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The E. stipitata is a native fruit tree from the Amazon, currently in the domestication phase due to its high nutritional and economic potential. In this process, studies aiming at the technical feasibility of propagating materials with desirable agronomic qualities are necessary but still incipient. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate different grafting methods forE. stipitata propagation and the compatibility between scion and rootstock using anatomical analysis as a tool. For the experiment, a randomized block design was used in a split-plot scheme over time, with three replications. The plots consisted of three grafting types: cleft grafting, side-veneer grafting, and budding. The subplots were four evaluation times: 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after grafting (DAG). The evaluated variables were the grafting success rate, the number of shoots per graft, shoot length, and shoot diameter. There was a significant interaction between the factors under study. During the experimental period, an increasing grafting success rate and the number of shoots emitted were observed for budding, although with a low success rate. Through cleft grafting, there was a complete loss of shoots at 120 DAG, leading to the subsequent death of all tissues. Budding grafting appears as a promising method for E. stipitata propagation, demonstrating vascular tissue connection feasibility, although this effect did not reflect in the grafting success rate.

Em América do Sul o camu-camu vêm sendo domesticado, no entanto, para seu cultivo ainda são poucas as informações técnicas para garantir sua adaptabilidade e produtividade em locais com estação seca bem definida. O objetivo neste estudo foi caracterizar a distribuição espacial do sistema radicular e determinar a profundidade efetiva (PE) das raízes em plantas de camu-camu com e sem cobertura vegetal morta (CVM) em condições de terra firme. Num pomar foram escolhidas ao acaso 3 plantas com 3, 5 e 7 anos, cada. Logo foi colocada CVM composta de capim (Trachypogon plumosus) em uma planta de cada idade na projeção da copa. Após 12 meses o volume e PE das raízes nas plantas de 3 anos com CVM foi de 200 mm3 e 0,3 m, e sem CVM foi de 500 mm3 e 0,48 m, respectivamente. Nas plantas com 5 anos foi de 4000 mm3 e 0,43 m com CVM, e sem CVM foi de 6000 mm3 e 0,64 m; e nas plantas com 7 anos o volume e PE das raízes com CVM foram de 12000 mm3 e 0,58 m, e sem CVM de 10000 mm3 e 0,71 m, respectivamente. A profundidade efetiva equivalente ao 80% da concentração das raízes foi menor com o uso de cobertura vegetal morta, o que é muito importante para a cultura do camu-camu, pois permite aplicar uma lâmina de água mais precisa e eficiente por meio da irrigação.

Myrciaria dubia (caçari or camu-camu) is a species with great relevance because of its high levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. The species is propagated mainly by seed, which leads to high genetic diversity. Producing plants that maintain their characteristics on a large scale at a low cost is a challenge for fruit species, especially in the Myrtaceae family. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the effects of different plant growth regulators at various concentrations for the induction of somatic embryogenesis from caçari nodal segments and leaf disk explants. Two independent experiments were performed using nodal segments and leaf disks from plants grown in the greenhouse. In the first experiment, the combined effect of auxin and cytokinin at different concentrations was evaluated: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at 0, 1, 2, and 4 mg⋅L–1; and benzylaminopurine at 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg⋅L–1). In the second experiment, the application of different plant growth regulators (benzylaminopurine, kinetin, thidiazuron, and isopentenyl adenine) and their concentrations (0, 2, 4, and 6 mg⋅L–1) were evaluated. In both experiments, the basic culture medium was woody plant medium. Callus formation via nodal segments and leaf disks occurred in the first 30 d from cultivation and proved to be responsive to induction by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and benzylaminopurine. Auxin proved to be essential for somatic embryogenesis induction in nodal segments using 1 and 4 mg⋅L–1 of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid alone. The results of this experiment will help advancing protocols for regeneration of somatic embryos and elucidating the physiological, molecular, and genetic mechanisms involved in the process of somatic embryogenesis for M. dubia. The development of an efficient protocol for in vitro clonal propagation of this species also lays the groundwork for further optimization of the system for genetic transformation.

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of plant regulators (gibberellic acid and naphthalene acetic acid) and adjuvant LI 700® with and without hand pollination on the fruiting and quality of Annona squamosa L. cultivars. The experiment was conducted in the experimental orchard of the Florida Tropical Research and Education Center (TREC/UF) in Homestead, Florida, USA. The experimental design in random blocks comprised 14 treatments, 10 repetitions and 3 flowers per treatment and per tree for ‘Red’ and ‘Lessard Thai’ cultivars. To assess quality, 9 fruit from each treatment were used, with 3 repetitions and 3 fruit per repetition. High instability was observed in fruit fixation rates between cultivars. The application of growth regulators did not increase fruit fixation in the tested cultivars. The application of naphthalene acetic acid had a deleterious effect on the flowers of the sugar apple cultivars. The most uneven (asymmetrical) fruit was obtained in the treatments with the application of growth regulators. The application of the adjuvant showed toxicity, causing damage to the skin of the fruit. The fruit with the greatest symmetry had the lowest levels of soluble solids and the highest toxicity. The application of growth regulators associated with hand pollination was not efficient, presenting a low percentage of fruit fixation for Annonaceae cultivars. None of the studied treatments produced parthenocarpic fruit (without seeds). The utilization of an adjuvant in the applied concentration caused damage to the fruit peels (darkening) due to toxicity in both cultivars.

