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It is with great pleasure that we present the third issue of the Nordic Journal of Transitions, Careers and Guidance (NJTCG). This issue continues to promote exciting articles and researchers at all stages of their careers. nonPeerReviewed

Gunilla Hermansson & Jens Lohfert Jørgensen (eds): Exploring NORDIC COOL in Literary History. FILLM Studies in Languages and Literatures, Vol. 15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2020, 342 s.

Highlights •In this paper, the coordination of work with two EU directives in Nordic and Baltic countries is studied. •The potential for synergy effects is reached with varying success in the studied countries. •National legislation and organization of work affect the rate of success with coordination. •Our results confirm conclusions made by the European Commission. Abstract The European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive is of paramount importance for water management. According to the legal text, coordination with other directives like the Floods Directive is imperative and motivated by potential synergy effects. In this paper, the degree to which such coordination is achieved is evaluated for five Nordic and Baltic countries. The evaluation is based on legal documents, management plans, as well as on organizational structure in the five countries. The results show that the coordination between the Water Framework Directive and the Floods Directive (or flood management for Norway's case), have been successful for Estonia and Lithuania, whereas Norway, Finland, and especially Sweden need to improve more.

Tutkimme artikkelissamme ekologista ja affektiivista outouttamista suomalais-ruotsalaisessa spekulatiivista fiktiota ja Nordic noiria yhdistävässä televisiosarjassa White Wall (2020). Väitämme, että sarjan affektiivinen kokonaissävy muodostuu spekulatiivisen fiktion ja Nordic noirin lajityypillisten elementtien yhdistyessä, mikä rakentaa outouttavaa katsojakokemusta, jossa fiktiivisen maailman outous yhdistyy tosimaailman ekologisiin kysymyksiin. Tämä affektiivisen ja ekologisen outouttamisen yhdistelmä toimii lähtökohtana sarjan, etenkin sen keskeisen oudon ilmiön, valkoisen seinän, posthumanistiselle luennallemme. Hyödynnämme analyysissämme affektitutkimusta, eri genreteorioita sekä posthumanistista filosofiaa. Viittaamme valkoiseen seinään Timothy Mortonia mukaillen apokalyptisena hyperobjektina, jonka outous kytkeytyy oman maailmamme todellisiin ongelmiin, kuten ydinteknologian vaaroihin, ja joka herättää kysymyksiä tieteellisen tiedon rajallisuudesta maailman ymmärtämisessä. Posthumanistisessa luennassamme White Wall outouttaa elollisen ja elottoman välistä rajaa sekä kutsuu katsojaa osallistumaan keskusteluun ihmisen suhteesta tuntemattomaan – ja ylittämään humanismin ihmiskeskeiset ajattelutavat.

The aim of this chapter is to deepen the understanding of employees’ perceptions of servant leadership (SL) in the context of healthcare organizations. The empirical findings are based on the analysis of qualitative data collected in a Nordic healthcare organization that supports SL. Based on theory-driven content analysis, perceptions of SL were evaluated based on Spears’ definition of SL, which this chapter supports and develops. The findings show that SL seems to be a suitable approach for leadership in a healthcare organization. Its ethical and human-centered values especially seem to fit the context of healthcare. peerReviewed

This study examines Nordic economic convergence from the sixteenth to twentieth century respective of the economic leaders, in effect the UK before 1914 and USA thereafter. The paper uses a novel approach of combining the analysis of both GDP and wages. The examination of real GDP per capita suggests that there was a catch-up process in play, both with the economic leaders and among the Nordic states, from the early nineteenth century onwards. However, the examination of the adjusted silver wages suggests convergence among the Nordic economies by the end of the eighteenth century. Therefore, we argue, no single Nordic Model emerged from these development patterns, even though the Nordic states today do have striking similarities. Furthermore, they diverged from the West European growth path until the twentieth century, thus they were a part of the Little Divergence at Europe’s other peripheries. The world wars and other crises delayed the full impacts of the convergence process until the latter part of the twentieth century. peerReviewed

For Finnish fascist groups and organisations, which were officially banned by the 1948 Paris Peace Treaty, Nordic contacts and networks provided an opportunity to maintain contact with their ideological comrades, if only in a clandestine manner, and open a window to Europe. For their Nordic comrades, Finland was a land glorified not only for its battles against the Soviet Union, but also a buffer state against the threat of communism. Contacts with the Finns were, in most cases, unofficial and often denied when revealed in the newspapers or by the police. From the 1950s onwards, organisational contacts were nevertheless also developed. By the 1970s, a Swedish fascist party, the Nordic Reich Party [Nordiska Rikspartiet], had established a local chapter in Finland, initiating a new wave of fascist activism there. This chapter explores the evolution of the Finnish-Swedish and other Finnish-Nordic contacts from the 1940s through the 1990s and studies their importance for both Finnish activists and the other Nordic groups. The chapter is based on the analysis of archival data drawn particularly from the files of the Finnish Security Police and the archives of the Swedish and Finnish fascists. peerReviewed

This article deals with Nordic journalism educators’ conceptions of journalism by placing the concept of normativity at the center. The values, norms and ideas concerning journalism and journalistic practice have previously been studied by journalists and journalism students around the world and in the Nordics, while the Nordic journalism educators’ conceptions have remained more or less without attention. Nevertheless, journalism educators play a crucial role in defining what journalism is and what it is not, and thus largely affect future practitioners’ ideas of journalism. Using a questionnaire that has been employed in previous studies, journalism educators within the academic journalism training in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden (n = 115) were surveyed in terms of their conceptions. It was found that the journalism educators, of which 35 per cent had a doctoral degree, still largely subscribe to the ideas of the welfare state. In addition, the ideas of slow, investigative, constructive and solutions-based journalism have gained high popularity among the Nordic educators, which, we argue, dovetails well with the pedagogical aims of journalism education.

