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International audience; Dans ses « Considérations écologiques », un article inédit rédigé en français en 1984-1985, le théoricien des médias Vilém Flusser montre les limites d’une opposition tranchée entre nature et culture, et soutient l’hypothèse provocante d’une naturalisation de la technique prenant la forme d’une « circularité de la production ». Les notions d’objet et de déchet deviennent les pôles d’une critique de la consommation, que Flusser relie au développement des programmes numériques et des théories de l’information. Examiner ce texte, à près de 40 ans d’écart, permet de prendre du recul sur les débats et controverses relatifs au champ de l’éco-design. Il montre qu’un design radicalement circulaire ne changerait pas seulement la production, ni même la consommation, mais la définition même du design.

Plastika, oziroma sintetični polimeri, v današnjem svetu predstavljajo enega izmed najbolj razširjenih materialov, po drugi strani pa enega izmed najhitreje rastočih problemov na Zemlji. Zaradi izredno široke uporabe predstavlja velik delež odpadkov na zemlji. Plastični odpadki so praktično inertni in se kopičijo v vedno večjih količinah. Plastični polimeri kažejo strukturne podobnosti z marsikaterimi naravnimi substrati, ki predstavljajo vir hranil za različne organizme. Organizmi, ki se hranijo na podobnih substratih imajo posledično ustrezne encime za razgradnjo teh naravnih polimerov. Prav na te encime in organizme lahko računamo, ko iščemo ustrezne organizme, ki bi bili sposobni razgrajevati plastične polimere. Bolj kot je primarni substrat podoben nekemu tipu plastike, bolj bo razgradnja uspešna. Vendar vse ni tako preprosto, saj plastika in njej dodani aditivi predstavljajo za organizem toksičen substrat, hidrofobna površina še dodatno ovira pritrditev mikro-organizmov na površino. Tako bomo v prihodnosti skušali najti uspešno kombinacijo fizikalnih dejavnikov (oz. načinov predobdelave) in bioloških sistemov, ki bodo skupaj uspešno premostili vse ovire, ki jih predstavlja prehranjevanje s plastiko kot primarnim substratom. Cilj v prihodnosti je preprečiti akumulacijo plastičnih polimerov v okolju in jih ponovno vrniti v kroženje snovi v naravi. Synthetic polymers, also known as plastic, are one of the most widespread materials in the world today and on the other hand, one of the fastest growing problems on Earth. Due to their extremely wide use, they represent a large proportion of waste on earth. Plastic waste is practically inert and accumulates in ever-increasing quantities. Plastic polymers show structural similarities with many natural substrates, which are a source of nutrients for various organisms. Organisms that feed on similar substrates consequently have the appropriate enzymes to degrade these natural polymers. It is these enzymes and organisms that we can count on when looking for suitable organisms that would be able to degrade plastic polymers. The more the primary substrate is similar to some type of plastic, the more successful the decomposition will be. However, this is not as simple as it sounds, because not only do plastic and its added additives represent a toxic substrate for the organism, but the hydrophobic surface further hinders the attachment of micro-organisms to the surface. Thus, in the future we will try to find a successful combination of physical factors (or methods of pre-treatment) and biological systems, which will together successfully overcome all the obstacles posed by eating plastic as the primary substrate. The goal in the future is to prevent the accumulation of plastic polymers in the environment and return them to the circulation of substances in nature.

In the city of Kinshasa, waste generation in 2016 is estimated at 5,600 tonnes per day (Lelo Nzuzi, 2008), 16,800 tonnes/month and 2,016,000 tonnes per year (Holenu Mangenda H., 2016). This waste is produced by an estimated population of more than 12,000,000, with an area of the city of 9,965 km2. The results of this study were obtained from field surveys and interviews carried out in the communes of the city of Kinshasa, that is to say 22 communes, and among the actors working in the field of waste management. These results show that the main cause of the pervasiveness of uncontrolled landfills is the indiscipline of the population, and in terms of collection, there is the inefficiency of state services on the ground. Contrary to international standards on landfill management, the population of the city of Kinshasa daily discards waste in unauthorized places with harmful consequences on the environment and on the health of the population. The management system that is proposed must follow the system "RVM" (Reduction, Valuation and Landfilling), this system recommends in a first place the reduction of waste, that is to say, the waste must be exempted before proceeding to the recovery stage so that the proposed final landfills no longer receive excessive volumes of waste. This approach will not only combat pollution caused by the effects of wild landfills, but also combat climate change and mitigate warming due to greenhouse gases., Cet article présente un travail d’enquêtes et interviews menées auprès des habitants des 22 communes constituant la ville de Kinshasa ainsi que des acteurs de la gestion des déchets sur leur perception de la gestion des déchets municipaux et l’existence de très nombreux dépôts sauvages dans la ville. La production de déchets municipaux de la ville de Kinshasa, RD Congo, a été estimée en 2016 à 2 millions de tonnes par an (Lelo Nzuzi, 2008), soit 5 600 tonnes par jour, pour une population estimée à plus de 12 millions d’habitants.Les résultats des enquêtes montrent que les principales causes de la mauvaise gestion sont jugées être l’inefficacité du système de collecte mis en place et l’indiscipline de la population. La population de la ville de Kinshasa jette quotidiennement les déchets dans les lieux non autorisés, avec des conséquences néfastes sur l’environnement et sur la santé de la population. Face à cette situation, il est proposé de mettre en place de manière effective le système dit « RVM » (Réduction, Valorisation et Mise en décharges), qui préconise dans un premier lieu la réduction de la production de déchets, puis la valorisation des déchets produits, et enfin seulement la mise en décharge de déchets résiduels non valorisables. Cette approche permettrait non seulement de lutter contre les pollutions des milieux dues aux dépôts et décharges sauvages, mais aussi de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et leurs effets sur le dérèglement climatique.