The objective was to study the effectiveness of the growth regulator (ANA + GA3) associated or not to the application of adjuvant and artificial pollination in ‘Gefner’ atemoya. The experiment was conducted in the experimental orchard at Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center. The experimental design was in a randomized block, with 14 treatments, 10 repetitions and 3 flowers per plot. The highest percentages of fixed fruits were obtained with hand pollination – HP and 450 NAA + 1250 GA3 mg L-1 + adjuvant and HP. The use of hand pollination for ‘Gefner’ atemoya tree proved to be the most efficient method so far. Applying growth regulator without artificial pollination produces parthenocarpic fruits, however with high rate of abortions, and small fruits. Growth regulators together with hand pollination produces small and uneven fruits, and cause reduction in the fruits’ titratable acidity. The use of adjuvant caused low fixation and toxicity to fruits, and its use is not recommended.

Orchid multiplication is often an impediment to the commercial success of important species. In order to have a sowing technique to evaluate the initial growth of Epidendrum schomburgkii Lindl., seedlings from sexual seed 20 mm high were inoculated in vitro in two basal media: Murashige & Skoog (MS) and Knudson (KN) at concentrations of 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %. After 118 days of cultivation, an average of 5.88 live shoots with an average height of 92.80 mm and an average root length of 80.74 mm were obtained. Significant differences were found for the number of live shoots between concentrations, greater stem height and greater root length, as well as in the mean x concentration interaction. A completely randomized statistical design was applied in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, and the SPSS, INFOSTAT and BIOSTAT tests were used for the analysis. In general, the values ​​for MS medium were higher compared to KN medium. Regarding the length of the longest stem, we did not find a statistically significant difference between concentrations, but a clear difference in trends (negative for MS and positive for KN). The growth of roots and stems was visibly higher with the MS medium, with an optimal concentration of 25 %. Therefore, when evaluating the formulas and applied doses, it is concluded that the MS medium at a concentration of 25 % offers the best response in the development of propagules.

The need to diversify agricultural production has fostered the cultivation of several crops under environmental conditions atypical to their origin, justifying the extreme importance of studies on the agricultural management of crops in semiarid regions. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of irrigation depth and potassium doses on fig quality under semiarid conditions. The experiment was conducted in a 4 × 4 split-split-plot design, in randomized block design, with three replicates. The plots corresponded to four irrigation levels (50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% ETc), the subplots consisted of four potassium doses (0, 60, 120, and 240 g K2O plant−1), and the sub-subplot corresponded to the crop years (2018/19 and 2019/20). Results showed that water deficit reduced fig productivity, and the irrigation levels equal to or greater than 100% ETc performed cumulatively throughout the growing cycles. Therefore, irrigation depths from 85.19% to 95.16% ETc are recommended for greater water-use efficiency and fruit quality. Furthermore, potassium fertilization mitigated water stress in fig plants, allowing for reduced irrigation levels, especially in the second year, without compromising fruit traits.

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), a fruit from the Amazon region, has received attention due to its high content of antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid and polyphenols. This study’s objective was to select camu-camu clones according to their morphological characteristics using multivariate analyses. We evaluated 56 camu-camu clones distributed in three blocks with two plants per experimental plot. The variables measured were plant height (H), number of basal branches (NBB), number of terminal buds (NTB), basal stem diameter (BSD), chlorophylls a (Chl a) and b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll (Chl a + b). Principal component (PCA) and multivariate clustering analyses were performed using the average linkage mean and Mahalanobis distance algorithms. After 24 months, results showed that the characteristic that least contributed to clone selection was NBB. The plant height (H), number of terminal buds (NTB), basal stem diameter (BSD), chlorophylls a (Chl a) and b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll (Chl a + b) had the most positive contribution towards the initial selection of camu-camu clones at two years of age. The 22 camu-camu clones showed the highest rate of vegetative development or vegetative quality index (VQI) in the transitional savanna/forest area of the northern Amazon, Brazil, after two years of transplanting.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activity of and the content of bioactive compounds in camu-camu fruits harvested at different maturation stages and stored. The fruits were harvested in the municipality of Cantá, Roraima State, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replications, in a factorial arrangement consisting of three different maturation stages (immature, semi-mature and mature) and eight days of storage (3 x 8). The fruits were analysed every day regarding total vitamin C, carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity (FRAP and DPPH). According to the results obtained, the interaction of maturation stages x eight days of storage had a significant effect according to the F test at 5% probability. The highest antioxidant activity (FRAP) was observed in the fruits harvested in the semi-mature stage, providing a longer shelf life. The carotenoid pigment, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and vitamin C contents were higher in the fruits harvested in the mature stage, and this stage was the most suitable for obtaining these functional biocompounds. Additionally, in mature fruits, the highest mean content of total phenolics and antioxidant activity (DPPH) were observed during storage. It was concluded that the mature stage is the most recommended for the extraction of pigments and antioxidant biocompounds from camu-camu fruits.