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Christopher Lloyd and Matti Hannikainen. In this chapter, the authors aim to compare the Nordic societies in a broad fashion in the last 200 years in their process of “sailing” (with the implication of rough waters along the way) from social fragmentation to more inclusive welfare societies. The authors’ main goal is to examine the coevolution of economic, political, and fiscal factors among the Nordic societies in the long run by making use of recent longitudinal data sets. In this way, they can map out some key patterns that characterized the shift toward more peaceful and well-functioning societies. First, the authors focus on the process towards economic and political convergence that took place, with some exceptions, in the latter part of the 20th century. Second, they also examine how these processes of convergence translated into the realm of fiscal and social policies and to what extent they were related to decreasing levels of social fragmentation. The chapter shows that the paths towards welfare states were not uniform among the Nordic countries and that some of the pivotal forces and periods were connected to various types of crises, namely, that these were not processes that were smooth or inevitable. The chapter concludes with some general findings and a discussion of current-day problems among the Nordic societies from a comparative historical perspective.

Football arrived in Finland with English seamen in the late nineteenth century. Although Finland engaged in international football as early as the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm, football did not become a popular national game. The Football Association of Finland (FAF) emphasised that football should be developed according to amateur principles. Between the World Wars, football had to fight with the Finnish version of baseball (pesäpallo) for living space. Football has been a sport of the cities and urban areas and spread to the countryside slowly. Nevertheless, unlike in other sport domains with a split between non-socialist and workers’ sport movements until the 1990s, the FAF united the political sides from the 1940s. The well-functioning civic sector, the agricultural economic structure, the slow urbanisation, and the lack of facilities prevented the emergence of market-oriented professional football. While football is the largest sport as measured by the number of players, this has not been transformed into international success or growth in attendance. Consequently, Finland has undergone modernisation and nation-building processes without any significant addition from football. In the 1970s, the commercial sector began to gain relevance in the sport environment. The men’s league was set up in 1989 and the women’s league was established in 2006. While these point to the differentiation in the sports landscape, no considerable football business has evolved; even today, elite football is characterised by various levels of semi-professionalism. International games at all levels as well as increasing player migration have bound Finland more closely to the global football system. nonPeerReviewed

HIGHLIGHTS • In this commentary, we highlight new possibilities and suggest vital steps forward for the scientific discipline within the Nordic hydrological research. • By providing a common direction, we hope to increase the awareness, and thus not only accelerate progress in the hydrological community but also emphasize the importance of hydrological knowledge for serving other fields of science and society. Abstract The 21st century has brought new challenges and opportunities and has also increased demands on the Nordic hydrological community. Our hydrological science focus and approaches need rethinking and adaptation to the changing requirements of society in response to climate change and human interventions, in search of more comprehensive and cross-disciplinary solutions. This commentary highlights new possibilities and suggests vital steps forward for the scientific discipline within Nordic hydrological research. By providing a common direction, we hope to increase awareness, accelerate progress in the hydrological community, and emphasize the importance of hydrological knowledge for serving other fields of science and society at large. We hope that our vision and the opportunities we identify will raise awareness of the scientific discipline and assist in the long-term development of the Nordic hydrological frontier in the 21st century.

With the extensive long-term care services for older people, the Nordic countries have been labelled ‘caring states’ as reported (Leira, Welfare state and working mothers: the Scandinavian experience, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992). The emphasis on services and not cash benefits ensures the Nordics a central place in the public service model (Anttonen and Sipilä, J Eur Soc Policy 6:87–100, 1996). The main feature of this ideal model is public social care services, such as home care and residential care services, which can cover the need for personal and medical care, as well as assistance with household chores. These services are provided within a formally and professionally based long-term care system, where the main responsibility for the organization, provision and financing of care traditionally lays with the public sector. According to the principle of universalism (in: Antonnen et al. (eds), Welfare state, universalism and diversity, Elgar, Cheltenham, 2013), access to benefits such as home care and residential care is based on citizenship and need, not contributions nor merit. Also, care services should be made available for all and generally be used by all, with no stigma associated. Vabø and Szebehely (in: Anttonen (ed), Welfare State, universalism and diversity, Edward Elgar Publishing, London, 2012)) further argue that the Nordic service universalism is more than merely issues of eligibility and accessibility, in that it also encompasses whether services are attractive, affordable and flexible in order to meet a diversity of needs and preferences. However, recent decades have seen a continuous tendency towards prioritization of care for the most frail, contributing to unmet need, informalization of care and privatization in the use of topping up with market-based services. These changes have raised questions about increasing inequalities within Nordic long-term care systems. We investigate in the article what effect changes have for equality across social class and gender, for users and informal carers. The article is based on analysis of comparable national and international statistics and a review of national research literature and policy documents. peerReviewed

• Sikiöaika ja ensimmäiset elinvuodet ovat ensiarvoisen tärkeitä myöhemmän mielenterveyden ja ­hyvinvoinnin kannalta. • Myönteistä kehityskulkua voidaan edistää varhaisen vaiheen psykososiaalisilla interventioilla. • Kuitenkin vain harvalla Pohjoismaissa käytössä olevalla raskausaikaan tai lapsen ­kahteen ­ensimmäiseen ikävuoteen suunnatulla interventiolla on hyvä tai vahva dokumentoitu ­vaikuttavuusnäyttö. • Tarvitaan systemaattista arviointitietoa, jotta kansalliseen levittämiseen voidaan valita ­vaikuttavimmat interventiot.