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of microplastic pollution in three differently influenced rivers in Norway, how the microplastic concentration vary with water flow and to test different methods for sampling and analysis in order to suggest the most suitable method for future river investigations

This article addresses biomonitoring as a means of developing pupil‘s research skills. They listed six main stages of scientific research: determining the theme, examining the literature on the subject, observing the natural environment in which it will conduct its research, the hypothesis, the application of the scientific method (observation, experiment, modeling etc.), accumulation and analyzing data, drawing conclusions. Also, the article describes the main organisms used in biomonitoring and biological monitoring methods for the environment, water and air. The present study describes the scientific and environmental education through bioindication in undergraduate educational institutions., Dolinţă, Zinaida. Biomonotoringul în formarea competenţelor de cercetare ştiinţifică la elevi / Zinaida Dolinţă, Alexandru Avram // Tradiţie şi inovare în cercetarea ştiinţifică, Ediţia a 5-a : Materialele Colloquia Professorum din 10 octombrie 2014. – Bălţi. – 2015. – P. 251-255.

[ES] Desde el origen del Euro 0, creado en 1988, las restricciones sobre las emisiones de los principales combustibles se han visto modificadas por la reducción del nivel de contaminación máxima por carburante. Uno de los combustibles que más se ha visto afectado ha sido el Diésel. En la actualidad, vivimos una situación de incertidumbre ante el futuro que le espera a este combustible. El objetivo del siguiente trabajo de fin de grado es plantear los efectos que tendría la prohibición de comercialización del Diésel en los sectores directamente afectados como a la economía española. Para ello, se estudiará la evolución de las distintas normativas hasta llegar a la actualidad con tal de poder determinar soluciones con las que hacer frente a la situación en un futuro. Dentro de la economía española, el sector mas afectado es el automovilístico, por tanto, habrá que profundizar en la evolución histórica de matriculaciones y analizar las estructuras de las empresas más importantes del sector. Por último, recopilada la información, se realizarán diferentes hipótesis sobre el futuro de este carburante y se analizara el alcance de las mismas., [EN] From the origin of the Euro 0, created in 1988, the restrictions on the emissions of the main fuels have been modified by the reduction of the level of maximum contamination. Diesel has been one of the fuels most affected. Nowadays, we live under a situation of uncertainty of how this fuel will evolve in the future. The aim of the following final degree work is to expose the effects that would have the ban of commercialization of Diesel And how it affects the mainly sectors of the Spanish economy. We will study the evolution of the distinct normative until arriving to the actuality and determine the solutions to face up the situation in a future. Inside the Spanish economy, the sector most affected is the car industry, therefore, it will be necessary to study the historical evolution of registrations and analyses the structures of the most important companies of the sector. Finally, we will make different hypothesis on the future of this fuel and analyses the scope of the same., [CA] Des de l'origen de l'Euro 0, creat en 1988, les restriccions sobre les emissions dels principals combustibles s'han vist modificades per la reducció del nivell de contaminació màxima per carburant. Un dels combustibles que més s'ha vist afectat ha sigut el Dièsel. En l'actualitat, existeix una situació d'incertesa davant el futur que li espera a aquest combustible. L'objectiu del següent treball de fi de grau és plantejar els efectes que tindria la prohibició de comercialització del Dièsel en els sectors directament involucrats com a l’economía. Per a això, s’estudiarâ l’evolució de les diferents normatives fins a arribar a l’actualitat amb tal de poder determinar solcuions amb les quals fer front a la situación en un futur. Dins de l'economia espanyola, el sector mes afectat és l'automobilístic, per tant, caldrà aprofundir en l'evolució històrica de matriculacions i analitzar les estructuctures de les empreses mes importants del sector. Finalmente, recopilada la información, es realitzaran diferents hipótesis sobre el futur d’aquest carburant i s’analitzara l’abast d’aquestes.

Stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N) have been widely used around the world to evaluate the impactof anthropogenic activities on marine ecosystems; however, in the Caribbean Sea countries, such asMéxico and Cuba, they are rarely used. Inputs of nutrients related to urban development and touristactivities along the coasts of the Caribbean Sea have the potential to deteriorate their fragile marineecosystems. The use of isotopic tools and elemental analysis in sentinel organisms would be usefulto provide evidence of the impact generated by anthropogenic nutrients. Measurements ofδ15N (h),carbon and nitrogen content, and C:N ratios, were conducted in different sentinel groups (macroalgae,seagrasses, gorgonians, and corals) collected in five marine ecosystems with different nearby coastaldevelopment pressure in both countries. The selected ecosystems, ordered according to the level ofcoastal areas development (low to high), were: Jardines de la Reina (JR), Gulf of Ana Maria (GAM),Cayo Coco (CC), and Laguna Larga (LL) in Cuba, and Puerto Morelos (PM) in México. Results evidencedthat the majority of sentinels inhabiting near the most developed coastal areas, in terms of populationand tourism, showed higher N contents, lower C:N ratios and higher values ofδ15N (e.g., PM andLL) than those near less developed coastal ecosystems (e.g., GAM and JR). Land-based nutrients frommunicipal wastewater constitute the primary source of N pollution. Because eutrophication representsasignificantthreattotheintegrityofvaluablecoastalecosystems,thereisanurgentneedtoaccelerateprogress in wastewater treatment systems, in terms of capacity and efficiency, to significantly reducenutrient inputs to coastal ecosystems. Otherwise, more negative changes and deteriorations to thehealth of coastal ecosystems, including coral reefs, are expected along the Mexican Caribbean andnumerous key points of Cuba and other Caribbean countries

