounts of adsorbed and desorbed BPA were determined by flow injection analysis (FIA) with amperometric detection. The addition of BPA to the substrate reduced the biomass growth in each of the discussed cases. BPA adsorption by the mycelium occurred at over 90% and depended on the morphology of the mushroom (structure, surface development, and pore size). BPA desorption depended on the pH of the environment and the desorption time. Mushrooms are an excellent natural remedial material, but BPA is extracted into artificial digestive juices; therefore, consuming mushrooms from industrialized areas may have health consequences for our bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus have shown nematophagous activity as it produces many chemical compounds and enzymes affecting parasitic nematodes. This study aimed to extract the inhibitory activity of the five strains of the fungus Pleurotus spp. It was evaluated against eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. The extract of P. ostreatus obtained the highest level of inhibition of eggs at 97.6% (1341 μg/mL) followed by P. pulmonarius (EPP) at 81.2% (774 μg/mL). The extract selected for evaluation against larvae was P. pulmonarius, showing no effect for L3 larvae, but for L4 larvae an immobility effect of 56.93% was observed at 900 μg/mL. The protein profile showed the presence of 23 protein bands in the extract. The crude extract of P. pulmonarius showed degradation of tissues both inside the eggs and larvae L1. Metabolites produced by Pleurotus mushrooms can consider using in agriculture sustainable by utilizing in producing of ovicidal and larvicidal against H. contortus instead of chemical compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine isolates of Trichoderma were obtained from the diverse phases of compost preparation and the production of different commercial varieties of oyster mushrooms Pleurotus spp. with the apparent presence of green mould disease. The isolates were morphologically and genetically characterized. Molecular fingerprinting indicated that the isolates belonged to the species T. pleuroticola and T. harzianum. In order to identify control measures, changes in temperature, pH, and application of fungicides were tested on the present isolates, using known Trichoderma biocontrol strains as a reference. Fungicide effects on the growth of Pleurotus isolates were also assessed. The optimal growth temperatures were 25 °C for Trichoderma isolates and 28 °C for Pleurotus isolates, and Trichoderma always grew faster than Pleurotus. In particular, a reduction of about 30% was recorded for some of the Trichoderma isolates when comparing the colony growth at 25 and 28 °C. Trichoderma isolates developed well within a wide pH range, with the best growth occurring between pH 5 and 7, whereas Pleurotus preferred more alkaline conditions (pH 8 to 9). Prochloraz and metrafenone were found to inhibit Trichoderma growth with different dose responses that did not affect the growth of Pleurotus spp. In particular, metrafenone was the most effective active ingredient that inhibited the majority of the Trichoderma isolates (1–25% growth reduction).

Lignin degradation is important for enhancing the digestibility and improving the nutritive quality of ruminant feeds. White rot fungi are well known for their bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The objective of this paper was to evaluate whether Lentinus sajor-caju, Pleurotus ostreatus, Phyllotopsis rhodophylla, Pleurotus djamor, Pleurotus eryngii, and Pleurotus citrinopileatus treatments altered the chemical compositions of highland barley straw constituents and enhanced their nutritional value as a ruminant feed. All white rot fungi significantly increased the relative crude protein (CP), ethyl ether extract (EE), starch, soluble protein (SP), and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) contents but decreased the ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and acid detergent insoluble protein (ADFIP) contents. In addition, L. sajor-caju treatment increased (p < 0.001) the levels of PA, PB2, PB3, CA, CB1, CB2, and CNSC, but reduced (p < 0.001) the PC and CC in the solid-state fermentation of highland barley straw. Maximum ligninlysis (50.19%) was optimally produced in the presence of 1.53% glucose and 2.29% urea at 22.72 ℃. The in vitro dry matter digestibility and total volatile fatty acid concentrations of fermented highland barley straw, as well as the fermentability, were optimized and improved with L. sajor-caju, which degraded the lignocellulose and improved the nutritional value of highland barley straw as a ruminant feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine isolates of Trichoderma were obtained from the diverse phases of compost preparation and the production of different commercial varieties of oyster mushrooms Pleurotus spp. with the apparent presence of green mould disease. The isolates were morphologically and genetically characterized. Molecular fingerprinting indicated that the isolates belonged to the species T. pleuroticola and T. harzianum. In order to identify control measures, changes in temperature, pH, and application of fungicides were tested on the present isolates, using known Trichoderma biocontrol strains as a reference. Fungicide effects on the growth of Pleurotus isolates were also assessed. The optimal growth temperatures were 25 °C for Trichoderma isolates and 28 °C for Pleurotus isolates, and Trichoderma always grew faster than Pleurotus. In particular, a reduction of about 30% was recorded for some of the Trichoderma isolates when comparing the colony growth at 25 and 28 °C. Trichoderma isolates developed well within a wide pH range, with the best growth occurring between pH 5 and 7, whereas Pleurotus preferred more alkaline conditions (pH 8 to 9). Prochloraz and metrafenone were found to inhibit Trichoderma growth with different dose responses that did not affect the growth of Pleurotus spp. In particular, metrafenone was the most effective active ingredient that inhibited the majority of the Trichoderma isolates (1–25% growth reduction). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical characteristics analysis and quality assessment is necessary before choosing a sustainable utilization way for spent mushroom substrate (SMS) disposal. Therefore, three varieties SMS of Pleurotus spp. cultivated on reed were taken as samples to analyze chemical characteristics on the feed and fertilizer nutrients, and mineral elements. All SMS were acidic, pH was 5.26–5.51. There was no significant difference on the contents of fiber, carbon, pH, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As in three SMS, but they were lower than that in substrate (S), expect of Pb and Cd. The principal component analysis based on 25 variables showed that 2 components explained 72.2% of the quality variation in SMS. The first component (56.8%) differentiated S, SMS of Pleurotus eryngii (SMS-P.E) from SMS of P. ostreatus and P. citrinopileatus (SMS-P.C, SMS-P.O). The second component (15.4%) differentiated SMS-P.C from SMS-P.O. The contents of total sugar, total amino acids, total potassium, crude polysaccharide, and crude lipid were similar between S and SMS-P.E. The contents of crude protein, ash, total