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The European Union’s South Eastern border region, and bordering countries are representing a so-called epicenter of the migration process. Basically, it is one of the main migration routes, also called the Western Balkan track, used by thousands of migrants and refugees on their way to the EU member states. Managing migration in the EU and in the neighboring countries is a social and economic investment that enables societies to strengthen their cohesion and resilience and become more prosperous. It can be considered also a societal process in which the responsibility does not rest with a specific group, but with several. The increased and more complex mixed migration movements from recent years have placed additional pressure on the already strained capacities of the authorities dealing with migration management. This extra pressure led to difficulties in terms of effectively manage the borders and address arising border security issues. The study aims to realize an inventory of the measures, proposals and activities which had an impact on transnational institution building which focuses on migration and border management.

The border region is the collision point of cultures, religions, languages, administrations, legislations and economic influences. All these factors have substantial contribution to the development of the phenomenon called cross-border cooperation. The issue of cross-border cooperation in general goes beyond geographical, economic and legal approaches. If we intend to treat the phenomenon from a specific point of view, we will find ambiguities and uncertainties regarding the role and functioning of some institutions in the process of cross-border cooperation and partnerships. In the process of EU-integration the Hungarian-Romanian state border is becoming even more permeable. The growing permeability of the European borders contributes to the unification of the economic potentials of the neighbouring areas supplying benefits on regional and local level. The efficiency of cross-border cooperation depends on the coordination of all actors involved in this process, but also on the cooperation implemented at all levels, doubled by the existence of an adequate legal framework. The study aims to realize an inventory of the cooperation activities with had an impact on transnational institution building amongst the local governance apparatus in Bihor County in the process of cross-border cooperation in the development period 2014-2020.

Background: The purpose of the study was to verify different values of quality parameters of portal images in radiotherapy., Materials and Methods: We investigated image qualities of different field verification systems. Four EPIDs (Siemens OptiVue500aSi(®), Siemens BeamView Plus(®), Elekta iView(®) and Varian PortalVision™) were investigated with the PTW EPID QC PHANTOM(®) and compared with two portal film systems (Kodak X-OMAT(®) cassette with Kodak X-OMAT V(®) film and Kodak EC-L Lightweight(®) cassette with Kodak Portal Localisation ReadyPack(®) film)., Results: A comparison of the f50 and f25 values of the modulation transfer functions (MTFs) belonging to each of the systems revealed that the amorphous silicon EPIDs provided a slightly better high contrast resolution than the Kodak Portal Localisation ReadyPack(®) film with the EC-L Lightweight(®) cassette. The Kodak X-OMAT V(®) film gave a poor low contrast resolution: from the existing 27 holes only 9 were detectable., Conclusions: On the base of physical characteristics, measured in this work, the authors suggest the use of amorphous-silicon EPIDs producing the best image quality. Parameters of the EPIDs with scanning liquid ionisation chamber (SLIC) were very stable. The disadvantage of older versions of EPIDs like SLIC and VEPID is a poor DICOM implementation, and the modulation transfer function (MTF) values (f50 and f25) are less than that of aSi detectors.

The aim of this publication is to review the requirements necessary for using computed tomography (CT) for radiotherapy treatment planning. The equipments were tested with different CT phantoms. The authors made several measurements for checking the CT number, the quality and the mechanical parameters of CT tables. The CT numbers measured on the equipments of different manufacturers were in quite good agreement with the IAEA requirements. The geometric distortions of CT images are negligible, while the mechanical parameters of CT tables show considerable variety. A quality assurance - quality control protocol is recommended to implement in a safe workflow.