World Weather Research Programme (WWRP 2021–1)

It is likely that pollution from chemical facilities will affect the health of any exposed population; however, the majority of scientific evidence available has focused on occupational exposure rather than environmental. Consequently, this study assessed whether there could have been an excess of cancerrelated mortality associated with environmental exposure to pollution from chemical installations e for populations residing in municipalities in the vicinity of chemical industries. To this end, we designed an ecological study which assessed municipal mortality due to 32 types of cancer in the period from 1999 to 2008. The exposure to pollution was estimated using distance from the facilities to the centroid of the municipality as a proxy for exposure. In order to assess any increased cancer mortality risk in municipalities potentially exposed to chemical facilities pollution (situated at a distance of 5 km from a chemical installation), we employed Bayesian Hierarchical Poisson Regression Models. This included two Bayesian inference methods: Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations (INLA) and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC, for validation). The reference category consisted of municipalities beyond the 5 km limit. We found higher mortality risk (relative risk, RR; estimated by INLA, 95% credible interval, 95%CrI) for both sexes for colorectal (RR, 1.09; 95%CrI, 1.05e1.15), gallbladder (1.14; 1.03e1.27), and ovarian cancers (1.10; 1.02e1.20) associated with organic chemical installations. Notably, pleural cancer (2.27; 1.49e3.41) in both sexes was related to fertilizer facilities. Associations were found for women, specifically for ovarian (1.11; 1.01e1.22) and breast cancers (1.06; 1.00e1.13) in the proximity of explosives/pyrotechnics installations; increased breast cancer mortality risk (1.10; 1.03e1.18) was associated with proximity to inorganic chemical installations. The results suggest that environmental exposure to pollutants from some types of chemical facilities may be associated with increased mortality from several different types of cancer, The study was partially supported by research grants from the Spanish Health Research Fund, Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Spain (FIS CP11/00112, FIS PI14CIII/00065, FIS PI17CIII/00040) and by Scientific Foundation of the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC), Spain (Fundación Científica de la Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC) e EVP-1178/14)

[ES] Los sistemas de autocontrol basados en el Análisis de Peligros y Puntos Críticos de Control (APPCC), están muy diseñados e implantados para las industrias farmacéutica, cosmética y principalmente para la industria alimentaria. Dentro del sector de la industria forestal, sólo están parcialmente reconocidos en aquellas transformaciones donde el producto esté directamente en contacto con alimentos, como por ejemplo en la industria mielífera y de embalajes. En el caso de la industria papelera, en el momento actual, no existe esta herramienta de control, aunque existen diferentes documentos que se materializan como guías de buenas prácticas para la fabricación de papel y cartón, sobre todo en los materiales que tienen contacto con alimentos. Por ello, sería altamente interesante la elaboración de un sistema de análisis de puntos críticos de control para la industria papelera, en general, ya que se trata de una industria que genera unos residuos con determinado nivel de impacto. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un sistema de análisis de puntos críticos de control en una industria papelera. Se contemplarán diferentes aspectos del sistema desde la propia definición y principios del sistema APPCC, hasta la implantación del sistema, pasando por los requisitos previos necesarios para la implantación, así como la guía documental necesaria para ello. En la evaluación de prerrequisitos se tendrá en cuenta el plan de limpieza y si fuese necesario de desinfección, el plan de mantenimiento de las instalaciones y equipos, el plan de control de plagas, así como otros planes que puedan ser importantes para la implantación del sistema APPCC. Para la implantación y verificación del sistema APPCC en la industria papelera, teniendo como base el diagrama de flujo, se identificarán los peligros significativos y las medidas de control, se determinarán los puntos críticos de control y los requisitos operativos de riesgo e higiene. La puesta en marcha de un plan basado en el sistema HACCP en la industria papelera puede ocasionar beneficios medioambientales, al controlar y con ello generar menores niveles de emisiones y reducir considerablemente los contaminantes ambientales y los riesgos producidos. Además, la optimización de los procesos podría llevar a una mayor eficiencia energética de la industria papelera., [EN] The self-control systems based on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), are designed and introduced in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry and mainly in the food industry. Inside forest industry sector, only those transformations where the product is directly in contact with food are partially recognized, such as the honey industry and of packaging. Nowadays in the paper industry, there is no that control tool, though there are different documents which are materialised like good practice guides to manufacture paper and paperboard, overall in those materials which are not in contact with food. That is why it would be very interesting to manufacture a critical point analysis system to control the paper industry, in general, so that it is an industry which generates waste with some determined impact level. The main goal of this project is to develop a critical point analysis system of control in a paper industry. It will bear in mind different aspects of the system which will range from the very definition and principles of the system HACCP, to the system implantation, as well as the previous requirements needed to implant the necessary documentary guide. In the pre-requirements assessments, it will be taken into account the control of water entering and leaving the industry, the cleaning plan and if it were necessary the disinfection, the maintenance plan for facilities and equipment, pest control plan and all those plans, which could be important for the implantation of the HACCP system. For the implantation and verification of the HACCP system in the paper industry, having as a base the flow chart, significant hazards and control measures will be identified, critical control points will be determined as well as the operational requirements of hazard and hygiene. The implementation of a plan based on the HACCP system in the paper industry can cause environmental benefits, by controlling and thereby generating lower levels of emissions and significantly reduce environmental contaminants and the risks produced. In addition, the optimization of processes could lead to greater energy efficiency in the paper industry.