nitrogen, Ca, Zn, Cu, and Mn in SMS-P.E were even more than that in S. The feed and fertilizer parameters of total sugar, amino acids, crude protein, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were much lower in SMS-P.C than SMS-P.O. Therefore, a utilization suggestion was provided: according to the contents of total carbon and nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber and Ca, SMS-P.E grown on reed could be considered as materials for secondary cultivation of mushroom; based on the parameters of crude protein, amino acids, total sugar, SMS-P.O was more fit for utilization as feed and fertilizer than that of P. citrinopileatus; SMS-P.C could be used as fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine the capacity of Pleurotus spp. lignocellulosome to transform frequent pomiculture residues (grapevine-, plum-, and raspberry sawdust) into raw materials for biotechnological processes. All three lignocellulosics induced the synthesis of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes in the tested species. Laccase was dominant in the ligninolytic cocktail, with a maximum activity of 40,494.88 U L−1 observed after the cultivation of P. pulmonarius on grapevine sawdust. Grapevine sawdust also proved to be the optimal substrate for the synthesis of versatile peroxidases especially in P. eryngii (1010.10 U L−1), while raspberry sawdust favored the production of Mn-dependent peroxidase in P. pulmonarius (479.17 U L−1). P. pulmonarius was the dominant cellulolytic agent and raspberry sawdust was optimal for the synthesis of xylanases, and endo- and exo-cellulases (15,746.35 U L−1, 9741.56 U L−1, and 836.62 U L−1), while grapevine sawdust mostly induced β-glucosidase activity (166.11 U L−1). The degree of residues delignification was more substrate- than species-dependent, ranging between 6.44 and 23.72% after the fermentation of grapevine and raspberry sawdust with P. pulmonarius. On the other hand, the lowest level of cellulose consumption was also observed on raspberry sawdust after the cultivation of P. eryngii, which together with high delignification also induced the highest selectivity index (1.27). The obtained results show the exceptional lignocellulolytic potential of Pleurotus spp. enzyme cocktails which opens up many possibilities for their application in numerous biotechnological processes. Graphical Abstract

One of the most economically viable processes for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic agroindustrial wastes is the production of edible mushrooms by solid state fermentation (SSF), achieving high value-added products as a result of the process. It is important to evaluate the degree of biodegradation presented by the different substrates by Pleurotus, since it is a process of multifactorial dependence. The objective of this work was to evaluate the biodegradation of lignocellulosic agroindustrial wastes: coffee pulp, cocoa shell and others. The criteria of bioconversion, biological efficiency, the Carbon/Nitrogen (C/N) ratio and the changes in the initial and final composition of the residues were used. Variations are shown in: C/N, crude fiber, lignin, polyphenols, caffeine, organic matter, and in the bioconversion levels in both residues. The most notable were the decreases in the content of caffeine, crude fiber, C/N, lignin and polyphenols. In the evaluation made of different lignocellulosic wastes are evident many aspects: the Pleurotus species used is very important, the chemical composition and the physical characteristics of the wastes for the development and growth of Pleurotus and therefore for its biodegradation. Some factors show a direct or indirect relationship with biodegradation, but they cannot be considered absolute conditioning factors since they are subject to the influence of many other factors. The cultivation of Pleurotus spp mushrooms can be considered as a prominent biotechnological process for the reduction and recovery of wastes, which can be used to produce value-added products and therefore contribute to the circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The goal of this study was to determine the capacity of Pleurotus spp. lignocellulosome to transform frequent pomiculture residues (grapevine-, plum-, and raspberry sawdust) into raw materials for biotechnological processes. All three lignocellulosics induced the synthesis of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes in the tested species. Laccase was dominant in the ligninolytic cocktail, with a maximum activity of 40,494.88 U L−1 observed after the cultivation of P. pulmonarius on grapevine sawdust. Grapevine sawdust also proved to be the optimal substrate for the synthesis of versatile peroxidases especially in P. eryngii (1010.10 U L−1), while raspberry sawdust favored the production of Mn-dependent peroxidase in P. pulmonarius (479.17 U L−1). P. pulmonarius was the dominant cellulolytic agent and raspberry sawdust was optimal for the synthesis of xylanases, and endo- and exo-cellulases (15,746.35 U L−1, 9741.56 U L−1, and 836.62 U L−1), while grapevine sawdust mostly induced β-glucosidase activity (166.11 U L−1). The degree of residues delignification was more substrate- than species-dependent, ranging between 6.44 and 23.72% after the fermentation of grapevine and raspberry sawdust with P. pulmonarius. On the other hand, the lowest level of cellulose consumption was also observed on raspberry sawdust after the cultivation of P. eryngii, which together with high delignification also induced the highest selectivity index (1.27). The obtained results show the exceptional lignocellulolytic potential of Pleurotus spp. enzyme cocktails which opens up many possibilities for their application in numerous biotechnological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astragalus membranaceus var. mongolicus (AMM) is an edible and medicinal material and is commonly used in East Asia. According to the pharmacopeia of China, the dried root of AMM is medicinal. However, the aerial parts of AMM are always directly discarded after harvest. The stems and leaves are also rich in active compounds, including saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides. To rationally use resources, waste products from AMM stems and leaves are useful substrates for edible fungus cultivation. Here, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida) was cultivated on a basal substrate supplemented with AMM stems and leaves (AMM group). The nutritional and chemical composition of the fruiting body were analyzed by metabolomics and chemometrics. Our results showed that AMM addition to the substrate affected the fresh weight, moisture, fat, protein, and element concentrations, and amino acid composition of oyster mushroom. Moreover, 2,156 metabolites were detected and annotated based on the metabolomics data, of which 680 were identified as differentially expressed metabolites. Many active phytometabolites previously identified in AMM herbs were also detected in the metabolomics of oyster mushroom from AMM group, including 46 terpenoids, 21 flavonoids, 17 alkaloids, 14 phenylpropanoids, and 3 fatty acids. In summary, our results imply that oyster mushroom cultured with AMM stems and leaves might have very high nutritional therapy health care value.