Purpose: Quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) of different electronic portal imaging devices (EPID) and portal images with the PTW EPID QC PHANTOM., Material and Methods: Characteristic properties of images of different file formats were measured on Siemens OptiVue500aSi, Siemens BeamView Plus, Elekta iView, and Varian PortalVision and analyzed with the epidSoft 2.0 program in four radiation therapy centers. The portal images were taken with Kodak X-OMAT V and the Kodak Portal Localisation ReadyPack films and evaluated with the same program., Results: The optimal exposition both for EPIDs and portal films of different kind was determined. For double exposition, the 2+1 MU values can be recommended in the case of Siemens OptiVue500aSi Elekta iView and Kodak Portal Localisation ReadyPack films, while for Siemens BeamView Plus, Varian PortalVision and Kodak X-OMAT V film 7+7 MU is recommended., Conclusion: The PTW EPID QC PHANTOM can be used not only for amorphous silicon EPIDs but also for images taken with a video-based system or by using an ionization chamber matrix or for portal film. For analysis of QC tests, a standardized format (used at the acceptance test) should be applied, as the results are dependent on the file format used.

Purpose: To demonstrate the technical aspects of high-dose-rate afterloading (HDR-AL) brachytherapy for isolated local chest wall recurrence of breast cancer pretreated with mastectomy and axillary node dissection plus postoperative radiotherapy., Case Report: A 63-year-old female patient with left ductal breast cancer, pT2pN1biM0, was reoperated for an isolated local chest wall recurrence 13 years after primary treatment (mastectomy, axillary dissection, and 50 Gy postoperative irradiation). Radical surgery would have involved extreme mutilation. Reoperative surgical margins of 3 mm width were involved, and four parallel afterloading catheters were placed intraoperatively in this histologically positive margin site. Perioperative HDR-AL (Ir-192 stepping source, 370 GBq activity, dose rate: reference air kerma rate at 1 m 40.84 mGy/h kg) was performed. Dose per fraction: 6 Gy to the reference line, two fractions per week, total dose 30 Gy. Follow-up after secondary treatment: 5 years., Results: Firm local control and 5-year disease-free survival were obtained with perioperative HDR-AL therapy; staging procedures (clinical exam, MRI, abdominal ultrasound, and bone scan) showed no evidence of disease. The development of radiodermatitis did not exceed grade 2 level and healed spontaneously within 6 weeks., Conclusions: Isolated local chest wall relapse can be effectively controlled by wide surgical excision and perioperative reirradiation with HDR-AL. This technique may represent a treatment alternative to ultraradical surgery, with equal healing probability and a better quality of life. Small-volume irradiation of the postoperative scar can be performed with HDR-AL brachytherapy, and long-term local control can be achieved with a total dose of 30 Gy.

In the period between 1959 and 1980 165 patients previously operated with ovarian tumor were treated by intraperitoneally administered (198)Au in the Oncoradiological Centre of the Uzsoki Hospital. The stage distribution of the 158 patients with common epithelial histology was as it follows: Stage I/A 31; Stage I/B 9; Stage I/C 59; Stage II/A 19; Stage II/B 11; Stage II/C 7, Stage III/A 22. The five year survival result is the next: Stage I/A 90%; Stage I/B 78%; Stage I/C 58%; Stage II/A 26%; Stage II/B 27%; Stage II/C 14%; Stage III/A 18%. From the other 7 patients six had sex cord tumor and one lipid cell tumor. The number of the side effects is in good agreement with the data in literature. The use of (198)Au for intraperitoneal treatment of ovary tumors is not contemporary today because of gamma radiation of radiogold, but intraperitoneal radiation treatment should not be forgotten.

The EPI has become available recently in the Oncoradiological Centre of Budapest. The purpose of this paper is to review the construction and operation of the electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs). The different EPID systems as well the EPID technique vs. portal films are compared. The advantages in patient set-up and the detection of the set-up errors are discussed. The use of the EPID technique in the clinical everyday practice is detailed. Recommendations of the set-up error correction for the most often occurring failures is given.