Funding Information: The authors acknowledge the French National Research Agency ( ANR-14-CE02-0021 ) and the BNP-Paribas Foundation Climate Initiative for funding the InvaCost project that allowed the construction of the InvaCost database, as well as the Norwegian Research Council's MARINFORSK project PICO ( 302114 ). The present work was conducted following a workshop funded by the AXA Research Fund Chair of Invasion Biology and is part of the AlienScenario project funded by BiodivERsA and Belmont-Forum call 2018 on biodiversity scenarios. LV received funding from the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Helsinki . RC is funded by a fellowship from the Leverhulme Trust ( ECF-2021-001 ). EA's contract comes from the AXA Research Fund Chair of Invasion Biology of University Paris Saclay. CD is funded by the BiodivERsA -Belmont Forum Project “Alien Scenarios” ( BMBF/PT DLR 01LC1807C ). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 A collective understanding of economic impacts and in particular of monetary costs of biological invasions is lacking for the Nordic region. This paper synthesizes findings from the literature on costs of invasions in the Nordic countries together with expert elicitation. The analysis of cost data has been made possible through the InvaCost database, a globally open repository of monetary costs that allows for the use of temporal, spatial, and taxonomic descriptors facilitating a better understanding of how costs are distributed. The total reported costs of invasive species across the Nordic countries were estimated at $8.35 billion (in 2017 US$ values) with damage costs significantly outweighing management costs. Norway incurred the highest costs ($3.23 billion), followed by Denmark ($2.20 billion), Sweden ($1.45 billion), Finland ($1.11 billion) and Iceland ($25.45 million). Costs from invasions in the Nordics appear to be largely underestimated. We conclude by highlighting such knowledge gaps, including gaps in policies and regulation stemming from expert judgment as well as avenues for an improved understanding of invasion costs and needs for future research.

Tutkimus kartoittaa, missä määrin naisten osuus Suomen eri yhteiskuntasektoreiden ylimpien päätöksentekoasemien haltijoista on muuttunut vuosina 1991–2021. Tutkimuksen kohteena ovat ne muutokset, joita on tapahtunut eliittirakenteen avoimuudessa ja sukupuolten mahdollisuuksien tasa-arvossa. Tutkimuksessa analysoitiin, ylittyykö 40 prosentin kynnys naisten osuudessa eliittiasemista politiikan, hallinnon, elinkeinoelämän, järjestöjen, joukkotiedotuksen, tieteen ja kulttuurin eliiteissä, miten Suomi eroaa naisten edustuksen suhteen eri eliiteissä muista Pohjoismaista sekä missä määrin eliittiasemia on Suomessa kasautunut naisille miehiin verrattuna. Metodisesti tutkimus perustuu institutionaalisten asemien lähestymistapaan: eliitteihin kuuluviksi on määritelty julkisen dokumenttiaineistojen pohjalta henkilöt, jotka toimivat ylimmissä päätöksentekoasemissa yhteiskunnan eri sektoreita edustavissa vaikutusvaltaisimmissa organisaatioissa. Naisten edustus kaikissa eliittiryhmissä yhteensä on kasvanut tasaisesti kolminkertaistuen 12 prosentista 35 prosenttiin vuosina 1991–2021. Kaikissa Pohjoismaissa naisten osuus eliittiasemista on suurin politiikan ja kulttuurin eliiteissä, mutta pienin elinkeinoelämän eliitissä. Naisten osuus eliittiasemista elinkeinoelämän eliitissä on Suomessa kasvanut hitaammin kuin muissa eliittiryhmissä ja on matalampi kuin Islannissa ja Norjassa. Suomessa eliittiasemien kasautuminen samoille henkilöille on hieman vähentynyt 1990-luvun alun jälkeen ja on yleisintä politiikan ja elinkeinoelämän eliiteissä. Viidestä henkilöstä, joille on kasautunut eniten eliittiasemia, naisia on kaksi, ja eliittiasemia kasautuu selvästi enemmän miehille kuin naisille. Naisten edustuksen vahvistuminen eliiteissä ja eliittiasemien kasautumisen väheneminen viittaavat eliittien avoimuuden lisääntymiseen ja eliittirakenteen fragmentoitumiseen.

Positive mental health is central to adolescent well-being. The present study examines the prevalence of loneliness and positive mental health indicators (mental well-being and self-esteem) in four Nordic countries and associations between loneliness, mental well-being, and high self-esteem. This study is based on data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study which was conducted in 2018 in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. Participants were 5883 15-year-old boys and girls. To examine the associations between loneliness, mental well-being, and self-esteem, structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied. In the comparison of Nordic countries, the prevalence of loneliness was highest among Finnish and Icelandic adolescents. High mental well-being and high self-esteem were most prevalent in Denmark and Sweden. In general, boys scored higher on positive mental health indicators and girls on loneliness. Loneliness was also a strong indicator of low mental well-being and low self-esteem in all Nordic countries. Loneliness is not only associated with mental health problems such as anxiety and depression, but it is also a risk factor for adolescents’ positive mental health. Positive mental health is important for healthy maturation and there is a need to develop initiatives to reduce adolescent loneliness and so support positive development. peerReviewed