Astragalus membranaceus var. mongolicus (AMM) is an edible and medicinal material and is commonly used in East Asia. According to the pharmacopeia of China, the dried root of AMM is medicinal. However, the aerial parts of AMM are always directly discarded after harvest. The stems and leaves are also rich in active compounds, including saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides. To rationally use resources, waste products from AMM stems and leaves are useful substrates for edible fungus cultivation. Here, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida) was cultivated on a basal substrate supplemented with AMM stems and leaves (AMM group). The nutritional and chemical composition of the fruiting body were analyzed by metabolomics and chemometrics. Our results showed that AMM addition to the substrate affected the fresh weight, moisture, fat, protein, and element concentrations, and amino acid composition of oyster mushroom. Moreover, 2,156 metabolites were detected and annotated based on the metabolomics data, of which 680 were identified as differentially expressed metabolites. Many active phytometabolites previously identified in AMM herbs were also detected in the metabolomics of oyster mushroom from AMM group, including 46 terpenoids, 21 flavonoids, 17 alkaloids, 14 phenylpropanoids, and 3 fatty acids. In summary, our results imply that oyster mushroom cultured with AMM stems and leaves might have very high nutritional therapy health care value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out on the cultivation of five species of Pleurotus using fermentation substrate. Paddy (Oryza sativa) was used for spawn production. Five species of Pleurotus (identified and selected in the isolation process from mushroom farms in Lamdong province) with prepared compost were examined for time of spawn running, infection rate and biological efficiency. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized design with three replicates. Pleurotus hybrid (P. hybrid) and Pleurotus sajor-caju (P. sajor-caju) had good growth potential on compost. It took about 21 days for the mycelium to spread completely through the substrate (5kg per bag). However, P. abalonus, P. citrinopileatus, and P. djamor did not grow well on fermentation substrate. In this study, although the inoculation was not conducted under sterile conditions, fungal infections were not present (0%) and the biological efficiency exceeded 62% (P. hybrid attained 62.68 ± 9.13% and P. sajor-caju 62.82 ± 7.56%).

Humans have used mushrooms from the beginning of their history. However, during the last few decades, the market demand for these fruiting bodies has increased significantly owing to the spread in the capabilities of culinary and pharmacological exploitation. Natural mushroom resources have become insufficient to meet the support needs. Therefore, traditional methods of extensive cultivation as well as modern technologies have been exploited to develop effective growing recommendations for dozens of economically important mushroom species. Mushrooms can decompose a wide range of organic materials, including organic waste. They play a fundamental role in nutrient cycling and exchange in the environment. The challenge is a proper substrate composition, including bio-fortified essential elements, and the application of growing conditions to enable a continuous supply of fruiting bodies of market quality and stabilized chemical composition. Many mushroom species are used for food preparation. Moreover, they are treated as functional foods, because they have health benefits beyond their nutritional value, and are used as natural medicines in many countries. Owing to the rapid development of mushroom farming, we reviewed the growing technologies used worldwide for mushroom species developed for food, processing, and pharmacological industries.