2018 MMIJ Spring Meeting of Hokkaido Branch. June 16 2018, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan.

CAPES A presente dissertação aplica um modelo computacional para mapeamento da distribuição de potencial e campo elétrico ao longo de dispositivos isolantes na presença de uma camada condutiva em sua superfície. Na natureza, a formação dessa camada se dá através da deposição de poluição juntamente com a umidade ambiental. A pesquisa teve como base outros estudos presentes na literatura que abordam a mesma temática. A avaliação do comportamento da distribuição de potencial e campo elétrico em peças isolantes é de fundamental importância na determinação de possíveis regiões, as quais esses dispositivos apresentem maior estresse elétrico, tais regiões podem levar a descargas parciais e possíveis desgastes dos acessórios levando assim à sua falha. O modelo aplicado foi implementado utilizando o MEF (Método dos Elementos Finitos) através da construção do ambiente nosoftwareCOMSOLMultiphysicse da representação gráfica do acessório noAutoCAD. O estudo foi realizado em isoladores de vidro e polimérico, bem como em espaçadores, sob diferentes níveis de poluição. Os resultados obtidos são coerentes e apresentam consonância com a teoria envolvida neste estudo. This dissertation applies a computational model to map the voltage distribution and electric field along dielectric devices in presence of a thin conductive layer on its surface. In the nature this thin layer may appear due to pollution deposition with environmental humidity. The base of this research are another studies found in literature with the same theme. The behavior of voltage distribution and electric field in dielectric devices has significant importance helping to determine possible regions where this devices present higher stress levels, causing partial discharges and possible damage to the accessories leading them to a failure condition. The applied model was implemented using FEM (finite element method) building an environment in COMSOL Multiphysics software and graphically representing each accessory through using AutoCAD. The present study was done in insulators made of glass and polymer, as well as spacers, under several pollution levels. The obtained results are consistent and show consonance with the whole theory involved in this research.

Changes in key climatic variables such as rainfall and temperature and the occurrence of extreme events such as floods challenge the sustainability of urban systems, massive economic investments and well-being of urban populations and settlements. Cities such as Singapore are increasingly being considered as a benchmark to design smart cities in Asia and address their urbanization goals and challenges. In this context, a policy brief needs to be prepared for the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, highlighting aspects of urban water security under climate change and its implications for megacities such as Mumbai and capturing lessons from Singapore’s urban development experience and water resource management practices.

Diseño y desarrollo de una plataforma web responsiva que permita conocer acerca de la calidad del aire y publicar información a través de redes sociales. Los datos se obtienen a través de la API de CommSensum, la cual comparte información de las redes de monitoreo suscritas, en formato RDF/XML.

If ship is damaged in collision or grounding accidents, there is a need for rapid evaluation of loads acting on ship hull and residual structural strength in order to plan salvage operation. The aim of the paper is to develop design charts enabling quick assessment of vertical wave bending moments acting on damaged Aframax oil tanker in the Adriatic Sea. Transfer functions are calculated by 3D panel code using added mass method for the response analysis of damaged ship. Response spectrum of vertical wave bending moment is evaluated using Tabain’s wave spectrum, valid for the Adriatic Sea, for different sea states, heading angles and ship’s speed. Response variance is then presented in form of design charts. Discussion how to use design charts for ship in different damage situations is also provided. Although results are applicable for Aframax tanker only, the procedure for development of design charts may be readily employed for oil tankers of different sizes as well as for other ship types.

The aim of this study was recognition of pollution, which is polluted by heavy metals (Lead and mercury). This study was carried out with cooperation of France Food Agency and AFSSA according to the latest international and Europe Union standards, for two years during 2000-2001. The sampling stages were done according to the European Union enclosed No. 4 in guide direction 96/23 by method to once time sampling, which was collected per 100 tons shrimp production. So, 42 sample in a year and were connected 84 samples totally during two years that the sample provided for each one was 500g. All samples were frozen and then were sent to France and AFSSA for analyzing. To study of heavy metals mercury and lead, in samples methods of chromatography with high efficiency HPLC and LC-MS and GC-MASS have been used. Quantitative determination rate in Pb was 20 and for Hg was 10µg /kg. The rest amount of this metals which cause we start our effort for controlling Pb and Mg pollution was found 500µg/kg. In this study, the quantitative determination rate of all samples as measured less than 500µg.

Spatial distributions of geochemical associations were distinguished based on the Chemical analyses of samples. Natural geochemical distributions of elements were distinguished from anthropogenic ones. Twenty chemical elements were considered (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Si, Ti, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V, Zn in Zr). Three natural geochemical associations (Si-Al-K-Rb-Ni-Cr-Co-Ba-Sr, Ti-V-Fe-Zr-Mn-Co, Ca-Mg-Mo-Cu-Ba) and an anthropogenic association Pb-Zn were determined. The anthropogenic association is a result of mining and smelting activity in this area.