Associations between school-related stress and poor health, risk behaviours and low well-being are well documented. The aim of this paper was to estimate trends of perceived school stress experienced by boys and girls of different ages in the Nordic countries, and to describe trends in school stress between the Nordic countries. Nordic data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (HBSC) between 2002 and 2014 were used. The participants were aged 11–16 years. School stress was measured by a single item; “How pressured do you feel by schoolwork?” The participants answering “some” or “a lot” were categorised as reporting school stress. Sweden, Norway and Denmark had lower prevalence of school stress compared to Finland and Iceland. There was an increase in Iceland, Finland and Denmark, whereas adolescents from Sweden showed a decreasing trend. In Norway, the level was stable. Boys showed a marginal decline in school stress whereas girls showed an increase, and school stress increased by age for the whole period. It is a challenge for the public education systems in the Nordic countries to develop policies and practices that provide children with the necessary tools to achieve knowledge and skill, and at the same minimise stress in school.

In Finland, early childhood education and care (ECEC) is traditionally publicly provided. However, private ECEC provision has increased during the past decade, largely as a result of financial support from the public sector. Drawing on qualitative interviews with municipal decision-makers, this article identifies three frames within which publicly subsidised private ECEC provision and marketisation are rationalised: the pragmatic frame, the government frame and the choice frame. The results show that even though market logics and tendencies seem to have gained a strong foothold in local policies, there is a keen interest in universalism and maintaining public control over local ECEC provision. peerReviewed

This article investigates the course literature in the curricula of 12 major journalism schools at Northern European universities. This analysis of the course literature listed in documentation of bachelor programmes traces how journalism education institutions constitute their knowledge base on journalism. It is found that Nordic journalism students are required to read almost four books per study credit on average. Undergraduate academic journalism programmes are professionally oriented, and professional literature by non-scientific publishers occupies a major place in the course literature. A strong emphasis is placed on professional books written in the domestic language, with an average age of seven years. Though the Scandinavian languages show high degrees of similarities with each other, there is very little circulation of literature across the countries within the Nordic area. This analysis of the literature points to a relatively homogeneous educational culture with small differences and raises questions about the qualitative dimensions of instructional design. peerReviewed

This issue of the Scandinavian Economic History Review features a list of dissertations published in the Nordic countries in 2017 and 2018 (Appendix). As in our previous surveys (Ojala, Hemminki & ...

The positive mental health and well-being perspective represents innovative public health research of first-rank priority in Europe. Good mental health is both a state and a resource for everyday life. Hence, the concept often refers to a subjective feeling (hedonic component) as well as positive functioning (eudaimonic component). Different conceptualisations of mental health-related issues are a background to this paper, which gives a brief overview of three research issues in the Nordic countries. First, the development in the occurrences of adolescent mental health-related indicators such as life satisfaction, health, sleep, and school pressure. Second, review of Nordic methodological studies reporting on different mental health-related measures. Third, the selection of measures of positive mental health employed in the 2017–2018 Health Behaviour among School-aged Children (HBSC) data collection in the Nordic countries. Using the Nordic HBSC data for 2002–2014, it was found that symptom and problem-oriented analyses of mental health can improve our understanding of the challenges adolescents face. However, there is also a need to examine positive aspects of mental health in order to enhance our understanding of different mental health-related dimensions. New measures were included in the 2017–18 HBSC data collection in the Nordic countries, enabling researchers to answer different research questions including analysing factors mediating and moderating positive mental health among school-aged children. Extending the perspective from a symptom- and problem-oriented view to a more positive and asset-based perspective adds additional value to studies of mental health.

While campaigning for the 2016 US Democratic Party presidential nomination, Senator Bernie Sanders invoked the Nordic countries as a model for future politics. In a debate, he declared, ‘I think we should look to countries like Denmark, like Sweden and Norway, and learn from what they have accomplished for their working people.’1 Hailing the Nordic countries, especially Denmark, as an example of ‘democratic socialism’,2 Sanders’s vision engendered a heated debate, with political opponents critiquing the implied political agenda, the prime minister of Denmark protesting the idea of Denmark as a socialist country, and journalists and pundits presenting corrective views of the economic and social policies of the Nordic countries.3 The critiques notwithstanding, the notion of the Nordic model has continued to circulate in US political imaginary, invoked by both left and centre Democratic politicians. For example, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a Democratic representative from New York, promotes her Green New Deal agenda with references to Nordic countries: ‘My policies most closely resemble what we see in the U.K., in Norway, in Finland, in Sweden.’4 In the polarised US political debate of the 21st century, the Nordic countries serve as an imaginary horizon for both a new kind of socialism and a reformed capitalism in the age of accelerated climate change. peerReviewed

The Nordic Model is the 20th-century Scandinavian recipe for combining stable democracies, individual freedom, economic growth and comprehensive systems for social security. But what happens when Sweden and Finland – two countries topping global indexes for competitiveness, productivity, growth, quality of life, prosperity, and equality – start doubting themselves and their future? Is the Nordic Model at a crossroads? Historically, consensus, continuity, social cohesion, and broad social trust have been hailed as key components for the success and for the self-images of Sweden and Finland. In the contemporary, however, political debates in both countries are increasingly focused on risks, threats, and worry. Social disintegration, political polarization, geopolitical anxieties, and threat of terrorism are often dominant themes. This book focuses on what appears to be a paradox: countries with low income differences, high faith in social institutions, and relatively high cultural homogeneity becoming fixated on the fear of polarization, disintegration, and diminished social trust. Unpacking the presentist discourse of "worry" and a sense of interregnum at the face of geopolitical tensions, digitalization, and globalization, as well as challenges to democracy, the chapters take steps back in time and explore the current conjecture through the eyes of historians and social scientists, addressing key aspects of and challenges to both the contemporary and future Nordic Model. In addition, the functioning and efficacy of the participatory democracy and current protocols of decision-making are debated. This work is essential reading for students and scholars of the welfare state, social reforms, and populism, as well as Nordic and Scandinavian studies. peerReviewed