INTRODUCTION: In this paper the authors have combined different irradiation techniques for breast and adjacent supraclavicular lymph nodes. The aim was to reduce inhomogeneity in the match-line. METHODS: The CadPlan 6.1.5 three-dimensional treatment planning system was applied in this study for CT based plan using a standard medial and lateral wedged tangential breast portals with the adjacent supraclavicular field. Isocenter is placed at depth on the match-line, where asymmetric jaws are used to produce non-divergent field edges. The tangential fields are shaped using multi-leaf collimator (MLC), by following the curvature of the thorax. In this way the cranial vertical match plane is maintaned without using the breast board. The prescribed dose was 50 Gy at the isocentre. RESULTS: The calculated dose distributions were evaluated in three dimension in the match region of supraclavicular field and the two opposing tangential fields. This method produces a more uniform dose distribution in the target volume and in the match-line. Set-up is fast, this is done without the need for table rotation, or vertical cephalad blocks. The average dose to the ipsilateral lung is reduced using the IMRT (intensity modulated radiotherapy) technique by approximately 10% compared with the conventional technique. Furthermore, this new technique has the possibility to improve the field match between the tangential fields and the parasternal field, while maintaning the field match between the tangential fields and the axillary and supraclavicular fields.

Purpose: It is difficult to obtain a correct measurement of mueff. Moreover, wedge calculations using a single mueff value are not correct. We present a program for the analysis of wedge measurements., Materials and Methods: The program employs parameters of an open field to correct the dosimetry of a wedge field. For this the ASCII export files of an MP3 (PTW) system are automatically imported into our program. The principle is illustrated for ionization measurements from a Chisobalt 2B75 cobalt unit. The wedge field dose profiles are corrected by the off-centre ratio of the open field and mueff is analysed as well as its dependents on geometry., Results: We found that the dose attenuation by a wedge can be described by the product of wedge thickness and the effective linear attenuation coefficient mueff. However, mueff values for a given field size decrease with depth. This is interpreted as an effect of beam hardening. For the usual fields in radiotherapy this effect is independent of field size and can be described as an exponential function of wedge thickness., Conclusion: The effective linear attenuation coefficient mu(eff) is depth-dependent. A correction could be added to planning programmes, i.e.: exp. (delta mu.tw.[d-dmax]).

Neither the surgical nor the radiotherapeutic treatment of gynecological recurrences infiltrating the pelvic wall can be curative alone. The treatment of this group of patients is possible with the CORT (Combined Operative and Radiotherapeutic Treatment) method. As maximal as possible resection of the malignancy is done for patients having no distant metastases and the brachytherapy guiding tubes are implanted into the tumour bed on the pelvic wall. The brachytherapy is carried out postoperatively. An accurate analysis cannot be done because of the short follow up and the few cases. The authors do believe that the survival results of this poor prognostic group may improve by means of this method after proper selection of patients.

Brachytherapy is advantageous in the initial carcinomas of external auditory canal. The radiation charge of the surrounding tissues is much lower in spite of millivoltage irradiation because of its higher dosage gradient. It is stated according to the recent experiences and results on seven treated patients, that with LDR treatment of 5 x 10 Gy on consecutive days and with HDR treatment of 6 x 6 Gy on weekly interruptions (in both cases the dose means a depth of 5 mm). It is impossible to give the analysis because of the small number of cases. On base of our own patients it could be proved that lasting recovery of bone involving tumours is due to radical surgery and postoperative millivoltage irradiation.

An irradiation treatment technique, long ago known yet seldom employed, is reported on. With a patient, because of an inoperable gingiva-tumor, after percutan irradiation for complementary purpose radium-moulage treatment was employed. Due to the irradiation treatment the patient became symptomless.

The sensitivity vs. dose characteristics of two TL readers (Harshaw 2000 A + B and NHZ-203C) was compared both in the range of small doses (10 microGy to 100 mGy) as well as in the radiation therapy level by using individually calibrated LiF:Mg, Ti detectors manufactured in Poland. The performance of both systems can be predicted by a three parameter theoretical model. The very good reproducibility of the NHZ-203C reader (sigma/D = 0.6%) is important in radiation therapy while the high sensitivity (the lowest detectable dose limit = 3 S.D. of the background = 27 microGy) is useful for radiation protection measurements.

