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Wastewater precipitation ponds (fellingsdams) are conventional stabilization ponds adapted to cold climate by the use of chemical precipitation to attain sufficient removal efficiency of impurities, primarily phosphorus. The objective with this investigation was to study the influence of an interruption of the dosage of coagulant during summer periods at two fellingsdam systems (Orrviken and Lockne) in the middle of Sweden. The investigation took place over two years characterized by unusual precipitation conditions: 2001 was intense in precipitation whereas summer 2002 represented a dry season. The results showed that there is a potential to utilize the summer biological activity in fellingsdams. At Orrviken the effluent quality measured as organic matter and phosphorus in the effluent was just slightly above the values that were reached by chemical precipitation. At Lockne the performance was lower. The organic matter reduction at Orrviken in the summers of 2001 and 2002 were 71 and 67%, respectively, compared to previous years using precipitant when the average was 78%. At Lockne, however, the values in the summers of 2001 and 2002 were 36 and 18%, respectively, compared to previous years using precipitant when the average was 55%. The phosphorous reduction at Orrviken in the summers of 2001 and 2002 were 85 and 89%, respectively, compared to previous years using precipitant when the average was 95%; at the Lockne plant, the phosphorous reduction during the summers of 2001 and 2002 were 60 and 66%, respectively, compared to the previous years' average of 86%. The nitrogen reduction varied considerably over the two summer periods. The reduction at Orrviken was 13% in 2001 and 58% in 2002; the reduction at Lockne was 13% in 2001 and 33% in 2002. Reference values of nitrogen reduction during normal operations were not available. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000017 CE Database subject headings: Precipitation; Waste stabilization ponds; Abatement and removal; Organic matter; Phosphorus; Nitrogen; Cold regions; Wastewater management. Author keywords: Precipitation; Waste stabilization pond; Removal efficiency; Organic material; Phosphorus; Nitrogen; Cold climate.

Wintering diving ducks, namely, wintering redheads and lesser scaup, were observed to test predictions of the dietary freshwater, alternate food and disturbance hypotheses. By studying their activity budgets and habitat characteristics, it was found that ponds preferred by redheads and lesser scaup had deeper water, lower salinities and were nearer to estuarine feeding sites than ponds they do not use. Their activity budgets and pond resource use coincide with predictions of the dietary freshwater hypothesis as they go against those of the alternate food and disturbance hypotheses.