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Perhe nähdään usein monoliittina, joka on pysynyt muuttumattomana yhteiskunnan peruspilarina läpi vuosisatojen. Monille menneisyyden perhe hohtaa nostalgista valoa, vastakohtana nykyajan sirpaleisena pidetylle perhe-elämälle. Uusi artikkelikokoelma käy läpi perheitä, perhesuhteita ja perheensisäisiä tunnesiteitä eri historiallisissa konteksteissa ja yhteiskuntaryhmissä. Teos nostaa esiin erityisesti perheen moninaisuutta ja muuttuvuutta. Samalla se muistuttaa, että monet perheeseen liitetyt ideaalit ja käytänteet eivät todellisuudessa ole ikiaikaisia, ja toisaalta kuinka osa moderneiksi mielletyistä asioista eivät olekaan aivan niin ainutlaatuisia kuin haluaisimme uskoa. nonPeerReviewed

The purpose of this study was to examine the values of movement and physical activity (MoPA) using government policy documents (e.g., laws and curricula) on early childhood education and care (ECEC) from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. This descriptive, comparative study was designed based on curriculum theory and used word count and content analyses to identify similarities and differences in the occurrence of MoPA in the ECEC policies of Nordic countries. Seven terms were identified as MoPA-related in Nordic policy documents. These terms occurred in various content contexts: development, environment, expression, health and well-being, learning and play, albeit sparsely. MoPA was referred to as both a goal in and of itself and as a means of achieving other goals (e.g., learning or development in another area). Formulations specifically dedicated to MoPA as a goal were present in the Danish and Finnish curricula and, to some extent, also in the Norwegian curriculum, while the Icelandic and Swedish curricula mentioned MoPA mostly as a means. Findings indicated that MoPA, which is important for children’s development, health, and well-being, is a low-priority value, to varying degrees, in the ECEC policies enacted by Nordic countries and the guidance provided to educators and stakeholders therein is inexplicit.

Artikkeli käsittelee Suomen kutomotyöläisten kansainvälistä yhteistyötä 1920-luvulla sekä sitä, miten yhteistyö näkyi vuonna 1928 Hyvinkään lakon järjestelyissä ja jälkiselvittelyissä. Pääasiallisina lähteinä ovat Suomen Kutomateollisuustyöväen Liiton (SKTTL, per. 1906) arkistoaineistot ja järjestöjen omat julkaisut, kuten Kutomatyöläinen sekä liittoa lähellä ollut sosialidemokraattinen Kansan Lehti. Pohjoismainen kutomoteollisuuden edunvalvonta kehittyi ja voimistui 1920-luvulla. Yhteistyön vahvimpia ilmentymiä olivat tarkentuvat, sitoviksi muuttuvat yhteistyösopimukset, joissa liittojen jäsenet sitoutuivat myös merkittävään taloudelliseen tukeen. Jos tarkastellaan pohjoismaisen yhteistyön aktiivisia toimijoita, varsinaisesta ydinjoukosta erottuu ryhmä miehiä, joista osa oli mukana jo 1910-luvun taitteessa ja edelleen 1930-luvun alkaessa. Kussakin maassa oli omat pitkäaikaiset edustajansa.Kansainvälinen tuki konkretisoitui vuoden 1926 sopimuksen jälkeen ensin Norjan kutomotyöläisten ryhtyessä lakkoon ja sitten vuonna 1928 Hyvinkään kutomotyöläisten lakossa. Pohjoismaiset liitot olivat lakon tärkein rahoittaja. Vaikka Hyvinkään lakon tulokset jäivät toivottua niukemmiksi, pohjoismaista yhteistyötä kiiteltiin alan lehdessä, ja pohjoismaiset yhteistyökonferenssit jatkuivat seuraavinakin vuosina.

The introduction to this volume discusses the importance of situating career and career guidance in context. It makes a connection to wider research and writing that challenges the idea that career theory can be global and universal and argues that there is a need for attention to local context and culture. It then moves on to set the scene for a volume focusing on the Nordic countries, by defining the ‘Nordic’ and exploring key features of the region including the Nordic welfare model and the history of collaborations in career guidance across the region. It proposes the four ‘COs’ of Nordic career guidance (context, community, co-construction and collaboration) before outlining the structure of the volume and looking to the future. The introduction to this volume discusses the importance of situating career and career guidance in context. It makes a connection to wider research and writing that challenges the idea that career theory can be global and universal and argues that there is a need for attention to local context and culture. It then moves on to set the scene for a volume focusing on the Nordic countries, by defining the ‘Nordic’ and exploring key features of the region including the Nordic welfare model and the history of collaborations in career guidance across the region. It proposes the four ‘COs’ of Nordic career guidance (context, community, co-construction and collaboration) before outlining the structure of the volume and looking to the future.