In vitro culture systems based on liquid culture media are considered to be more effective than semisolid culture medium systems. Liquid culture media systems provide better nutrient availability for plant tissues, easier culture handling, and the potential for scaling up and automation. However, in vitro liquid culture requires more careful handling due to the potential for contamination and the possibility of negative effects, such as hyperhydricity or vitrification, that hinder the growth and development of the plant material. Temporary immersion bioreactors have emerged as a workable alternative for capturing the benefits of liquid media, though semisolid systems are still traditional. Many studies have shown that silicon (Si) is a beneficial plant nutrient. Silicon might have a positive effect in both semisolid and liquid in vitro systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of silicon on the micropropagation and acclimatization of banana plants cultivated in vitro by comparing liquid temporary immersion bioreactor technology and semisolid traditional culture systems. Different silicon concentrations (0 and 1 mL L-1) and culture systems (liquid temporary immersion bioreactor and semisolid traditional culture) were evaluated over a 36-day period. The growth characteristics plant size, fresh and dry weight, and number and length of leaves and roots were evaluated. After the 36-day in vitro growth period, plants were transferred to a greenhouse for acclimatization and were evaluated after 30 days for the same growth characteristics used in the in vitro studies. The temporary immersion bioreactor system resulted in greater growth of banana plants compared to the traditional semisolid system. Temporary immersion bioreactors also showed a positive interaction with Si and resulted in higher values for all growth characteristics in the acclimatization phase.

Sugar apples have attracted attention in recent years due to their medicinal and nutritional properties. However, the shelf life of sugar apples is one of the most concerning problems owing to their perishability. This work aimed to determine the ideal harvest time for sugar apple fruits in relation to different classes of carpel interspaces. Therefore, fruits were classified into three stages according to the carpel interspace: stage 1 (0.0 - 2.0 mm); stage 2 (2.1 - 3.0 mm); and stage 3 (3.0 - 4.0 mm). After harvesting, the fruits were evaluated daily in the laboratory regarding their physical and physicochemical aspects until they reached the point of consumption (horticultural maturation). The following variables were evaluated: fruit diameter and length (mm); fruit, peel, pulp, and seed masses (g); color index, including the chromatic attributes L* (luminosity), C* (chroma), and h* (hue angle); bark firmness (N); soluble solids (°Brix); titratable acidity (g citric acid 100 g-1 of pulp-1); pulp yield; and ratio SS/TA. Fruits at stage 3 showed larger diameters, less firmness, and better chromaticity means. Fruits at stages 2 and 3 had eight days of postharvest life. However, fruits at stage 2 took longer for 50% of the fruits to be ready for consumption. The results demonstrate that stages 2 and 3 can be determinants for the harvest time of sugar apples.

Camu - camu ( Myr ciaria dubia ) is a fruit species native to the Amazon and its economic importance is proven because the fruit contains high content of ascorbic acid. The objective of this work was to evaluate the germination and vigor of seedlings obtained from seeds of d ifferent sizes of two camu - camu populations. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme of 2 x 3 (two provenances river Anauá and river Urubu and three seed sizes, small, medium and large) with 5 replicates of 20 seeds per plot . The seeds of the origin of the Anauá river presented higher mass (1.46 g) compared to the origin of the Urubu river (0.78 g). The speed and emergence of seed germination presented better values for the population of the Anauá river, justifying the adopti on of choice of origin for the formation of seedlings. For root length, dry shoot mass and dry mass of the root system, the seeds classified as medium and large originated from the Anauá river presented higher values. The size of the seeds is an important character to be used in the production of Myrciaria dubia seedlings. The seeds of the origin of the Anauá river are potentially more vigorous are indicate for the production of camu - camu ( Myrciaria dubia ) seedlings.

Camu-camu has aroused the interest of various industries like natural preservatives, ice creams, juices, jellies, wines, natural dyes, but there is little technical information about the seeds. The objective of this work was to determine the biometric, physical and vigor characteristics of camu-camu seeds. Seeds originating from native populations of Roraima were used. The biometry was determined and the data were analyzed in Excel spreadsheet and calculated the mean, median, variance, standard deviation and seeds classified as small, medium and large, based on mass. The vigor was determined by electrical conductivity, seedling emergence, emergence velocity, plant height, stem diameter, in a completely causal design, with four replicates of 25 seeds. The average results for width, thickness, length, individual mass, volume, weight of one thousand seeds and number of seeds per kilogram showed large variability. The size of the seed has direct correlation with vigor, large seeds have greater vigor.