Oyster mushroom cultivation can play an indispensible role in managing and recycling of organic wastes like paddy straw. In the present investigation, the qualitative analysis of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, proteins, saponins, steroids, tannin and terpenoids from two edible Pleurotus mushroom species namely Pleurotus florida and P. eous was conducted when cultivated on three different paddy straws from varieties ADT36, AST18 and CO43 as substrates. Maximum quantity of bioactive compounds was observed in P. florida and P. eous when cultivated on ADT36 than other substrates. The amino acid contents of P. florida and P. eous were comparatively analysed with three paddy straw substrates. P. florida had produced quantitatively significant content of amino acids in ADT36 substrate than other substrates. The present study reported that paddy straw from ADT36 variety is a potential substrate for cultivation of P. florida and P. eous with high value nutrients and pharmaceutically valuable substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans have used mushrooms from the beginning of their history. However, during the last few decades, the market demand for these fruiting bodies has increased significantly owing to the spread in the capabilities of culinary and pharmacological exploitation. Natural mushroom resources have become insufficient to meet the support needs. Therefore, traditional methods of extensive cultivation as well as modern technologies have been exploited to develop effective growing recommendations for dozens of economically important mushroom species. Mushrooms can decompose a wide range of organic materials, including organic waste. They play a fundamental role in nutrient cycling and exchange in the environment. The challenge is a proper substrate composition, including bio-fortified essential elements, and the application of growing conditions to enable a continuous supply of fruiting bodies of market quality and stabilized chemical composition. Many mushroom species are used for food preparation. Moreover, they are treated as functional foods, because they have health benefits beyond their nutritional value, and are used as natural medicines in many countries. Owing to the rapid development of mushroom farming, we reviewed the growing technologies used worldwide for mushroom species developed for food, processing, and pharmacological industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pleurotus has a remarkable nutritional and nutraceutical profile due to mineral mobilization and accumulation abilities from the substrate. The present study aimed to observe the effect of single and dual supplementations Se and Zn on biochemical parameters of P. florida, P. sajor caju and P. djamor. Also, the bioaccumulation of the trace elements in fortified mushrooms was estimated. Biomass production and radial growth rate were observed on Se and Zn supplemented broth and agar based medium. Furthermore, the influence of Se and Zn supplementation was recorded on the fruit body yield. The colorimetric assays were employed to estimate total soluble protein, total phenol and total flavonoid contents. The antioxidant activity was assayed as DPPH radical scavenging test. While, ICP-AES was performed to estimate the variation in the Zn and Se content of the fruit bodies. The Se supplementation at low rate resulted in improvement in the radial growth rate and biomass production for P. sajor caju. For solid-state fermentation, a better yield was obtained with inorganic salt supplementation in comparison to organically enriched Se straw. The maximum total soluble protein content and total flavonoid content were observed in fruit bodies of P. sajor caju at 4 mg L -1 of Se and Se-Zn respectively. Pleurotus djamor exhibited the highest total phenolic content on Zn supplementation (10 mg L-1). Improved antioxidant potential was recorded with dual supplementations. Salt supplementations caused shrinkage, distortion of the fungal hyphae, and decreased basidiospores with significant amelioration in elemental composition in fortified mushrooms. The inorganic salt supplementation increased the biochemical potential of Pleurotus spp. in comparison to organically enriched substrate which could further be used for the development of dietary supplements. • Pleurotus spp., exhibit effective mobilization and bioaccumulation of trace elements. • Under submerged fermentation at lower concentrations, it showed enhanced radial growth and biomass production. • Single and dual supplementation of Inorganic salt increased total soluble proteins, and flavonoids/ phenolic content • Trace mineral fortification led to shrinkage in fungal hyphae with decreased basidiospores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally addition of organic amendments to the bed substrates enhanced the yield of all the multispore isolates and standard parent (P. eous) when compared to the control. The amendments viz., rice bran (6%), wheat bran (6%), groundnut oilcake (4%) and gingelly oilcake (2%) were found to be effective in increasing the mushroom yield. Among these, addition of groundnut oilcake (4%) was found to be highly superior to all other amendments tested. Addition of organic amendment viz., groundnut oilcake at four per cent level to paddy straw significantly increased the yield to the maximum in all the isolates. The results revealed that the addition of organic amendments to the bed substrate reduced the days taken for the first harvest and increased the yield and bio-efficiency when compared to the control. Addition of rice bran and wheat bran at six per cent, groundnut oilcake at four per cent and gingelly oilcake at two per cent level hastened the days taken for first harvest and increased the yield when compared to other treatments tested with all the isolates studied. Groundnut oilcake at four per cent was found to be superior than all other amendments tested with all the isolates studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms possess therapeutic attributes such as anti-cancer, immunomodulation, antioxidant, hypolipidaemic, antiviral, antibacterial, hepatoprotection, and antidiabetic effects. In the family Pleurotaceae , Pleurotus spp. is the second most important commercial mushroom. The most widely cultivated Pleurotus spp. is Pleurotus ostreatus , followed by Pleurotus pulmonarius. Several bioactive compounds of Pleurotus spp., such as carbohydrates, glycoproteins, lipids, or secondary metabolites, could be attributed to its health properties. However, in most studies focusing on the therapeutic effects of Pleurotus spp., traditional extraction methods were used to obtain its extracts. Most conventional extraction methods, such as maceration, hot water extraction, and Soxhlet extraction, can be time-consuming and require a larger volume of solvents. Alternative extraction methods often have shorter extraction times, decreased solvent volume, and sometimes allow for the extraction of thermolabile constituents. This review discusses the bioactive compounds of Pleurotus mushrooms, highlights important considerations for extraction processes, explores both conventional and alternative extraction techniques to obtain bioactive compounds from Pleurotus spp., discusses their advantages and limitations, as well as evaluates their impact on extract bioactivities and therapeutic properties. [Display omitted] • Pleurotus spp. are among the most widely cultivated and consumed mushrooms. • Bioactive compounds in Pleurotus are mostly extracted by conventional methods. • Alternative methods using reduced extraction time, temperature and solvent is key. • These efficient and eco-friendly methods can target selected compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, mushrooms belonging to the Pleurotus spp. such as P. citrinopileatus, P. djamor, and P. pulmonarius are highly valued not only for their taste and aroma but also for their health-promoting properties. These species are rich in bioelements, vitamins, and above all, compounds that exhibit immunostimulatory activity. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine the effect of the supplementation of culture media using inorganic Mg and Zn salts. This is the first study to establish the bioavailability of the selected elements (Mg and Zn) and anions (Cl−, SO42−) from the enriched biomass by means of the extraction of lyophilized mycelium into artificial digestive juices. The following salts were added to the liquid Oddoux medium: ZnSO4·7H2O, ZnCl2, MgSO4·7H2O or MgCl2·6H2O. The bioelements, anions and organic compounds in the obtained biomass were determined. The addition of Zn and Mg salts to the media increased the production of biomass by 30% and increased the bioaccumulation of the inorganic salts. Maintaining in vitro cultures under optimized and controlled conditions produced mycelium with a better composition and health properties than otherwise. Such enriched biomass may be classified as potential functional foods, aiding in overcoming deficiencies of elements and organic compounds with biological activity in humans.