This chapter describes the Nordic jointly developed international course on ICT in guidance and counselling. Firstly, the rational for developing such a course is discussed. Secondly the use of research-based framework is elaborated and application of it to the curriculum development is demonstrated. peerReviewed

Darius Ornston kritisoi pohjoismaista poliittis-taloudellista hallintotapaa ja esittää sen sisältävän jopa ”vaarallisia” piirteitä. Ornstonin teos Good Governance Gone Bad: How Nordic Adaptability Leads to Excess (2018) antaa ajattelemisen aihetta esimerkiksi poliittisille ja taloudellisille päättäjille. Kirja-arvio on alunperin ilmestynyt American Journal of Sociology -lehdessä, 2020 vol 25(5). Tämä teksti on muokattu, suomenkielinen versio alkuperäisestä. nonPeerReviewed

An extensive body of criminological research has shown that criminaland violent behaviour manifests time patterns in terms of daily,weekly and annual cycles. This is consistent with criminologicalroutine activities theory. Can we generalize these patterns to historicalperiods? In this article, we draw on a recently created uniquedataset, covering the years 1608–1699 in three Nordic regions, toexplore time cycles of offending in the early modern period.Examining daily, weekly and annual cycles, we find that lethalviolence manifested strong time patterns in the early modernperiod. The role of public holidays was central especially in theperiod lasting from Christmas to Midsummer. Probing the role ofkey routines, we disaggregated the composition of homicide cyclesby alcohol use and place of occurrence. The findings indicated thatearly modern homicide time cycles were associated with alcoholuse and activities in private places. We conclude by discussing thestrengths and limitations of our data and by suggesting furtherresearch in the promising frontier of standardized long durationhomicide research.

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Tämä tutkielma selvittää pohjoismaisten lakitekstien magiadiskurssia 1200-1400-luvuilla. Tutkielman kohteena oleva aikakausi oli tärkeää aikaa sekä pohjoismaisten valtioiden muotoutumiselle että kirkon ja valtioiden vallan keskittämispyrkimyksille. Vallankäytön tehostamiseksi lakeja alettiin kirjoittaa muistiin, ja siten syntyivät tässä tutkielmassa tarkasteltavat lakikokoelmat. Tutkielman lähdemateriaali koostuu Ruotsin ja Tanskan alueen maakunta- ja kirkkolaeista sekä muutamista Ruotsin alueella syntyneistä synodaalistatuuteista ja penitentiaalikirjoista. Lisäksi viitataan norjalaiseen lakimateriaaliin, jota on käsitelty muissa tutkimuksissa. Tutkittavana aikakautena kristinuskolla oli jo vankka sija yhteiskunnassa, joka ilmenee maallisten lakikokoelmien sisältämissä kristillisissä osioissa sekä katolisen kirkon meille säilyneissä laki- ja ohjeteksteissä. Pohjoismaiden alueella kristinuskon lopullinen asettautuminen yhteiskuntaan kesti kuitenkin hieman pidempään kuin eteläisemmillä Euroopan alueilla, joka luo kiinnostavan siirtymävaiheen yhteiskunnan muotoutumisessa. Kysyn tutkielmassani, millainen oli magian diskurssi 1200-1400-lukujen pohjoismaisissa lakiteksteissä ja millä tavoin magian diskurssi muuttui 1300-luvulla. Tutkielma keskittyy selvittämään, millaisista tekijöistä valtion ja kirkon magiadiskurssi muotoutui ja miten diskurssi ohjasi magian ilmiöön suhtautumista. Magian tutkimushistoria on pitkä, ja aiheesta tehdään jatkuvasti uusia avauksia. Pohjoismaisten lakitekstien tutkimus on tähän mennessä ollut kuitenkin vielä jokseenkin puutteellista, joka lisää tutkielmani relevanssia. Tutkielmani luonne on kvalitatiivinen ja metodologisesti soveltava. Lähestyn magiaa Kimberly Strattonin teorian avulla, joka käsittelee magiaa sosiaalisesti ja yhteisesti konstruoituna käyttäytymisen kategoriana, jonka sisältö ja muotoilut vaihtelevat diskurssin käyttöolosuhteiden mukaan. Käytän lisäksi lähdemateriaalin tulkinnan apuna Michel Foucault’n käsityksiä diskurssista ja erilaisten diskurssien toiminnasta yhteiskunnassa. Työni keskustelee sekä magiantutkimuksen historiografian että pohjoismaisten lakitekstien ajankohtaisen tutkimuksen kanssa. Magian diskurssi pohjoismaisissa lakiteksteissä muodostui sekä pitkäaikaisista, yleiseurooppalaisista käsityksistä magiaan ja noituuteen liittyen sekä paikallisten lainsäätäjien huolenaiheiden perusteella tehdyistä ilmiön kontrollointipyrkimyksistä. Nämä huolenaiheet vaikuttavat vaihdelleen sen mukaan, oliko kyseessä maallisten vai kirkollisten lainsäätäjien magiadiskurssi. Lähdemateriaalista nousee esiin kolme teemaa, jotka toistuvat lainsäätäjien käyttämässä diskurssissa: keskiössä ovat väkivalta, superstitiot ja herjaukset. Näiden teemojen syvempi analyysi paljastaa, että magian diskurssiin sisältyi aikansa sukupuoliroolien ja -käsitysten uusintamista, jotka toisaalta liittyivät myös magian ja noituuden stereotypioihin. Paikallista vaihtelua Pohjoismaiden kesken lakiteksteissä kuitenkin esiintyy. Lainsäätäjien magiadiskurssissa tapahtuu selvä muutos 1300-luvun puolivälissä, jolloin noituuteen ja magiaan aletaan lainsäätäjien toimesta suhtautua entistä epäluuloisemmin, ja se aletaan ymmärtää yhä vaarallisempana ja yhteisöä uhkaavampana ilmiönä. 1400-luvulle tultaessa käsitys magiasta sekä maallisena että moraalisena rikoksena vahvistuu. Magian diskurssi pohjoismaisissa lakiteksteissä ilmentää aikakautensa vallitsevia käsityksiä magiasta ja noituudesta paikallisessa kontekstissa. Tarkasti analysoituna magian diskurssi paljastaa heijastumia yhteiskunnassa tapahtuneista ajattelumalleista ja niiden muutoksista, joiden syitä tämä tutkielma erityisesti tavoittaa.