More than 40 orthovoltage X-ray therapy units are monitored by calibrated thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD). Three pairs of LiF:Mg,Ti and CaSO4:Dy pellets are irradiated in air in a polypropane capsule. The range between 0.2 to 3.0 mm Cu the half-value layer (HVL) is determined from the CaSO4-LiF ratio. In this range, the response of the LiF dosimeters is corrected for energy dependence. We are using a fixed sensitivity for LiF in the MVL range of 2 mm Al to 0.2 mm Cu. In the first two years 173 monitorings were performed by using 485 badges. Usually not more then two different radiation qualities (in the HVL ranges 2 mm Al to 0.2 mm Cu and 0.9-2.5 mm Cu) or two beams used on a therapy unit are measured by using 2-3 badges per monitoring. In 134 cases (77.5%) the dose rates were within acceptable limits (+/- 10%). In 23 cases (13.3%) a failure of the X-ray unit was detected. We think that our system is simple enough and may be used for the dosimetric monitoring of orthovoltage X-ray therapy units. In some cases even the type of malfunction can be determined.

The authors discuss the possible use of point detectors for the determination of source movements in the Stockholm method of intracavitary therapy. It was demonstrated that the displacement of the source may be seen from the reading of only two point detectors. The average position of the source can be assessed from the dose determined at two points if an appropriate correction term is used.

The discrete nature of the photoelectric emission cannot be neglected at low reading levels. The effect of A/D conversion after photomultiplication were both calculated and measured. The reading and its standard deviation were considerably different from those expected on the basis of a simple Poisson distribution and this should be taken into account at low reading levels. The authors describe a simple method which permits the experimental determination of photoelectron/digit conversion factor necessary for the prediction of the variation coefficient of TL measurements.

The determination of isoeffect curves (sometimes within given contours) from data given in an n x m matrix is a general scientific problem. The algorithm to be described is useful e.g. for pen plotters not only in the case of brachytherapy but in teletherapy too. It takes into consideration the effect of the body contour (isodose curves are not plotted outside the contour). The points with the desired dose value are rearranged into continuous line segments. The segments are characterized by the serial number of their start point and that of their extremity and by a variable the value of which can be 0 or 1 depending on whether the segment is closed or not. The number of the unconnected segments is the fourth variable characterizing the isodose line. The sorting algorithm ensures the less motion of the pen and the less tests during the plotting process. The algorithm has been implemented on IBM compatible PC's.

The authors have determined the distribution of 32P in normal skin and in the case of certain skin tumours (basalioma and spinalioma). In both groups a lognormal distribution was found. It may be assumed that the enrichment is governed by similar distribution in the case of melanoma malignum.

Thermoluminescence and p-type semiconductor detectors were used for localization of the source in intracavitary (modified Stockholm method) treatment. The results were compared with X-ray films, and especially good agreement was obtained if the detectors were positioned on both sides of the patients. The measurements performed on Stage III to IV carcinoma cervix uteri patients indicate that the intracavitary source can deviate to both sides with equal probability. The magnitude of the deviation is described by a Gaussian distribution with an expected value of zero and S.D. of 8mm.

The authors determined the surface absorbed dose (Ds = 67-68 mGy) and the average absorbed dose (Dav = 13-15 mGy) by means of non-screen film radiography of the extremities. The authors recommend the use of xeroradiography (with a tungsten anode tube) or, first of all, a rare-earth screen - film combination (e.g. Kodak min-R + Nuklearmedizin NMB film). The two methods permit the dose values to be decreased by a factor of about 4 and 15, respectively. The dose values are smaller, at least for the 8 cm thick tissue equivalent phantom, when a tungsten anode is used instead of a Mo anode.