A ata (Annona squamosa L.) é uma das anonáceas mais cultivadas em várias regiões, porém ainda carece de informações agronômicas inerentes ao manejo nas fases iniciais de crescimento nas condições de Cerrado. Com isso, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a produção de mudas de Annona squamosa L. em diferentes ambientes constituídos com malhas fotoconversoras [(A1) ChromatiNet® Silver 50%; (A2) ChromatiNet® vermelha 50%; (A3) ChromatiNet® vermelha 35% e (A4) ChromatiNet® Silver 35%] associados a quatro substratos [(S1) solo + areia + esterco de galinha; (S2) solo + areia + esterco bovino; (S3) solo + areia + esterco bovino + esterco de galinha e (S4) solo + areia + esterco de ovino]. Instalou-se um experimento inteiramente ao acaso, com tratamentos arranjados em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições e dez plantas por unidade experimental, sendo analisadas as variáveis de crescimento e os índices de qualidade das mudas. Os ambientes testados aumentaram a temperatura local em relação ao ambiente externo, sendo uma influência negativa para o crescimento das plantas. O ambiente A2 promoveu os maiores valores de altura e massa seca das plantas, porém com crescimento irregular entre as partes vegetais avaliadas. O substrato confeccionado com esterco ovino (S4) não favoreceu a produção das mudas avaliadas. Os substratos S2 [solo + areia + esterco bovino] e S3 [solo + areia + esterco bovino + esterco de galinha] promoveram os melhores resultados de crescimento e de qualidade das mudas, sendo, portanto, promissores à produção de mudas de Annona squamosa L. no Cerrado de Roraima.

The Araca-boi is a native fruit of the Amazon region and its fruits have great potential for agro-industrial use due to the intrinsic characteristics of the pulp. The seeds are dormant and the primary cause could be due to the presence of inhibiting chemicals germination and can also be caused by the impermeability in tegument. The objective of this study was to assess the osmopriming efficiency promoted by Sucrose (C12H22O11) and Potassium Nitrate (KNO3 ) on germination of seeds of araca-boi in different immersion times. Thus, the seeds were osmoconditioned in following solutions: C12H22O11, KNO3 , KNO3 + C12H22O11 and H2 O, by period of 6, 12 and 24 h. Throughout of 70 days were evaluated the germination percentage and germination rate (index). The experiment is based on a completely randomized in a factorial analysis 4x3 with four replications of 10 seeds. The osmopriming of Araca-boi seed in KNO3 solution was shown to be efficient both to promote germination and the germination rate. The Araca-boi seeds osmoconditioned in KNO3 solution has an average efficiency of 99% in the germination percentage up to 70 days. The osmopriming period showed no influence on seed germination of the seeds of Araca-boi.

O The cupuassu can be propagated either sexually or asexually, with seeds being the process most widely employed. Suitable environments for the production of seedlings can therefore provide better conditions for initial growth in the field, and contribute to an increase in the homogeneity and health, and to a reduction in the mortality of plants when planting, with factors such as light and type of substrate being important for germination and initial emergence. To this effect, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different substrates, and the influence of shading on emergence and initial growth in cupuassu seedlings. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Roraima, using a completely randomised design in a 3 x 7 factorial scheme, comprising different environments (a plot with no covering, a plot with sombrite covering, giving 50% shade, and a plot with a clear-plastic, 100-micron covering) combined with different substrates (sand, soil, vivatto®, sawdust, sand+soil, sand+soil+vivatto® and sand+soil+sawdust). Percentage emergence and emergence speed index (ESI) were evaluated at five days after seeding, and shoot length, number of leaves, leaf area, root-system length, stem diameter, and shoot and root-system dry weight were evaluated at 50 days. It was found that the best values for percentage emergence, ESI and initial development of the cupuassu seedlings were obtained when using a substrate consisting of sand+soil+sawdust. The environment with 50% shade affords greater percentage emergence, ESI, stem diameter and root dry mass. = O cupuaçu pode ser propagado por via sexuada ou assexuada, sendo a via seminífera o processo mais utilizado. Dessa forma, ambientes apropriados para a produção de mudas propiciam melhores condições para o crescimento inicial em campo, colaborando para o aumento da homogeneidade, sanidade e redução da mortalidade de plantas no momento do plantio. Assim, fatores como luz e tipo de substrato são importantes para a germinação de sementes e emergência inicial de plantas. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes substratos, bem como a influência do sombreamento na emergência e no crescimento inicial de plântulas de cupuaçu. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Roraima, utilizando-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 7, constituídos de diferentes ambientes (canteiro sem cobertura, canteiro com cobertura tipo sombrite de 50% de luminosidade e canteiro com cobertura plástica transparente de 100 micras), combinados com diferentes substratos (areia, solo, vivatto®, serragem, areia+solo, areia+solo+vivatto® e areia+solo+serragem). Após a semeadura, avaliou-se a porcentagem de emergência e o índice de velocidade de emergência no intervalo de cinco dias, quando, ao final dos 50 dias, avaliou-se o comprimento da parte aérea, o número de folhas, a área foliar, o comprimento do sistema radicular, o diâmetro do caule, a massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular. Observou-se que maior porcentagem de emergência, IVE e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de cupuaçuzeiro são obtidos ao se utilizar substrato constituído por areia+solo+serragem. O ambiente com sombreamento de 50% de luminosidade proporciona maior porcentagem de emergência, IVE, diâmetro do colo e massa seca do sistema radicular.