Reference conditions of water bodies are defined as the natural or minimal anthropogenically disturbed state. We compared the methods for determining total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations in rivers in Finland, Norway and Sweden as well as the established reference conditions and evaluated the possibility for transfer and harmonisation of methods. We found that both methods and values differed, especially for lowland rivers with a high proportion of agriculture in the catchment. Since Denmark has not yet set reference conditions for rivers, two of the Nordic methods were tested for Danish conditions. We conclude that some of the established methods are promising but that further development is required. We moreover argue that harmonisation of reference conditions is needed to obtain common benchmarks for assessing the impacts of current and future land use changes on water quality. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01370-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.

Pro gradu -tutkielmassa analysoidaan Pohjoismaista tuotettuja merkityksiä peruskoulun historian oppikirjoissa 1970-luvulla. Pohjoismaista muodostui Suomelle tärkeä viiteryhmä varsinkin toisen maailmansodan jälkeen, joka vaikutti myös Pohjoismaiden historian tulkintaan. Tässä tutkielmassa näitä tulkintoja lähestytään peruskoulun historian oppikirjoista käsin. Tutkielmassa selvitetään, millaisia merkityksiä WSOY:n ja Weilin+Göösin kustantamojen oppikirjailijat tuottavat Pohjoismaista vuoden 1970 opetussuunnitelmaan perustuvissa peruskoulun historian oppikirjoissa tekstiin, kuvitukseen ja rakenteeseen liittyvillä valinnoillaan. Weilin+Göösin kirjasarja on valittu aineistoon siksi, että sen toinen kirjoittaja Matti J. Castrén on osallistunut pohjoismaiseen oppikirjojen tarkastustoimintaan. Tutkielmassa analysoidaankin myös sitä, miten Castrénin tausta vaikuttaa Pohjoismaista tuotettuihin merkityksiin. Tutkielman aineisto koostuu oppikirjojen lisäksi vuoden 1970 peruskoulun opetussuunnitelmasta. Oppikirjoja lähestyttiin ensiksi aineistolähtöistä sisällönanalyysia soveltaen. Sen avulla oppikirjoista tehdyt havainnot Pohjoismaista järjestettiin luokiksi. Ensimmäinen näistä luokista liittyi alkuperään ja kieleen. Toinen keskittyi yhteiskuntaan ja kulttuuriin. Kolmas puolestaan liittyi pohjoismaiseen yhteistyöhön ja sen tulevaisuuteen. Näiden luokkien sisällä havaintoja analysoitiin diskurssianalyysin teoreettista viitekehystä historiantutkimukseen soveltaen. Löydettyjä merkityksiä tarkasteltiin suhteessa ajan poliittiseen tilanteeseen, pohjoismaiseen oppikirjojen tarkastustoimintaan sekä historiantutkimuksen historiaan. Tutkielman perustella oppikirjailijoiden tuottamat merkitykset Pohjoismaista keskittyvät kansallisvaltioihin ja poliittiseen historiaan. Pohjoismailla oppikirjailijat viittaavat lähinnä Ruotsiin, Norjaan ja Tanskaan, jotka ovat selvässä tärkeysjärjestyksessä Suomen historian suhteen. Varsinkin alkuperä ja kieli merkityksellistyvät oppikirjoissa ehdottoman kansallisiksi, ja Pohjoismaiden kulttuurien vuorovaikutukseen keskitytään vain harvoin. Pohjoismaiden historioita yhdistää kuitenkin kehitys kohti kansanvaltaa. Siitä oppikirjailijat pyrkivät luomaan 1970-luvun poliittiseen ilmapiiriin sopien mahdollisen rauhallisen kuvan. Pohjoismaista yhteistyötä oppikirjailijat esittelevät innokkaasti, mutta ongelmaksi koetaan etenkin Tanskan ja Norjan Nato-jäsenyydet. Analyysin mukaan Castrénin osallistuminen pohjoismaiseen oppikirjojen tarkastustyöhön näkyy hänen oppikirjoissaan monin tavoin. Castrén muun muassa nostaa useammin esiin Pohjoismaita yhdistäviä tekijöitä ja nimittää niitä kilpailevaa kirjasarjaa halukkaammin pohjoismaisiksi. Näin ei kuitenkaan tapahdu jokaisen aiheen kohdalla. Tutkielman perusteella pohjoismainen oppikirjojen tarkastustoiminta on vaikutuksistaan huolimatta vain yksi lukuisista oppikirjailijoiden valintoja ohjaavista tekijöistä ja reunaehdoista.