The purpose of present paper is to point out that the pollutants, which are caused by human work such as exhaust fumes from car and combustion of coal, emitted from their source spread as they are born by air current and have an effect on chemical backgroud of natural environment in global scale by secular change of lead isotopic ratio and heavy metals. The analyzed sample of Cryptomeria Japonica at the age of 450 years was collected from Yaku-shima island which locate in the western ridge of the Pacific Ocean. All processes in chemical analysis were performed under the class 100 circumstances of NASA standard at worst. As a result, the concentration of the heavy metal such as Ag, Cu, Cd, Ni, Tl from heartwood to bark increased equal to or more than 10 times of that in heartwood. Moreover, as for the change of lead isotopic ratio, it became clear that the ration in heartwood approximately equaled to that of basement rocks of Yakushima island and that in the sapwood and bark approached to that of anthopogenic aero sol., 投稿論文

In this study phytoplankton were used as a water quality index in agricultural sewage for feasibility study of aquaculture in Ahwaz and Khorramshahr region. Monthly sampling was done in 6 stations during one year period (2008-2009). 34 phytoplankton genuses were identified. The most frequent classes were Bacillariophyceae (diatoms), Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Dinophyceae. The water flow of drainage channel had inverse relationship with phytoplankton density. Diatoms were present in all stations. Palmer index suggested that station 2,5,6,3,4 had the highest rate of pollution respectively and station 1 was relatively polluted. The stations of 1,2,5,3,6,4 had the highest value of useful phytoplankton index for fish growth.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe apžvelgiama dyzelinių degalų gamyba, sudėtis ir jų priedai. Aprašyti dyzelinių variklių išskiriami teršalai bei jų mažinimo principai. Nagrinėjamos degalų mišinių struktūrinės ypatybės bei savybės. Išnagrinėti mišinių gavimo būdai ir įrenginiai. Atlikti eksperimentiniai tyrimai, kurių metu skirtingais kiekiais ir esant skirtingiems parametrams buvo maišomas dyzelinas su vandeniu ir įvairiais stabilizuojančiais priedais. Gautos degalų mišinio vandens dalelių dydžio priklausomybės. Nagrinėta stabilizuojančių priedų įtaka vandens dalelių dydžiui bei mišinio išsisluoksniavimo laikui. Apskaičiuotas mokėtinas taršos mokestis naudojant gryną dyzeliną ir degalų mišinį. Pateiktos darbo išvados. Darbą sudaro 8 dalys: įvadas, dyzelinių degalų apžvalga, dyzelinių variklių deginių sudėties analizė, degalų mišinių įtaka variklio darbingumui, mišinių gavimo būdai ir įrenginiai, atlikti eksperimentiniai tyrimai, ekonominis įvertinimas, išvados. Darbo apimtis − 65 p. teksto be priedų, 39 paveikslai, 13 lentelių. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. This Master Thesis rewievs diesel fuel production, composition and accessories. Discribed the emissions, resulting from diesel engines and their reduction. Examined structural features and properties of the fuel blends and fuel emulsions. Overview of formulas obtained getting stable emulsions. Receiving experimental studies in which different quantities of diesel and water were mixed with certain parameters. The resulting particle size dependence of water in the emulsion. Visited additives on particle size and mixture of delamination time. Polution tax calculated using pure diesel fuel and fuel blend. Work consists of 8 parts: introduction, overview of diesel fuel in diesel engines, exhaust composition analysis of the fuel blends on the engine capacity to work, blends of receipt of techniques and equipment to carry out experimental studies, economic evaluation, and conclusions. Work volume: 65 pages without additions, 39 illustrations, 13 tables. Additions to work.

As many estuaries in industrialized countries, the river Sado Estuary (W Portugal) is affected by various sources of pollution, such as heavy-industry, urbanism, mining, agriculture and maritime traffic. Mostly classified as a natural reserve, it also remains a privileged site for fishing activities performed by the local population, who not only consume but distribute their fishery. Previous studies revealed sizable amounts of contaminants in the estuary sediments, namely metals, pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These compounds can be accumulated in the edible parts of estuarine species with commercial value or local agricultural products and enter the human food chain, posing a public health concern. The present study is part of a broader project whose objective is to evaluate the environmental risk, including ecologic and human health risk, associated with the estuarine benthic environment, complemented with the analysis of a target population from a small village located near the estuary shore. This study aims to assess the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of sediments from the Sado Estuary through the neutral red uptake assay and the alkaline comet assay (coupled with DNA repair endonucleases) in a human cell line respectively, using multiple samples collected in various points of the Sado Estuary. Sediments were collected from two geochemically distinct and potentially contaminated sites of the Sado Estuary: site F and site C. Total organic and inorganic contaminants were extracted with a mixture of methanol:dicholomethane (1:2) and recovered in DMSO. HepG2 cells were exposed for 48h to concentrations of each extract ranging from 0.1 to 20ul/ml of culture medium. A dose-related decrease in cell viability was observed for extract F from 1ul/ml up to 20ul/ml, indicating sediment contaminant-driven cytotoxicity, whereas no cytotoxicity induction was observed for extract C. Genotoxicity was only found for extract F, collected near a heavy-industrialized site. Also, increased genotoxicity was observed in cells treated with the DNA repair endonuclease FPG, for extract F, suggesting oxidative DNA damage. No significant genotoxity was observed for extract C. Given the difference in cytotoxic and genotoxic effects between both samples, a larger number of samples is necessary to reflect the overall contamination status of the Sado Estuary. Therefore, other samples are currently being analysed in order to obtain a more complete evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the sediment contaminants from the river Sado Estuary, and a sample from a non-contaminated site will be added as a reference. The results are expected to reflect the Sado Estuary contamination by different anthropogenic pressures.

