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Microbiological features of milk mixes and ice were studied during the principal process stages, which enabled to detect the highest risk points for bacterial contamination. Compared to known information, the impact was established of vegetable raw chemical composition and preliminary treatment on the presence and activity of certain groups of germs in higher water content mixes and ice. The microbiological features of higher water content milk mixes and ice were studied. The study purported to survey the bacterial contamination of milk mixes and ice of various chemical composition throughout the whole production cycle. Microbiological features were studied of typical composition milk mixes and ice stabilized with wheat flour and modern stabilization system. Comparative evaluation of microbiological features was conducted for new types of milk ices with apple puree and wheat germs. We analyzed the stage of development, stability, and die-off for various groups of germs at certain process stages. The initial raw materials as well as equipment, especially during freezing, were detected to be the worst sources of bacterial contamination. The necessity was proved to ensure thermal processing of cereals prior to adding them to the mix, before it is sent for pasteurization and freezing. The results of our study can be used to develop operational procedures for production of new types of ice, with due consideration for all specific conditions for prior treatment of vegetable raw and for sanitary state of facilities for production, sales, and consumption of finished product.

The research has proved the practical importance of using a biopolymer complex of thermostable animal proteins with functional and technological properties as a component of restructured ham-type products. It has been established that the water-holding and fat-holding capacity and the stabilising power of meat products significantly increase due to the introduction of the biopolymer complex developed by the authors, which contains sodium caseinate, buttermilk powder, and blood plasma Vepro 75 PSC. The experiments have confirmed that a protein-infat emulsion based on a biopolymer complex of thermostable animal proteins, a protein stabiliser obtained from turkey skin, and pork and turkey fats can be used as a component of restructured ham-type products from PSE pork and turkey meat. Thus, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of the proteinin-fat emulsion added to the formulations of restructured hams from lowfat pork and turkey meat increase the water-holding capacity of model meat systems by 7.49–9.05%, and their fat-holding capacity by 8.11–9.32%. Regular patterns have been established in how the stability of the functional and technological properties of the protein-infat emulsion changes throughout storage, depending on the nature and the content of a protein preparation (Vepro 75 PSC, sodium caseinate, buttermilk) and on the fat composition. It has been proved that the introduction of a protein-in-fat emulsion into the composition of hams allows obtaining products with improved and persistently high consumer properties. It has been confirmed that 0.35% of powdered sweet potato juice, in the presence of 0.025% of the starter culture of Staphylococcus carnosus, can be included in the composition of restructured ham-type products from PSE and turkey meat to colour them rosy-red, thus making it unnecessary to use sodium nitrite, a hazardous chemical. Sweet potato juice powder used in the presence of 0.025% of Staphylococcus carnosus has been found to reduce the residual amount of sodium nitrite to 3.10– 3.11 mg/100 g, because nitrate transforms into nitroso compounds more completely. The results of the study are of practical significance and will be helpful in expanding the range of restructured ham-type products of enhanced nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of casein on the quality of ice cream with different fat content was studied. According to functional and technological characteristics, micellar casein was selected for the enrichment of ice cream. Using mathematical modeling in the environment of the MathCad-15 package, the mass fraction of micellar casein in the composition of ice cream with a fat content of 0 to 15 % was optimized in order to obtain a high-quality product. At the first stage, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the response functions (overrun, melting resistance, organoleptic characteristics) for the varied fat and protein content. In the second stage, a comprehensive quality score of ice cream was used for modeling as a function of estimates of individual quality indicators, converted into scalable values using weights. The inverse relationship between the values of the optimal protein content and the fat content of ice cream was determined. To achieve the maximum technological effect, in the composition of ice cream with a fat content of 0-5 %, 6-10 % and 11-15 %, the need for micellar casein is 6-5 %, 4-3 % and 2.5-1 %, respectively. According to the results of calculating the percentage of energy value introduced by total protein (more than 20 %), it was concluded that ice cream with a fat content of 0-5 % with mass fractions of micellar casein of 6-5 % and total protein of 9.7-8.7 % can be attributed to the category of products with high protein content. Ice cream with a fat content of 10-15 % with mass fractions of casein micellar of 3-1 % and total protein of 6.7-4.7 % can be attributed to a product with high protein content. The results of the study allow expanding the range of protein-containing ice cream to meet the needs of consumers of different groups [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the technological ways of improving the quality of frozen semi-finished chopped meat products is the use of proteinpolysaccharide mixtures in their composition. The mechanism of the cryoprotective action of these mixtures involves the formation of the amorphous structure of the product, decrease in the number of crystallisation centres, and reduction of water activity, which is especially important for long-stored meat products at sub-zero temperatures. For this purpose, a protein-polysaccharide composition has been developed. It consists of blood plasma proteins, sodium caseinate, and dietary fibres of flax and plantain (Plantago) in the ratio 1:1:2:2. The regularities of the effect of the selected composition on the physicochemical properties of model forcemeat systems have been established. It has been proved that this composition allows eliminating the disadvantages of low-functional meat raw materials in the semifinished meat products and counteracting the negative effects of their long-term storage in the frozen state. It has been found that 3% of the composite cryoprotectant mixture decreases the cryoscopic temperature of forcemeat systems by 2.09‒2.81°С, reduces the mass fraction of frozen moisture by 1.7% and the water activity index by 0.031‒0.067. The mathematical modelling and processing of the experimental data in the system of the mathematical package Mathcad 15 have allowed establishing that semi-finished chopped meat products with a mass fraction of the protein-polysaccharide composition contain up to 4% of frozen water when stored for up to 30 days at -10°С. Besides, the chemical makeup and functional and technological properties of model forcemeat systems containing different amounts of the proteinpolysaccharide composition have been studied to develop recommendations how to use it as a cryoprotectant. It has been proved that using 3% of the protein-polysaccharide composition is technologically practical, since it is an effective cryoprotectant of forcemeat systems during their low-temperature processing. The research results obtained allow purposefully forming and stabilising the required functional, technological, structural, mechanical, and sensory characteristics of the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the investigations carried out into the surfacing materials with a ferritic or martensitic structure for determining the effect of tempering temperature on the hardness of the deposited metal. It focuses on the microstructure of the deposited metal after welding and after tempering. It mentions that the experimental results were used in the development of high-productivity electrodes in the ferritic structural group as well as the martensitic structural group.

