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The CONCERTO spectral-imaging instrument was installed at the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) 12-meter telescope in April 2021. It has been designed to look at radiation emitted by ionised carbon atoms, [CII], and use the “intensity Mapping” technique to set the first constraints on the power spectrum of dusty star-forming galaxies. The instrument features two arrays of 2152 pixels constituted of Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors (LEKID) operated at cryogenic temperatures, cold optics and a fast Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). To readout and operate the instrument, a newly designed electronic system hosted in five microTCA crates and composed of twelve readout boards and two control boards was designed and commissioned. The architecture and the performances are presented in this paper.

As stricter regulations on air quality are imposed on automotive manufacturers, simulation is playing a more important role in the electric vehicles design and production. Virtual testing helps reduce the costs of assessing vehicle performances and flaws which can be corrected early on, before the real testing is begun. This paper presents the validation, using Simcenter Amesim, of a virtual battery electric vehicle model with real measured data from the real Renault Zoe vehicle on track. The validated models give confidence in future reuse for other virtual testing scenarios, allowing to perform the tests in the digital domain, early in the development cycle, without the need of expensive and time-consuming real testing platforms.

A detailed battery pack model has been developed within Simcenter Amesim by Siemens Industry Software. The model illustrates the Battery Management System (BMS) control development process from Model in the Loop (MiL), Software in the Loop (SiL) to Hardware in the Loop (HiL). The battery pack model has been integrated in a validated vehicle model, which corresponds to an existing vehicle developed by Voltia, named the Voltia eVan. This originally diesel engine powered light duty trucks have been electrified. The electrified version has been tested on the roller bench at the Eindhoven University of Technology. The interest of detailing the battery pack model is to have access to a multiple virtual temperature and voltage sensors, which allows validating the balancing methodologies that could be integrated in a BMS. A real-time analysis of the model has been conducted to ensure the model is compatible with the control constraint of the BMS. Finally, the complete model has been connected to a functional BMS in order to validate the approach. For that purpose, several BMS functions have been implemented in the control model developed with MATLAB/Simulink, such as the state of charge (SOC) estimation, the cell balancing, the charge/discharging and the thermal management. Once the cosimulation in SiL environment has been validated, a test on HiL platform has been done in real-time condition in order to reproduce realistic cell balancing and to study charging strategies, which are key functions to ensure better lifetime of the battery.

Objectives The Society for Vascular Surgery has proposed the Wound, Ischaemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system as a prognostic tool for the one year amputation risk and the added value of revascularisation in patients with chronic limb threatening ischaemia (CLTI). This systematic review summarises the current evidence on the prognostic value of the WIfI classification system in clinical practice. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines. Materials The Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases were searched up to June 2018. Methods All studies using the WIfI classification for patients with CLTI were eligible. Outcomes of interest were major amputation, limb salvage, and amputation free survival in relation to WIfI clinical stage. The methodological quality of studies was appraised with the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. If possible, data were pooled and analysed using a random effects model. Study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction were carried out by two authors independently. Results The search yielded 12 studies comprising 2669 patients, most of whom underwent endovascular or open revascularisation. Overall study quality was moderate. All but one were retrospective studies, including a variety of subpopulations of patients with CLTI, such as only haemodialysis dependent, diabetic or non-diabetic patients. The WIfI classification was derived from chart data or prospectively maintained databases, both documented before the WIfI classification was published. Estimated one year major amputation rates from four studies comprising 569 patients were 0%, 8% (95% CI 3–21%), 11% (95% CI 6–18%) and 38% (95% CI 21–58%), for WIfI stages I–IV, respectively. Conclusions The likelihood of an amputation after one year in patients with CLTI increases with higher WIfI stages, which is important prognostic information. Prospective evaluations are needed to determine its role in clinical practice.

Altres ajuts: these projects are co-funded by European regional development fund (ERDF / FEDER, 2007-2013). Recent studies suggest that carbon (C) is stored in the topsoil of pastures established after deforestation. However, little is known about the long-term capacity of tropical pastures to sequester C in different soil layers after deforestation. Deep soil layers are generally not taken into consideration or are underestimated when C storage is calculated. Here we show that in French Guiana, the C stored in the deep soil layers contributes significantly to C stocks down to a depth of 100 cm and that C is sequestered in recalcitrant soil organic matter in the soil below a depth of 20 cm. The contribution of the 50-100 cm soil layer increased from 22 to 31 % with the age of the pasture. We show that long-term C sequestration in C4 tropical pastures is linked to the development of C3 species (legumes and shrubs), which increase both inputs of N into the ecosystem and the C:N ratio of soil organic matter. The deep soil under old pastures contained more C3 carbon than the native forest. If C sequestration in the deep soil is taken into account, our results suggest that the soil C stock in pastures in Amazonia would be higher with sustainable pasture management, in particular by promoting the development of legumes already in place and by introducing new species.