Straipsnyje pristatyti tyrimų, įvertinančių vandens telkinių apsaugos nuo intensyvios žemės ūkio gamybos poveikio inžinerinių priemonių efektyvumą, rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad tinkamų Lietuvos sąlygomis techninių-inžinerinių biogeninės taršos mažinimo priemonių įrengimo ir eksploatavimo kaštai bei poveikis priklauso nuo konkrečių dirvožemio savybių, auginamų augalų ir žemės naudojimo gamybai pobūdžio. Vandens telkinių apsaugos priemonių efektyvumui įvertinti pasirinktas kaštų imlumo kriterijus: kuo mažesni atitinkamos priemonės įrengimo ir eksploatavimo kaštai vienam sulaikytos biogeninės taršos vienetui, tuo labiau ekonomiškai apsimoka rengti tokią priemonę. Nusausintose žemėse ekonominiu požiūriu labiausiai apsimoka įrengti šlapynes, rengiamo drenažo tranšėjas užpildyti kalkinėmis medžiagomis, o vandens telkinių apsauginėse zonose ir juostose įrengti žolinės augmenijos juostas ir jas tinkamai eksploatuoti. The paper present studies to determine the water environment from intensive agricultural production impact on the efficacy of engineering results. It was found that the appropriate technical conditions, Lithuanian-biogenic emission of engineering measures to reduce installation and operating costs and the effect depends on the specific properties of soil, crops and land-use type of production. Water protection measures the efficiency of the susceptibility of selected cost criterion: a minimum of installation and the maintenance cost per unit of intercepted biogenic emissions, the more economic sense to develop such a measure. Drained lands economically the most cost effective installation of wetlands, drainage trenches to fill the upcoming calcify materials, and water protective zones and zones, installation of herbaceous vegetation belts and their proper operation.

CONTENIDO Editorial. Reflexiones sobre la política ambiental venezolana. Reflections on Venezuelan environmental politics. Lozada, José Rafael Artículo Tendencia del consumo aparente de pulpa y papel en los últimos 40 años en Venezuela. Apparent pulp and paper consumption tendency in the last 40 years in Venezuela. González, Ronalds W. y Carrero G., Omar E. Posibilidades de uso de los extractos tánicos de corteza de pino caribe en colas para madera. Possibilities of Caribbean Pine bark tannic extracts for wood adhesives. Encinas, Osvaldo; Paredes, Gerardo de Jesús y Tiburzi, Luciano Evaluación de las propiedades de los combustibles vegetales como indicadores de áreas críticas de incendios forestales en Santiago del Estero (Argentina). Properties assesment of plant fuels as indicators of forest fires critical areas in Santiago del Estero (Argentine). Barrionuevo, Selva Azucena y López, José Antonio Estudio florístico de las lianas con fines de manejo del bosque, en un área del Lote Boscoso El Dorado Tumeremo, estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Floristic study of lianas for forest management in an area from El Dorado Tumeremo forest lot, Bolívar state, Venezuela. Hernández, Javier A.; Hernández P., Clemente de J. y Noguera L., Oscar E. Anatomía xilemática de 26 especies de la familia Annonaceae en Venezuela. Wood anatomy of 26 species of annonaceae family in Venezuela. León Hernández, Williams J. Clave de identificación macroscópica para 22 especies maderables de Bolivia. Macroscopic identification key for 22 commercial species from Bolivia. Moya Roque, Róger; Gómez Cortés, Marcia y Rivero Moreno, Jaime Situación actual y perspectivas del manejo de recursos forestales en Venezuela. Current situation and perspectives of forest resources management in Venezuela. Lozada, José Rafael Estimación de la pedregosidad volumétrica del suelo, con base en el área de fragmentos de roca expuestos, en un inceptisol de Los Andes venezolanos. Estimation of soil volumetric stoniness, based on the exposed area of rock fragments, in an inceptisol of the Venezuelan Andes. Andrades, Jesús; Delgado E., Fernando A. y López, Roberto A. Determinación de los esfuerzos de diseño de vigas laminadas encoladas de teca (Tectona grandis) y adhesivo MDI. Determination of stress parameters of glue-laminated beams of teak (Tectona grandis) and adhesive (MDI). Contreras Miranda, Wilver; Valero, Styles W.; Thomson, Edward; Owen de Contreras, Mary E.; Barrios, Eric y Betancourt, Rolando Nota Técnica Análisis cualitativo de los principales impactos ambientales en el ciclo de vida de la madera laminada encolada de pino caribe del sur de los estados Anzoátegui y Monagas. Qualitative analysis of the main environmental impacts on the life cycle of Caribbean pine Glue-laminated timber from Anzoátegui and Monagas states. Barrios, Eric; Contreras Miranda, Wilver; Sosa, Milena y Owen de Contreras, Mary E. Tesis Impacto de la extracción selectiva de maderas sobre el almacenamiento de carbono en un bosque de la Guayana venezolana. Impact of selective wood extraction over carbon storage in a forest of the venezuelan Guayana. Vilanova T., Emilio J. Evaluación de dos sistemas silvopastoriles a través de indicadores de calidad de suelo (físicos y químicos) en la operadora agrícola universitaria judibana, estado Mérida. Asessment of two silvopastoral systems through soil quality indicators (physical and chemical) in the opeadora agrícola universitaria judibana, Mérida state. Dávila P., Mario E. Efectos de las xilanas en la refinabilidad y propiedades físico-mecánicas de la pulpa Kraft de Eucalyptus spp. Effects of xylans on the refinability, physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus spp. Kraft pulps. Albarrán M., Eyra M. 245-258 ericbarrios@latinmail.com wilver_c@hotmail.com, wilconmi@doctor.upv.es; wilmercontrerasmiranda@yahoo.es milenasosa@idec.arq.ucv.ve. conowen@cantv.net semestral Nivel analítico