Summary: Incorporating spent coffee grounds (SCGs), a by‐product from coffee brewing, in growth substrate of beneficial edible mushrooms is an approach that has to be further studied due to its potential positive outcomes: environmental impact mitigation, production costs reduction and beneficial impact on consumer health. Hence, cultivation of Pleurotus citrinopileatus and Pleurotus salmoneo‐stramineus was tested using SCG which enabled maximum production yield of P. citrinopileatus which was of 25.1% (w/w). Variable antidiabetic potential was observed between aqueous and enzymatic extracts (3.8%–29% inhibition) regardless species and substrates, whereas aqueous extract of P. citrinopileatus grown in substrate without SCG stood out presenting the highest antioxidant activity and inhibition activity of angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (IC50 = 123 μg mL−1). Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of both Pleurotus species grown in the presence or absence of SGC proved to be an interesting prebiotic source for growth of Bifidobacterium animalis Bo in comparison with fructooligosaccharides (FOS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a study conducted at the Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan five strains of oyster mushroom, one wild [Pleurotus ostreatus, white oyster (P1)] and four exotic [Pleurotus ostreatus, grey tree oyster (P2), Pleurotus sajar caju, phoenix oyster (P3), Pleurotus ostreatus, blue tree oyster (P4) and Pleurotus dijamore, pink oyster (P8)] were studied for mycelial growth performance. These strains were grown under same environmental controlled conditions using different growing media. The growing media included malt extract agar (MEA), potato dextrose agar (PDA) and complete yeast agar (CYA). The results indicated that maximum mycelial growth was observed in Pleurotus ostreatus, blue tree oyster (30.50mm) followed by Pleurotus sajar caju, phoenix oyster (29.08mm), Pleurotus ostreatus, grey tree oyster (28.08mm) on malt extract agar (MEA), against minimum by Pleurotus dijamore, pink oyster (22.50mm). On potato dextrose agar (PDA) maximum mycelial growth was observed also in Pleurotus ostreatus, blue tree oyster (27.83mm) followed by Pleurotus sajar caju, phoenix oyster (27mm) and minimum by Pleurotus dijamore, pink oyster (21mm). In case of complete yeast agar (CYA) similar results were noted. The overall results indicated that malt extract agar (MEA) is best growing medium while strain Pleurotus ostreatus, blue tree oyster (P4) gave maximum mycelial growth on all different growing media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La investigación tuvo como objetivo aislar el micelio secundario de Auricularia spp y Pleurotus spp procedente de tres áreas naturales de la región San Martín, así como evaluar el crecimiento en medio agar papa dextrosa y en sustratos estériles a base de residuos agroindustriales. Se obtuvieron 10 aislamientos de micelios secundarios a través de carpóforos desinfectados de Pleurotus spp y otros 10 aislamientos de carpóforos desinfectados de Auricularia spp. La mayor velocidad de crecimiento en Auricularia spp fue de 62,5 µm h-1 (A1) y de 75 µm h-1 (B10) para Pleurotus spp. En una segunda parte del experimento se produjo semilla de las cepas nativas más veloces en granos de maíz esterilizado durante un periodo de incubación de 40 días. La semilla fue inoculada en sustratos estériles a base de residuos agroindustriales. Las cepas A1 de Auricularia spp y B10 de Pleurotus spp desarrollaron mejor en sustrato a base de residuos de pulpa de café, logrando una eficiencia biológica de 30,33% y 18,20%, respectivamente. Se concluye que las cepas nativas A1 y B10 de hongos comestibles pueden ser utilizadas en la propagación de semilla y producción de hongos comestibles, brindando al agricultor una alternativa complementaria de alto valor nutritivo.