Possible paths for the reaction of norbornenecarboxylic acids with model F-TEDA-BF4 were studied by the semiempirical PM3 method. The activation energies of the main transformations in the initial reagents and intermediates were determined. Conclusions were reached about the effect of their reaction mechanisms on the distribution of the products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Possible paths for the reaction of norbornenecarboxylic acids with model F-TEDA-BF4 were studied by the semiempirical PM3 method. The activation energies of the main transformations in the initial reagents and intermediates were determined. Conclusions were reached about the effect of their reaction mechanisms on the distribution of the products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of liquid whey concentrates in the composition of ice cream, especially in combination with other powdered whey proteins, is limited due to their understudied properties. This article shows the main rheological and thermophysical characteristics of ice cream mixes, as well as color parameters, microstructure, analysis of ice crystals and quality indicators of ice cream during storage. The most significant freezing of free water ( p ≤ 0.05) was observed in the temperature range from the cryoscopic temperature to -10 °C. The microscopy of experimental ice cream samples based on hydrolyzed whey concentrates indicates the formation of a homogeneous crystalline structure of ice crystals with an average diameter of 13.75-14.75 μm. Microstructural analysis confirms the expediency of using whey protein isolate in ice cream, which ensures uniform distribution of air bubbles in the product and sufficient overrun (71.98-76.55%). The combination of non-hydrolyzed whey concentrate and 3% whey protein isolate provides the highest stability to preserve the purity and color intensity of the ice cream during storage. The produced ice cream can be classified as probiotic (number of Lactobacillus acidophilus not lower than 6.2 log CFU/g) and protein-enriched (protein supply from 15.02-18.59%).

The work is devoted to the study of the functional and technological properties of oat β-glucan in low-fat milky ice cream (2% fat) in comparison with the stabilization system Cremodan ® SI 320. β-glucan (0.5%) has a greater effect on the cryoscopic temperature of ice cream mixes than Cremodan ® SI 320 in the same amount (decrease by 0.166 °C vs. 0.078 °C), which inhibits the freezing process of free water in ice cream during technological processing in the temperature range from -5 to -10 °C. Microscopy of ice cream samples after freezing and hardening shows the ability of β-glucan to form a greater number of energy bonds due to specific interaction with milk proteins. Analysis of the microstructure of ice cream samples during 28 d of storage confirms the ability of oat β-glucan to suppress the growth of ice crystals more effectively than Cremodan ® SI 320. Oat β-glucan gives ice cream a rich creamy taste, increases overrun and resistance to melting, which brings this type of frozen dessert closer to a full-fat analogue (10% fat).

The article systematizes information about the sources of β-glucan, its technological functions and practical aspects of its use in dairy and milk-based products. According to the analysis of scientific information, the main characteristics of β-glucan classifications were considered: the source of origin, chemical structure, and methods of obtention. It has been established that the most popular in the food technology of dairy products are β-glucans from oat and barley cereal, which exhibit pronounced technological functions in the composition of dairy products (gel formation, high moisture-binding capacity, increased yield of finished products, formation of texture, and original sensory indicators). The expediency of using β-glucan from yeast and mushrooms as a source of biologically active substances that ensure the functional orientation of the finished product has been revealed. For the first time, information on the use of β-glucan of various origins in the most common groups of dairy and milk-based products has been systematized. The analytical review has scientific and practical significance for scientists and specialists in the field of food production, in particular dairy products of increased nutritional value.