International audience; Feed production is the main contributor to several environmental impacts of livestock. To decrease environmental impacts of feed, those of feedstuffs should be considered during formulation. In particular, multiobjective feed formulation (MOF) can help reduce several environmental impacts simultaneously while keeping any increase in feed price moderate. The objective of this study was to assess environmental benefits of MOF at the farm gate for fattening pigs and broilers. For pigs, three feeding strategies were tested: classic 2-phase (2P), 2-phase with lower net energy content (2P −), and multiphase (MP). For broilers, two strategies were tested: classic 3-phase (3P) and 3-phase with higher digestible amino acid contents and lower metabolisable energy content (3P+). Diets were formulated using both least-cost formulation (LCF) and MOF, yielding six pig scenarios and four broiler scenarios. Environmental impacts at the farm gate were estimated using a modelling approach based on life cycle assessment. Indicators for six impact categories were then calculated: climate change (CC), cumulative non-renewable energy demand (CEDNR), acidification (AC), eutrophication (EU), land occupation (LO), and phosphorus demand (PD). As expected, MOF had lower farm-gate impacts than LCF (as much as −13%), but the degree of decrease varied by feeding strategy and impact. For pigs, MOF was equally effective in all strategies at reducing PD (− 6 to − 9%) and AC (− 2%). In contrast, MOF was more effective in 2P and 2P− at decreasing CC (−5% to −7%), LO (−9% to −13%) and EU (− 6% to − 8%) than in MP (CC: −2%; LO: − 4%; EU: − 3%). The benefit of MOF was found greater in 2P (− 7%) than in other pig strategies for CEDNR (− 3 to + 0%). For broilers, MOF was equally effective in both strategies tested at decreasing PD (− 12%), AC (−2%), and EU (−4%). For CC and CEDNR, MOF was more effective in 3P (CC: −9%; CEDNR: −11%) than 3P+ (−6% for both impacts), but not for LO (+3% in 3P vs −1% in 3P+). These differences were due mainly to differences in animal performance (especially feed conversion ratio) among the strategies tested. Finally, in all scenarios, gross margin at the farm gate decreased with MOF comparatively to LCF (pigs: −3% to −11%); broilers: −7% to −11%). These results demonstrate the importance of comprehensive economic and environmental optimisation of feeding strategies by simultaneously considering feed impacts, animal performance, and manure management. To do so, further research is therefore required to develop new modelling tools.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an international method that allows an estimation of a set of environmental impacts of products. A growing number of studies have used LCA to assess environmental impacts of agricultural products, but available LCA data mainly concern conventional agriculture. The ACV-Bio project has created LCA data for arable crops, grassland, forages, grapes, cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry in France. For most products, contrasting production systems were assessed to explore a diversity of organic systems. The web-based MEANS-InOut software was used to facilitate and streamline the generation of LCA data, and their external review by independent experts. Impact values were calculated for nine indicators. The InOut software was enhanced to allow assessment of intercrops and cropping systems, which are important elements of organic systems and of agro-ecological systems in general. Eco-design scenarios of pig and grape production systems allowed impact reductions of 0 - 22%, depending on the impact considered.

International audience; The automotive industry is shifting to mass production of electrified vehicles. Simulation is a key step for developing these new vehicles. System simulation tools as Simcenter Amesim includes ready-to-use multi-physics libraries in that perspective. A new library is being created based on the Energetic Macroscopic Representation formalism to speed-up the battery electric vehicles (BEV) development process. The paper presents the BEV multi-level simulation where the simulations were done using 3 different levels for the battery models. By using “plug & play” method different BEV model configurations can be built in a fast, precise and systematic way.

Battery autonomy and drive range of Electric Vehicles could be improved by smart control of the power flows requested by equipped systems. In this paper, the authors propose two energy-saving strategies, acting respectively in the electric driveline consumption minimization and in the auxiliary power allocation policy. Developed solutions aim at the reduction of the power demand, both concerning e-powertrain and sub-components, not directly related to traction purpose, enhancing corresponding driveability distance. Evaluation of the result is done through a model-based approach, using a concept e-car proposed by Valeo and implemented in a co-simulation environment, between Amesim and Simulink. The investigated methodology appears as a useful tool for the optimal design of the vehicle sub-system and component.

The software-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop tests of battery management system require to have a real-time compatible electro-thermal battery pack model. In our study, a numerically complex electrochemical-thermal model has been characterized from experimental data of a nickel-rich, silicongraphite 18650-type lithium-ion cell. While it represents accurately the electro-thermal battery behavior, it’s hardly suitable for real-time application due to its intensively numerical solving effort and related calculation time if no huge numerical efforts are applied to reduce the model. The objective of this paper is to present a simple method to derive a reduced order electro-thermal cell model from the complex electrochemicalthermal cell model and build a real-time compatible battery pack model with the reduced order cell model.

Energy Consumption of Auxiliary Systems on electric vehicles has an important role in reducing the overall autonomy since their contribution especially for what concern HVAC Systems is often not negligible and not correlated to vehicle kinematics. In this work authors propose a quite simple architecture to adopt an intelligent management of on board loads in order to increase the level of correlation between vehicle dynamics and applied auxiliary loads in order to smooth the overall power demand for vehicle storage system which is should be stressed by transients in which both traction and auxiliary loads are applied at the same time.

The software-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop tests of a battery management system require a real-time compatible electro-thermal battery pack model. In our study, a numerically complex electrochemical-thermal model has been characterized from experimental data of a nickel-rich, silicon-graphite 18650-type lithium-ion cell. While it accurately represents the electro-thermal battery behavior, it is hardly suitable for real-time application due to its intensively numerical solving effort and related calculation time if no huge numerical efforts are applied to reduce the model. The objective of this paper is to present a simple method to derive a reduced-order electro-thermal cell model from the complex electrochemical-thermal cell model and build a real-time compatible battery pack model with the reduced-order cell model.

European Union (EU)Horizon 2020; International audience; The development of electric vehicles has been spectacular over the last 20 years, so the automotive industry has started to shift mass production of electrified vehicles. However, new electrified vehicles are required to face the needs of the users. Simulation is a key step for development of new vehicle. Organization tools, such as Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR), have therefore been developed to improve and speed-up the development of virtual electric vehicle models. The paper presents a comparison between functional and a structural representation on EV simulation under Simcenter Amesim. This paper studies the impact of the two representations on the simulation results and time. For this purpose, an EMR library for the Simcenter Amesim simulation tool has been developed.