The aim of this work is to evaluate the decomposition of asparagus old stalks by five species of Pleurotus under mushroom-growing conditions. P. ostreatus gave the highest yield (270 g/bag) of fruit bodies at the first flush and the highest lignin degradation rate (68.4%) and cellulose degradation rate (56.2%) of asparagus old stalks substrate, followed by P. geesteranus , P. abalonus , P. eryngii and P. nebrodensi ; P. geesteranus gave the highest hemicellulose degradation rate (35.8%). By contrast, the five species of Pleurotus had stronger decomposition ability to lignin and cellulose and weaker decomposition ability to hemicellulose in asparagus old stalks substrate. All the species reached their maximal carboxymethyl cellulose, xylanase, laccase, manganese dependent peroxidase and filter paper activities at the primordial stage. Moreover, the activity peaks of these lignocellulolytic enzymes of P. ostreatus were higher than that of other four species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research was to isolate the secondary mycelium of Auricularia spp and Pleurotus spp from three natural areas of the San Martín region, as well as to evaluate the growth in agar potato dextrose medium and in sterile substrates based on agro industrial residues. Ten isolates of secondary mycelia were obtained through disinfected carpophores of Pleurotus spp and another 10 isolates of disinfected carpophores of Auricularia spp. The highest growth rate in Auricularia spp was 62,5 μm h-1 (A1) and 75 μm h-1 (B10) for Pleurotus spp. In a second part of the experiment, seed of the fastest strains was produced in sterilized maize grains during a 40-day incubation period. The seed was inoculated into sterile substrates based on agro industrial residues. The native strains A1 of Auricularia spp and B10 of Pleurotus spp developed better in substrate based on coffee pulp residues, achieving a biological efficiency of 30.33% and 18.20%, respectively. It is concluded that the native strains A1 and B10 of edible fungi can be used in seed propagation and edible fungus production, providing the farmer with complementary food of high nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushroom stalk waste ( MSW) generated from the oyster mushroom industry is drastically increasing and safe disposal of MSW is becoming a critical issue worldwide. Mushrooms are an established, excellent source of nutraceuticals and antioxidants, and therefore MSW may confer similar effects when consumed. The severe deterioration of aquatic habitat may compromise the homoeostasis of antioxidative metabolism of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, which resulted in a reduced total production. Based on this paradigm, hot water extracts ( HWE, 2- and 5-h) of MSW were evaluated as a supplement in fish feed and determined the effect on growth performance and the antioxidant status of Nile tilapia, O. niloticus, in vivo. The HWE 5-h contained significantly higher amounts of nutrient and β-glucan than HWE 2-h ( P < 0.05). Four standardized in vitro antioxidant assays showed that HWE 5-h was a better antioxidant agent than HWE 2-h ( P < 0.05). Tilapia fingerlings fed 5 g kg−1 HWE supplemented feed produced better ( P < 0.05) growth and higher antioxidant enzyme activities than 10 g kg−1 HWE, CD and BD. Thus, HWE of MSW included at 5 g kg−1 may be beneficial to tilapia farming and may also provide a way of disposing the waste created by mushroom farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activity of organic selenium against pathogenic molds and its use as a potential selenium source in the production of enriched mushrooms were examined. The effect of commercial selenized yeast on mycelia growth was examined using a method with mycelia disks and a well diffusion method. For mushroom enrichment, different concentrations of selenium were added to a growth substrate. The results presented in this paper suggest that the most suitable concentration of selenized yeast that inhibits the growth of the mycopathogenic molds is 70-100 mg/kg of selenium. With the addition of this concentration to the substrate, mushroom fruit bodies will uptake a high level of selenium, about 100 μg/g for Pleurotus spp., and 200 μg/g for Agaricus bisporus in dry weight of the mushroom. Thereby a double effect in the cultivation of mushrooms is achieved. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 46010 and br. III46001]

Teadust, the tea leaf after tea-polyphenol extraction were used to replace traditional materials for spp. Cultivation in the present study. Six formulae were developed，and the fruiting rate on each formula was tested. The resialts showed that tlie Formula-4 (contai­ning 50 % teadust) could offer the highest yield (0.733 kg/bag) in the mushroom production, higher by 0.269 kg/bag in comparison with the CK (0.464 kg/bag). Meanwhile, the highest biological efficiency (97.69%) was achieved by the Formula-4, higher by 23.45 % compared with the CK (74.24%). The profits of cultivation for fresh mushroom (0.72 yuan/bag) reached the highest level，higher by 0.67 yuan/bag than the CK (0.05 yuan/bag). The fruiting bodies produced by this formula contained tea-polyphenol. We believe that using the Formulation-4 with the key ingredient of 50 % teadust can result in a better economic efficiency，and can be used in the demonstration of Pleurotus spp. production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Two species of Pleurotus , Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus flabellatus were cultivated on two agro-residues (paddy straw; PS and coir pith; CP) singly as well as in combination with biogas digester residue (BDR, main feed leaf biomass). The biological efficiency, nutritional value, composition and nutrient balance (C, N and P) achieved with these substrates were studied. The most suitable substrate that produced higher yields and biological efficiency was PS mixed with BDR followed by coir pith with BDR. Addition of BDR with agro-residues could increase mushroom yield by 20–30%. The biological efficiency achieved was high for PS + BDR (231.93% for P. florida and 209.92% for P. flabellatus ) and for CP + BDR (148.31% for P. florida and 188.46% for P. flabellatus ). The OC (organic carbon), TKN (nitrogen) and TP (phosphate) removal of the Pleurotus spp. under investigation suggests that PS with BDR is the best substrate for growing mushroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cassava is a major food crop for approximately 700 million people, especially in African countries. A large quantity of waste is produced during processing of cassava, mainly consisting of tuber peels. Although previous research has shown that these peels can be an ingredient for substrate to cultivate mushrooms, yields were usually inferior compared to traditional substrates such as sawdust. In a project funded by the European Union (www. fp7-gratitude.eu/) trials were done for the production of oyster mushrooms using fermented peels and stems from cassava crops produced in Ghana. Four mushroom strains representing two species (Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus pulmonarius) were grown on fermented substrates made from cassava waste (peels and stems) without further heating/ sterilization. Peels and