El trabajo fue realizado en el área de propagación vegetativa de la estación experimental del IIAP Pucallpa con el objetivo de determinar el efecto del Ácido Indolbutírico y tipo de estacas en el enraizamiento de Theobroma grandiflorum, en cámaras de subirrigación. El estudio se realizó mediante un Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA), con arreglo factorial 2A x 5B, con 3 repeticiones y 10 estacas por unidad experimental. El factor A fue constituido por dos niveles: estacas semileñosas (apicales) y estacas leñosas (medias) y el factor B por cinco dosis de AIB: 0 ppm, 1000ppm, 3000ppm, 6000 ppm y 9000 ppm respectivamente. El enraizamiento fue evaluado después de 90 días. Se observó que hubo interacción estadística significativa para las variables: porcentaje de enraizamiento, longitud y número de raíces. Para las variables porcentaje de callo y porcentaje de mortalidad se encontró efecto simple del tipo de estaca y dosis de AIB. En el proceso de enraizamiento los mejores resultados se encontraron en las estacas apicales combinado con las dosis de 6000 ppm y 9000 ppm de AIB, con 30,00% y 43,33% respectivamente, debido a las estacas juveniles en el proceso a la madurez tienen la capacidad de formar inhibidores del enraizamiento. Con base a los resultados se concluye que las estacas apicales en combinación con la dosis 9000 ppm de AIB afecta de manera altamente significativa en el proceso de enraizamiento de Theobroma grandiflorum.

Similarly to most breeding programs of native species, camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunt) McVaugh) improvement is also restricted, due to the scarcity of research results. In this situation, the prospection, collection and conservation of germplasm in genebanks ensure successful selection and breeding studies of the species. In this sense, the purpose of this study was the intraspecific characterization of the biometric variability in fruits of native camu-camu populations of the State of Roraima, in the northern Amazon region. Of 16 populations, 247 sub-samples were evaluated. Analyses were performed with the multivariate technique of principal components and hierarchical clustering, to determine the variables with highest intraspecific variability for the studied traits. The populations found in the lower Rio Branco region performed best for the studied traits, indicating the great potential of the region as a reservoir of promising subsamples for future breeding programs of the species in the northern Amazon.

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) is a fruit species native to the Amazon and its economic importance is proven because the fruit contains high content of ascorbic acid. The objective of this work was to evaluate the germination and vigor of seedlings obtained from seeds of different sizes of two camu-camu populations. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme of 2 x 3 (two provenances river Anauá and river Urubu and three seed sizes, small, medium and large) with 5 replicates of 20 seeds per plot. The seeds of the origin of the Anauá river presented higher mass (1.46 g) compared to the origin of the Urubu river (0.78 g). The speed and emergence of seed germination presented better values for the population of the Anauá river, justifying the adoption of choice of origin for the formation of seedlings. For root length, dry shoot mass and dry mass of the root system, the seeds classified as medium and large originated from the Anauá river presented higher values. The size of the seeds is an important character to be used in the production of Myrciaria dubia seedlings. The seeds of the origin of the Anauá river are potentially more vigorous are indicate for the production of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) seedlings.

Camu-camu is a native fruit tree of the Amazon, is highly value nutritious and great economic potential due to the high content of ascorbic acid (6112 mg/100 g) present in fruits. Camu-camu, like any other plant, when it becomes cultivated outside their natural environment, loses its ecological balance and, consequently, is attacked by phytophagous and severe insect pests, which cause serious damage to the orchard. In this sense, the aim with this study, reporting the identification and control of insect pests in the cultivation of camu-camu, using different methods to attract and capture. It was observed that the best results were obtained in applying Neenmax®, followed by traps shading of black color screen, furthermore, higher occurrence of insects were recorded belonging to the family Chrysomelidae.

Camu-camu is a native fruit tree of the Amazon, is highly value nutritious and great economic potential due to the high content of ascorbic acid (6112 mg/100 g) present in fruits. Camu-camu, like any other plant, when it becomes cultivated outside their natural environment, loses its ecological balance and, consequently, is attacked by phytophagous and severe insect pests, which cause serious damage to the orchard. In this sense, the aim with this study, reporting the identification and control of insect pests in the cultivation of camu-camu, using different methods to attract and capture. It was observed that the best results were obtained in applying Neenmax®, followed by traps shading of black color screen, furthermore, higher occurrence of insects were recorded belonging to the family Chrysomelidae.

