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Introduction: Commiphora caudata contains various essential phytoconstituents and is a potential medicinal plant used traditionally to treat various ailments such as neurodegenerative diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Commiphora caudata against the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced behavioral changes in rats. Methods: The in-vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated by 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay methods. For in-vivo studies, the animals were pre-treated with ethanolic leaf extract of Commiphora caudata (EECC) at 200 and 400 mg/kg of b.w for 30 days, and neurotoxicity was induced with a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS 1 mg/kg, b.w on day 31. The neurotoxicity was evaluated with a chain of behavioral tests such as the Morris water maze test, radial arm maze, and choice reaction time (CRT) tests. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed, the brain hippocampal region was removed, and the levels of acetylcholinesterase, nitric oxide, and protein were measured. Results: The IC50 value in the DPPH method was 71.58 ± 15.62 μg, and the total antioxidant activity of EECC was found to be 742.33 ± 14.57 μmol Fe (II)/g extract. In behavioral tests, animals treated with EECC at 200 and 400 mg/kg showed a neuroprotective effect in the Morris water maze test, an 8-arm radial maze test, and in the CRT test. Both doses reduced acetylcholinesterase, nitric oxide, and protein levels (P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion: The present study results showed the promising neuroprotective effects of ethanolic extract of leaves of Commiphora caudata and its action against the LPS-induced cognitive impairment in rats.

Hydrogels have attracted significant attention in the realm of vaccine development due to their unique attributes, which include compatibility with living tissues, a considerable water content, and modifiable physical traits. This article examines the utilisation of hydrogels in the process of vaccine development. Hydrogels function as adaptable vehicles for the transportation of vaccines, providing benefits including prolonged release, safeguarding against degradation of antigens, and precise administration to particular cells or tissues. The application of hydrogel matrices to encapsulate antigens and adjuvants has the potential to improve the stability, immunogenicity, and effectiveness of vaccines. Due to their distinctive attributes, they are exemplary contenders for drug delivery systems. Hydrogels are specifically engineered to facilitate the co-administration of therapeutic agents, including immune cells, cytokines, and monoclonal antibodies, with the aim of augmenting the therapeutic effectiveness of malignancy. Moreover, hydrogel-based vaccines can be administered via various routes, including injection, patches, or implants, providing flexibility and convenience in vaccination. Challenges such as formulation optimization, manufacturing scalability, and regulatory approval remain, but the continued research and development of hydrogel-based vaccines hold promise for improving vaccination strategies and addressing global health challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]