CONTENIDO Editorial. De la investigación científica a la publicación. Un eje indispensable. Aranguren Méndez, José Atilio Fauna Silvestre / Wild Life Concentraciones de metales en sedimentos y tejidos musculares de algunos peces de la laguna de Castillero, Venezuela. Metals concentration in sediments and muscular tissues of some fish from the Castillero lagoon, Venezuela. Márquez, Aristide; Senior, William; Martínez, Gregorio; Castañeda, Julián y González, Ángel Detección del síndrome del virus del Taura (TSV) en Litopenaeus Vannamei (Boone) del occidente de Venezuela. Detection of Taura syndrome virus in Litopenaeus Vannamei (Boone) from western of Venezuela. Aguado García, Nieves; Boada, Mélida y De Donato, Marcos Medicina Veterinaria / Veterinary Medicine La flunixin meglumina disminuye los signos de dolor peri-operatorio en perras sometidas a ovariohisterectomía. Flunixin meglumine decreases perioperative signs of pain in bitches undergoing ovariohisterectomy. Bravo, Maribel J.; Bravo, Hermes y Daló, Nelson L. Detección de la subunidad nmdar-1 del receptor n-metil-d-asparato (nmdar) en el hipotálamo del ovino mediante el análisis de western blot. Detection of the n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit-1 (nmdar-1) in the hypothalamus of the sheep by western blot analysis. Ruiz E., Ana Z. y Kittok, Roger Producción Animal / Animal Production Evaluation of varied dietary crude protein and lysine level at 5.7% of crude protein on productive parameters in broiler chickens. Evaluación de diferentes niveles de proteína cruda y lisina al 5,7% de proteína cruda sobre parámetros productivos de pollos de engorde. Urdaneta Rincón, María y Leeson, Steven Comparación de ecuaciones para ajustar curvas de lactancia en bovinos.Comparison of equations to fit lactation curves of cattle. García Muñiz, José Guadalupe; Martínez González, Enrique Gerano; Núñez Domínguez, Rafael; Ramírez Valverde, Rodolfo; López Ordaz, Rufino y Ruiz Flores, Agustín Crecimiento de becerros en un sistema de doble propósito en el trópico húmedo de México. Growth of calves in a dual-purpose system in humid-tropics of Mexico. De las Heras Torres, Jesús G.; Osorio Arce, Mario M. y Segura Correa, José C. Efecto de la aplicación de la hormona de crecimiento recombinante (rbST) sobre la respuesta superovulatoria y la viabilidad embrionaria en ovejas de pelo. Effect of recombinant growth hormone (rbST) application on superovulatory response and embryo viability in hair ewes. Navarrete Sierra, Luis F.; Cruz Tamayo, Alvar A.; González Parra, Eugenia I.; Piña Aguilar, Raúl E.; Sangines García, José R.; Toledo López, Víctor y Ramón Ugalde, Julio P. Efecto del tamaño de partícula de la fibra en la dieta sobre la conducta ingestiva, digestión de nutrientes y suministro de proteína microbial al duodeno de bovinos. Effect of fiber particle size on cattle ingestive behaviour, nutrients digestion and duodenal microbial-n supply. Genovez Chanona, Francis; Ayala Burgos, Armín Javier; Sandoval Castro, Carlos Alfredo; Cetina Góngora, Rubén y Reyes Ramírez, Raúl Caracterización nutritiva del follaje de seis especies forrajeras con énfasis en sus perfiles polifenólicos. Nutritional characterization of six fodder species foliage with emphasis in their polyphenolic profiles. García, Danny Eugenio; Medina, María Gabriela; Clavero, Tyrone; Cova, Luis José; Domínguez, Carlos y Baldizán, Alfredo Evaluación de la nutrición mineral en sabanas bien drenadas al sur del estado Monagas, Venezuela. Mineral nutrition evaluation in well drained savannas at south of Monagas state, Venezuela. López, Manuel; Godoy, Susmira; Alfaro, Coromoto y Chicco, Claudio F. Tecnología de Alimentos / Food Science and Technology Utilización de microorganismos marcadores para la evaluación de las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias en la producción primaria de leche. Use of indicator microorganisms for the hygienic-sanitary conditions evaluation in the milk primary production. Signorini, Marcelo Lisandro; Sequeira, Gabriel Jorge; Bonazza, Julio César; Dalla Santina, Rodolfo; Martí, Luis Enrique; Frizzo, Laureano Sebastián y Rosmini, Marcelo Raúl Lisina total, digestible y reactiva digestible en harina de pescado. Total, digestible and digestible reactive lysine contents in fishmeal. Gutiérre Coronado, Lourdes; García Rico, Leticia; Vázquez Ortiz, Francisco; Preciado Huguez, Karla; Figueroa García, Renato y López Franco, Yolanda 121-133 aristide@sucre.udo.edu.ve bimestral Nivel analítico

CONTENIDO La geografía, su enseñanza y los cambios del mundo actual. The teaching of geography, its changes and the present world. Trinca Fighera, Delfina Relaciones entre globalización y educación. Relations between globalization and education. Donoso Torres, Roberto Las representaciones cartográficas ¡presencia efímera en la actual enseñanza de la geografía! Carthographic representations: ephemeral presence in the actual teaching of geography. Martinez Q., Lucia W. Las nuevas condiciones epocales, sus implicaciones en la vida diaria y en la enseñanza de la geografía. New epoch conditions, its implications in the daily life and in the teaching of geography. Santiago Rivera, José Armando Una intervención educativa para la formación profesional del profesorado en la geografía y la reforma curricular. An educational intervention for the professional formation of the geography teachers and the curricular reform. Ceballos García, Beatriz El plomo en el medio geográfico: una amenaza silente. Lead in the geographic environment: a silent threat. Aranguren Z., Freddy El agujero en la capa de ozono: origen, evolución y estado actual. The hole in the ozono layer: origin, evolution and present state. Posso, Fausto El fin de la educación como metarrelato. (¿Discutir la pedagogía como ciencia es hoy un falso problema?) The end of education as a meta-report. (Is it false problem nowday the discussion of pedagogy as a science?) Ugas Fermín, Gabriel Índice acumulado. 121-155 farangu@cantv.net semestral Nivel analítico