Araçà-boi is a fruit, which awakes great interest for presenting pulp of quality. Their seeds are recalcitrant and present a relatively short period of viability. The water absorption by seeds is a mechanism of growth resuming of the embryo with a subsequent of the tegument breakage by the radical. The seed electric conductivity is a vigor testing is directly related to the membrane permeability. Study of the curve of water absorption by the araçá-boi seeds will contribute to characterize their germination process. In this context, studies concerned with seeds were conducted, which characterized the mass, biometrics, water content, electric conductivity and water imbibition by seeds. It was found that the population of plants established in Manaus-AM produces small, medium and large seeds and which present 70.2, 68.2 and 47.5% of moisture. The greatest water increase takes place in the first hour of absorption, regardless of the size of seeds and water absorption velocity is not influenced by their size. The imbibition curves characterized in the 144-hour period, independent of the size of seeds, show changes of two physiological phases. Both the large and medium seeds present smaller conductivity values, obtaining smaller percentages of germination for possessing increased vigor indices.

O cupuaçu pode ser propagado por via sexuada ou assexuada, sendo a via seminífera o processo mais utilizado. Dessa forma, ambientes apropriados para a produção de mudas propiciam melhores condições para o crescimento inicial em campo, colaborando para o aumento da homogeneidade, sanidade e redução da mortalidade de plantas no momento do plantio. Assim, fatores como luz e tipo de substrato são importantes para a germinação de sementes e emergência inicial de plantas. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes substratos, bem como a influência do sombreamento na emergência e no crescimento inicial de plântulas de cupuaçu. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Roraima, utilizando-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 7, constituídos de diferentes ambientes (canteiro sem cobertura, canteiro com cobertura tipo sombrite de 50% de luminosidade e canteiro com cobertura plástica transparente de 100 micras), combinados com diferentes substratos (areia, solo, vivatto®, serragem, areia+solo, areia+solo+vivatto® e areia+solo+serragem). Após a semeadura, avaliou-se a porcentagem de emergência e o índice de velocidade de emergência no intervalo de cinco dias, quando, ao final dos 50 dias, avaliou-se o comprimento da parte aérea, o número de folhas, a área foliar, o comprimento do sistema radicular, o diâmetro do caule, a massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular. Observou-se que maior porcentagem de emergência, IVE e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de cupuaçuzeiro são obtidos ao se utilizar substrato constituído por areia+solo+serragem. O ambiente com sombreamento de 50% de luminosidade proporciona maior porcentagem de emergência, IVE, diâmetro do colo e massa seca do sistema radicular.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho adaptativo, produtivo e atributos de qualidade de cultivares de macieira nas condições subtropicais da região leste paulista. Para tal, um ensaio de competição de cultivares foi implantado no município de Jundiaí, SP, com sete cultivares ('Eva', 'Condessa', 'Princesa', 'Rainha', 'Imperial Gala', 'Daiane', e 'Baronesa'). O experimento foi implantado em 2006, no espaçamento de 3,0mx1,5m, com mudas enxertadas no porta-enxerto Marubakaido e interenxerto M9. As avaliações foram realizadas em dois ciclos produtivos (2008/09 e 2009/10), analisando-se os aspectos fenológicos, produtivos e atributos de qualidade do fruto. As cultivares de macieira 'Eva', 'Baronesa' e 'Princesa' apresentaram maior produção de frutos. A cultivar 'Baronesa' apresentou atributos de qualidade mais adequados ao consumo ao natural, com menor acidez titulável e boa firmeza de polpa e ratio mais elevado.These research aimed evaluate the production and quality attributes of apple tree cultivars in subtropical conditions at eastern of São Paulo state. For such, an assay of competition among cultivars was implanted in the Jundiaí city, SP, with seven cultivars ('Eva', 'Condessa', 'Princesa', 'Rainha', 'Imperial Gala', 'Daiane', and 'Baronesa'). The experiment was implanted in 2006, the spacing was 3,0mx1,5m, and the plants were grafting in Marubakaido roostock and M9 inter-grafting. The evaluations had been carried through in two production cycle (2008/09 and 2009/10), the phenological stage, productive aspects and fruit quality attributes were evaluated. 'Eva', 'Baronesa' and 'Princesa' showed higher productive performance. The 'Baronesa' apple presented fruit quality attributes most suitable for the fresh market, i.e., lower acidity and good firmness, and the highest ratio.

Some research works were developed to propagate mume by cutting, even so the results were not exciting. The objective of present work was to verify the air layering in ‘IAC-10’ mume (japanese apricot) treated with different concentration of indolbutyric acid (IBA). In woody branches of approximately one year, air layering was accomplished with a 2 cm wide ring treated with IBA (0, 1,000; 2,000; 3,000 and 4,000 mg L-1), involved with humidified sphagnum moss, covered and tied in the extremities with transparent plastic film. After 90 days, percentage of survival air layering, rooting, callous and number of roots were evaluated. According to the results, mume can be propagated by air layering with a concentration of 1000 mg L-1 of IBA in order to provide a higher number of roots and a good rooting. Alguns trabalhos foram desenvolvidos com o intuito de se propagar o umezeiro por estaquia, porém os resultados não foram animadores. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a viabilidade da propagação do umezeiro (Prunus mume sieb & Zucc), clone IAC-10, por alporquia. Ramos lenhosos de aproximadamente um ano de idade, localizados na parte mediana da copa, foram utilizados para a confecção dos alporques. Realizou um anel com aproximadamente dois centímetros de largura (suprimindo apenas a casca do ramo), pincelando-se com diferentes concentrações de IBA (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000 mg L-1), distribuídos em todo o anel com o auxílio de pincel. Os alporques foram envolvidos com esfagno umedecido, como substrato, cobertos e amarrados nas extremidades com plástico transparente. Após 90 dias da realização da alporquia, coletaram-se os seguintes dados biométricos: porcentagem de alporques vivos, enraizados, calejados e número médio de raízes por alporque. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o umezeiro pode ser propagado por alporquia, devendo ser utilizado a concentração de 1000 mg L-1 de IBA, a fim de propiciar maior enraizamento e número de raízes por alporque.

