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We describe a primary gas pressure standard based on the measurement of the refractive index of helium gas using a microwave resonant cavity in the range between 500 Pa and 20 kPa. To operate in this range, the sensitivity of the microwave refractive gas manometer (MRGM) to low-pressure variations is substantially enhanced by a niobium coating of the resonator surface, which becomes superconducting at temperatures below 9 K, allowing one to achieve a frequency resolution of about 0.3 Hz at 5.2 GHz, corresponding to a pressure resolution below 3 mPa at 20 Pa. The determination of helium pressure requires precise thermometry but is favored by the remarkable accuracy achieved by ab initio calculations of the thermodynamic and electromagnetic properties of the gas. The overall standard uncertainty of the MRGM is estimated to be of the order of 0.04%, corresponding to 0.2 Pa at 500 and 8.1 Pa at 20 kPa, with major contributions from thermometry and the repeatability of microwave frequency measurements. A direct comparison of the pressures realized by the MRGM with the reference provided by a traceable quartz transducer shows relative pressure differences between 0.025% at 20 kPa and -1.4% at 500 Pa.

We propose a new simple approximate solution to the two-state rate equation model for analyzing decay signals of saturation cavity ring-down spectrometry in the adiabatic and low-saturation regime. It helps obtain baseline-immune Doppler-free spectra for hyperfine transitions and linear absorption coefficients of a gas in the saturation regime. To demonstrate it, a baseline-immune Lamb dip spectrum of the R1A2 transitions in the 2v 2 + v 3 band of methane was recorded. The line position was determined to be 6 076.108 457 7(11) cm -1 , the relative uncertainty being 1.8 × 10 -10 .

The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM), at its meeting in October 2017, followed the recommendation of the Consultative Committee for Units (CCU) on the redefinition of the kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole. For the redefinition of the kelvin, the Boltzmann constant will be fixed with the numerical value 1.380 649 × 10 -23 J K -1 . The relative standard uncertainty to be transferred to the thermodynamic temperature value of the triple point of water will be 3.7 × 10 -7 , corresponding to an uncertainty in temperature of 0.10 mK, sufficiently low for all practical purposes. With the redefinition of the kelvin, the broad research activities of the temperature community on the determination of the Boltzmann constant have been very successfully completed. In the following, a review of the determinations of the Boltzmann constant k , important for the new definition of the kelvin and performed in the last decade, is given.

This article describes the accurate determination of the molar mass M of a sample of argon gas used for the determination of the Boltzmann constant. The method of one of the authors (Moldover et al 1988 J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 93 85-144) uses the ratio of the square speed of sound in the gas under analysis and in a reference sample of known molar mass. A sample of argon that was isotopically-enriched in 40 Ar was used as the reference, whose unreactive impurities had been independently measured. The results for three gas samples are in good agreement with determinations by gravimetric mass spectrometry; (〈 M acoustic / M mass-spec 〉 - 1) = (-0.31 ± 0.69) × 10 -6 , where the indicated uncertainty is one standard deviation that does not account for the uncertainties from the acoustic and mass-spectroscopy references.

This article presents a device for the study of physisorbed elements on polished surfaces (diameter ⩽56 mm) of the kind used in mass metrology. The technique is based on mass spectrometry of molecules desorbed after heating under vacuum of the analyzed surface. We describe a first application of the device to study current and future mass standards in order to understand how their surface reactivity depends on storage conditions, cleaning processes, and polishing methods. Surface contamination analysis by thermal desorption mass spectrometry to examine the effect of cleaning on pure iridium is given as an example.

This article describes an instrument for the measurement of the mirage effect as a tool to determine the molar adsorption per unit surface area Y(1) of condensable solvents in the presence of a non-condensable carrier gas. The present apparatus is a much improved version of previous prototypes developed in our laboratory and elsewhere with a higher surface bake-out temperature (150 °C rather than 40 °C), lower residual vacuum (3 Pa versus 100 Pa), greater sample surface (40 mm diameter instead of 10 mm), more powerful optical pump beam (150 W cf. 50 W), and larger saturated vapour preparation volume (4 L instead of 1 L). The new set-up also includes the in situ monitoring of the surface via a reflected HeNe laser beam for the real-time detection of the onset of condensation. Here, we give a detailed description of the various components, outline the experimental procedure, show typical results, and suggest some straightforward improvements.

This article describes the design, characterization, and performance of an electrostatic glass actuator adapted to an ultrahigh vacuum environment (10(-8) mbar). The three-phase rotary motor is used to drive a turbine that acts as a velocity-selective light trap for a slow continuous beam of laser-cooled atoms. This simple, compact, and nonmagnetic device should find applications in the realm of time and frequency metrology, as well as in other areas of atomic, molecular physics and elsewhere.

We demonstrate an original solution to obtain a single-frequency ring laser coupled to an external passive nonresonant ring cavity, which plays the role of an optical diode. This system provides more output power than systems with an intracavity unidirectional device. To the best of our knowledge, this work marks the first demonstration of a unidirectional planar ring laser at 1.3 microm. Using 12 W at 797 nm to pump a Nd:YLF laser, combined with intracavity second-harmonic generation, we achieve yields of 440 mW at 661.3 nm and 340 mW at 656.0 nm.

We describe single-frequency operation of a diode-pumped Nd:YLF laser in the range 1311.9-1317.2 nm. It can be used for the interrogation of the clock transition in calcium (1314.0 nm) or spectroscopy in hydrogen and metastable singly ionized helium (1312.6 nm). By using a twisted-mode cavity, we have obtained output powers of 830 and 970 mW at 1312.6 and 1314.0 nm, respectively, in a single longitudinal mode.