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Clusia hilariana, a CAM plant with crucial ecological role, has a broad distribution in brazilian restingas. With the aim to evaluate the physiological and biochemical effects of iron ore particulate matter (MSPFe), deposited in different fashions, on this species, three distinct experiments were carried out. Young plants were hydroponic cultivated in Hoagland solution at pH 5,5 and 4,0, using two source of iron, iron citrate III (0 and 2,0 mM) and FeEDTA complex (0, 1 and 2,0 mM). On the second experiment the plants were exposed to 6 and 18 mg.cm-2.day-1 of MSPFe, applied directly on the soil surface. On the final experiment, 2,14 mg.cm-2.day-1 of MSPFe was applied on the leaf surface by keeping the plant inside a MSPFe deposition chamber, in order to simulate the phenomenon that takes place in the field. The source of available iron in the hydroponic solution was critical for the stress onset. The gas exchange parameters were only affected on plants treated with FeEDTA. The iron content in plant tissues was greater in plants exposed to MSPFe deposition treatments than the control plants. The deposition of MSPFe on leaf surface caused significant decrease of a number of parameters such as plant height, leaf number, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a fluorescence, pigments content and organic acid accumulation, yonder increment on the relative membrane permeability, reduction of activity of catalase enzyme, without similar effect on lipid peroxidation. These effects were less dramatic on the treatment with MSPFe deposited on the soil surface. The enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase was enhanced in those plants treated with MSPFe applied on the soil surface, revealing an effective control of the reactive oxygen species. Thus, the set of physiological response of C. hilariana, as a consequence of MSPFe applications depends upon the target of the deposition, as supported by the significant results obtained when the MSPFe was applied directly on the leaves surface. The damages caused by the applications of MSPFe on the leaves of C. hilariana, were probably due to a physical effect rather than a toxic effect of the iron. The tolerance of C. hilariana to the high iron content in the soil, followed by iron accumulation in the plant, reveals the possibility of its use in iron phytoextraction of contaminated environments. Clusia hilariana é uma espécie que apresenta o metabolismo ácido das crassuláceas (CAM), de grande distribuição nas restingas brasileiras, onde desempenha importante papel ecológico. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos das diferentes formas de deposição do material sólido particulado de ferro (MSPFe), em aspectos bioquímicos e fisiológicos, nesta planta, foram implantados três experimentos. No experimento inicial, plantas jovens foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva de Hoagland em pH 5,5 e 4,0, com duas fontes de ferro, o citrato de ferro III (0 e 2,0 mM) e o complexo FeEDTA (0; 1,0 e 2,0 mM). No segundo experimento, as plantas foram expostas a 6 e 18 mg.cm-2.dia-1 de MSPFe aplicados sobre o solo. O último experimento, com aplicação de 2,14 mg. cm-2.dia-1 de MSPFe sobre a superfície foliar, foi realizado após a construção de uma câmara de deposição de MSPFe, que simula o que ocorre naturalmente nas áreas sujeitas à poluição por ferro. A fonte de ferro disponível na solução nutritiva foi determinante para a ocorrência do estresse, os parâmetros de trocas gasosas, nesse experimento, foram prejudicados apenas com a exposição das plantas ao FeEDTA. Foi verificado maior teor de ferro nos tecidos vegetais expostos às diferentes formas de deposição do MSPFe, em relação aos respectivos controles. A aplicação do MSPFe sobre as folhas de C. hilariana causou reduções significativas em vários parâmetros avaliados, como altura da planta, número de folhas, fotossíntese, condutância estomática, fluorescência da clorofila a, teor de pigmentos e acumulação de ácidos orgânicos, além de aumento na permeabilidade relativa de membrana e redução na atividade da enzima catalase. Entretanto, a peroxidação de lipídios de membrana não sofreu alterações. Com a deposição do MSPFe sobre o solo, os mesmos parâmetros permaneceram invariáveis. Houve incremento significativo na atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase em decorrência da deposição do MSPFe no solo, indicando controle efetivo das espécies reativas de oxigênio. A resposta fisiológica em C. hilariana, como conseqüência da aplicação do MSPFe, depende da forma de deposição, como evidenciado pelos diversos danos causados quando o MSPFe foi aplicado sobre a superfície foliar, em relação à aplicação do mesmo material ao solo. Provavelmente, os danos causados pela aplicação do MSPFe sobre as folhas de C. hilariana, não se deve, primeiramente, à toxidez do ferro, mas sim devido aos efeitos físicos da deposição. A tolerância de C. hilariana, encontrada nesse experimento, à elevada concentração de ferro no solo e conseqüente acúmulo deste metal, fornece indícios para sua utilização em estudos com objetivos de fitoextração do ferro em ambientes contaminados.

Several years ago it was noticed that the mussel shells from the north part of the Adriatic sea had a pink coloured inside part of the shell instead of white. It is supposed that this phenomenon was a consequence of a heavy polution of the sea water by the industrial waste. The inside pink layer of the shell was extracted and analysed. The results were compared by those for the white inside layer from the shells collected in the year that preceded the appearance of the pink shells. The standard chemical analysis and X-ray spectroscopy could not find any significant difference in the composition of the examined pink and white layers from the shells. The ESR analysis confirmed that the pink layer contained a smaller fraction of calcite than the white layer.