Considerando a baixa produção dos marmeleiros em regiões de inverno ameno, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de selecionar cultivares produtivas para o Estado de São Paulo. Plantas de três anos de idade dos marmeleiros 'Marmelo Pera', 'Smyrna', 'Cheldow', 'Van Deman', 'Meliforme', 'Portugal', 'Provence', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Rea´s Mamouth', 'Fuller', 'Meech Prolific', 'De Patras' e 'Pineapple', cultivadas no Centro APTA de Frutas do IAC (Jundiaí-SP), em espaçamento 3 x 4 m, foram avaliadas nas safras 2008/09 e 2009/10. Durante as duas safras, foram avaliadas as fases fenológica, número médio de frutos, produção média e produtividade estimada, massa, diâmetro e comprimento médio de frutos, coloração da epiderme e polpa, firmeza da polpa, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e relação SS/AT. Concluiu-se que os marmeleiros 'Fuller', 'Smyrna', 'Portugal', 'Provence' e 'Mendoza Inta-37' apresentaram maior desempenho produtivo. A cultivar Mendoza Inta-37 apresentou atributos de qualidade mais adequados ao consumo in natura, com maior teor de sólidos solúveis, menor acidez titulável e firmeza de polpa e ratio mais elevado, seguida pelos marmeleiros 'Fuller', 'Provence' e 'Portugal'.

Visando a dar suporte a trabalhos de melhoramento genético para porta-enxertos de pera e ajuste de protocolo de germinação de pólen para fins de polinização intra e interespécies, objetivou-se ajustar os componentes básicos do meio de cultura e as condições ambientais para a realização de testes de germinação in vitro e viabilidade de grãos de pólen dos porta-enxertos para pereiras 'Taiwan Nashi-C' (Pyrus calleryana) e 'Taiwan Mamenashi' (P. betulaefolia). O pólen utilizado foi obtido de anteras provenientes de flores em estádio de balão. Em seguida, com auxílio de um pincel n°2, os grãos de pólen foram espalhados sobre a superfície de placas de Petri, contendo 20ml de meio de cultura de acordo com os seguintes experimentos: 1) concentrações de sacarose (0, 30, 60 e 90g L-1) e agar (4, 6, 8 e 10g L-1); 2) concentrações de nitrato de cálcio (0, 200, 400 e 800mg L-1) e ácido bórico (0, 400, 800 e 1200mg L-1); 3) valores de pH (4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5; 6,0 e 6,5); 4) temperaturas (20; 25; 30 e 35); e 5) tempo de emissão do tubo polínico (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 e 12 horas após a inoculação), os quais foram montados de forma sequencial. A utilização de 10g L-1 de agar e 90g L-1 de sacarose para o porta-enxerto 'Taiwan Mamenashi' e 47,78g L-1 para 'Taiwan Nashi-C', com 795 a 838mg L-1 de ácido bórico, na ausência de nitrato de cálcio, pH entre 5,2 e 5,8 e temperatura de 28°C, proporcionou as melhores condições de germinação de grãos de grãos. A porcentagem máxima de polens germinados é obtida com oito horas após a inoculação para 'Taiwan Nashi-C' e com 12 horas para 'Taiwan Mamenashi'.In order to support the works with genetic improvement for pear rootstocks and adjust the pollen germination protocol for intra and inter species polinization, this study aimed to adjust the culture medium basic compounds and environmental conditions for the realization of in vitro pears pollen grains germination and viability tests of 'Taiwan Nashi-C' (Pyrus calleryana) e 'Taiwan Mamenashi' (P. betulaefolia) pear rootstock. Thus, five experiments were performed: 1) Sucrose concentrations (0, 30, 60 and 90g L-1) and agar (4, 6, 8 and 10g L-1); 2) calcium nitrate (0, 200, 400 and 800mg L-1) and boric acid (0, 400, 800 and 1200mg L-1); 3) pH (4.0; 4.5; 5.0; 5.5; 6.0 and 6.5); 4) temperatures (20; 25; 30 and 35 ) and 5) emission time of the pollen tube (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 12 hours after inoculation), which were assembled sequentially. The use of 10g L-1 of agar combined with 90g L-1 sucrose for the rootstock 'Taiwan Mamenashi' and 47.78g L-1 for the 'Taiwan Nashi-C', with 795 to 838mg L-1 of boric acid, under absence of calcium nitrate and pH between 5.2 and 5.8 and temperature of 28 °C, provided the best conditions to the germination of the pollen grains. The maximum percentage of germinated pollen is obtained with eight hours after inoculation for 'Taiwan Nashi-C' and twelve hours for 'Taiwan Mamenashi'.