This study explored drivers of participation in job-related lifelong learning (LLL) among low-educated mature-aged employees and compared them across four Nordic countries. Workplaces can be low-threshold, effective arenas for development of their skills in work and learning. The paper builds on the Bounded Agency Model and theories of learning motivation, human capital, and workplace learning. We used data from the Survey of Adult Skills (Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies) by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The average participation rate was 36%. Results of the logistic regression analyses showed that income, skills use at work, sector and gender were significant drivers of participation in all countries. Additionally, being under-skilled was significant in Finland and parents’ education in Sweden. Totally, these variables explained a quarter of the variation in participation. Thus, the drivers of participation appeared more similar than different across the countries. Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to how to support skills development among low-educated older workers, and to some challenges in cross-country comparative research. peerReviewed

Mahdollisuudet siirtyä ammatillisesta koulutuksesta jatko-opintoihin korkea-asteelle erottelevat Pohjoismaisia koulutusjärjestelmiä. Artikkelissa vertaillaan neljän Pohjoismaan, Suomen, Ruotsin, Norjan ja Tanskan nuorten ammatillisen koulutuksen väyliä tästä näkökulmasta: miten ne mahdollistavat siirtymät korkea-asteelle. Artikkeli liittää aluksi kysymyksen jatko-opintoihin siirtymisen mahdollisuuksista laajempaan kansainväliseen keskusteluun elinikäisestä oppimisesta, minkä jälkeen luonnehditaan lyhyesti pohjoismaisten korkeakoulujärjestelmien eroja. Sen jälkeen tarkastellaan ammatillisen koulutuksen järjestelmiin eri Pohjoismaissa tehtyjä reformeja ja niiden vaikutuksia jatko-opintokelpoisuuksiin, sekä vertaillaan siirtymiä ammatillisesta koulutuksesta korkeakoulutukseen. Lopuksi pohditaan suomalaisen ammatillisen koulutuksen reformin (2015- 2018) jatko-opintokelpoisuuksista ja jatko-opintoihin siirtymistä esiin nostamia kysymyksiä.

The Nordic states have extensive welfare systems in which the local social services are an important component. Despite a growing research on disaster resilience, we lack research examining in systematic way whether and how local social services in the Nordic countries contribute to resilience. Aiming to fill this gap, this article asks whether we can identify a common Nordic model of the role of local social services in disasters, or whether the countries have taken different paths. We use policy documents and legislation to examine the extent to which roles for local social services are embedded in the disaster management systems of the five Nordic countries. We analyze the institutional organization in each country, as well as the models of social services related to disasters from a comparative perspective. We find that the Nordic countries have chosen quite different paths regarding local social services’ role in disaster management and conclude that there is no Nordic model. Another general conclusion is that a more robust position of local social services within the disaster management system might enhance disaster resilience in the Nordic countries as a whole.

The discussion article by Ekberg and Jes Iversen in this number of the Scandinavian Economic History Review raises a number of important questions on the present state of business history research in the Nordic countries. To a certain extent, these concerns are generalisable to the wider economic history community in the Nordic countries, especially as regards the lack of relevant teaching and challenges in recruitment. Ekberg and Iversen suggest that a possible solution might be to intensify Nordic collaboration. Time and again the need for such collaboration has been raised as an issue, also on the pages of this journal (Ojala & Sogner, 2015). Nevertheless, the wake-up call by Ekberg and Iversen is something to be appreciated within the community. What, then, is the exact situation within the field in the Nordic countries? From the SEHR point of view, the number of submissions to the journal has increased, and we have also been able to publish more content than previously. Researchers in economic and business history are presumably currently engaged in preparing their papers for the coming conference season, to be opened at Jyväskylä at the turn of May and June 2018 with the 43rd Economic and Business History Society (EBHS) conference (http://ebhsoc.org/), culminating in the 18th World Economic History Congress in Boston in June/August (http://wehc2018.org/), and continuing with the 22nd European Business History Association congress in Ancona in early September (http://ebha18.univpm.it/) – to mention just a few of the largest ones. One might therefore assume that during the following years a number of papers prepared for these conferences will be submitted to journals and book compilations. Moreover, the number of Nordic participants in these conferences is, hopefully, quite a significant one. The editors of the Scandinavian Economic History Review are on hand at these conferences to discuss the possibilities of publishing research in the Journal. One way to analyse the current state of affairs within the economic history community is to analyse the number and content of doctoral dissertations. The previous analysis was published in the Journal a couple of years ago concerning dissertations published in 2014 and 2015 (Ojala, Hemminki, & Nevalainen, 2016). In the following, we update this dataset with information from 2016 – unfortunately, we have not yet received comparable data for last year. As in the previous survey, we requested Nordic universities and business schools to provide lists of dissertations addressing economic and business history topics during the year 2016. Most likely our survey did not reveal all dissertations within the field, even though we tried to be as inclusive as possible. Our survey yielded altogether 26 dissertations defended in 2016 – moreover, we found two dissertations defended in 2015 that were missing from our preceding survey. As in that survey, the topic of the dissertations (neither the department, nor the discipline) was used to determine if the dissertation was to be included to our survey (on definitions see Ojala et al., 2016). After compiling the list, we approached the authors to requesting a brief summary of their dissertations. These summaries are included as an Appendix to this editorial – our webpages provide direct links to all dissertations available on the Internet. We could not, unfortunately, reach all the authors; thus, in those cases, we used the publicly available abstracts. However, as not all abstracts were available publicly, they do not appear here in the Appendix. nonPeerReviewed

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