cassava stems were tested in different ratios and supplemented with different amounts of rice or wheat bran. All substrates colonized quickly (15-16 days) and time to pinning varied between 18 and 24 days. The P. pulmonarius strains produced three flushes within 47 days (starting from inoculation) and the P. ostreatus strains needed 57-63 days completing flush 3. Biological efficiencies after three flushes varied between 38 per cent and 100 per cent. Addition of bran (rice or wheat) increases yields significantly. The trials have shown that cassava waste can be used well for the production of oyster mushrooms and that production from substrates containing up to 75 per cent cassava peels compares well to yields obtained on the traditional sawdust-based substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nematicidal ability of Pleurotus ostreatus, P. florida and P. citronopileatus against phytonematodes of vegetables was determined in this study. Crude extract from Pleurotus spp., were tested against Pratylenchus, Xiphinema, Tylenchorhynchus, Tylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Ditylenchus, Psilenchus, Aphelenchus, Hoplolaimus, Longidorus, Aphelenchoides and Paralongidorus spp. Extracts from the fruiting bodies, mushroom waste and broth culture of Pleurotus species at four different concentrations and three time intervals were tested against the nematodes. Nematodes killed by the application of crude extracts of Pleurotus species never recovered to life after placing in simple water. P. citronopileatus was found more effective than other species and it killed 100% nematodes after 24 hrs followed by fruiting body extracts of P. florida 99% and waste of P. ostreatus 77%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methanolic extracts of four cultivated edible mushrooms of Pleurotus spp. namely Pleurotus florida, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pleurotus cystidiosus and Pleurotus djamor along with the sporeless/low sporing mutants of Pleurotus florida, and Pleurotus sajor-caju were analyzed for their antioxidant activity using different chemical assays. The electrochemical behaviors of these extracts were also analyzed using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Results showed that scavenging effects on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals were good (73.3-42.4 %) at 1.5 mg/ml. At 12 mg/ml, the reducing powers (2.54-1.71) and chelating effects on ferrous ions (56.0-78.5 %) were excellent. HO scavenging abilities at 1.5 mg/ml showed a wide range (20.0-85.4 %). Scavenging of superoxide radicals were excellent and were found to be in the range of 61.1-90.0 % at 16 mg/ml concentration. FRAP results were in the range of 1.20 - 0.98 at 16 mg/ml. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the methanolic extracts ranged from 22.67 to 36.03 mg/g and 1.19-2.94 μg/g respectively. The study assessed the amount of variation in antioxidant activities exhibited by different cultivated species and their sporeless/low sporing mutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida known as Hiratake has a high nutritional value, presents medicinal and nutraceutical properties and it is one of the consumed mushrooms in Brazil. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the chemical structure of polysaccharides found in mycelial biomass produced by submerged culture of P. ostreatus var. florida in order to compare with those found in P. ostreatus var. florida fruit bodies. Aqueous and alkali extracts obtained from mycelial biomass were purified, 13 C NMR, GC–MS and chemical techniques were used to characterize three polysaccharide structures: a mannogalactan (MG- Pf M) with α- d -Gal p and 3- O -Me-α- d -Gal p units, both (1 → 6)-linked, highly substituted at O-2 by D-Man p , a glycogen-like polymer (GLY- Pf M) with α- d -Gl p (1 → 4)-linked main chain, partially substituted at O-6 by α- d -Glc p side chains and a (1 → 3), (1 → 6) β- d -glucan (βGLC- Pf M) with a main chain of β- d -Glc p (1 → 3)-linked units, partially substituted at O-6 by side chains of 6- O -substituted β- d -glucopyranosyl units, on an average of one to every two residues of the backbone. These results show the possibility to obtain similar and also different molecules from those found in the fruiting body of the same mushroom species, therefore the submerged culture of mushroom is a promising way to give raise molecules of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of the solid state fermentation for the biotransformation of lignocellulosic by-products and agro-industrial wastes with white-rot fungi is presentedin this paper. The cultivation of Pleurotus spp. mushroom on coffee pulp, by-product that causes soil and water contamination in view of its amount and difficult management is showed as an example of this technology. Disposal of spent mushroom substrate after fruiting bodies harvesting can cause environmental problems; however as it is detoxified and due to its adequate content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and pH could be used as an organic fertilizer. The results obtained with the use of the spent mushroom substrate as organic fertilizer in horticultural cultivation such as garlic leek (Allium chinenseG. Don), haricot Lina, kidney bean VIGNA, INIVIT 2007and coffee seedlings are presented. The findings evidenced that Biotechnology has already evolved as a powerful conversion and processing technology for renewable materials but mainly into high value added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in order to perform efficient extraction of lignocellulolytic enzymes amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4), laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), and xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) from spent mushroom compost (SMC) of Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, and P. cornucopiae. Optimal enzyme recovery was achieved when SMCs were extracted with 50 noM sodium citrate (pH 4.5) buffer at 4°C for 2 hr. Amylase, cellulase, and xylanase activities showed high values in extracts from P. ostreatus SMC, with 2.97 U/g, 1.67 U/g, and 91.56U/g, respectively, whereas laccase activity and filter paper degradation ability were highest in extracts from P. eryngii SMC, with values of 9.01 U/g and 0.21 U/g, respectively. Enzymatic activities varied according to the SMCs released from different mushroom farms. The synthetic dyes remazol brilliant blue R and Congo red were decolorized completely by the SMC extract of P. eryngii within 120 min, and the decolorization ability of the extract was comparable to that of 0.3 U of commercial laccase. In addition, laccase activity of the SMC extract from P. eryngii was compared to that of commercial enzymes or its industrial application in decolorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different species of Pleurotus, i.e. Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pleurotus flabellatus, Pleurotus florida, Pleurotus eous, Pleurotus ostreatus and Hypsizygus ulmarius [Synonyms:Pleurotus ulmarius (Fr.) P. Kumm] were evaluated under in-house conditions of lateritic zone of West Bengal during winter season of 2008. The newly introduced elm oyster mushroom Hypsizygus ulmarius was found to be most appropriate species in this region in terms of biological efficiency (156%), spawn run period ( 15 days) and average weight of sporophore (7.98 g), followed by Pleurotus florida (121.5%), Pleurotus sajor-caju (115.5% ) and Pleurotus ostreatus (103.25%) biological efficiency. Pleurotus eous was found to be less suitable under this climatic condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, feasibility of dairy waste water (DWW) and distillery spent wash (DSW) effluents in increasing the growth and yield of two species of oyster mushroom, Pleurotus flabellatus (PF 1832) and P. sajor- caju (PS 1610) on abundantly available agro-waste, bagasse, was evaluated. Three different levels of treatments were applied for each effluent. The effects of amendments on the result were observed in terms of yield, biological efficiency (BE) and substrate dry-matter loss. BE was found to be the highest (66.63 ± 1.0 %) for P. sajor- caju grown on bagasse amended with 10 % DWW and lowest for Pleurotus controls. While P. sajor- caju performed better on bagasse amended with DWW, P. flabellatus was more suited to grow on DSW amended bagasse. Degradation of complex molecules was in accordance with substrate dry-matter loss and the respective yields. The biochemical analysis of mushroom fruit bodies showed them to be a rich source of protein (maximum 36.40 %) and sugars (maximum 41.58 %). The study thus proved to be beneficial for effective management of the waste by employing higher order fungi as well as obtaining nutrient-rich delicacy for the mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two commercial oyster mushroom species, Pleurotus florida PF05 (PF) and Pleurotus sajor-caju PS08 (PS), were cultivated on wheat straw (WS), corn cob (CC) and combination of both (CC + WS) as basal substrates. These substrates were deliberately supplemented with 5, 10, 20 and 40% of dairy spent wash (DSW) as additive. The influence of DSW on cultivation phases of both mushrooms' lifecycle and other parameters such as mycelial growth rate, ergosterol production, mycelial run, pin head formation, yield, biological efficiency (BE) and protein content in fruitbodies was evaluated. Different DSW concentrations significantly ( P < 0.05) exhibited continuous variations over different parameters. In contrast to the response of spent wash on PS, PF was superior in every phase and parameter. The lower concentrations up to a certain level unexpectedly influenced the cultivation phases of both mushrooms. The fastest growth rate (6.6 mm day) and highest ergosterol (437.00 μg g) were registered at 20% DSW with the combination of CC + WS as basal substrate. The earliest mycelial run and pin head formation by PF were recorded within 17 and 21 days at 10% supplementation of WS substrate. The maximum 2,173.62 g fruit body yield and 108.68% BE were obtained from PF at 10% DSW supplementation to CC + WS substrates. In addition, the highest content of protein (32.9 mg g) was achieved in the set of CC + WS with 20% DSW added. The results for each parameter of cultivation in supplemented sets were more enhanced compared to unsupplemented sets. The progression of yield response and biological efficiency was noted as flush-I > flush-II > flush-III with considerable differences. These results suggest the use of DSW at low levels for increasing fruit body yield and BE of Pleurotus mushrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The systematic and genetic relationship among different species of Pleurotus mushrooms is still unclear. Because of that, 20 strains of Pleurotus spp. collected from differing regions, such as Korea (P. djamor, P. eryngii, P. ostreatus, P. pulmonarius), China (P. cornucopiae, P. eryngii, P. ferulae, P. nebrodensis, P. ostreatus), and Taiwan (P. cornucopiae, P. cystidiosus, P. ostreatus) were used to study their genetic make-up. In this study, we used DNA sequences of the ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) region to analyze the genetic diversity of Pleurotus strains. A few differences were found in the sequences implying that all strains belonged to Pleurotus regardless of the geographical origin and species. This is also supported by phylogenetic analysis, which revealed that Pleurotus strains collected from different environments have a little genetic variation in case of differing species. Some strains belonging to the same species showed 100% similarities, even those collected from different regions, suggesting that strains studied might be distributed from a common ancestor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existence of variability in morphological traits and growth rate of mycelium of homokaryotic single basidiospores can be exploited for the development of inter-strainal hybrids. We isolated 182 single basidiospores from mushroom bodies of P. sajor- caju, P. florida, P. eous and one wild relative of Pleurotus called Hypsizygus ulmaris. The single spores were isolated using a new technique that is less prone to contamination and more efficient than the common techniques used by earlier workers. All the isolates showed a varied range of cultural morphology. Mating types of all the isolates within the species were identified on the basis of hyphal fusion via anastomosis with the tester strains. Four compatible pairs of isolates with well prominent tuft in the contact zone were selected for dikaryon isolation. Dikaryons were used for spawn preparation and mushroom cultivation. The dikaryotic isolates with their replicates were evaluated for spawn run period, yield and biological efficiency. 42 isolates (10 di- and 32 mono-karyotic isolates) were analyzed with RAPD genetic markers. Phenotypic characters and mating types of all the 42 isolates analyzed genetically were correlated with their genetic polymorphism data. The isolates showed very large diversity both at the phenotypic and the genotypic level. Available phenotypic and genotypic data can further help in the selection of monosporous isolates for developing inter-strainal hybrids which can lead to better prospects for genetic improvement in different species of Pleurotus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju were studied for their ability to produce laccase and carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) enzymes on different agricultural wastes under solid state fermentation. The spawns of P. ostreatus and P. sajor-caju were inoculated on different agricultural wastes including viticulture wastes, wheat straw, paddy straw, sesame straw, sawdust as well as the mixtures of these wastes with wheat bran. The carbon and nitrogen contents of substrates containing bran were the highest. The laccase activities of P. ostreatus and P. sajor-caju reached the highest values on the day 10 of mycelial growth. This enzyme activity was higher on the substrates containing bran which had high nitrogen and low C/N ratio than the other tested substrates with no bran. The CMCase activities of P. sajor-caju and P. ostreatus had two peaks on the 5th day of mycelial growth and after first flash. P. ostreatus and P. sajor-caju grown on substrates containing wheat bran had higher biological efficiencies and total yields as well as higher CMCase and laccase activities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]