O ensacamento é uma operação de extrema importância no cultivo da nespereira por proporcionar qualidade à colheita de frutas, além de permitir uma minimização na utilização de produtos químicos. Entretanto, ainda existe carência de informações quanto ao momento adequado de realizar a operação, principalmente considerando-se o estádio limite de ensacamento em que se podem obter frutos de qualidade comercial. Em função do exposto, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade dos frutos ensacados de cultivares de nespereiras em diferentes estádios. Avaliaram-se as cultivares 'Mizuho', 'Mizumo', 'Mizauto', 'Centenária', 'Néctar de Cristal' e a seleção IAC NE-3 a três estádios de ensacamento, ou seja, quando os diâmetros médios deles atingiram 0,5cm, 1,0cm e 1,5cm. Após os frutos atingirem o tamanho de acordo com cada tratamento, realizou-se o ensacamento das panículas, utilizando papel jornal. Quando maduros, os frutos foram colhidos e avaliados quanto ao comprimento, diâmetro e massa do fruto, presença de danos internos e externos. O ensacamento em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento interferiu na qualidade dos frutos de nespereira. Frutos ensacados com diâmetros entre 0,5 e 1,0cm foram os que apresentaram a melhor qualidade comercial. A seleção IAC NE-3 se destacou entre as nespereiras quanto às dimensões dos frutos.The bagging is an operation of extreme importance in the loquat culture because it provides fruit quality, and allows minimization of chemical products use. However, there is still lack of information, related to the adequate moment to carry through the operation, especially considering the limit of bagging stage, in which there are fruits of marketable quality. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of bagged fruits of loquat cultivars in different stadiums of development. The cultivars 'Mizuho', 'Mizumo', 'Mizauto', 'Centennial', 'Crystal Nectar' and selection IAC NE-3 were evaluated in three stages of bagging, that is, when fruits reached an average diameter of 0.5cm, 1.0cm and 1.5cm. After fruits reached the size in accordance to each treatment, the panicles were bagged using newsprint. When mature, the fruits were harvested and evaluated regardless to length, diameter and fruit mass, presence of internal and external damages. The bagging at different developmental stages interfered in the quality of loquat fruit. bagged with diameters between 0.5 and 1.0cm were the ones that had presented the best commercial quality. The IAC NE-3 selection detached e among the loquat fruit due to its dimensions.

Devido à falta de informações sobre a aplicação de nitrogênio na produção de mudas de licheira na fase de viveiro, o experimento foi conduzido em viveiro no município de Urânia-SP (20°11' 25,4'' S e 50° 37' 42,9'' O). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, que consistiram em doses de nitrogênio aplicadas na forma de uréia (45% de N) (0, 800, 1.600, 2.400, 3.200 mg dm-³ de substrato) com quatro repetições e dez plantas por parcela. Após 104 dias do início do experimento, foi avaliado o comprimento da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, número de folhas e o teor de clorofila. Houve efeito significativo das doses de N apenas para comprimento da parte aérea e teor de clorofila. Na adubação nitrogenada de mudas de licheira, a dose de 2.188,33 mg dm-³ de N no substrato proporcionou o maior comprimento da parte aérea das plantas. O teor de clorofila nas folhas das mudas de lichia aumentou linearmente com o aumento das doses de nitrogênio.

Objetivou-se ajustar um protocolo para a germinação in vitro dos grãos de pólen de pessegueiro. Para tal, foram realizados cinco experimentos com a finalidade de estabelecer a concentração ideal de sacarose, ágar, nitrato de cálcio, ácido bórico, o melhor valor de pH, a temperatura para germinação de grãos de pólen e o tempo de início de emissão do tudo polínico. Como material vegetal utilizou-se as cultivares Aurora 1 e Douradão. Para a cultivar Aurora 1, maior germinação de grãos de pólen foi obtido com a utilização de 48,29 g.L-1 de sacarose, 10 g.L-1 de agar, 400 mg.L-1 de ácido bórico e pH de 5,5. Para a cultivar Douradão, maior germinação de grão de pólen foi obtido em meio contendo 90 g.L-1 para 'Douradão', 10 g.L-1 de agar, 400 mg.L-1 de ácido bórico, 369 mg.L-1 de nitrato de cálcio no meio de cultura e pH 6,5. A melhor temperatura para germinação de grãos de pólen para as cultivares Aurora 1 e Douradão foi 25ºC, sendo que a porcentagem de germinação de grãos de pólen aumentou diretamente proporcional ao tempo de avaliação.